Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

Section 1 Illumination: Practice

Problems

1.Alampismovedfrom30cmto90cmabovethe
pages of a book. Compare the illumination on the
book before and after the lamp is moved.

3.A 64-cdpointsourceoflightis3.0mawayfroma
painting. What is the illumination on the painting in
lux?

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

4.A screen is placed between two lamps so that they

illuminate the screen equally, as shown in
Figure9.The first lamp emits a luminous flux of
1445lmandis2.5mfromthescreen.Whatisthe
distance of the second lamp from the screen if the
luminousfluxis2375lm?

2.Draw a graph of the illuminance produced by a lamp

withaluminousfluxof2275lmatdistancesfrom
0.50mto5.0m.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

3.A 64-cdpointsourceoflightis3.0mawayfroma
painting. What is the illumination on the painting in
lux?

5.Whatistheilluminationonasurfacethatis3.0m
below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminousfluxof2275lm?

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Page 1

6.A public school law requires a minimum illuminance

of160lxatthesurfaceofeachstudents desk. An

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

5.Whatistheilluminationonasurfacethatis3.0m
below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminousfluxof2275lm?

SOLUTION:

6.A public school law requires a minimum illuminance

of160lxatthesurfaceofeachstudents desk. An
architects specifications call for classroom lights to
belocated2.0mabovethedesks.Whatisthe
minimum luminous flux that the lights must produce?

SOLUTION:

7.Challenge Your local public library is planning to

remodel the computer lab. The contractors have
purchased fluorescent lamps with a rated luminous
fluxof1750lm.Thedesiredilluminationonthe
keyboardsurfacesis175lx.Assumeasinglelamp
illuminates each keyboard. What distance above the
surface should the lights be placed to achieve the
desired illumination? If the contractors had also
already purchased fixtures to hold the lights that
wheninstalledwouldbe1.5mabovethekeyboard
surface, would the desired illuminance be achieved?
If not, would the illuminance be greater or less than
desired? What change in the lamps luminous flux
would be required to achieve the desired illuminance?
SOLUTION:
Where should the lights be hung?

7.Challenge Your local public library is planning to

remodel the computer lab. The contractors have
purchased fluorescent lamps with a rated luminous
fluxof1750lm.Thedesiredilluminationonthe
keyboardsurfacesis175lx.Assumeasinglelamp
illuminates each keyboard. What distance above the
surface should the lights be placed to achieve the
desired illumination? If the contractors had also
already purchased fixtures to hold the lights that
wheninstalledwouldbe1.5mabovethekeyboard
surface, would the desired illuminance be achieved?
If not, would the illuminance be greater or less than
desired? What change in the lamps luminous flux
would be required to achieve the desired illuminance?

= 0.892 m above the keyboard

Ifhungat1.5m,theilluminance
would be

= 62 lx, which is far too dim.

Toget175lxfrom1.5m,youneed

SOLUTION:
Where should the lights be hung?

=5.0103 -lm bulbs.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Section 1 Illumination: Review

Page 2

8.MAIN IDEA What evidence have you observed

=5.0103 -lm bulbs.

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

Section 1 Illumination: Review

8.MAIN IDEA What evidence have you observed

that light travels in a straight line?

SOLUTION:
Possible answers may include sunlight through
a window made visible by dust particles and the
fact that your body blocks light, creating a
shadow.

2
2
E1 = P / (4r1 ) and E2 = 2P / [4(2r1) ], so E2 =
(1/2)E1.

11.Luminous Intensity Two lamps illuminate a screen

equally from distances shown in Figure12. If
lampAisrated75cd,whatislampBrated?

SOLUTION:

9.Use of Material Light Properties Why might you

choose a window shade that is translucent? Opaque?

SOLUTION:
You would use a translucent window shade to
keep people from looking in or out, while still
allowing daylight in. You would use an opaque
window shade to keep the daylight out.

10.Illuminance Does one lightbulb provide more or

less illuminance than two identical lightbulbs at twice
the distance? Explain.

SOLUTION:
One lightbulb provides an illuminance that is
twice as large as two of the lightbulbs at twice
thedistance,because

2
2
E1 = P / (4r1 ) and E2 = 2P / [4(2r1) ], so E2 =

12.Distance of a Light Source A lightbulb illuminating

your computer keyboard provides only half the
illuminancethatitshould.Ifitiscurrently1.0m
away, how far should it be to provide the correct
illuminance?

