Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
POLYMERIZATION: (THERMOSET)
The purpose of the binders is to binds the particles of pigment within themselves and to the
surface. The binders are responsible for Chemical resistance, water resistance and UV light
resistance.
There are 2 types of binders, Natural and Synthetic. Natural binders are obtained from trees,
insects and fossilized vegetables. E.g. turpentine oil, pine oil, coccids, copals etc.
There are large numbers of synthetic binders which are being used in different types of paints.
The selection is purely based on the end use or the environment in which the paint will be.
Examples are
1. Oil based Alkyds ( cures by oxidation)
2. Different alkyd modification e.g. phenolic modifications, vinyl modifications, silicone
modifications, epoxy modifications & urethane modifications
3. Water based acrylic emulsion are most popular due to better colour retention, exterior
weathering and durability. The hardness and flexibility of the film depends on type of
monomer, its amount and molecular weight. E.g methyl methacrylate is the hardest and
acrylates are softest.
DRYING OILS:
An oil is classified as drying oil if when spread out in air as a thin layer, it changes from a liquid
to a solid film with great toughness and hardness. This drying ability depends on the molecular
structure of the various chemical components that makeup the oil.
o Most are poly unsaturated fatty oils
o When combined with oxygen and accelerated by metallic driers, auto oxidation &
polymerization occurs which transform the oil from liquid to solid.
o Some vegetable oils are not drying oils e.g coconut, peanut, cotton seed oil.
o Fatty vegetable oils that exhibit proper drying oil characteristics are Linseed, Tung,
Soybean, Fish oils.
PIGMENTS:
Pigments are added to the pain to impart colour, opacity and to reinforce paint film. The other
benefits that pigment adds to paints are they protect against corrosion, act as barrier for water
and may enhance heat, abrasion, alkali and acid resistance as well. Paint viscosity also depends
on pigments particle size, shape, specific gravity, bulk density etc.
Examples:
INHIBITIVE TYPE chromates lead & zinc salts
BARRIER TYPE
COLOUR TYPE
HIDING TYPE
Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide, Zinc Sulfide (they all have high
Refractive index
SOLVENTS:
Solvents in paints are used as they dissolve solid paints constituents and change paint fluid for
satisfactory application. After application of paints, the solvent is undesirable.
A solvent must be able to wet the substrate and penetrate into and help paint seals any crevices,
voids or depressed irregularities. It must volatize fast enough to prevent runs and sags. If it is too
volatile, can cause solvent pops, loss of gloss, poor surface wetting, inhibit proper cure.
In most of the paints a blend of solvents is used to achieve optimum properties. Some will
evaporate fast to give quick drying of paints and some evaporate slowly to give good wetting and
penetration properties
Examples are Turpentine oil, aliphatic straight and cyclic non polar solvent, aromatic like
toluene, xylene, Esters, alcohols, glycols etc.
ADDITIVES:
A large variety of chemicals are added to the final paint formulation to impart specific desirable
properties for ease in manufacturing and application. A few examples are anti skimming agents,
fungicides, UV light absorber, plasticizers, flow agents, emulsion aids etc.
PAINT MANUFACTURING:
A modern paint manufacturing unit may consist of a variety of mixers and blenders to mix the
different paint ingredients. Kneaders, Ball mills and colloid mills are essential for uniform
mixing and homogenization of paints. Multiple sets of different milling devices are used to get
the desired consistency. After proper mixing, all paints are passed through a fine screen to
separate large size particles and foreign materials.
Proper formulation of paints depends upon raw materials selection and accurate calculation of
the amount of its constituents. To predict some properties of paints such as Ease of painting,
Gloss, Washability, etc Pigment Volume Concentration is used as an indicator (PVC)
PVC =
Type of Paint
Matt
Semi gloss
Gloss
Exterior household
Metal primer
Wood Primer
PVC
50-75 %
35-45%
25-35%
27-36
25-40%
35-40%