Cell is a basic unit of structure and function of all living things

T The
enzyme in saliva is amylase
T The gall bladder contains bile
T Ani
mal cell can be stained with Iodine solution
F Animal cell consists of a c
ell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus F A spongy mesophyll cell con
tains chloroplast, cell sap, cell wall T Sap vacuole is present in both plant
and animal cells
F Cell wall, chloroplast and sap vacuole are only pr
esent in plant cell but not in animal cell
T Cell wall in the plant cell
s controls the movement of substances into or out of ace
F Oxygen is t
ransported by redblood cells in their thicker outer wall
F A muscle ce
ll is contracted in response to a stimulus
T Cell membrane, cytoplasm a
nd nucleus are present in both plant and animal cells T Large surface area of
root hair cells help in water uptake
T Water uptake by root hair cells is
by active transport. F Cell wall is present in an animal cell but not in a pla
nt cell F Cell wall in plant cell is made up of carbohydrates. T A xylem cel
l changes its shape to carry out its function F Chromosomes in a plant cell
are found in the nucleus. T Cell membrane, membreane of the vacuole are parti
ally permeable. T
Xylem and phloem do not contain cytoplasm. F Xylem cel
l has only cell wall deposited with lignin. T Xylem cell does not contain nuc
leus but phloem cell has one. F A visking tubing containing 30% sugar solutio
n is placed in a tube containing distilled water. After half an hour the mass of
the visking tubing decreases. F Four potato strips each 50mm long are placed
in the solutions of different concentrationsa s given below. 0.1 molar, 0.3molar
and 0.5 molar.after half an hour the maximum increase in length is in the one p
laced in 0.3 molar solutution. F Smalles is an organism largest will be its s
urface area to volume ratio. T Red blood cells placed in concentrated soluti
on reduce in size. T A solution A of 0.1 molar concentration is separated from
solution B of 0.2 molar concentration through a partially permeable membrane.
The water will move from solution A to solution B. T Four blocks of agar of d
ifferent sizes are placed in a solution containing a dye. The largest in size w
ill be stained most quickly. F The tendency of water molecules to move is call
ed water potential. T A dilute solution has more water potential than a concen
trated solution. T Root hairs take up minerals by active transport. T Respi
ration releases energy for active transport. T When a plant tissue is transfe
rred from a beaker of water into a 10% sucrose solution. The water enters into
the tissues and its size increases. F A plant cell placed in water enlarges bu
t if it is placed in water after boiling its size decreases. T The movement of
water down the diffusion gradient is osmosis. F The movement of water through
a partially permeable membrane is osmosis. T The movement of water through a
cell wall is diffusion. T The movement of gases through the partially permeabl
e membrane down the diffusion gradient is diffusion. T More water will enter
into the body cells from tissue fluid if the concentration of the cell cytoplasm
is high and that of tissue fluid is low. T Nitrates and carbondioxide enters
a plant by active transport. F The rate of action of salivary amylase will be
faster in acidic pH and 20oC temperature than in the neutral pH and 40oC tempe
rature. F In an enzyme controlled reaction the enzyme is akey and a substarte
is a lock. F Blood stains on a shirt can be removed by a protease enzyme. T
The increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules. It increa
ses collision rate between enzymes and substarte which in turn increases rate of
enzyme action. T The high temperature kills enzymes. F An increase of tempe
rature by 10oC doubles the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. F Biuret tes
t is used for determining the presence of proteins. F Benedicts test is used f
or identification of starch. F Sucrose is hydrolysed and treated with benedict
's solution gives blue colour. F A seed containing starch gives black colour o
n treatment with iodine solution. T Add sodium hydroxide to a glucose solution
and then add few drops of copper sulphate. Its colour changes from blue to bri
ck red. F Red blood cells burst in distilled water. T Onion cells in a stron
g sucrose solution are said to appear plasmolysed. T Epithelium is a sheet of
cells that cover an external or internal surface of the body. F Tendons hold t
he two bones together. F Villi are microscopic hair like structure protruding
from certain epithelial cells. F Tendons join a muscle to abone. T Myelin fo