SOLUTION:

(1/2)E1.

11.Luminous Intensity Two lamps illuminate a screen

equally from distances shown in Figure12. If
lampAisrated75cd,whatislampBrated?

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

13.Distance of Light Travel How far does light travel

inthetimeittakessoundtotravel1cminairat20
C?

SOLUTION:

Page 3

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

13.Distance of Light Travel How far does light travel

inthetimeittakessoundtotravel1cminairat20
C?

SOLUTION:

15.Critical Thinking Use the correct time taken for

light to cross Earthsorbit,16.5min,andthediameter
11
of Earthsorbit,2.9810 m, to calculate the speed
of light using Roemers method. Does this method
appear to be accurate? Why or why not?

SOLUTION:

This method appears to be accurate because it

results in a value close to the accepted value of
8
thespeedoflight(3.0010 m/s).

Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:

Practice Problems

14.Distance of Light Travel The distance to the

Moon can be found with the help of mirrors left on
the Moon by astronauts. A pulse of light is sent to the
MoonandreturnstoEarthin2.562s.Usingthe
measured value of the speed of light to the same
precision, calculate the distance from Earth to the
Moon.

16.Oxygen can be made to produce light with a

wavelengthof513nm.Whatisthefrequencyofthis
light?

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

15.Critical Thinking Use the correct time taken for

light to cross Earthsorbit,16.5min,andthediameter
11
of Earthsorbit,2.9810 m, to calculate the speed
of light using Roemers method. Does this method
appear to be accurate? Why or why not?

SOLUTION:

eSolutions
Manual - Powered by Cognero

This method appears to be accurate because it

results in a value close to the accepted value of

17.A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of

6
6.5510 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
14

frequencyof6.1610 Hz. What frequency of light

from that hydrogen atom would be observed by an
astronomer on Earth?

SOLUTION:
The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed light frequency equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the negative form of the
observed light frequency equation.
Page 4

Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

17.A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of

6
6.5510 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
14

frequencyof6.1610 Hz. What frequency of light

from that hydrogen atom would be observed by an
astronomer on Earth?

SOLUTION:
The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed light frequency equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the negative form of the
observed light frequency equation.

19.Challenge An astronomer is looking at the

spectrum of a galaxy and finds that it has an oxygen
spectrallineof525nm,whilethelaboratoryvalueis
measuredat513nm.Calculatehowfastthegalaxy
would be moving relative to Earth. Explain whether
the galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth and
how you know.

SOLUTION:

18.A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of

6
6.5510 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
wavelengthof486nm.Whatwavelengthwouldbe
observed on Earth from that hydrogen atom?

SOLUTION:
The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed Doppler shift equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the positive form of the
Doppler shift equation.

19.Challenge An astronomer is looking at the

spectrum of a galaxy and finds that it has an oxygen
spectrallineof525nm,whilethelaboratoryvalueis
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
measuredat513nm.Calculatehowfastthegalaxy
would be moving relative to Earth. Explain whether
the galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth and

Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:

Review

20.MAIN IDEA Describe the relative motions of

objects when light is redshifted and when light is
blueshifted. Answer using the term Doppler effect.

SOLUTION:
Red-shifted light is shifted to longer
wavelengths. When a light source and an
observer are moving away from each other, the
observed light is red-shifted. Blue-shifted light
is shifted to shorter wavelengths. When a light
source and an observer are moving toward each
other, the observed light is blue-shifted. This
shift in the apparent wavelength is called the
Doppler effect.

Page 5

21.Addition of Light Colors What color of light must

be combined with blue light to obtain white light?

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:

Review

20.MAIN IDEA Describe the relative motions of

objects when light is redshifted and when light is
blueshifted. Answer using the term Doppler effect.

SOLUTION:
Red-shifted light is shifted to longer
wavelengths. When a light source and an
observer are moving away from each other, the
observed light is red-shifted. Blue-shifted light
is shifted to shorter wavelengths. When a light
source and an observer are moving toward each
other, the observed light is blue-shifted. This
shift in the apparent wavelength is called the
Doppler effect.

21.Addition of Light Colors What color of light must

be combined with blue light to obtain white light?

