Full Report Energy Trilemma Index 2016

World Energy
Trilemma Index | 2016
BENCHMARKING THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF
NATIONAL ENERGY
SYSTEMS
In Partnership with OLIVER WYMAN
ABOUT THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL
ABOUT THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
The World Energy Council is the principal
The World Energy Councils definition of
impartial network of energy leaders and
energy sustainability is based on three core
practitioners promoting an affordable,
dimensions: energy security, energy
stable and environmentally sensitive energy
equity, and environmental sustainability.
system for the greatest benefit of all.
Balancing these three goals constitutes a

trilemma and is the basis for prosperity
Formed in 1923, the Council is the UN-
and competitiveness of individual countries.
accredited global energy body,

representing the entire energy spectrum,
The World Energy Trilemma Index,
with over 3,000 member organisations in
prepared annually by the World Energy
over 90 countries, drawn from
Council in partnership with global
governments, private and state
consultancy Oliver Wyman, along with
corporations, academia, NGOs and energy
the Global Risk Centre of its parent
stakeholders. We inform global, regional
Marsh & McLennan Companies since 2010,
and national energy strategies by hosting
is a comparative ranking of 125 countries
high-level events including the World
energy systems. It provides an assessment
Energy Congress and publishing
of a countrys ability to balance the
authoritative studies, and work through our
trade-offs between the three trilemma
extensive member network to facilitate the
dimensions.
worlds energy policy dialogue.

Access the complete Index results and use
Further details at www.worldenergy.org
the interactive Trilemma Index tool and its
and @WECouncil
pathway calculator to find out more about

countries trilemma performance and what it
takes to build a sustainable energy system:
www.worldenergy.com/data.
Produced in partnership with
OLIVER WYMAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
About the annual Energy Trilemma Index
Overview of the 2016 Energy Trilemma Index ranking and balance score
Placing countries on the Index watch list
12
An energy sector in transition: the 2016 Energy Trilemma Index in context
17
REGIONAL PROFILES
20
Asia
Europe
Latin America and the Carribean
North Africa and Middle East
North America
Sub-Saharan Africa
23
27
27
33
36
40
COUNTRY PROFILES
44
APPENDIX: INDEX METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
138
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
138
WORLD ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016:

REGIONAL OVERVIEWS
COUNTRY PERFORMANCE
Top 25%
25% 50%
50% 75%
Lower 25%
n/a
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
EUROPE
MIDDLE EAST AND

NORTH AFRICA
LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA
STRUGGLES WITH AGEING
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
EXTREME WEATHER
EUROPE
MANAGING THE
ENERGY TRANSITION
LATIN AMERICA
AND THE CARIBBEAN
BUILDING RESILIENCE
AND ENERGY EQUITY
ASIA
DECREASING IMPORT
DEPENDENCE INTHE FACE
OF GROWING DEMAND
MIDDLE EAST AND

NORTH AFRICA
DIVERSIFYING AWAY
FROM OIL AND GAS
SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA
UNLOCKING RESOURCES
AND RENEWABLES POTENTIAL
With 14% of total global greenhouse gas

emissions stemming from North America,
the region must improve environmental
sustainability and update ageing energy
infrastructure to strengthen resilience to
emerging risks, including extreme weather
events and cyber attacks.
Although European countries lead the

2016Index, the region still faces the
challenge of managing the energy security
and affordability risks resulting from the
energy transition.
The Latin America and Caribbean region

must work on improving and maintaining
its energy security by increasing the energy
systems resilience to extreme weather
events and improving energy equity.
Asia faces the challenge of facilitating

sustainable growth of its highly energyintensive, emerging economies while
managing increasing energy demand and
growing energy import dependence.
Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the

worlds lowest levels of energy access
and commercial energy use, despite a
rich endowment in resources and high
renewables potential.
To maintain a strong Trilemma performance,

policymakers must focus on energy
market design, regional markets, demand
management, and designing an effective
carbon price to successfully manage the
challenging energy transition.
Diversifying the energy supply with lowcarbon sources such as solar a nd wind and
increasing regional interconnection will be
key to securing reliable supply. However,
large-scale investments are required
to finance the development of resilient
energyinfrastructure.
Improvements on all three trilemma

dimensions are possible by increasing the
use of renewable energy sources, and by
decreasing import dependence through
reliable trade relationships and improved
infrastructure.
The main challenges for the Middle East

and North Africa (MENA) are high energy
intensity, greenhouse gas emissions,
and useof finite fossil fuel reserves.
Combined with water scarcity concerns,
these challenges, if not addressed, could
threaten the regions energy security and
environmental sustainability.
Environmental sustainability is expected

to improve significantly due to emission
reduction measures such as the
development of carbon capture, usage
and storage technologies, and further
diversification of the energy mix.
2016 World Energy Council, Oliver Wyman. Access the data via www.worldenergy.org/data
Many MENA countries are focused on

improving energy efficiency and diversifying
their economies and energy mixes through
an increased use of solar and nuclear power.
Significant changes to the regions trilemma
performance are likely to show towards the
2040s.
WO R2020s
LD ENand
ERGY
CO U N CIL | PERS PEC TI V E S
Stable and widely accessible energy

supply could act as a catalyst for regional
economic development. To unlock the
regions resource potential and meet future
energy demand, the region must attract
investment, build institutional capacity and
improve its grid and off-grid energy supply.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The World Energy Councils definition of energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. The
Energy Trilemma Index ranks countries energy performance around the world and
provides a framework to benchmark progress.
The 2016 Energy Trilemma Index reveals signs of progress on all dimensions of the energy
trilemma. Thirteen of the 125 countries assessed achieve a triple-A score. Efforts to
increase resource productivity and manage energy demand growth will be key in ensuring a
balanced energy trilemma.
Among the countries included in the Index, access to electricity and clean cooking have
both increased by 5% to 85% and 74% since 2000. Meanwhile, cleaner forms of energy are
being used to support energy access and economic growth, with renewables making up
9.7% of total primary energy consumption in 2015. A more diversified and low-carbon
energy mix will help to improve energy security and environmental sustainability but its
positive effects may be stifled by rising energy consumption, which is predicted to increase
by up to 46% by 2060.
This year Denmark, Switzerland and Sweden top the Index, with Denmark also achieving
the highest score for energy security. While not in the top 10 overall, Luxembourg maintains
its position for most equitable (affordable and accessible) and the Philippines is leading the
way on the environmental sustainability dimension. In Latin America, Uruguay ranks the
highest, while in the Middle East, Israel outperforms its regional peers. In Sub-Saharan
Africa, Mauritius performs best, and in Asia, New Zealand remains at the top of the regional
leader board.
FIGURE 1: TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
B E N C H M AR
R K I N G T H E S U S T AI N A B I L I T Y O F N AT I O N AL
A ENERGY SYSTEMS
Inttrodu
ucttion
n
ABOUT THE ANNUAL ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

