1.

Introduction

It is crucial for the mankind to develop clean renewable energy resources. We cannot indefinitely continue
to base our life on the consumption of finite energy resources, as those based on fossil fuels and nuclear
power. These sources of energy will not last forever and have proven to be one of the main causes of all the
environmental problems. Renewable sources of energy are in line with an overall strategy of sustainable
development. They help reduce the dependence of energy imports, and also help improve the
competitiveness of industries and have a positive impact on regional development and employment.
Renewable energy sources include hydropower, biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy. The
rapid deployment of renewable energy technologies and their larger development in the near future, raise
challenges and opportunities regarding their integration into energy supply systems. Together the renewable
energy sources currently contribute the equivalent of 7% of the Worlds primary energy use. Day by day the
share of renewable energy in electricity consumption is increased. For this the EU has set a target of 12% by
2010. As a result of the political commitments the renewable energy industry is developing around the world
being one of the highest priorities of mankind. To these trends Romania also had been aligned in 2002
according to the medium-term National Strategy for the power sector. In this is pointed out as the main
future objectives are to develop efficient energy markets, to ensure higher quality and security of supply and
to comply with EU standards regarding the rational use of energy and environment protection.

1.1 Energy From Waves

Ocean energy is a yet unexploited renewable energy source on our planet. Preliminary surveys show that
marine power has a potential to supply a significant part of the future European energy needs. The ocean
energy technologies have been around for decades, but for a variety of reasons (including rising oil prices,
technological advancements and the sheer grit of a handful of pioneer developers), ocean energy has made a
huge splash only in the last years. The three most well developed technologies for deriving electrical power
from the ocean include tidal power, wave power and ocean thermal energy conversion. From these
possibilities the wave energy conversation seems to have the greatest general application. Oceanic waves are
generally considered to be a concentrated form of solar energy. Waves are produced by winds that are
created by pressure differences in the Earths atmosphere, which are created by differential solar heating.
The energy transferred from wind to water is in the form of potential energy (mass of water in wave above
sea level) and kinetic energy (movement of water molecules). The amount of energy transferred is
dependent upon the wind speed, the amount of time that the wind is blowing and the distance over which it
travels. The World Energy Council (WEC) has estimated the global ocean wave energy over 2 TW (which

means 17,500 TWh/year). From this it has been estimated that the practical economic contribution of the
wave energy converters could be 2,000 TWh/year, similar to current installed nuclear or hydroelectric
generation capacity. About 95% of this power potential is offshore, the rest being on the shoreline or
nearshore. Of course all of it is not practical, but if any amount could be harnessed, it could mean a huge
quantity of cleanly produced energy. Such generating capacity could result in up to 2 billion tones of CO 2
emissions being displaced from fossil fuel generation per year, similar to current emissions from electricity
There are also several other compelling arguments for using the wave energy technology
i.)By its high power density it is one of the lowest cost renewable energy sources.
ii.)The wave energy is more predictable than solar and wind energy, offering a better possibility of being
dispatched to an electrical grid system.
iii.)The conversion of ocean wave energy to electricity is believed to be one of the most environmentally
benign ways to generate electricity; hence it does not render any waste that has to be stored or destroys the
environment.
iv.) The wave energy conversion devices can be located far enough away from the shore (offshore) that they
are generally not visible.
Although waves represent a free and clean source of energy, capturing this energy inevitably needs large
capital investments and can have some impacts on the environment, which must be taken also into account.
The potential wave power can be converted to electricity via mechanical means. The wave power take off
systems are often called also marine energy converters (MECs). Harnessing the energy provided by oceanic
waves has been developed for over the past thirty years via numerous technologies. Such systems can be
offshore and onshore. The offshore ones are situated in deep water. Often sophisticated mechanisms use the
bobbing motion of the waves to power a pump that creates electricity. Other offshore devices use the rise
and fall of the float to generate electrical power. The onshore systems, built along shorelines, extract the
energy of breaking waves. In both type of wave power take off systems the most complicated constructions
are with direct mechanical linkage, with pneumatic (for example the Oscillating Water Column system) or
with hydraulic systems (as Pelamis). More simple are the direct driven power take off systems, which have
the electrical generator and moving part of the device (a floating buoy on the surface of the sea) joined
directly together with no intermediate mechanical systems. Several recent technical reports concluded that
generation of electricity from wave energy may be economically feasible in the near future and as such,
warrants continued investigation. This was the main reason why our research team begun to study the
possibilities of placing wave energy based power plants near the Romanian shore of the Black Sea