SOLUTION:
yellow (a mixture of the other two primaries,
red and green)

22.Light and Pigment Interaction What color will a

yellow banana appear to be when illuminated by each
of the following?

a. white light
b. green and red light
c.bluelight

SOLUTION:
a. yellow

b. yellow

c. black

23.What are the secondary pigment colors and why do

they give objects the appearance of those colors?

SOLUTION:
The secondary pigment colors are red, green,
and blue. Objects appear these colors because
eSolutions
Manual - Powered
Cognero reflect those colors
the pigments
theybycontain
of light while absorbing others. For example,
red pigments absorb green and blue light, so

b. yellow

c. black

23.What are the secondary pigment colors and why do

they give objects the appearance of those colors?

SOLUTION:
The secondary pigment colors are red, green,
and blue. Objects appear these colors because
the pigments they contain reflect those colors
of light while absorbing others. For example,
red pigments absorb green and blue light, so
only red is reflected.

24.Combination of Pigments What primary pigment

colors must be mixed to produce red? Explain your
answer in terms of color subtraction for pigment
colors.

SOLUTION:
Yellow and magenta pigments are used to
produce red. Yellow pigment subtracts blue and
magenta pigment subtracts green, neither
subtracts red so the mixture would reflect red.

25.Polarization Describe a simple experiment you

could do to determine whether sunglasses in a store
are polarizing.

SOLUTION:
See if the glasses reduce glare from reflective
surfaces, such as windows or roadways.

26.Polarizing Sunglasses Use Figure24 to

determine the direction the polarizing axis of
polarizing sunglasses should be oriented to reduce
glare from the surface of a road: vertically or
horizontally? Explain.

SOLUTION:
The polarizing axis should be oriented
vertically, since the light reflecting off the road
will be partially polarized in the horizontal
direction. A vertical polarizing axis will filter
Page 6
horizontal waves.

SOLUTION:
See if the glasses reduce glare from reflective
Chapter
16 Practice
and Assessment
surfaces,
such as Problems,
windows orReview,
roadways.

26.Polarizing Sunglasses Use Figure24 to

determine the direction the polarizing axis of
polarizing sunglasses should be oriented to reduce
glare from the surface of a road: vertically or
horizontally? Explain.

SOLUTION:
The polarizing axis should be oriented
vertically, since the light reflecting off the road
will be partially polarized in the horizontal
direction. A vertical polarizing axis will filter
horizontal waves.

27.The speed of red light is slower in air and water than

in a vacuum. The frequency, however, does not
change when red light enters water. Does the
wavelength change? If so, how?

SOLUTION:

28.Critical Thinking Astronomers have determined

that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is moving toward
Andromeda, a neighboring galaxy. Explain how they
determined this. Can you think of a possible reason
why the Milky Way is moving toward Andromeda?

SOLUTION:
The spectral lines of the emissions of known
atoms are blue-shifted in the light we see
coming from Andromeda. We would be moving
toward Andromeda due to gravitational
attraction. This gravitational attraction could be
due to the mass of the Milky Way or other
objects located near the Milky Way.

Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Concepts

29.What are some useful applications of measuring

light?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

toward Andromeda due to gravitational

attraction. This gravitational attraction could be
due to the mass of the Milky Way or other
objects located near the Milky Way.

Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Concepts

29.What are some useful applications of measuring

light?

SOLUTION:
Answers may include: desired brightness in
buildings and parks can be achieved and
distances can be calculated by using lights
travel time.

30.Distinguish between a luminous source and an

illuminated object.

SOLUTION:
A luminous source emits light. An illuminated
object is one on which light falls and is
reflected.

31.Look carefully at an ordinary, frosted, incandescent

bulb. Is it a luminous source or an illuminated object?

SOLUTION:
It is mainly illuminated. The filament is
luminous; the frosted glass is illuminated. You
barely can see the hot filament through the
frosted glass.

32.Explain how you can see ordinary, nonluminous

classroom objects.

SOLUTION:
Ordinary nonluminous objects are illuminated
by reflected light, allowing them to be seen.

33.Distinguish among transparent, translucent, and

opaque objects.

SOLUTION:

A transparent object is a material through

which light can pass without distortion. A
translucent object allows light to pass but
distorts the light to the point where imagesPage
are 7
not discernable. An opaque object does not
allow light to pass through.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Ordinary nonluminous objects are illuminated
Chapter
16 Practice
Review,
and
Assessment
by reflected
light,Problems,
allowing them
to be
seen.