The World Energy Councils definition of energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. Taken
together, they constitute a trilemma, and achieving high performance on all three entails
complex interwoven links between public and private actors, governments and regulators,
economic and social factors, national resources, environmental concerns, and individual
behaviours.
FIGURE 2: THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF THE ENERGY TRILEMMA
The Energy Trilemma Index quantifies the energy trilemma and comparatively ranks 125
countries in terms of their ability to provide a secure, affordable, and environmentally
sustainable energy system. In addition, countries are awarded a balance score that
highlights how well the country manages the trade-offs between the three energy trilemma
dimensions and identifies top performing countries with a triple-A score.
The Index rankings are based on a range of data sets that capture both energy
performance and the context of that energy performance. Energy performance indicators
consider supply and demand, the affordability of and access to energy, and the
environmental impact of a countrys energy production and use. The contextual indicators
consider the broader circumstances of energy performance including a countrys ability to
provide coherent, predictable and stable policy and regulatory frameworks, initiate
research, development and demonstration (RD&D) and innovation, and attract investment.
Prepared annually by the World Energy Council in partnership with global consultancy
Oliver Wyman, along with the Global Risk Centre of its parent Marsh & McLennan
Companies since 2010, the Index methodology was updated and revised in 2016 to capture
6
B E N C H M AR K I N G T H E S U S T AI N A B I L I T Y O F N AT I O N AL E N E R G Y S Y S T E M S
the changing energy landscape. The methodology maintains the focus on the three energy
trilemma dimensions but is enhanced by three main changes. Firstly, the revised
methodology broadens the scope of indicators covered to provide a more inclusive ranking
of the energy sector with a greater focus on the diversity of energy supply. Secondly, the
assessment of energy equity is enhanced by including measures for the quality of supply
and affordability of a wider number of energy resources, including household electricity,
natural gas and diesel costs. Finally, the revised Index includes a consideration of the
resilience of a countrys energy system with indicators for energy storage and the ability of
a country to prepare for and repair energy infrastructure following shocks.
Included in this Index report are:
2016 Energy Trilemma Index rankings and balance scores
2016 watch list
Regional profiles by key geographies
Energy Trilemma profiles for World Energy Council member countries1
As countries have unique resource endowments, policy goals and challenges, the absolute
rank of a country may be less meaningful than its relative performance versus its peers. To
support such analysis, the Index report provides data to generate regional or economic
peer group comparisons. For the deeper Index analysis, countries were organised in four
economic groups:
Group I: GDP per capita greater than US$33,500
Group II: GDP per capita between US$14,300 and US$33,500
Group III: GDP per capita between US$6,000 and US$14,300
Group IV: GDP per capita lower than US$6,000.
Trends, and the balance within the three dimensions, also provide valuable information in
helping countries address their energy trilemma. Decision makers in both the public and
private sectors are encouraged to look at trends in performance over the years, particularly
in each dimension, and to compare their countries against peer groups including regional
or GDP group peers.
To support decision makers, the World Energy Council and Oliver Wyman have developed
an interactive online tool that allows users to view Index results and compare countries
The World Energy Trilemma Index report only features country profiles for the World Energy
Councils member countries for which sufficient data is available.
performance against other countries. The pathway calculator allows users to identify what it
takes to improve the energy trilemma performance. The tool can be accessed at:
www.worldenergy.org/data.
Taken as a whole, the World Energy Trilemma Index is a unique and unparalleled resource
and guide for policymakers seeking to develop solutions for sustainable energy systems
and business leaders to support investment decisions.
OVERVIEW OF THE 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

RANKINGS AND BALANCE SCORE
This years top 10 ranked countries are all European, except New Zealand, and are led by
Denmark at rank 1. Eight of the top 10 achieve a triple-A score. This reinforces that (a)
countries must perform well across all trilemma dimensions to reach the top of the leader
board and (b) it is possible to develop an energy system in which policies work well
together to balance the trade-offs among energy security, energy equity, and environmental
sustainability. This is demonstrated, for example, through Europes long-term, balanced
energy policy, particularly the European Unions energy and climate policies to 2020, which
have contributed to the regions success on the trilemma.
FIGURE 3: TOP 10 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX PERFORMERS OVERALL

AND PER DIMENSION
However, the complex trade-offs that are inherent in energy policymaking, as well as
certain geographic limitations to achieving a trilemma balance, become evident when
analysing countries that excel in one dimension but struggle to achieve a balance.
Luxembourg, for example, which receives the top score in energy equity, ranks 122nd in
energy security and 103rd in environmental sustainability due to its small geographic area
and resulting limitations on the availability and diversity of energy resources and generation
capacity. Countries like Luxembourg will therefore have to redouble their efforts to find
solutions tailored to address their specific situation and weaknesses, such as regional
integration as a path to greater energy security, as typical solutions, which may apply to
larger, resource-endowed countries, are unlikely to succeed here.
Conversely, the top-10 in environmental sustainability is dominated by states that are able
to take advantage of their renewable energy potential such as the Philippines, Iceland and
Colombia, which all have high geothermal or hydropower capacities. A significant challenge
to these countries, however, is to avoid over-reliance on one single energy source, which
could potentially hamper the resilience of the energy system and with that energy security.
The top-10 in environmental sustainability moreover shows that resource availability is not
the only pre-requisite to achieve top scores for environmental sustainability. Successfully
harnessing the renewables potential also requires a sound institutional framework that
facilitates research and coherent policymaking and implementation.
An analysis of selected key metrics used in this index shows that globally, there are signals
that countries are building more sustainable energy systems by concurrently addressing
energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability challenges.
Among the countries included in the Index, access to electricity and clean cooking have
both increased by 5% to 85% and 74% respectively since 2000. At the same time, global
CO2 intensity has been decreasing from 0.33 tCO2/US$ in 2000 to 0.27 tCO2/US$ in 2014.
Together these figures point towards a global upward trend with regards to energy equity
and environmental performance, where access to energy is improving at the same time as
cleaner forms of energy are being used to support economic growth.
In addition, the share of renewables in total primary energy consumption has increased
from 6.8% in 2005 to 9.7% in 2015. In this regard, the Index regional profiles signal a
positive trend towards greater diversification of energy sources, often through the
exploitation of renewable energy generation potential.
2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

AND BALANCE SCORES
10
11
Oil-producing states, for example, are increasingly exploring or actively enhancing solar
power generation to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Congruently, large developing
states in Asia are working on decreasing their import dependence through an increase in
renewable energy sources.
However, while a more diversified energy mix will help to improve energy security, its
positive effects may be stifled by the global increase in energy consumption. Total primary
energy consumption has been increasing from 2.2 quadrillion Btu in 2008 to 2.4 quadrillion
Btu in 2012. Globally, efforts to increase resource productivity and manage energy demand
growth will be key in ensuring a balanced energy trilemma going forward.
PLACING COUNTRIES ON THE INDEX WATCH LIST

The watch list seeks to identify countries that are likely to experience significant changes
positive or negative in their Trilemma Index performance in the near future. Due to
constraints on the collection, processing, and dissemination of data, the goal of the watch
list is to reflect developments in a countrys energy sector that are currently ongoing but are
not yet captured in the Index.
TABLE 1: 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX POSITIVE WATCH LIST

Country
Rank
Score
Developments to watch
Chile
38
BBB
Rapid growth of solar energy production

Planned infrastructure improvements
United Arab
Emirates
43
BAD
First nuclear power plant to come online in 2017

Green growth strategy
Phasing out of gas and electricity subsidies
Ecuador
50
BBC
Rapid expansion of hydroelectric power sector
Mexico
52
BBB
Liberalisation of oil and gas markets

Transition to low-carbon economy
Philippines
61
BCA
Energy Reform Plan to strengthen all three

trilemma dimensions
Government is exploring the possibility of nuclear
power generation
Bolivia
100
CCD
Expansion of export capacity

Stepping up efforts to explore new gas resources
and attract investment
12
Positive watch list

