Chapter 1.

Introduction to
Computers and Programming
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1.1 Why Program?

Computers can do many different jobs
because they are programmable.
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1.2 Computer Systems:

Hardware and Software
All computer systems consist of similar
hardware devices and software components.
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standard computer hardware and software
organization.

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Hardware
1. The CPU
2. Main Memory
3. Secondary
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4. Input Devices
5. Output Devices

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Figure 1.1
Input
Device

Central
Processing
Unit

Output
Device

Main
Memory

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Output
Device

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Figure 1.2
Instruction
(Input)

Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit

Result
(Output)

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Control Unit

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Software
Operating Systems
Single tasking
Multi-tasking
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Application Software

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1.3 Programs and

Programming Languages
What is a program?
A set of instructions a computer follows in
order
to
perform
a
task.
A
programming
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language is a special language used to write
computer programs.

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Program 1-1

For

// This program calculates the users pay.

#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
float hours, rate, pay;
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cout << How
hours
did you without
work? ;
cin >> hours;
cout << How much do you get paid per
hour? ;
cin >> rate;
pay = hours * rate;
cout << You have earned $ << pay <<
endl;
}

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Program Output
How many hours did you work? 10
How much do you get paid per hour? 15
You have earned $150
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Programming Languages
Figure 1-4
High level
(Close to Human
Language)

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Low level
(Machine Language)

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Table 1-1
Language
BASIC
FORTRAN
COBOL

Description
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
A general programming language originally
designed to be simple enough for beginners to learn.
Formula Translator. A language designed for
programming complex mathematical algorithms.
Common Business-Oriented Language. A language
designed for business applications.
A structured, general purpose language designed
primarily for teaching programming.
A structured, general purpose language developed at
Bell Labs. C offers both high-level and low-level
features.
Based on the C language, C++ offers object-oriented
features not found in C. Also invented at Bell
Laboratories.
An object-oriented language invented at Sun
Microsystems. Java may be used to develop
programs that run over the Internet, in a web
browser.

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Pascal
C
C++
Java

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1.4 What is a Program Made of?

There are certain elements that are common
to all programming languages.
Key Words
Programmer-Defined
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Operators
Punctuation

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Language Elements, Table 1-2

Language
Element
Key Words

Description

Words that have a special meaning. Key

words may only be used for their intended
purpose.
Programmer- Words or names defined by the programmer.
Defined
They are symbolic names that refer to
Symbols
variables or programming routines.
Operators
Operators perform operations on one or more
operands. An operand is usually a piece of
data, like a number.
Punctuation Punctuation characters that mark the
beginning or ending of a statement, or
separate items in a list.
Syntax
Rules that must be followed when
construction a program. Syntax dictates how
key words and operators may be used, and
where punctuation symbols must appear.

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Lines and Statements

cout << How many hours did you work?;
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Variables
A storage location in the computers
memory for holding a piece of
information.
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Symbolic names that represent locations
in the computers random-access
memory.

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Variable Declarations
Two types of information: numbers and
characters
Numbers may be integers or floating-point
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numbers
The statement below creates three variables in
memory named hours, rate, and pay that each
can store a floating point number
float hours, rate, pay;
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1.5 Input, Processing, and Output

Input:
cin >> hours;

Processing:
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pay = hours * rate;

Output
cout<<You have earned $<<pay;

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1.6 The Programming Process

The programming process consists of
several steps, which include design,
creation,
testing
debugging
activities.
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Designing and Creating a

Program
1. Clearly define what the program is to do
2. Visualize the program running on the
computer.
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3. Design a flowchart or hierarchy chart
4. Check the flowchart or hierarchy chart for
logical errors.

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5. Write a pseudocode version of the

program.
6. Check the pseudocode for errors.
7. Write the actual program on paper.
8. Desk-check the program for errors.
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10. Correct any errors found during
compilation. Repeat steps 9 and 10 as
many times as necessary.
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11. Run the program with test data for

input.
12. Correct any errors found while
running the program. Repeat steps
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13. Validate the results of the program.

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1.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented

Programming
Procedural programming and objectoriented programming are two ways of
thinking
aboutOnly
software
and
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program design.

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