33.Distinguish among transparent, translucent, and

opaque objects.

37.Lighttakes1.28stotravelfromtheMoontoEarth.
Whatisthedistancebetweenthem?(Level1)

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

A transparent object is a material through

which light can pass without distortion. A
translucent object allows light to pass but
distorts the light to the point where images are
not discernable. An opaque object does not
allow light to pass through.

34.What is the illumination of a surface by a light source

directly proportional to? What is it inversely
proportional to?

38.A three-waybulbuses50,100,or150Wofelectric
powertodeliver665,1620,or2285lminitsthree
settings.Thebulbisplaced80cmaboveasheetof
paper.Ifanilluminationofatleast175lxisneeded
on the paper, what is the minimum setting that should
beused?(Level2)

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
The illumination on a surface is directly
proportional to the intensity of the source and
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the surface from the source.

35.What was Ole Roemer the first to measure regarding

the propagation of light?

SOLUTION:

Roemer was the first to measure the time that

it took for light to travel between two points.

Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Problems

36.Findtheillumination4.0mbelowa405-lm lamp.
(Level1)

SOLUTION:

39.Earths Speed Ole Roemer found that the average

increased delay in the disappearance of Io from one
orbitaroundJupitertothenextis13s.(Level2)

a. Howfardoeslighttravelin13s?
b.EachorbitofIotakes42.5h.Earthtravelsthe
distancecalculatedinpartain42.5h.Findthespeed
of Earth in km/s.
c. Check to make sure your answer for part b is
reasonable. Calculate Earths speed in orbit using its
8

orbitalradius,1.510 km,andtheperiod,1.0y.

SOLUTION:
a. 3.9109 m

b.

37.Lighttakes1.28stotravelfromtheMoontoEarth.
Whatisthedistancebetweenthem?(Level1)

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

c.

Page 8

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

39.Earths Speed Ole Roemer found that the average

increased delay in the disappearance of Io from one
orbitaroundJupitertothenextis13s.(Level2)

a. Howfardoeslighttravelin13s?
b.EachorbitofIotakes42.5h.Earthtravelsthe
distancecalculatedinpartain42.5h.Findthespeed
of Earth in km/s.
c. Check to make sure your answer for part b is
reasonable. Calculate Earths speed in orbit using its

40.A student wants to compare the luminous flux of a

lightbulb with that of a 1750-lm lamp. The lightbulb
and the lamp illuminate a sheet of paper equally. The
1750-lmlampis1.25mawayfromthesheetof
paperthelightbulbis1.08maway.Whatisthe
lightbulbsluminousflux?(Level3)

SOLUTION:

orbitalradius,1.510 km,andtheperiod,1.0y.

SOLUTION:
a. 3.9109 m

b.

c.

41.Reverse Problem Write a physics problem with

real-life objects for which the following equation
wouldbepartofthesolution:
2

95lx=1100lm/(4r ).(Level3)

40.A student wants to compare the luminous flux of a

lightbulb with that of a 1750-lm lamp. The lightbulb
and the lamp illuminate a sheet of paper equally. The
1750-lmlampis1.25mawayfromthesheetof
paperthelightbulbis1.08maway.Whatisthe
lightbulbsluminousflux?(Level3)

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

SOLUTION:
Possibleanswer:Howfarfroma1100lm
lightbulb should you place a screen so that it
hasanilluminanceof96lx?

42.Suppose you try to measure the speed of light by

putting a mirror on a distant mountain, setting off a
camera flash, and measuring the time it takes the
flash to reflect off the mirror and return to you, as
shown inFigure25. Without instruments, a person
candetectatimeintervalofabout0.10s.Howmany
kilometers away would the mirror have to be?
Compare this distance to some known distances.
(Level3)

Page 9

SOLUTION:
Possibleanswer:Howfarfroma1100lm
lightbulb should you place a screen so that it
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
hasanilluminanceof96lx?