The following countries remain on the Councils positive watch list (see Table 1):
Even though the United Arab Emirates (rank 43, BAD) is well endowed with oil
and natural gas reserves, the country is making major investments in low-carbon
energy solutions. This includes the construction of the Barakah nuclear power plant,
the first part of which is to come online in 2017.2 The UAEs first green growth plan
sets further targets for demand reduction, energy efficiency, and renewable energy,
including the construction of a 1 GW solar park.3 The elimination of subsidies for
petrol and diesel from August 2015, as well as plans to further eliminate subsidies
on electricity and gas are expected to rationalise fuel consumption, protect natural
resources and the environment, and support state finances.4 These developments
have the potential to improve the UAEs performance in the energy security and
environmental sustainability dimensions but may reduce energy equity scores.
Mexico (rank 52, BBB) continues to pursue the liberalisation of its energy market,
most recently publishing a plan to develop a fully competitive natural gas market by
2018.5 New market rules further aim to promote energy efficiency and set a target of
achieving 35% clean energy by 2024.6 These two transitions, from a monopolistic
structure to a competitive market scheme and from a high-carbon to a low-carbon
economy, are proving to be challenging, especially as improvement and expansion
of the countrys infrastructure is still needed.7 However, the countrys overall energy
trilemma performance is expected to improve as the reforms continue to be
implemented.
The Philippines (rank 61, BCA) has recently introduced the Philippine Energy
Reform Plan (PEP) 20122030, which commits the country to strengthening all
three dimensions of the Energy Trilemma. Comprising over 30% of the energy mix,
most of the countrys renewable energy is currently generated through geothermal
and hydropower, and investment in wind and solar energy could help to further
increase the share of renewables in the energy mix and enhance energy security.8
In further pursuit of this end, the country has most recently started exploring the
option of generating nuclear power.9
Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC): About Our Nuclear Plants (www.enec.gov.ae/)
Beeantna: Building Inclusive Green Economies: The UAE approach, www.beeatna.ae
4
Carpenter C and Khan S, 2015: U.A.E. Removes Fuel Subsidy as Oil Drop Hurts Arab
Economies (Bloomberg, 22 July 2015); Kane F, 2016: UAE to Cut Remaining Energy Subsidies,
Minister Says (The National, 23 January 2016)
5
King and Spalding, 2016: Client Alert: Development of competitive natural gas market in
Mexico
6
Dezem V, 2016: Mexico Sets National target of 5% Renewable Energy by 2018 (Bloomberg,
31 March 2016)
7
Clemente J, 2016: Mexicos Ever Growing Natural Gas Market (Forbes, 02 July 2016)
8
Tan Hui Ann C, 2016: The Philippines Renewable Energy Sector is Booming (and It Could Get
Bigger) (CNBC, 09 August 2016)
9
Cruz E, 2016: Philippines May Open Mothballed Marcos-era Nuclear Power Plant (Reuters,
30 August 2016); Republic of the Philippines Department of Energy, 2016: Philippines to Host
Nuclear Energy Conference, www.doe.gov.ph
3
13
The following countries have been added to the Councils positive watch list in 2016
(see Table 1):
Chile (rank 38, BBB) made headlines in June as its high supply of solar energy led
to a drop in consumer prices to zero in certain areas on several occasions this
year.10 While this exemplifies Chiles role as the largest producer of renewable
energy in South America, it also illustrates serious systemic difficulties, as continued
oversupply will be detrimental to investment. The main challenge faced by Chile is
thus to expand the capacity of its infrastructure and adapt to the intermittency of
solar and wind power to keep up with its rapid growth in renewable energy
production. In particular, the northern and southern electricity grids of the country
need to be connected for a more effective distribution. A project to do just that is
underway and expected to be completed by 2017. If successful, Chiles renewable
energy expansion could strengthen all three trilemma dimensions in the country.
Ecuador (rank 50, BBC) is undergoing a major shift towards renewable energy,
with eight new hydroelectric power plants to come online in the period 20152017.
A total of 93% of the countrys energy supply is currently coming from hydropower.
This development, if accompanied by a supportive fossil fuel infrastructure and
improvements to the supply network, has the potential to significantly strengthen
Ecuadors performance across all dimensions of the Trilemma.
Following the 2006 nationalisation of Bolivias (rank 100, CCD) oil and gas sector,
the country now plans to significantly increase its export capacity to become the
Energy Heart of South America.11 To achieve this, Bolivia plans to triple its energy
supply by 2020. This will entail the challenges of stepping up exploration efforts,
improving supply infrastructure, and attracting new investment. Considering
Bolivias vast gas resources, this project could add significantly to the equity of
access and energy security dimensions of the trilemma in Bolivia as well as the
entire region.
10
Dezem V and Quiroga J, 2016: Chile Has So much Solar Energy Its giving It Away For Free
(Bloomberg, 02 June 2016)
11
Wilson J, 2015: Bolivia Wants to Become the Energy Heart of South America (Financial
Times, 26 October 2015)
14
TABLE 2: 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX NEGATIVE WATCH LIST

Country
Rank
Score
Developments to watch
Germany
AAA
Continuing high cost of the energy transition

Reform in renewables support scheme
United Kingdom
11
AAA
Energy security concerns and an uncertain

regulatory regime impact investments in nuclear
and gas sector
Political events create uncertainty around climate
and energy policy
United States
14
AAC
Ageing transmission infrastructure and impending

coal-fired power plant retirements
Increased frequency of extreme weather events
Japan
30
CAB
Continuation of high import dependence

Political, legal, and administrative barriers to
diversification
Brazil
57
CBB
Droughts affecting hydroelectricity generation

Sharp increase in energy prices
South Africa
84
CCD
Continuing struggle with power shortages

Maintenance efforts by main utility creates
difficulties for independently produced renewable
energy to enter the market
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
Negative watch list

The following countries remain on the negative watch list (see Table 2):
While Germanys (rank 5, AAA) overall ranking has improved, it remains on the
Councils negative watch list as it continues to be affected by the impacts of the plan
to transition Germany's energy system, which includes goals of increasing power
generation from renewable sources, a reduction of primary energy usage and CO2
emissions, as well as the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 (14% of the electricity
generation mix in 2014).12 However, a reform of the legislation for renewables
support, to come into force in 2017, shifting from feed-in tariffs (FITs) to marketbased support mechanisms, may impact the speed of this transition. Further,
Germanys energy equity performance has seen a decline over the past years as
energy services became more expensive due to renewable energy subsidies being
12
Appunn K, 2016: Germanys Energy Consumption and Power Mix in Charts (Clean Energy
Wire, 09 June 2016)
15
levied. Further changes in energy security and environmental sustainability are

expected in future evaluations.
The United Kingdom (rank 11, AAA) continues to face significant challenges in
securing energy supply. Plans to close the UKs remaining coal plants are being put
into question by the countrys decision to leave the EU, as a potential exit from the
single market could significantly increase the cost of its energy imports. The
government recently agreed to the planned construction of a nuclear reactor at
Hinkley Point after a prolonged debate on cost and energy security concerns.
However, investment uncertainty remains due to planned changes to the regulation
of foreign ownership of critical infrastructure. Moreover, the recent sharp decrease
in FITs for wind and solar power may hinder investments in these sectors, impacting
the country's goal to further diversify its energy supply and improve environmental
sustainability. The newly established Department for Business, Energy and
Industrial Strategy, which replaces the Department of Energy and Climate Change,
may however provide more clarity for future energy investments.
Despite an improvement in its overall ranking, the United States (rank 14, AAC)
faces a key challenge in addressing its ageing energy transmission, storage, and
distribution systems, as highlighted by the Department of Energy's Quadrennial
Energy Review.13 While there have been initiatives to diversify the countrys energy
supply and improve its emergency response measures in light of the increasing
frequency of extreme weather events, more investment is needed to tackle this
challenge.14 In addition, the majority of coal-fired and nuclear power plants are at
least 30 years old, and, with an average lifespan of just 40 years, will need to be
replaced over the coming years.15 This poses challenges to the country's energy
security over the coming years despite the expected increase in the countrys
energy exports. Moreover, the markedly different approaches to climate and energy
policy of the two leading parties in the upcoming 2016 presidential election further
add an element of political uncertainty to the sector.
The government of Japan (rank 30, CAB) is pursuing a strategy of diversifying its
energy supply, which, since the accident at Fukushima, has been comprised
overwhelmingly of fossil fuels. The new strategy will include increasing the share of
renewables to 1314% and the share of nuclear energy to 1011% of the national
primary energy supply by 2030.16 To this effect, three of the countrys nuclear
reactors are back online, while the resumption of energy production at other
reactors has so far been delayed due to time-consuming examinations by the
Nuclear Regulation Authority, political difficulties and legal challenges.17
13
Conca J, 2015: It Really Is Our Aging infrastructure (Forbes, 21 May 2015)