rms an insulating sheath around nerve fibers. T Heart is an example of an orga

n. T Thorax contains heart, lings and major blood vessels. T Smooth muscles
inn the walls of the tubular organs are responsible for peristalsis. T Dentine
is the outer most hard covering of the crown of a tooth. F Pepsin digests pro
teins. T Urea is made in kidneys. F Hormones are broken down in the liver. T
Amino acids are broken down in the liver. T Amylase digests starch. T The
acid in the stomach is called HCL. T The enzymes that digests fats is called
lipase. T Amino acids and glucose are taken up by villi by active transport.
T Change in the pH of the medium changes the kinetic energy of the enzyme and
substrate molecules. F Photosynthesis is a process of formation ofcarbohydrate
s. T Carbon dioxide + water ---------------------( glucose + oxygen = photosyn
thesis. T During light more stomata open so gas exchange between leaves and th
e environment increases. T Increase of temperature increases rate of photosynt
hesis as it increases the surface area of leaves. F If carbon dioxide concentr
ation of atmosphere is raised from 0.03% to 0.04 % the rate of photosynthesis wi
ll decrease. F Three structures in a leaf contain chloroplast,epidermis,mesoph
yll and gusrd cells. T At 0.03 % carbondioxide concentration the increase of i
ght intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis upto a certain level. Further
increase of light intensity does not increase rate of photosynthesis because th
e carbondioxide becomes limiting factor. T A factor which controls the rate of
reaction is called a limiting factor. T Oxygen released during photosynthesis
comes from break down of water. T Spongy mesophyll contain more chloroplast t
han palisade mesophyll. F Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemicalen
ergy. T The rate of photosynthesis in blue light is greater than in green ligh
t because green light is less absorbed. T Leaves look green because the green
wavelength of light is absorbed. F Aquatic plants take their carbondioxide fro
m water through active transport. T A cross section of a dicot leaf shows four
layers of cells arranged from upper to lower surface. T Spongy mesophyll has
air spaces that allow gaseous exchange. T A leaf is boiled in water before pou
ring iodine solution during starch test. It extracts chloroplasts. F A leaf is
half covered with black paper on a plant in a sun light. If later tested for th
e presence of starch. The part that was uncovered turns brown only. F Magnesi
um taken up by plants are used to make chlorophyll. T Nitrates taken up by pla
nts are used for cellulose synthesis. F Plants absorb iron from the soil. T
Shortage of magnesium in the soil results into stunted growth of plants. F Thi
cker is plant leaf more will be intercellular spaces and rapid will be gaseous e
xchange. F A dicot aerial leaf contains stomata on both surfaces. F Photosyn
thesis takes place during day time where as respiration takes place during night
time. F Guard cells have two characteristics features that enable them to car
ry their functions are the presence of chloroplasts and different thickness of c
ell walls on inner and outer side. T The mesophyll cells are present in vascul
ar bundles. F Xylem is on upper side of the vascular bundle in a leaf and on i
nner side of the vascular bundle in a stem. T Carbon dioxide during daylight m
oves in the following directions. Mesophyll cell ( intercellular spaces-( sub-st
omatal spaces -( stomata-( atmosphere. F Absence of light turns a green leaf y
ellow. T In a photosynthesizing cell in sun light the carbon dioxide concentra
tion is highest in a mesophyll cell compared with the intercellular spaces and t
he atmosphere. F Oxygen evolved during photosynthesis escapes out of leaves. F
A leafy shoot is placed in a closed transparent container with some hydrogen
carbonate indicator solution in dark. Its normal colour is red. In low pH it tur
ns brick red
F The carbon dioxide evolved during midday and the oxygen abs
orbed during mid night is maximum in a leaf. F Pancreatic juice is the most a
cidic secretion released in the alimentary canal. F Saliva and pancreatic juic
e both contain amylase. T Hepatic portal vein carries blood from liver to the
vena cava. F A person whose gall bladder has been removed should avoid fatty f
oods. T The pH is acidic in both the colon and the stomach. T Amino acids ar
e absorbed in the duodenum. T Bile contain an enzyme to digest fats to fatty a
cids and glycerols. F Gall bladder produces bile. F Blood entering into a vi
llus has low fats and leaving it contains more fats. F Urea is formed from DNA
. F The circular muscles contract behind the food in the oesophagous during