42.Suppose you try to measure the speed of light by

putting a mirror on a distant mountain, setting off a
camera flash, and measuring the time it takes the
flash to reflect off the mirror and return to you, as
shown inFigure25. Without instruments, a person
candetectatimeintervalofabout0.10s.Howmany
kilometers away would the mirror have to be?
Compare this distance to some known distances.
(Level3)

obstacles approximately the same size as the

wavelength of the wave. We are more
accustomed to obstacles of the size that diffract
the much larger wavelengths of sound.

44.BIG IDEA What color of light has the shortest

wavelength?

SOLUTION:
Violet light has the shortest wavelength.

45.Ranking Task Rank the following colors of light

according to frequency, from least to greatest: blue,
green, red, violet, yellow. Specifically indicate any
ties.

SOLUTION:
red, yellow, green, blue, violet

SOLUTION:

46.What is the range of the wavelengths of visible light,

from shortest to longest?

SOLUTION:
400 nm to 700 nm

Chapter Assessment
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Mastering Concepts

43.Why is the diffraction of sound waves more familiar

in everyday experience than is the diffraction of light
waves?

SOLUTION:
Diffraction is most pronounced around
obstacles approximately the same size as the
wavelength of the wave. We are more
accustomed to obstacles of the size that diffract
the much larger wavelengths of sound.

44.BIG IDEA What color of light has the shortest

wavelength?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

SOLUTION:
Violet light has the shortest wavelength.

47.Ranking Task Rank the following colors of light

according to how much they will diffract around the
edge of a piece of paper, from bending the most to
bending the least: blue, green, red, violet, yellow.
Specifically indicate any ties. Hint: Longer
wavelengths diffract more.

SOLUTION:
Longer wavelengths will bend the most and so
the order from bending the most to bending the
least is
Red > Yellow > Green > Blue > Violet.
48.Of what colors does white light consist?

SOLUTION:
White light is a combination of all the colors, or
at least the primary colors.

49.Can longitudinal waves be polarized? Explain.

SOLUTION:
No. They have no vertical or horizontal
components.

50.If a distant galaxy were to emit light in the green

Page 10
region of the light spectrum, would the observed
wavelength on Earth shift toward red light or toward

SOLUTION:
No. They have no vertical or horizontal
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
components.

50.If a distant galaxy were to emit light in the green

region of the light spectrum, would the observed
wavelength on Earth shift toward red light or toward
blue light? Explain.

52.Galactic Motion How fast is a galaxy moving

relative to Earth if light from hydrogens spectrum of
486nmisred-shiftedto491nm?(Level1)

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Because the galaxy is distant, it is most likely
moving away from Earth. The wavelength
actually would shift away from the wavelength of
green light toward a longer red wavelength. If it
shifted toward the blue wavelength, the
wavelength would be shorter, not longer. This
would indicate the galaxy is getting closer to
Earth, and no galaxy outside the Local Group
has been discovered moving toward us.

Chapter Assessment
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Mastering Problems

51.Convert700nm,thewavelengthofredlight,to
meters.(Level1)

SOLUTION:

53.Suppose you are facing due east at sunrise. Sunlight

is reflected off the surface of a lake, as shown in
Figure26. Is the reflected light polarized? If so, in
whatdirection?(Level1)

52.Galactic Motion How fast is a galaxy moving

relative to Earth if light from hydrogens spectrum of
486nmisred-shiftedto491nm?(Level1)

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

The reflected light is partially polarized in the

direction parallel to the surface of the lake and
perpendicular to the path of travel of the light
from the lake to your eyes.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

54.Galactic Motion Light from hydrogen that is

knowntobe434nmisred-shiftedby6.50percentin
light coming from a distant galaxy. How fast is the
galaxymovingawayfromEarth?(Level2)
Page 11

SOLUTION:

The reflected light is partially polarized in the

direction parallel to the surface of the lake and
perpendicular to the path of travel of the light
from16
the
lake to Problems,
your eyes. Review, and Assessment
Chapter
Practice

54.Galactic Motion Light from hydrogen that is

knowntobe434nmisred-shiftedby6.50percentin
light coming from a distant galaxy. How fast is the
galaxymovingawayfromEarth?(Level2)

SOLUTION:

Possible answer: and is mounted on a

spaceship moving away from Earth at 30% the
speed of light. What wavelength would an
observer on Earth measure for the laser?