US Department of Energy, 2016: Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz Calls for Increased
Investment to Enhance US Energy Emergency Response
15
EIA, 2011: Age of Electric Power Generators Varies Widely, 16 June 2011
16
Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2015: Long-term Energy Supply and
Demand Outlook
17
Stapczynski S, 2016: Japan Reactor Restart Signals Latest Step in Nuclear Rebirth
14
16
The capacity of South Africas (rank 84, CCD) energy system has improved over
the past year due to increasing investment in infrastructure maintenance and fossil
fuels, and the frequency of blackouts has decreased. However, the country still
struggles to diversify its energy sources, with the majority of its electricity still being
supplied by Eskom through fossil fuels.18 Plans to build new nuclear reactors are on
hold, and independent producers of renewable energy, while having made some
advances over the past two years, still need to develop strong inroads into the
countrys supply. Unless these residual issues are addressed, South Africas
sustainability score is unlikely to improve.
In 2016, Brazil was added to the Councils negative watch list:
Brazil (Rank 57, CBB), which produces over 70% of its total energy through
hydroelectric power, has recently experienced a severe drought, lasting from 2014
until late 2015. This has negatively impacted many of the countrys hydroelectric
facilities.19 Another concern is the sharp rise in energy prices by 50% in 2015, with
further increases expected in the future. Policymakers have to find ways to render
the countrys energy sector more resilient to extreme weather events and pursue
policies to guarantee energy security and equity of access.
AN ENERGY SECTOR IN TRANSITION: THE 2016 ENERGY

TRILEMMA INDEX IN CONTEXT
Every country has opportunities to improve its energy performance, regardless of whether
they are ranked first or last. However, the energy sector is at a transition point and
improving energy performance will prove to be challenging. In addition, energy services
must expand to meet rising global energy demand in many emerging economies and
provide more than 1 billion people with needed access to modern energy services. Energy
infrastructure needs to be expanded using low-carbon technologies while energy security
and reliability must be maintained and strengthened in a context of increasing risks and
resilience challenges posed by running legacy systems. At the same time new business
models to tackle these challenges are becoming more prominent, which will require new
approaches to market designs and regulation.
Energy industry and energy leaders have been implementing changes and making strides
to meet these challenges. To meet energy and climate goals, governments must enact and
continue to push the evolution of energy policies and financing solutions that support rapid
transitions and expansion of energy infrastructure.
The 2016 World Energy Trilemma: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition,
the companion report to this Index, identified five focus areas to drive progress on the
(Bloomberg, 11 August 2016); Harding R, 2016: Japans Nuclear Restart Stymied by Courts
(Financial Times, 06 April 2016)
18
Cohen M and Burkhardt P, 2015: What is South Africa Doing to Tackle Its Electricity Crisis?
(Bloomberg, 08 September 2015)
19
Leahy J, 2015: So Paulo Drought Raises Fears of Brazil Energy Crisis (Financial Times,
11 February 2015)
17
energy trilemma and offers guidance in the complex task of translating the trilemma goals
of energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability into tangible actions.
The five focus areas are derived from a review of the findings of the past five trilemma
reports and Trilemma Index trends over the same time period as well as a wide
assessment of country energy strategies.
Five focus areas to accelerate the energy transition

Drawing on case studies and interviews with energy leaders, this 2016 report identifies five
focus areas necessary to make progress on the energy trilemma:
1. TRANSFORMING ENERGY SUPPLY. Policymakers and decision makers must set clear
and straightforward energy targets and build a broad consensus for the transition in energy
supply and demand. This process must include new entrants to the energy sector and early
engagement with affected communities. Taking an adaptive approach by launching pilot
projects and regularly analysing policy effectiveness is crucial for the successful delivery
and implementation of policies.
2. ADVANCING ENERGY ACCESS. Many emerging and developing economies continue
to struggle to expand energy infrastructures to support advanced energy security, reliability
and access. To increase private sector investments in infrastructure expansion and
modernisation, countries are reforming regulatory frameworks to decrease the cost of doing
business, and to increase competitiveness in the electricity market. In tandem, distributed
generation through solar and wind renewables is bringing energy access to rural and
remote communities that cannot currently be cost-effectively connected to the grid.
Solely expanding energy access infrastructure is not enough. Countries must look to a
range of innovative mechanisms that enable affordable access for people to utilise the
benefits of modern energy for income-generating activities. Innovative mechanisms include
pay-as-you-go business models and mobile banking solutions to promote the take-up of
renewable-powered energy services.
3. ADDRESSING AFFORDABILITY. Many countries with lower gross domestic products
(GDPs) and low rankings on the energy equity dimension are struggling to ensure energy
affordability while financing or creating the investment conditions to support energy
infrastructure expansion. Over the short term, subsidies can be vital for lower-income
consumers and for supporting social and economic programmes. Energy subsidies can be
costly to deploy, are contentious to remove, and tend to decrease overall performance on
the energy trilemma over the long term. The case studies in 2016 World Energy Trilemma
report demonstrate how long-term subsidies can erode the profitability of utilities, stall
improvements in energy infrastructure and stimulate inefficient energy use.
4. IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND MANAGING DEMAND. Energy efficiency
and managing energy demand continue to be globally perceived as top action priorities with
huge potential for improvement. As highlighted through the case studies in the companion
report, cost savings alone are often insufficient to stimulate the adoption of energy
efficiencies or behaviours.
18
Policymakers must align the interests of asset owners, users and regulators, and continue
to implement a combination of energy efficiency standards, performance ratings, labelling
programmes and incentives. They must also increase awareness across all industrial
sectors, and encourage consumers to continue to focus on greater energy efficiency.
5. DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SECTOR. The groundbreaking conclusion of COP 21
added increasing momentum to the global transition to low-carbon energy. Dynamic and
flexible renewable energy investment policies are the key to responding to evolving market
dynamics and technological developments. Meeting COP 21 climate goals will require a
clear path to a meaningful carbon price signal and changes beyond the energy sector and
across the economy. Governments have a role in building the necessary consensus for
change.
Recommendations
There are lessons emerging from innovative and tried-and-tested policies to overcome
barriers and make progress on the energy trilemma:
Policy matters: Policy choices, and creating a regime to support a robust energy sector,
are critical to lasting energy trilemma performance regardless of a countrys resources or
geographic location.
Time matters: Policies and investments intended to change energy supply and demand at
a national level will take time and will likely be disruptive. Countries must act now to
progress on the trilemma with secure, equitable and environmentally sustainable energy to
support a thriving energy sector, a competitive economy and a healthy society.
Other recommendations include:
Improved coordination and looking beyond the energy sector to meet climate
change goals is critical.
Policymakers should provide clarity to the market with succinct and aligned signals
when devising policy strategies in order for investors to assess their commitments
against long-term trends.
Governments need to be strongly supportive of private sector investment in

research, innovation and development.
A change-management approach in communicating policies and setting

expectations should be adopted to take into account technology changes and any
setbacks that may occur in the future to avoid stakeholder backlash.
Desired transitions in the energy sector must be accompanied and stimulated by

transitions in regulatory frameworks. Energy 2.0 must be enabled by regulations
2.0.
19
W O R L D E NE R G Y C O U N C I L | E N E R G Y T R I LE M M A I N D E X
Re
egion
nal
pro
ofiles
s
20
REGIONAL PROFILES
The variability in performance seen across the three dimensions of the Trilemma Index
shows the degree to which the energy challenges faced by each country are unique.
However, the transnational nature of both energy markets and environmental sustainability
issues necessitates a view that extends past the country level. A comparison of key metrics
across geographical regions and GDP groups (see Table 3) illustrates this point.
Geographical region
GDP per capita,

PPP US$
Instustrial sector
(% of total GDP)
Population with access

to electricity (%)
Access to clean cooking

in rural areas (%)
Access to clean cooking

in urban areas (%)
Household electricity prices

(US$/kWh)
Diversity of international
energy suppliers (HHI)
Energy intensity
(koe per US$)
CO2 intensity
(kCO2 per US$)
Rate of transmission
and distribution losses (%)
GHG emission growth rate