1.2 WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR THE BLACK SEA

The power potential for waves can be described as units of power per meter of wave crest length. The
greatest power in the wave fronts is about 100 kW/m in the Atlantic Ocean South-West of Ireland, the
Southern Ocean and off Cape Horn. Large portions of the world's potential wave energy resources are found
in sheltered waters and calmer seas, which often exhibit a milder, but still steady wave climate. Examples
are the Baltic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Unfortunately it was clear from the very beginning that
the wave power in the Black Sea is moderate. Precise data regarding the wave energy potential in the Black
Sea near the Romanian coasts could not be found in any available bibliographical resources. Therefore our
research team was constrained to look for indirect information on the wave energy potential from other
similar sheltered seas and on other available parameters of the waves in the Black Sea. The results of this
study showed that the computed wave power density in the Black Sea near the Romania coast is the highest
during winter and autumn, fortunately coinciding with the greatest energy demands. The mean value of the
power density was found out to be about of 1 kW/m. This low power density is compensated by relatively
small wave power variability as compared with the seas with high wave power densities. Finally it was
pointed out that taking into account the various advantages of the electrical power generation from waves
also at this relatively small wave energy potential the exploitation of the wave energy could be of real
interest.The simplest direct driven power take off system was proposed to be used in the future wave power
plant. It consists of a floating buoy lifted-dropped by the waves connected directly to the linear generator
fixed on a concrete foundation, which stands on the bottom of the sea (as shown in Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The floating buoy system with the linear generator

The power takes off system works upon the difference in height between wave top and wave bottom. Hence
the mover of the linear generator connected to the buoy is permanently in motion generating electrical
power. By optimizing the shape and operation of the buoy up to 90% absorption efficiency can be achieved

with such devices. The proposed wave energy converter can be configured in many different ways in order
to best fit its performances to the requirements and to the given environmental conditions. The variable wave
heights highlight one of the difficulties with such wave energy converters, namely the requirement of
Adaptability to different sea states. A device which is optimized for a given amplitude and frequency must
be capable of surviving also in much rougher conditions. Between the generator and the gird ac/dc,
respectively dc/ac converters must be coupled, as shown in Fig. 2. The electric power is proposed to be
transported via a dc net to the land, where practically the connection to the grid will be done.
The above presented electric system is only one of the numerous possible structures, and it was selected
based on the specific circumstances regarding the placement and the power of the marine energy converter
near the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Anyway the crucial part of such marine renewable energy
devices is the efficient conversion of kinetic energy into electrical energy. In the proposed wave energy take
off system this is done by high efficiency linear generators.

1.3

Construction:

The experimental setup consist of following components

1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6

Floater/ buoy
Magnet
Electromagnetic coil
Voltmeter
Cylinder
Water proofing material

1.3.1 Floater/buoy:
It is a heavy floating device which floats on the surface of water. It can be anchored(stationary) or
allowed to drift with sea waves. This buoy is directly connected through ropes to the magnetic piston
which is to be moved in a electromagnetic cylinder. There are different types of buoys such as seamark
life buoy,, dam buoy, spar buoy etc.
1.3.1.1 Spar buoy
Spar buoy is a tall thin buoy that floats upright in the water & is characterised by a small water plane
area & large mass These are often used as stable platform for wave measurement or wave electric
generator

1.3.2 Magnet:
It is used to generate magnetic flux by connecting to buoy. The movement of buoy will allow magnet to
reciprocate up & down inside the cylinder this will generate electricity by cutting magnetic flux of
electromagnetic cylinder

1.3.3 Electromagnetic coil:

An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil, spiral or
helix. Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents
interact with magnetic fields, in devices such as inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and
sensor coils. The more turns of wire, the stronger the field produced. Conversely, a changing external
magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a wire, due to Faraday's law of induction. The
induced voltage can be increased by winding the wire into a coil, because the field lines intersect the
circuit multiple times. It is wrapped around cylinder and attached to voltmeter directly to show output
voltage.

1.3.4 Voltmeter:
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the
circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.
This will show our generated output.

1.3.5 Cylinder
It is made up of electrically insulating material upon which the copper wire is wrapped. It is cylinder in
which the reciprocating movement of magnet is carried out.