56.Give an example of an unrealistic Doppler shift in

terms of wavelength for light from a galaxy moving
awayfromEarth.Whyisitunreasonable?(Level3)

SOLUTION:
An unrealistic value would make the galaxy
seem to be moving away from us at a speed
close to or greater than the speed of light, vc.
If this were the case, use of the low-speed
Doppler shift equation would give a wavelength
difference of

When solved,

this would give an apparent wavelength of

It would be twice as large as the

actual wavelength. So any apparent wavelength

close to or greater than twice the actual
wavelength would be unrealistic.

Chapter Assessment: Applying

Concepts

57.Apointsourceoflightis2.0mfromscreenAand
4.0mfromscreenB,asshowninFigure27. How
doestheilluminanceatscreenBcomparewiththe
illuminanceatscreenA?

55.Problem Posing Complete this problem so that it

must be solved using the speed of light: A laser
produceslightofwavelength655nm(Level2)

SOLUTION:
Possible answer: and is mounted on a
spaceship moving away from Earth at 30% the
speed of light. What wavelength would an
observer on Earth measure for the laser?

56.Give an example of an unrealistic Doppler shift in

terms of wavelength for light from a galaxy moving
awayfromEarth.Whyisitunreasonable?(Level3)

SOLUTION:
An unrealistic value would make the galaxy
seem to be moving away from us at a speed
close to or greater than the speed of light, vc.
If this were the case, use of the low-speed
Doppler shift equation would give a wavelength
difference of
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

When solved,

this would give an apparent wavelength of

It would be twice as large as the

SOLUTION:
Illumination
The illumination at screen
B will be one-fourth that at screen A because it
is twice as far from the source.

58.Why are the insides of binoculars and cameras

painted black?

SOLUTION:
The insides are painted black because black
does not reflect any light, and thus there is no
interference while observing or photographing
objects.

Page 12

59.Reading Lamp You have a small reading lamp that

is35cmfromthepagesofabook.Youdecideto

Illumination
The illumination at screen
B will be one-fourth that at screen A because it
is twice as far from the source.
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

58.Why are the insides of binoculars and cameras

painted black?

and yellow light. Dark blue police cars would

not be very visible. If a community wants its
police cars to be visible, they should buy yellow
cars.

Refer to Figure28 for problems 62 and 63.

SOLUTION:
The insides are painted black because black
does not reflect any light, and thus there is no
interference while observing or photographing
objects.

59.Reading Lamp You have a small reading lamp that

is35cmfromthepagesofabook.Youdecideto
double the distance.

a. Is the illuminance at the book the same?

b. If not, how much more or less is it?

SOLUTION:
a. No.

b. Distance is doubled, so the illumination of the

page is one-fourth as great.

60.Eye Sensitivity The eye is most sensitive to

yellow-green light. Its sensitivity to red and blue light
islessthan10percentasgreat.Basedonthis
knowledge, what color would you recommend that
fire trucks and ambulances be painted? Why?

SOLUTION:
Fire trucks should be painted yellow-green, 550
nm, because less light has to be reflected to the
eye for the fire truck to be seen.

61.Streetlight Color Some very efficient streetlights

contain sodium vapor under high pressure. They
produce light that is mainly yellow with some red.
Should a community that has these lights buy dark
blue police cars? Why or why not?

SOLUTION:
Blue pigment of a police car will absorb the red
and yellow light. Dark blue police cars would
not be very visible. If a community wants its
police cars to be visible, they should buy yellow
cars.

Refer
to Figure28
problems
eSolutions
Manual
- Powered byfor
Cognero

62 and 63.

62.What, if anything, happens to the illuminance at a

book as the lamp is moved farther away from the
book?

SOLUTION:
Illuminance decreases, as described by the
inverse-square law.

63.What, if anything, happens to the luminous intensity

of a lamp as it is moved farther away from a book?

SOLUTION:
No change; distance does not affect the
luminous intensity of the lamp.

64.Polarized Pictures Photographers often put

polarizing filters over camera lenses to make clouds
in the sky more visible. The clouds remain white,
while the sky looks darker. Explain this based on
your knowledge of polarized light.

SOLUTION:
Light scattered from the atmosphere is
polarized, but light scattered from the clouds is
not. By rotating the filter, the photographer can
reduce the amount of polarized light reaching
the film.