2010 2014 (%)
TABLE 3: COMPARISON OF KEY METRICS ACROSS GEOGRAPHICAL

REGIONS AND GDP GROUPS
Asia
21,313
31.1
88
46
75
0.11
2,284
0.09
0.29
10.7
3.9
Europe
32,390
25.4
100
75
85
0.22
2,499
0.09
0.28
8.9
0.0
Lat. Am. & Caribbean
13,203
31.7
92
54
85
0.12
3,678
0.08
0.24
Middle East & N. Africa
37,417
46.2
97
94
95
0.12
2,325
0.08
North America
39,141
27.8
100
84
95
0.20
4,223
Sub-Saharan Africa
5,628
26.2
37
16
50
0.08
Group I
54,608
31.9
98
88
88
Group II
22,818
32.0
97
76
Group III
10,999
31.1
89
Group IV
3,360
24.7
22.937
30.1
14.5
3.4
0.35
12.1
4.7
0.10
0.35
10.2
0.3
3,794
0.15
0.18
16.2
3.8
0.24
2,078
0.08
0.26
6.4
1.1
87
0.18
2,998
0.08
0.32
10.7
1.8
47
83
0.11
3, 117
0.09
0.29
13.1
3.2
47
13
49
0.08
3,463
0.16
0.19
18.1
4.3
84
57
78
0.18
2,920
0.27
11.9
2.5
GDP group
Global average
0.10
As shown in the World Energy Trilemma reports, energy leaders have emphasised the
need to examine opportunities to adopt regionally coordinated approaches to energy
resources, infrastructure and regulation. However, the disparities between and within
regions make this a difficult task.
21
This section presents regional energy trilemma balances and performances. In addition,
with reference to the World Energy Councils Scenarios to 2060, it outlines the trilemma
challenges and opportunities each region will face going forward.
The World Energy Scenarios identify three possible routes through a Grand Transition to
2060: Modern Jazz, Hard Rock and Unfinished Symphony.
The Grand Transition refers to the worlds energy evolution through to 2060. While there
are many uncertainties in this transition, there are a number of known, strong trends that
will fundamentally change the worlds energy system. Regardless of the selected energy
scenario, the trends of the Grand Transition will lead to a world in 2060 with:
a significantly lower population and slower global labour force growth
a range of new energy technologies
a greater appreciation of the planets environmental boundaries
a shift in economic and geopolitical power towards Asia.
There are three possible paths for the energy sector during this transition:
Modern Jazz: The world of 2060 has a diverse set of resilient and lower carbon energy
systems. There is a complex, competitive and efficient market landscape that promotes the
open access to information, innovation and the rapid deployment of new technologies.
Unfinished Symphony: The world of 2060 has a global, integrated and resilient low
carbon energy system. Global institutions and national governments support enabling
technologies and there is unified action on security, environmental and economic issues.
Hard Rock: The world of 2060 has a set of diverse economic, energy and sustainability
outcomes. National interests result in a fractured world with little collaboration between
governments. Deployment of enabling technologies is limited based on availability of local
resources and little attention is paid to climate change.
22
ASIA
Asia faces the challenge of facilitating sustainable growth of its highly energyintensive, emerging economies while managing increasing energy demand and
growing energy import dependence. Improvements on all three trilemma dimensions
are possible by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and decreasing
import dependence through reliable trade relationships and improved infrastructure.
FIGURE 4: ASIAS ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

Asian countries
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Philippines
Singapore
Korea (Rep.)
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Mongolia
Nepal
Thailand
Vietnam
New Zealand
Pakistan
Asia is the worlds largest and most populous continent and energy demand is continuing to
grow. The region includes a diverse array of economies, with less developed countries
(Nepal and Pakistan), rapidly developing economies (China, India, Indonesia), and highlydeveloped nations (Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand).
Many countries in the region are in the lower half of the Index. Nonetheless, several
countries have exhibited positive trends in their trilemma performance. The Philippines, for
instance, has improved the diversity of its electricity generation, which now includes more
than 15% of electricity generated from non-hydropower renewable energy sources. This
achievement has allowed the country to decrease its dependence on fuel imports, improve
electricity access and quality of electricity supply, as well as reduce emission intensity.
However, possibly the most notable energy development of the region is occurring in
Australia. The country now has several Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) projects in operation
and three more under construction.20 With an expansion of LNG exports, the higher
adoption of natural gas could be an important means of improving the regions energy
trilemma profile.
Between 2040 and 2050, Asia is projected to surpass North America and Europe combined
in terms of GDP, population size, military, health, and education spending, and
technological investment.21 In line with these projections, fast-growing Asian economies are
20
21
Appea, 2016: Australian LNG projects

World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
23
currently in the midst of a highly energy-intensive stage of their economic development

characterised by massive investments in infrastructure.
China and India in particular are expected to play significant roles in determining the future
of the regions energy mix and sustainability; these two countries will be the primary driver
behind demand growth to 2060 in the region (see Figure 5).
FIGURE 5: PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION (PER CAPITA) IN CHINA AND

INDIA UP TP 2060
Final energy consumption per capita (GJ) - China
Final energy consumption per capita (GJ) - India
25
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20
15
10
5
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
As these countries economies continue to grow, it is especially important that they

transition away from carbon-intensive energy sources and economic activities to ensure
global climate targets are met. This may be challenging as the rapid growth in car
ownership in China and India illustrates. In an effort to reduce GHG emissions, the Chinese
government has invested heavily in electric vehicle subsidies (US$4.6bn) with a target of
5 million electric cars on the road by 2020. However, with current forecasts estimating that
only 1.29 million electric cars will be sold by then, it is questionable whether this target will
be met.22 Meanwhile, India aims to have an all-electric car fleet by 2030, but will face
limitations due to poor electricity infrastructure.23
Energy security is a key focus for the region and, according to the World Energy Scenarios,
will remain so over the next 50 years. This focus has led to significant investments in and
national pledges to use renewable energy sources in some Asian countries, which is
expected to positively impact the diversity of energy supply in the region.
Due to low natural resource endowments, the East Asian region, including Korea, Japan,
and China largely depends on imports to meet its current energy consumption needs. This
significantly impacts East Asias ability to secure its energy supply independently. The
Republic of Korea, for example, relies almost entirely on crude oil imports and is the second
largest importer of LNG after Japan. Japan is also the second largest coal importer and
22
23
Automotive News, 2016: Skepticism Surrounds China EV Boom

Green Car Reports, 2016: Indias Ambitious Goal: All Electric Vehicles on Road by 2030
24
third largest net importer of crude oil and petroleum products in the world.24 In 2013, China
became the worlds largest net importer of oil.25
Despite Asias current struggle to balance the energy trilemma, it has the potential to
improve on all three dimensions of the energy trilemma over the next 50 years. According
to the 2016 World Energy Scenarios, energy intensity is expected to decrase between
2576% by 2060 and CO2 intensity could decrease between 7393% by 2060 compared to
2014 levels (see Figure 6 and 7).26 Moreover, diversity of primary energy supply will
increase compared to 2014, providing a positive outlook on the energy security of the
region. However, the regions energy security may be negatively impacted by the
increasing dependence on energy imports. In order to minimise the vulnerability caused by
increasing import dependence, the region should focus on building reliable trading
relationships and developing its energy infrastructure.
FIGURE 6: CENTRAL ASIAS PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY

Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)
14
1.2
12
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
0.2
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
FIGURE 7: EAST ASIAS PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENS

CO2 intensity (kg CO 2/USD2010)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
24
U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013: Japan is the Second Largest Net Importer of
Fossil Fuels in the World
25
U.S. Energy Information Administration
26
25
The regions future energy trilemma performance will depend on the path it takes. The
Modern Jazz Scenario serves as a transition to a highly productive world, in which Asia is
the economic and geopolitical centre. If Asia does not make concerted efforts to shift to
renewable energy sources and address poverty and inequity, a declining performance on
the environmental sustainability and energy equity dimensions of the energy trilemma may
be inevitable; this would impact the regions ability to drive a balanced improvement on the
energy trilemma.
FIGURE 8: CENTRAL ASIAS PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY

SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
180
160
EJ/y
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
2030
2060
Renewables
FIGURE 9: EAST ASIAS PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY

SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
Unfinished Symphony
300
EJ/y
250
200
150
100
50
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
Renewables
26
2030
2060
EUROPE
Although European countries lead the 2016 Index, the region still faces the challenge
of managing the energy security and affordability risks resulting from the energy
transition. To maintain a strong trilemma performance, policymakers must focus on
energy market design, regional markets, demand management, and designing an
effective carbon price to successfully manage the challenging energy transition.
FIGURE 10: EUROPES ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