peristalsis. T The longitudinal muscles ahead of the moving food contract to

increase the length of the tube during peristalsis. F A blood of a person is t
ested half an hour after a meal. The insulin level in the blood would be highest
after the meal. T Insulin converts glucose to starch which is stored in the l
iver. F Liver does not produce digestive enzymes. T Cyanide stops the activ
ity of mitochondria. The mineral ion uptake by root hairs will increase if root
s applied with cyanide. F Stacrch digestion takes place in mouth, oesphagous,
stomach and small intestine. F Fat digestion occurs in stomach and small intes
tine. F Emulsification is an example of physical digestion. T The loss of wa
ter vapours from the aerial parts of a plant is called transpiration. T Incr
ease of atmospheric humididty increases the rate of transpiration.
Transpira
tion rate can be measured by an instrument called photometer.
Water uptake wi
ll be maximum by a plant on a hot, dry day. T The dens staining of xylem tissu
e of a shoot placed in a solution containing a red dye shows that water is trans
ported through xylem. T Phloem transports, minerals, amino acids and sucrose.
Water loss from a dicot leaf on a sunny day is more from the upper surface th
an the lower surface.
Increase of atmospheric temperature increases rate of
transpiration. T High wind velocity reduces transpiration loss from a leaf b
ecause of excessive loss of water from guard cells through evaporation. T The
sugars from mesophyll cell move into phloem through active transport. T The ar
rows from a xylem tissue( mesophyll tissue( intercellular spaces( stomata( atmos
phere shows the movement of oxygen on a hot day.
Contents of xylem and phloem
are tested for sucrose, amino acids and starch. Both structures do not contain
these three substances. T Xylem transports water and provide support. T On a
hot, dry day the water potential of a leaf cell will be more than the cells of
the root.
The cell sap of root hair cells contain more nitrate than that of
surrounding due to their cell walls.
Wilting reduces surface area of leaves
for photosynthesis. T Pulmonary vein contain the lowest concentration of oxyg
en.
Valves in an artery ensures one way flow of blood.
Platelets and antib
odies help blood to clot.
Right side of the heart deals with oxygenated and l
eft side deals with deoxygenated blood.
Left ventricle has thicker walls than
right ventricle.
Blood from body enters into right atrium through vena cava.
T Pulmonary artery contains highest oxygen and renal vein contains the highes
t concentration of urea.
Coronary artery supplies blood to the walls of the h
eart. T During ventricular contraction semilunar valves are closed and atriove
ntricular valves are open.
Blood flows through veins due to skeletal muscles
and valves present in them. T Lack of iron in the diet causes anemia. T Whit
e blood cells protect us frominfections. T Fibrinogen is a water soluble prote
in. T A capillary has a narrower lumen than of an arteriole. T Arteries and
veins both have elastic walls. T During hot capillaries move closer to the sur
face of the skin.
High pressure in the arteries is due to pumping of heart an
d their narrow lumen. T Carbon-dioxide and glucose level increases in a vein e
xtending from muscle tissue during exercise. T Aorta has high blood pressure,
rises left ventricle and has more glucose. T At high altitude, the number of
RBC's increases to increase oxygen transport. T The substances leave plasma to
the tissue fluid through diffusion. T Dilute blood increases the fluid return
from tissue fluid through diffusion.
Lack of proteins in the diet decreases
the volume of tissue fluid. This condition is called oedema.
Respiration in a
n organism increases the oxygen used and deaceases the carbon dioxide released.
Respiration in an organism increases its dry mass.
Anaerobic respiration i
n yeast produces water and ethanol.
Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells pro
duces carbon-dioxide, energy and lactate.
Lack of blood glucose increases ra
te of anaerobic respiration.
Release of carbon-dioxide, release of energy, u
ptake of oxygen and uptake of water occurs in all living things during aerobic
respiration.
Respiration in living things always releases energy. T The fo
Blood temperature in
llowing equation is correct for aerobic respiration.  QUOTE  
creases and concentration of dissolved lactic acid decreases when blood passes t
hrough muscles during extended period of exercise.
Maintenance of body temper
ature require energy released during respiration. T The following processes ne
ed energy from respiration, synthesis of proteins, passage of nerve impulses, co