65.An apple is red because it reflects red light and

absorbs blue and green light.

a. Why does red cellophane look red in reflected

light?
b. Why does red cellophane make a white lightbulb
look red when you hold the cellophane between your
eye and the lightbulb?
c.Whathappenstotheblueandgreenlight? Page 13
SOLUTION:

polarized, but light scattered from the clouds is

not. By rotating the filter, the photographer can
reduce the amount of polarized light reaching
the film.
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

65.An apple is red because it reflects red light and

absorbs blue and green light.

a. Why does red cellophane look red in reflected

light?
b. Why does red cellophane make a white lightbulb
look red when you hold the cellophane between your
eye and the lightbulb?
c.Whathappenstotheblueandgreenlight?
SOLUTION:
a. Red cellophane reflects red light and absorbs
blue and green light.

b. Cellophane transmits red light.

c. Blue and green light are absorbed.

66.If you have yellow, cyan, and magenta pigments,

how can you make a blue pigment? Explain.

SOLUTION:
Black; almost no light would get through
because the light transmitted through the first
filter would be absorbed by the second.

69.Traffic Violation Suppose that you are a traffic

officer and you stop a driver for going through a red
light. Further suppose that the driver draws a picture
for you (Figure29) and explains that the light looked
green because of the Doppler effect when he went
through it. Explain to him using the Doppler shift
equation how fast he would have had to be going for
the red light (=645nm)toappeargreen
(=545nm).

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Mix cyan and magent

67.You put a piece of red cellophane over one flashlight

and a piece of green cellophane over another. You
shine the light beams on a white wall. What color will
you see where the two flashlight beams overlap?

SOLUTION:
yellow

68.Put both the red and green cellophane pieces over

oneoftheflashlightsinproblem67.Ifyoushinethe
flashlight beam on a white wall, what color will you
see? Explain.

Chapter Assessment: Mixed Review

70.Streetlight Illumination A streetlight contains two

identicalbulbsthatare3.3mabovetheground.Ifthe
community wants to save electrical energy by
removing one bulb, how far from the ground should
the streetlight be positioned to have the same
illuminationonthegroundunderthelamp?(Level1)
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Black; almost no light would get through
because the light transmitted through the first
filter would be absorbed by the second.

69.Traffic Violation Suppose that you are a traffic

officer and you stop a driver for going through a red
light. Further suppose that the driver draws a picture
for you (Figure29) and explains that the light looked
green because of the Doppler effect when he went
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
through it. Explain to him using the Doppler shift
equation how fast he would have had to be going for
the red light (=645nm)toappeargreen

71.An octave in music is a doubling of frequency.

Compare the number of octaves that correspond to
the human hearing range to the number of octaves in
the human vision range. Hint: There are more Page
than14
seven octaves on a piano.

Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

71.An octave in music is a doubling of frequency.

Compare the number of octaves that correspond to
the human hearing range to the number of octaves in
the human vision range. Hint: There are more than
seven octaves on a piano.

SOLUTION:
Humans hear over a range of about nine or ten
octaves (20 Hz to 10,240 or 20,480 Hz);
however, human vision is less than one
octave.

fractionofasecond(5.3s). The sound travels

about340m/s,whichisaboutone-fifth of the
1.6kmeverysecond,andtakesabout4.7sto
travel1.6km.

73.Solar Rotation Because the Sun rotates on its axis,

one edge of the Sun moves toward Earth and the
other moves away. The Sun rotates approximately
onceevery25days,andthediameteroftheSunis
9
1.410 m. Hydrogen normally emits light of
14

frequency6.1610 Hz. What wavelengths of

hydrogen are observed from the receding edge? The
approachingedge?(Level3)

SOLUTION:

72.Thunder and Lightning Explainwhyittakes5sto

hearthunderwhenlightningis1.6kmaway.
(Level2)

SOLUTION:
Thetimeforlighttotravel1.6kmisasmall
fractionofasecond(5.3s). The sound travels
about340m/s,whichisaboutone-fifth of the
1.6kmeverysecond,andtakesabout4.7sto
travel1.6km.