European countries
Greece
Albania
Hungary
Armenia
Iceland
Austria
Ireland
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia (Rep.)
Malta
France
Georgia
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Germany
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
European countries lead the 2016 Index, claiming nine of the top 10 spots. The European
Unions (EU) long-term climate and energy strategy, implemented through the 2020
Climate and Energy Package is a key driver contributing towards the regions continued
strong Index performance.27 Analysis shows that the EU is broadly on track to meet the
20-20-20 goals.28 Together with the regions strong Index performance this shows that the
EUs policy making is contributing towards the regions success in the Index.
However, temporary external factors, including the global financial crisis of 2008/09 may
have accelerated the progress on these energy sustainability goals in the short term due to
the associated dip in energy demand and reduction in industrial activity. In order to secure
the top ranks of the Index going forward, the region needs to continue working on the
20-20-20 goals. Additionally, the region should focus on energy security, while ensuring the
long-term affordability of the energy system (at both the household and industrial levels).
Government policies aimed at achieving the 20-20-20 targets threaten the financial viability
of the overall power sector, which will further financially impact both governments and
consumers. This highlights the challenges that Europe faces in developing policies that
promote balanced progress on the energy trilemma. Specifically, policies to achieve climate
27
28
World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition
Eurostat, 2016: Europe 2020 indicators climate change and energy
27
targets and increase the share of renewables have distorted electricity markets, causing
decreased wholesale prices, and in turn have undermined investments in wholesale
capacity. These occurrences render modern gas plants non-viable, while older, more
polluting coal plants with lower marginal costs are able to operate profitably.
For example, Germany requires a total investment of US$58bn until 2033 to ensure the
security of supply for conventional power generation and storage.29 Under current
conditions, the utilities market share in power generation capacity is projected to decline by
one-third, to less than 50% by 2033 as households and businesses invest directly in their
own renewables-based power generation capacity. The German government will have to
redesign the structure of its electricity market to compensate backup providers, keep
conventional generation viable and encourage financing of larger-scale generation capacity
during a period of energy transition. Along with this, the German government will need to
focus on making gas power plants a more attractive investment option than CO2-intensive
coal power plants.
The UK also faces significant challenges in securing energy supply following the steady
decline of domestic production of fossil fuels, the phase-out of nuclear power plants, and
the introduction of European legislation that would force many coal plants to close. Ageing
infrastructure, reduced investments in the wind and solar sectors, and tightened reserve
capacity margins impose further strains on energy supply. The current uncertainty in future
energy policy presented by the Brexit referendum vote may stall necessary investments in
updated energy infrastructure.
Eastern European countries face a different set of obstacles in addressing their future
progress on the energy trilemma, particularly in energy security and environmental
sustainability, including developing financial markets and a secure investment environment
to encourage investment in the energy system to support economic growth.
Europe outperforms all regions with regards to energy access and the reliability of energy
supply. However, high energy prices are a concern to many European countries. At
governmental level, high expenditure is required to stimulate renewable energy growth.
From 2012 to 2020, for example, an estimated 40.5bn will be spent in France to support
the renewable power sector.30 A significant portion of this investment will be borne at the
consumer level.
To secure a high and balanced performance on the Energy Trilemma Index, meet the
20-20-20 targets, and the more ambitious energy targets set for 2030, European
policymakers must enhance their existing climate and energy efforts. Specifically, they must
place a greater focus on energy market design, regional energy markets, energy demand
management, and the proper price setting for carbon.
29
30
Oliver Wyman, 2014: Power Generation Disruption: Germanys Case for Change
Deloitte, 2015: Energy Market Reform in Europe
28
FIGURE 11: EUROPES PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2010
2020
2030
Modern Jazz
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
2030
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
Despite the policy challenges ahead, all three World Energy Scenarios show promising
trends to 2060 (see Figure 11): final energy intensity is predicted to decrease by 2159%
by 2060, while CO2 intensity is expected to decrease by 4183% by 2060, showing positive
trends for Europes performance on the environmental sustainability dimension of the
energy trilemma in the long term. The regions performance on the energy security
dimension is also predicted to fare well over the long term, with energy imports falling from
their current 12% to 59.6% by 2060. At the same time, the diversity of primary energy
supply is expected to increase (see Figure 12).
FIGURE 12: EUROPES PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY

SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
140
120
EJ/y
100
80
60
40
20
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
Renewables
29
2030
2060
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region must work on improving and
maintaining its energy security by increasing the energy systems resilience to
extreme weather events and improving energy equity. Diversifying the energy supply
with low-carbon sources such as solar and wind and increasing regional
interconnection will be key. However, large-scale investments are required to finance
the development of resilient energy infrastructure.
FIGURE 13: LACS ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

LAC countries
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Panama
Paraguay
Guatemala
Honduras
Jamaica
Peru
Trinidad & Tobago
Uruguay
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Dominican Republic
LAC is an energy-rich region with large oil and gas deposits and great natural endowments
of exploitable renewable energy. The region is comprised of both net energy importers and
exporters, including OPEC members Ecuador and Venezuela. The LAC region includes the
majority of the worlds hydro-powered countries such as Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay. Many LAC countries with higher performance on the
Index owe their success to leveraging strong hydropower capabilities. In Brazil and
Colombia in particular, the extensive use of hydropower has led to low emissions and
higher electrification rates.
Environmental sustainability is LACs strongest trilemma dimension, with the region as a
whole accounting for only 9% of the worlds GHG emissions. In the long term, the regions
environmental performance is expected to improve even further, with CO2 emission
intensity expected to decrease by 2681% by 2060 and the regions energy intensity
decreasing by 1059% by 2060.31
However, the regions strong reliance on hydropower is also a risk factor for energy security
as it is highly susceptible to changing weather patterns. For example, in 2015 and early
2016, the regions hydropower output was significantly affected by El Nio related droughts.
31

30
The resulting power shortages led to spikes in energy prices and the need to use less
efficient and more polluting short-term back-up energy sources to manage the power
shortages. While El Nio effects are natural, recurring events, their frequency and severity
are expected to increase over time, making the region more vulnerable to decreased
hydroelectric power generation and energy shortages in the long term.32
FIGURE 14: LACS PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY


6
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
3
0.15
2
0.1
0.05
0
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
The regions success in adapting to changing weather patterns and the water-energy nexus
will impact its path to greater energy sustainability. For example, to address increased
droughts, LAC countries must develop and implement substantial soft and hard resilience
measures, including conventional, solar and wind power generation. Regional integration
(e.g., the Central American Integrated System Project, which will connect Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) is expected to play an
increasingly important role in the regions ability to increase resilience.
Another critical approach to mitigating the impacts of reduced hydropower resources is
attracting investment. To be successful in this area, LAC countries will need to develop a
secure investment profile, a task which will require overcoming several hurdles. In
particular, hydropowered LAC countries will need to develop a strong pipeline of bankable
projects and increase investors comfort with new renewables to strengthen the resilience
of energy systems. For example, Argentina is particularly limited by a lack of investment in
all energy sectors due to a persisting energy price freeze instituted by its government in
response to the 2001 economic crisis, which has stunted the profitability of the energy
sector. Although the country possesses large reserves of unconventional oil and natural
gas, it is unable to exploit them due to its inability to attract the new investors necessary to
do so. Countries that are not locked into fossil fuel heavy development paths, such as
Nicaragua, also have problems attracting potential investments due to country risk ratings.
Looking to the future energy trilemma path, efforts to diversify the energy mix are promising
to be successful in the long term, with the diversity of energy supply increasing by 2060.
32
Yale environment 360, 2016: El Nio and Climate Change: Wild weather may get wilder;
World Energy Council, 2015: World Energy Perspective: The road to resilience Managing and
financing extreme weather risks
31
A number of low-carbon, renewable energy sources such as biomass, which is expected to

increase from 18% to 2440% by 2060, will change the current composition of the primary
energy mix and ensure greater resilience and energy security. At the same time, the share
of oil will decrease from 47% today to 2034% in 2060.33
FIGURE 15: LACS PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY

Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
70
60
EJ/y
50
40
30
20
10
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
2030
2060
Renewables
While the share of net energy imports is expected to be near zero by 2060 for all scenarios,
final energy consumption per capita is expected to increase by 5385% by 2060. This
indicates that the region will largely be energy self-sufficient by 2060, further contributing
towards its energy security.
Historically, industrialising countries have substantially increased their impact on the
environment as they strive to boost economic growth and access to modern energy
services. As most of these LAC countries economies are still developing, their challenge as
they shift away from hydropower will be to meet a growing demand for electricity while
maintaining a low environmental footprint. While urbanisation continues throughout the
region, mitigating and adapting to the exacerbated impacts of extreme weather events in
megacities, which are largely based around ports and require substantial energy
infrastructure, will be a great challenge. At the same time, the region must address the
resulting increases in smog, GHG, and CO2 emissions to maintain the existing air quality.
However, industrialisation, urbanisation and environmental sustainability are not mutually
exclusive and lessons can be drawn from the experiences made by hydropowered
countries, such as Brazil, Panama, Colombia or Ecuador.
33
32
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

The main challenges for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are high
energy intensity, GHG emissions, and use of finite fossil fuel reserves. Combined
with water scarcity concerns, these challenges, if not addressed, could threaten the
regions energy security and environmental sustainability. Many MENA countries are
focused on improving energy efficiency and diversifying their economies and energy
mixes through an increased use of solar and nuclear power. Significant changes to
the regions trilemma performance are however only likely to show towards the
2020s and 2040s.
FIGURE 16: MENAS ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

MENA countries
Algeria
Bahrain
Israel
Jordan
Oman
Qatar
Egypt
Iran (Islamic Rep.)
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
Lebanon
Morocco
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Iraq
The MENA region is central to the worlds oil and gas agenda. The region has tremendous
fossil fuel resources, with 54.9% of global oil and 50.3% of global gas.34 As the Trilemma
Index emphasises diversity and resilience as well as demand management in measuring
energy security, MENA countries have a comparatively weaker energy security
performance. To improve their energy security, many countries in the region are
diversifying their energy mix and power generation, and are working on reducing final
energy consumption. In the long term, the region is expected to increase the diversity of
primary energy supply and reduce its final energy consumption per capita by 15%.
However, these changes will only become visible towards the 2020s and 2040s.
In the short term however, the complex political and security landscape in some MENA
countries is translating into reduced investments and supply disruptions, which are
exacerbated by low oil prices; supply disruptions amount to almost three million barrels per
day (Mb/d), with those disruptions concentrated in Libya (1.3 Mb/d) and Iran (860 Kb/d).35
34
BP, 2016: Statistical Review of World Energy

BP, 2015: BP Statistical Review of the World 2015 and Chatham House: Royal Institute of
International Affairs, 2016: Middle East and North Africa Energy; Carnegie Endowment for
35
33
FIGURE 17: MENAS PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF

PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
70
60
EJ/y
50
40
30
20
10
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
2030
2060
Renewables
Many energy security concerns in less oil-rich countries relate to the Nile and the energywater-food nexus. Egypt, for example, is dependent on the Nile for 97% of its water needs
and experiences limited rainfalls, a trend that is set to continue. Coupled with population
growth and the potential redistribution of the Niles resources to other riparian nations,36
Egypts water overuse may lead to severe water scarcity in the future and impact plans
for increased hydropower in the region. In fact, Egypt could run out of water by 2025,
which highlights the energy-water-food nexus challenges the country and region are facing.37
Fossil-fuelled economies, such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE, are also facing energy
security threats due to their high rate of energy consumption growth. However, many of
these countries have recognised these risks and are making concerted efforts to mitigate
their effects, including energy diversification. The UAE, for example, has set the goal to
increase the low-carbon energy contribution of renewable energy and nuclear power to
International Peace, 2015: Middle East and North Africa Oil Producers are Facing a New
Price Reality
36
Upstream riparian nations are experiencing high population growth, leading to additional
strains on the Nile. Uganda and Ethiopia are undergoing especially high population growth
levels, at 3.1% and 2.9% per annum respectively, which will intensify water needs due to rising
consumption by industry, agriculture and households. Ethiopia is simultaneously experiencing
strong economic growth, at 7.5% over the past three years, which is stimulating the development
of infrastructure projects along the Nile. As other upstream nations experience economic growth,
additional water infrastructure projects are expected to follow, which could lead to reduced flows
for downstream riparian nations.
37
Future Directions International, 2013: Conflict on the Nile: The future of transboundary water
disputes over the worlds longest river
34
24% of the overall energy mix by 2021.38 The UAE plans to meet these targets using
government-driven investment in large infrastructure projects, technical assistance and
cooperation agreements with international energy agencies and governments, as well as
economic support mechanisms including net metering and slab tariffs, to improve the
competitiveness of solar energy and overall improved energy efficiency.
Saudi Arabia is pursuing energy reforms to address its energy security concerns. In
December 2015, the country announced the first round of its energy reforms, which
includes raising the price of gasoline with the goal of promoting energy efficiency and
reducing the cost of subsidies. With fossil fuel subsidies amounting to over US$62bn, of
which 75% are for oil, subsidy reductions are expected to cut costs by 12% following the
energy reform. Prices will be increased by 60% for petrol, approximately 66% for gas and
around 130% for ethane. The subsidy reforms are expected to generate US$30bn in
savings per year by 2020.39
FIGURE 18: MENAS PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY


10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
In 2012, the MENA region was responsible for approximately 7% of total global GHG
emissions. This is relatively low, compared to other regions such as North America and
Asia, which produced approximately 12% and 50% of global GHG emissions the same
year. However, CO2 emissions are projected to increase by 19% in the Council's Hard Rock
scenario. Conversely, energy intensity and CO2 intensity will decrease in all three of the
World Energy Councils Scenarios to 2060 (Figure 18).
To prevent emission increases and secure development along a path similar to that of the
Unfinished Symphony scenario, the MENA region must place an increased focus on
improving both energy security and environmental sustainability levels. An expansion of
existing efforts to improve energy efficiency and diversify the energy mix would provide a
good foundation for such a shift. MENA countries could build on these developments by
increasing transparency in market value of energy to improve demand management and
energy-water-nexus issues.
38
World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate
the energy transition
39
ibid.
35
NORTH AMERICA
With 14% of total global GHG emissions stemming from North America, the region
must improve environmental sustainability and update ageing energy infrastructure
to strengthen resilience to emerging risks, including extreme weather events and
cyber attacks. Environmental sustainability is expected to improve significantly due
to emission reduction measures such as the development of carbon capture, usage
and storage technologies, and further diversification of the energy mix.
FIGURE 19: NORTH AMERICAS ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