1.3.6 Water proofing material

The above electrical setup is submerged in water there fore it needs to be waterproofed. To make the
electrical setup waterproof it is covered with polyvinyl chloride

2. Literature Review
The history of a tidal wave energy electricity generator is very wide & considerable for the development of
Non-Conventional Energy resources. Initially the plants gave less output after words many investigations
have been conducted in the research to develop new ways of generation through tidal wave energy. Many
researches were conducted in the field of tidal wave energy plant for increasing thei efficiency & to get
desired output, various papers were presented & many thesis were written in the field of development of

tidal wave electricity generation plant. Some of the literatures are listed in development of Tidal Wave
Electricity Generator

2.1 Nirupom Paul, presented Power Generation from Sea Wave: An Approach to Create Renewable
Energy from this paper we understood that the tidal energy of ocean is safest & cleanest renewable energy
resource,as the other energy resources such as Fossils, Nuclear, Wind have many limitations such as unsafe,
environmentally harmful, non-sustainable etc.

2.2 Yoshikazutanaka, an Experimental study of Wave Power Generation using Flexible Piezoelectric
Device In this paper there are vertical strands of piezoelectric material are used for electricity generation.
The movement of these vertical strands after the impact of wave generates electricity. These setup is
compact but the output voltage is limited.

2.3 G. Lemonis, J.C. Cutler Wave and tidal energy conversion. In: Encyclopaedia of energy
In this paper the tidal energy of ocean is converted in to the rotational energy of turbines through which
electricity is generated. The power output of this setup is our desired output only when the tides are rough
enough. The setup is expensive & not mobile.

2.4 Luc Hamilton, this author has submitted paper in AWS Ocean Energy LTD deployment monitoring &
evaluation of a prototype advanced wave energy device. From this paper we understood that the tidal
energy can be generated by electromechanical ways. In this paper there are submerged piston cylinders the
piston is attached to a floating buoy above water the disturbance in the ocean water makes buoy to move up
and down which enables the movement of piston From the following paper we have made our further
project

3. Problem Definition
1. The overall power scene in India shows heavy shortage almost in all states in the country. The
situation is going to be aggravated in coming years as the demand is increasing and the power

industry is not keeping pace with the increasing demand.

2. Governments and private organizations all over the world have been looking for alternative sources
of energy which are reliable, sustainable, available all the time and in abundance.
3. Solar energy, wave energy, etc are some such energy sources. Solar energy is being pursued slowly
by organizations all over the world because of its huge initial cost.
4. Installation of devices that produce electricity from tides is less costly as compared to the cost of
huge solar panels. Such devices also require open space but their installation happens in seas where
space is not a constraint.
5. A wave powered electricity generator would provide a round the clock production of electricity
without using any fuel.
.

4. Objective

Using a tidal powered electricity generator would help in meeting long term objectives for all the living
beings on the planet. It will ensure clean energy for many of our basic needs without disturbing the nature.
The major objectives of such a project are as follows :
To reduce the risk posed to our environment by usage of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, etc.
To reduce the cost of electricity production by using the naturally available tidal energy.
To provide for continuous production of electricity by using the abundant tides which are available
all the time and cover more than half of the earths surface.
To create a sustainable environment for our future generations and for other beings living on Earth.
To reduce the waste products from electricity generation.

5. Methodology

For the development of a tidal wave energy electricity generator, we have planned the following steps :
First of all, we design a piston cylinder arrangement in which the piston is magnetic and the cylinder is made
of insulating material.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Planning.
Designing of cylinder arrangement.
Checking the working of electromagnetic coilmagnet setup.
Checking the generation of electricity through electromagnetic coilmagnet setup.
Try to increase the efficiency by changing the windings of the coil.
Attaching the buoy to piston.

6. Conclusion

7. References
[1] Callaghan, J., 2006, "Future Marine Energy Results of the Marine Energy Challenge: Cost
competitiveness and growth of wave and tidal stream energy," Research Report, Carbon Trust,
London (UK),
[2] Elefant, C., and O'Neill, S., 2006, "Ocean Energy Report for 2005,"
[3] Previsic, M., Bedard, R., and Hagerman, G., 2004, "Offshore Wave Energy
Conversion Devices," report no. WP 004 US, Palo Alto (USA), 2004.
[4] Leijon, M, 2005, "Multi-Physics Simulation of Wave Energy to Electric Energy
Conversion by Permanent Magnet Linear Generator," IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, vol. 20
[5] Nirupom Paul, 2013, Power Generation from Sea Wave: An Approach to Create Renewable
EnergyGlobal journal inc (USA) volume 13 issue 1 version 1.0.
[6] Yoshikazutanaka, 2012, an Experimental study of Wave Power Generation using Flexible
Piezoelectric Device international journal of applied electromagnetics & mechanics vol 39.
[7] G. Lemonis, J.C. Cutler , 2004, Wave and tidal energy conversion. In: Encyclopaedia of energy
Elsevier NewYork 385-396
[8] Luc Hamilton, 2006 deployment monitoring & evaluation of a prototype advanced wave energy
device aws ocean energy ltd.