1. Today Computers are used in everyday life. Whether it is Water and Electricity, Police and Emergencies or Trains and Metros, all are dependent on Computers. Thus Computers have become a necessity for us. 2. While WWW has existed from 1990s, this century has seen further enhancement in the use of Information Technology with the introduction of MySpace (2003), Face Book (2004) and Flicker. 3. Thirty years back, we could not imagine how the Computer usage will become so widespread. Devices like Laptops, I phones Play stations and software like Google, YouTube, eBay have completely changed the lifestyle of the society. 4. The following is the Chronology of the development of Computers: - 1815: Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage). - 1939: Z1 Computer (Konrad Zuse); Z1 first programmable computer. - 1939: ABC Computer (John Atanasoff); It was capable to solve a system of linear equations. - 1943: Colossus (Alan Turing); Colossus was used to crack Nazi military codes.
- 1944: Mark I (Howard Aiken); It is an automatic
general purpose calculator. - 1945: UNIVAC (John Mauchly & Eckhrt); first commercial computer. (Note the developments during the World War II period). 5. The Hardware also underwent enormous changes: 1939: Vacuum Tubes, 1956: Transistors, 1960: Integrated Circuits (Silicon Chips). 6. Silicon Chips revolutionized the process because it could accommodate hundreds of Transistors in a single chip. 7. Moores Law predicted that the number of transistors that could be packed into a silicon chip of the same price would double every two years. 8. The first Microprocessor was developed 1n 1971 by INTEL. Microprocessors contained all the Computational components of a Computer in a single chip. 9. This further lead to two different classes of Computers: General Purpose computers called PCs and Special Purpose computers called Embedded Computers. 10. The Embedded Computers used the Firmware i.e. Software permanently etched onto the silicon. These devices were used in Applications such as Controlling Temperature and Humidity, Monitoring Heart Rate etc. Over 90 percent of the
world's microprocessors are found in embedded
computers. 11. There are three Types of PCs: Desktop, Workstation and Laptop. 12. Desktop Computers rest on top of the Desk most of the time. They consist of a Tower and other Components. 13. The Tower contains: Microprocessor, Memory, Hard Disk DVD Drive etc. 14. Other essential components of a Desktop Computer are: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, and Speaker. 15. Workstations are High end desktop Computers, which are connected to a mainframe. 16. The minimum components that a Workstation must have are: the Display Unit, the Keyboard and the Mouse. 17. All-in-one (New breed) is a desktop computer where you have the hardware plugged in the monitor as one unit. 18. Laptops are Portable Computers with less than 7 lbs weight. They are normally expensive and cannot be upgraded easily. 19. Handheld devices are small enough to tuck into a Pocket. Examples are PDAs and Smart Phones. 20. The Computers that are used as Central Computers to a Network are called Servers. They normally have faster Processor and more memory and provide Software and Resources to the Network users. 21. Mainframe Computers are used by large Organizations such as Banks and Airlines. Multiple Communications with the Mainframe is possible through a Process called Timesharing. 22. The most powerful computers in use today are called Supercomputers. They are used for applications such as Weather forecasting, Computer animation and Telephone Network Design. 23. The Internet was developed in 1960s and till 1980s it was used only for Research, or Email. 24. WWW was developed in 1990s and this made Internet accessible to everyone. By 2005, more than a billion people were using the internet. The Internet usage was further powered by the use of Multimedia. 25. Web Browsers like Internet Explorer made Navigation through the Web very simple. Hypertext linked together millions of Web Pages. Internet shopping through eBay and Real-time
Chapter 1-Notes.docx
Multiplayer games software made the Internet
widely popular. 26. We have had an Agricultural age and an Industrial Age. Now we are in the Information Age. Many people earn their livelihood by using this Technology. 27. Technology has enhanced humanity however it brought a lot of ethical issues such as privacy, software piracy, etc. 28. The future could bring the emergence of biodigital technology, computer chips embedded within human bodies.