73.Solar Rotation Because the Sun rotates on its axis,

one edge of the Sun moves toward Earth and the
other moves away. The Sun rotates approximately
onceevery25days,andthediameteroftheSunis
9
1.410 m. Hydrogen normally emits light of
14

frequency6.1610 Hz. What wavelengths of

hydrogen are observed from the receding edge? The
approachingedge?(Level3)

SOLUTION:

Chapter Assessment: Thinking

Critically

74.Make and Use Graphs A 110-cd light source is

initially1.0mfromascreenandthenslowlymoved
away. Determine the illumination on the screen
originally and for every meter of increasing distance
upto7.0m.Graphthedata.

a. What is the shape of the graph?

b. What is the relationship between illuminance and
distance shown by the graph?

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

Chapter Assessment: Thinking

Critically

74.Make and Use Graphs A 110-cd light source is

initially1.0mfromascreenandthenslowlymoved
away. Determine the illumination on the screen
originally and for every meter of increasing distance
upto7.0m.Graphthedata.

a. What is the shape of the graph?

b. What is the relationship between illuminance and
distance shown by the graph?

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
It was not precise enough. He was not able to
measure the small time intervals involved in a
terrestrial measurement.

Chapter Assessment: Writing in

Physics

76.Write an essay describing the history of human

understanding of the speed of light. Include
significant individuals and the contribution that each
individual made.

SOLUTION:
Answers will vary. Much information can be
found in this chapter. Students should put this
information in their own words. Students can
also do further research to add to the
information provided.

77.Look up information on the SI unit candela (cd) and

explain in your own words the standard that is used
tosetthevalueof1cd.

a. hyperbola

b. inverse square

75.Research Why did Galileos method for measuring

the speed of light not work?

SOLUTION:
It was not precise enough. He was not able to
measure the small time intervals involved in a
terrestrial measurement.

Chapter Assessment: Writing in

Physics

76.Write an essay describing the history of human

understanding of the speed of light. Include
significant individuals and the contribution that each
individual made.

SOLUTION:
Answers
vary.byMuch
information can be
eSolutions
Manualwill
- Powered
Cognero
found in this chapter. Students should put this
information in their own words. Students can

SOLUTION:
Answers will vary. Begin with the element
thorium. Heat it to the melting point of
platinum. At this temperature, the thorium will
glow. Surround the thorium with an opaque
material that can take the high temperature.
Leave an opening that is one-sixtieth of a
square centimeter in size. The candela is
defined as the amount of steady flow of light
energy that is emitted by the thorium through
the opening under these conditions.

Chapter Assessment: Cumulative

Review

78.A 2.0-kg object is attached to a 1.5-m long string and

swung in a vertical circle at a constant speed of
12m/s.

a. What is the tension in the string when the object is

at the bottom of its path?
b. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the top of its path?

SOLUTION:
a.

Page 16

square centimeter in size. The candela is

defined as the amount of steady flow of light
energy that is emitted by the thorium through
the opening
under
these conditions.
Chapter
16 Practice
Problems,
Review, and Assessment

Chapter Assessment: Cumulative

Review

78.A 2.0-kg object is attached to a 1.5-m long string and

swung in a vertical circle at a constant speed of
12m/s.

a. What is the tension in the string when the object is

at the bottom of its path?
b. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the top of its path?

79.Aspaceprobewithamassof7.60010 kg is
travelingthroughspaceat125m/s.Missioncontrol
decidesthatacoursecorrectionof30.0isneeded
and instructs the probe to fire rockets perpendicular
to its present direction of motion. If the gas expelled
bytherocketshasaspeedof3.200km/s,whatmass
of gas should be released?

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
a.

80.If250mLofwaterinaglassbeakerisheatedfrom
roomtemperatureto65C,whatwillthefinalwater
levelbe?Ifthewateristhencooledto5C,whatwill
theresultingwaterlevelbe?(Chapter13)

SOLUTION:

b.

79.Aspaceprobewithamassof7.60010 kg is
travelingthroughspaceat125m/s.Missioncontrol
decidesthatacoursecorrectionof30.0isneeded
and instructs the probe to fire rockets perpendicular
to its present direction of motion. If the gas expelled
bytherocketshasaspeedof3.200km/s,whatmass
of gas should be released?

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

81.When a 60.0-cm-long guitar string is plucked in the

middle,itplaysanoteoffrequency440Hz.Whatis
the speed of the waves on the string?

SOLUTION:

82.What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a

frequencyof17,000Hzinwaterat25C?

Page 17
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment

82.What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a

frequencyof17,000Hzinwaterat25C?

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Page 18