ntraction of muscles and conduction of nerve impulses. T Diaphragm and externa

l intercostals muscles contract during exhalation.
An oxygen molecule crosses
5 membranes to travel from alveolar space to haemoglobin. T A carbon-dioxide
molecule follows the following route to pass out of the lungs. Alveolus( alveola
r duct( bronchus-( bronchiole ( Trachea( pharynx( nasal passage ( atmosphere. F
Oxygen debt increases during exercise. T Blood flowing to an alveolus carri
es more oxygen than the blood flowing away from an alveolus. F According to th
e increasing diameter the trachea comes first and then bronchiole and the last i
s bronchus. F Inner lining of the trachea is damaged during emphysema. F Int
ernal intercostals muscles contract during forceful breathing out. T The expir
ed air has 5% less oxygen than inspired one. T Potassium hydroxide turns cloud
y after it absorbs carbon-dioxide. F Cilia on the inner lining of trachea trap
dust and pathogens. F Pleural membrane encloses the heart. F The urea flows
from liver to the kidneys through the blood circulation. T Excretion include
the release of carbon-dioxide from the lungs, release of saliva from salivary g
lands and removal of urine through kidneys. F Dialysis fluid and blood plasma
contain the same amount of glucose. F Urine of a diabetic person contain gluco
se in it. T The dialysis fluid contain less amount of urea than that in blood
plasma. T A urea molecule passes from urinary bladder to a ureter through uret
hra. F A kidney machine removes urea from urine. F Defecation is not an exam
ple of excretion. T As blood flows through sweat gland its salt concentration
increases. T When a person moves from a hot place to cold place its sweating s
tops, muscular shivering increases and arterioles in the skin constrict. T Blo
od flow to the skin increases during hot. T Sweat gland and sebaceous glands h
ave both similar function. They are both secretory organs. T If the core tempe
rature of the body increases the urine production also increases. F When a per
son moves from dark to a bright room, the circular muscles of the iris contract,
the pupil constricts so that less light enters into the eyes. T Light rays pa
ss through 3 transparent structures before they fall onto the retina. T A lens
changes three shapes in an order from more to less thickness when a person look
ing at a flying kite sees time in his wrist watch and compares it with the time
on a wall clock F Fovea is in the centre of the retina where the cone cells ar
e most concentrated T A mammalian iris changes shape of the lens F Looking a
t a nearer object is an active process.
Hypothalamus controls the homeostatic
functions.
In a frightened child the blood insulin will increase
Ciliary
muscles change the shape of a lens.
Suspensory ligaments slacken during contr
action of the cilliary muscles.
Focusing is a reflex action stimulated by cha
nge in the distance of an object where as the pupil reflex is stimulated when th
e light intensity shown into the eyes changes.
Skin contains receptors for ch
emicals
In cold the skin erector muscles contract and arterioles to the surfa
ce capillaries dilate.
Half an hour after from the time of starchy meal taken
, the glucose level of the blood reaches its highest level
The secretion of insulin decreases during pregnancy
Drinking alcohol incr
ease the risk of HIV infection
An antibiotic is used during minor infections
as a pain killer
Nicotine is an addictive drug which is some times injected
Alcohol and heroin are depressants whereas nicotine and caffeine are stimulant
s
Withdrawal symptoms of heroin include, vomiting, sweating and occurrence of
cramps
Nicotine decreases the reaction time
Alcohol is also used to treat
bacterial infections
Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of
the blood
Breakdown of elastic tissue in the alveoli causes bronchitis
Pl
asmodium is cultured to produce antibiotics
A drug is a chemical substance ta
ken externally which alters the metabolism
Viruses exist only as parasite
Nuclei of the fungi do not contain membrane
Mosquito is vector and plasmodium
is a pathogen
In viruses the outer coat is made of protein and inner core is
made of nucleic acid
Penicillin formation is an example of continuous proces
s
Fermentation is an other name for aerobic respiration.
Air flow into a f
ermenter through the culture medium is used to mix the contents of culture mediu
m.
The temperature of a fermenter is increased by flowing warm water through
the water jacket around it to keep the optimum conditions for bacterial growth.
Alcohol is by product during bread making
Milk proteins are curdled by inc

reasing the pH of the milk.

