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Department of Electrical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
hammad.uddin@neduet.edu.pk1, mohdali@neduet.edu.pk2, alimemon@neduet.edu.pk3
Wind
1%
Hydel,
29.2%
Thermal,
67.14%
I. INTRODUCTION
Increase in energy demand is obvious, with the growth in
worlds population. It is expected that world primary energy
demand will increase by 60% from 2002 to 2030, globally[1].
Fig.1, shows the energy mix of Pakistan, which reflects a
dominant portion contributed by thermal sources and fractional
contribution of renewables i.e. wind power [2]. PV is considered
one of the most important resources of energy for future[1, 3].
By 2011, almost 30 GW of electricity had been produced by PV
solar cell globally [4]. Currently Pakistan lags the capability of
harnessing solar energy, though it has a great potential of
generating energy through it [4, 5]. In this regard, several
projects are initiated that could utilize solar and other renewable
energy resources available in Pakistan [5-8].
TABLE 1
Solar Cell efficiency measurement under standard testing conditions[10]
Classification
Efficiency
(%)
Area
(cm2)
Open
Circuit
Voltage
Voc (V)
Current
Density
Jsc
(mA/cm2)
Si (crystalline)
25.60.5
143.7
0.74
41.8
Si (multi crystalline)
20.80.6
243.9
0.6626
39.03
10.5 0.3
94
0.492
29.7
+
Photovoltaic
Module
DC-DC
Converter
Battery
I
MPPT
Controller
Duty
Cycle
DC
Load
TABLE II
Parameters of solar array KC200GT at STC
Maximum Power
Pmax (W)
200
Current at MPP
Impp (Ampere)
7.61
Voltage at MPP
Vmpp (Volts)
26.3
Iscc (Ampere)
8.21
Voc (Volts)
32.9
Ns
54
.. (1)
I0
Ipv
Rp
B. MPPT Algorithm
The Purpose of MPPT algorithm in PV system is to keep the
PV panel voltage closes to MPP voltage. Several authors has
contributed towards novel MPPT techniques and compared
these techniques [21-26]. Many Authors have compared two
fundamental MPPT techniques i.e. P&O and IC in literature
[27, 28]. With the best of knowledge, no author has done the
qualitative comparison showing MPPT algorithm performance
in MPP tracking. Furthermore duty control dynamics also not
shown in MPP tracking. The qualitative comparison of both
algorithm is explained here with the real weather conditions at
NED University, Karachi.
1) Perturb & Observe MPPT Algorithm
In this method the solar panel voltage is first perturb and output
power is calculated. If the power increases on increasing
voltage, then voltage is further increased. If the power decreases
on increase in voltage then the voltage of panel is reduced to
Start
Measure V(n), I(n)
dI=In-Ib
dV=Vn-Vb
No
Yes
Yes
V(n) = Vb+ V
Return
No
Inductor
Yes
V(t) > V(t-1)
D(t) = D(t-1)- D
D(t) = D(t-1)+ D
(
(
Mosfet
Diode
Vin
Duty
Cycle
( . At MPP (2)
V(n) = Vb+ V
V(n) = Vb- V
V(n) = Vb- V
Yes
D(t) = D(t-1)- D
D(t) = D(t-1)+ D
Yes
No
Vb=Vn
Ib=In
P(t)>P(t-1)
Yes
dI>0 ?
dI/dV>-I/V ?
No
Yes
No
No
dI=0 ?
dI/dV= -I/V ?
No
Start
No
Yes
dV=0?
Capacitor
Load
III.
1) At STC
To show dynamics of PV system using P&O and IC at STC, a
simulation for 0.5 sec was performed and results of MPP
achieved with duty control at MPP tracking are shown in Fig. 9
and 10 respectively. These results assume that irradiation of
constant value 1000 Watt/m2 was kept at temperature 250C. At
this condition system move from zero-initial condition to the
steady-state value.
2) At real environmental conditions at NED University
Since system simulation had to consider the dynamics of
irradiance and temperature for the complete day, instead of
running simulation for 3600 seconds on Matlab. Because of
memory constraints, the parameter dynamics are scaled for 67
seconds only. After monitoring weather conditions for a month
started from 23rd Dec 2015 to 23rd Jan 2016, it is concluded that
weather pattern looks same throughout the month. Therefore a
typical day profile can be chosen to test the simulation. The real
solar irradiance and ambient temperature of a typical day 23rd
Dec 2015 has been selected. The solar irradiance and ambient
temperature for a day is shown in Figs. 11 and 12 respectively.
Considering real atmospheric conditions shown, simulation of
PV system using P&O and IC MPPT algorithm has been run.
The results been shown in Figs. 13 and 14 respectively.
Fig. 9. PV panel Power and Duty cycle control using P&O at STC
Fig. 14. IC simulation results on a typical day profile
IV.
Fig. 10. PV panel Power and Duty cycle control using IC at STC
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to acknowledge Alternate Energy Board
(AEDB) Pakistan for providing real weather data of NED
University, in collaboration with solar energy lab of department
of Mechanical Engineering.
Also would like to acknowledge the contribution of Prof. Dr.
Saad Ahmed Qazi, Dean ECE Faculty, Mr. Naveed ur Rehman,
Assistant Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department and
Mr. Iqbal Azeem, Lecturer at Electrical Engineering
Department, NED University in this work.
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