The lactobacillus inoculated in the milk produce
s lactic acid which increases pH of the milk.
It is difficult to maintain opt
imum conditions for long periods in batch process.
Yeast and mesophyll cells
are similar in a way that they both have cell wall and a large central vacuole
The term food chain is used to describe the feeding relation ship between the
living things in an ecosystem
Green plants occupy the first trophic level, he
rbivores second and carnivores third
Shorter is a food chain more is food ava
ilable to the top consumer
In an eco system the decomposers represent the lar
gest biomass of living organisms
Top consumers in the following food chain re
ceive the least energy.
Flowers( caterpillars( swallows( kestrel, is kestrel.
Living organisms o
ther than green plants do not depend on energy from the sun
In the following
food chain the smallest energy transfer is shown with S and largest energy loss
with L
S
L
SUN( producer( primary consumer(Secondar
y consumer( Tertiary consumer
The original source of energy in an ecosystem i
s carbon dioxide
The energy enters in an ecosystem as sun light and is finall
y lost as heat
The energy lost from a food chain and carbon are recycled boil
ing drinking water can reduce the risk of malaria
Acid rains low down the pH
of the soil, and water. It reduces the crop yield and damages the aquatic life.
Carbon dioxide is a green house gas.
Increased human population is the ma
in cause of the pollution and deforestation.
Denitrification increases the so
il fertility.
Denitrifying bacteria are anaerobic which cause denitrification
. In a water logged soils, these bacteria will increase the fertility.
Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacteria in the root nodules of legume plants
In
river flowing through a town the oxygen level will be high, bacterial count low
and few fishes, if untreated sewage released into it
Putrification is the exc
essive growth of the algae in an ecosystem due to more nitrates into it.
In a
n aquatic food chain the amount of a pollutant will most accumulate in the body
of top consumer
The offsprings of a plant produced by sexual reproduction wi
ll be genetically identical
After fertilization an ovule develops into a seed
and an ovary into a fruit and the stigma style and stamens and petals are lost.
An insect pollinated flower has large, brightly coloured petals which enclos
e the reproductive parts
Unisexual flowers ensure cross pollination.
Dispe
rsal of seeds may reduce their germination chances if they fall on concrete slab
s.
Asexual reproduction is important for the farmers as it is slow process wh
ich produces genetically identical offsprings
Spraying with insecticides kill
s all stages of mosquitoes
Release of a type of fish into the water bodies wh
ich eats mosquito larvae is an example of biological control
Testa is formed
from integuments of an ovule
Testa is the only part which is metabolically ac
tive in a germinating seed.
During germination of a seed dry mass of testa do
es not change.
Dry mass of an embryo increases during germination.
Hydroly
tic enzymes in the seeds are activated by soaking water by the seeds.
During
sexual reproduction in plants the different events occur in the following sequen
ce, gamete formation( fertilization( pollination( seed formation( seed dispersal
( seed germination
Wind pollinated species of plants produce more pollens than that produced by
insect pollinated.
Fertilization in mammalian female reproductive system take
s place in the uterus.
The events during the sexual reproduction occur in the
following sequence. Adult( mitosis( gametes( fertilization( embryo( zygote( mit
osis( adult
In a female the reproductive events occur as menstruation( ovulat
ion( fertilization( implantation
During menstruation the FSH level of blood w
ill be highest and body temperature below normal
Progesterone level of blood
remains higher during pregnancy
Estrogen inhibits FSH release.
Ovulation i
s the release of an egg from an ovary.
Conception occurs in the endometrium o
f the uterus in its upper side.
Placenta also produces progesterone
Bottle
milk has an advantage that it can be measured.
Breast feeding provides more
iron for the needs of a baby.
Amniotic fluid provides cushioning to the baby.
The temperature of the foetus normally remains higher than the mother.
Me

chanical method of birth control directly effects fallopian tubes

Implantatio
n occurs in the uterus immediately after fertilization
Menstrual loss always
contains blood, b broken inner lining of uterus and dead egg cell
Ovulation o
ccurs 14 after the last day of menstruation
Antibodies and platelets can pass
the placenta
Condom is used to prevent ovulation and to avoid HIV infection
AIDS id caused by a virus, syphilis and malaria are caused by bacteria
Spe
rms produced in humans are of two types where as eggs of only one kind
A pers
on affected by downs syndrome contains 47 chromosomes in his gametes
Gender h
eight, blood groups and eye colour are examples of discontinuous variations
I
Q level body mass height and tongue rolling are examples of continuous variation
s
Mutagen is a chemical substance that causes mutations
Ribosomes tRNA, mR
NA and amino acids present in a cell can synthesize proteins even if lacks nucle
us
The protein synthesis can take place ion mature RBCs
A monohybrid self
crossed produces 3 dominant: 1 recessive off-springs
The theoretical ration o
f phenotype produced by allowing a heterozygote with the homozygote recessive is
3 dominant: 1 recessive off-springs
In co-dominant inheritance the offspring's ratios of phenotypes produced will
be 1 black: 2 grey: 1 white when two heterozygote are crossed together.
A te
st cross is used to determine the phenotype of a dominant character.
Natural
selection brings changes in genotype.
A change in chromosome number causes a
lbinism
Sickle cell anemia is an example of gene mutation
A child of blood
group O can be born to a mother with group A and a man \with group B
A pure
breed is the first parent in a genetic cross that may homozygous or heterozygous
In dominant recessive inheritance, 75 percent of the offspring carry recessi
ve allele when two heterozygote are crossed together.
If genotype of an indiv
idual is known its phenotype can be inferred
A recessive character always exp
resses in homozygous condition.
A dominant character with homozygous genotype
shows 50 percent offspring's of a cross between two heterozygote.
Allele for
group o (I0) is recessive to all other alleles (IB and IA ) for blood groups
IA and IB are co-dominant
Sickle cell anemia is an example of gene mutatio
ns.
Variations occur due to mutations