North American countries
Canada
Mexico
United States
North America, comprised of Canada, the United States (US) and Mexico, is the second
strongest geographic region on the Index after Europe. Despite its strong performance, the
region faces two main challenges: securing supply of energy over the long term and
improving environmental sustainability.
North America is well endowed with fossil fuel resources, including oil, natural gas, and
coal, and hydropower potential. Due to the regions natural resource endowment, energy
security concerns are of a different nature than those of regions with limited energy
resources. These include the need to diversify energy sources to increase energy security
and the urgency of managing demand and increasing energy efficiency.
Reducing the carbon footprint, and mitigating the impacts of increasing GHG emissions, is
especially important for North America due to emerging risks, including more extreme
weather events. In 2012, North America accounted for 14% of total global GHG
emissions,40 which are expected to peak by 2030 and then fall back down to 2010 levels or
even lower.
40
World Resources Institute (WRI), 2014: CAIT 2.0 WRIs Climate Data Explorer
36
Some progress has already been made in diversifying energy sources and decarbonizing
electricity generation with greater shares of natural gas and renewables. The US has set
2020 emission targets as aggressive as those of several of the top 10 countries in the Index
and has already made progress towards meeting these goals, driven by a reduction in coalfired power generation and improvements in transport efficiency. In Canada, the Federal
government is expected to publish a GHG reduction plan in autumn 2016 that may feature
standardised and expanded emission disclosure requirements for the private sector. This
plan will set a national price on carbon emissions. In addition, the four provinces that
include 80% of the Canadian population have already established or are in the process of
introducing a carbon price, which is typically either a tax or a cap-and-trade programme.
Based on these experiences, Canadian officials believe that a carbon price is the most
effective way to reduce emissions while simultaneously fostering necessary innovation, and
this approach will be even more impactful if taken more uniformly.41 While this path may
work in Canada, certain national characteristics suggest that this will not be the case in the
US. Most significantly, resistance by the US Congress and general regulatory uncertainty
could stall, or permanently prevent the introduction of a national carbon price.
Looking forward, both the Modern Jazz and Unfinished Symphony scenarios project
substantial decreases in North American CO2 emissions by 2060, of approximately 55%
and 75% respectively. However, if North America underinvests in energy systems and fails
to collaborate with other countries, the Hard Rock scenario may unfold (31% decrease in
CO2 emissions by 2060).
FIGURE 20: NORTH AMERICAS PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY

CO 2 intensity (kg CO 2/USD2010)

5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
Along with these challenges come potential opportunities for the region; in particular, a
concerted effort to develop carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies.
This technology would allow the mitigation of GHG emissions from large-scale fossil-fuel
usage in power generation, from fuel transformation, and also from industry. As all three
North American economies rely heavily on energy production for energy exports and
certain industries, the use of CCUS technologies, coupled with a focus on energy efficiency
improvements, will likely prove effective in reducing GHG emissions from the energy sector.
41
Bloomberg, 2016: Canada to Introduce National Carbon Price in 2016, Minister Says
37
A breakthrough in this area would enable the long-term utilisation of fossil fuels, thereby
significantly improving these countries trilemma performance.
Ageing infrastructure and resulting uncertainties with regards to the reliability of energy
supply is a major concern for the US particularly. In this country, 51% of electricity
generating capacity was built before 1980 and 74% of coal-fired plants are to come off-line
in approximately 10 years.42 Infrastructure is susceptible to damage caused by extreme
weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, blizzards, and flooding, resulting in longerlasting, more frequent failures and power interruptions, which makes investments in
existing infrastructure and renewables alike especially important. Rising temperatures put a
strain on the national water system, in turn threatening conventional power generation,
which requires large volumes of water to operate. In addition, the large number of coal-fired
power plants that are due to come off-line in the next decade further emphasises the
importance of investments in new generation capacity and energy demand management
requirements. The country's changing energy landscape as it moves from importer to
exporter intensifies the need to address threats to national energy security. To secure US
energy supply going forward, the US will have to invest to replace its energy infrastructure,
diversify its energy mix and reduce its energy consumption.
The US adoption of a low-carbon energy system will involve increased decentralisation of
energy infrastructure and a much higher percentage of non-hydro renewable energy. The
expansion of wind and solar generating capacity is pushing the present supply
infrastructure to the limits of its maximum performance capability. The system will thus
need to achieve an adequate balance between generation and load. New York and
California are currently the leaders in the US in developing a comprehensive strategy for
distributed energy resource (DER) deployment and stimulating a change to the regulated
investor-owned utility model and could provide good models for the rest of the country.
For its part, Mexico will likely experience both environmental sustainability and energy
security improvements over the next 5-10 years, stemming from 20132014 constitutional
reforms to increase energy sector electricity capacity. However, the country remains tasked
with simultaneously managing the transition from a monopolistic structure to a competitive
market scheme (following the 2014 allowance of full private sector participation in its energy
markets) and from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy.
According to the 2016 World Energy Scenarios, the regions reliance on fossil fuels is
projected to continue through 2060 but to a lesser extent, with fossil fuels making up
51% of primary energy by 2060.43 As shown in Figure 21, this trend is also reflected in the
regions overall diversity of primary energy supply. The US, for example, is placing a strong
focus on renewables-based generation: by 2060, renewables produced in the US are
expected to account for 1736% of the countrys total primary energy supply.44 Mexico still
42
World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma

World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios
44
ibid. The 17% refers to the Hard Rock Scenario while the 36% refers to the Unfinished
Symphony Scenario.
43
38
obtains 82% of its electricity from burning fossil fuels, while Canada uses nuclear,
hydropower and other renewables to meet 80% of its needs.45
Final energy consumption is expected to decrease by 2060 (depending on the scenario),
which will help alleviate the stress on the energy system. Due to the regions natural
resource endowment, import dependence is lower compared to other regions. In 2014,
approximately 2% of primary energy supply was imported. This trend is expected to
continue until 2060 with imports ranging between 06% until 2060.
FIGURE 21: NORTH AMERICAS PROJECTED CHANGES IN DIVERSITY OF

PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
160
140
EJ/y
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2010
2060
Nuclear
Renewables
45
EIA, 2013: International energy statistics
39
2030
2060
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the worlds lowest levels of energy access and
commercial energy use, despite a rich endowment in resources and high renewables
potential. Stable and widely accessible energy supply could act as a catalyst for
regional economic development. To unlock the regions resource potential and meet
future energy demand the region must attract investment, build institutional capacity
and improve its on-grid and off-grid energy supply.
FIGURE 22: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAS ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE

Sub-Saharan African countries
Angola
Ghana
Senegal
Benin
Botswana
Kenya
Madagascar
South Africa
Swaziland
Cameroon
Malawi
Tanzania
Chad
Mauritania
Mauritius
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Congo (Dem. Rep.)

Cte dIvoire
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Namibia
Gabon
Niger
Although the region is well endowed with natural resources, including fossil fuels,
hydropower and renewables, most Sub-Saharan African countries perform poorly on all
three dimensions of the energy trilemma. The region is home to 16% of the global
population,46 but at less than 700 kilograms of petrol equivalent per capita, compared to a
North American average of 7,844 kg, it uses the lowest amount of commercial energy in the
world.47 Globally, Sub-Saharan Africa is the most electricity poor region in terms of both the
total number of people served and the low percentage of its overall population with access
to modern energy services.48 Overall, the region performed poorly in the 2016 Trilemma
Index, with a C in energy security, a D in energy equity, and a C in environmental
sustainability.
Stable energy supply could act as a catalyst for regional economic development. Currently,
the region accounts for just 2.5% of the worlds total economic activity.49 However,
depending on its development path, Sub-Saharan Africa could contribute up to 11.9% of
the worlds total economic activity by 2060.50 However, most countries in the region depend
46
Discourse Media: Power Struggle, 2016: Sub-Saharan Africa access to energy research brief
ibid.
48
International Energy Agency, 2016: World Energy Outlook
49
ibid.
50
World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios
47
40
on imports for more than 65% of their energy needs and as a result, the region spends
more on oil imports (US$18bn) than it obtains in international aid ($15.6bn).51
Improving energy equity in the region (i.e., access to, quality and affordability of energy
supply) will be challenging. For example, 50% of the Sub-Saharan African population lives
in scattered rural and predominantly agrarian communities. Connecting these communities
to the main grid would require immense infrastructure investments. An estimated US$11bn
per annum must be invested to achieve 100% electricity access by 2030.52 However,
historically, annual investment levels have been about $2bn.53
Off-grid technologies represent the most feasible solution to electrify rural areas, and payas-you-go models provide several advantages to customers with low or variable incomes.54
Several Sub-Saharan African countries have already experienced success with this
approach. M-KOPA Solar, which operates in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, and Off Grid
Electric, in Tanzania and Rwanda, offer packages of small appliances, such as LED lights,
a mobile phone charger and a radio, all of which are powered by a solar panel and a
battery. Rather than paying for the electricity itself or purchasing more expensive kerosene
to fuel older appliances, customers pay for the power equipment and new appliances in
small instalments using mobile phone payment processing.55
At the same time, a number of large-scale renewable projects are in progress. These
include Africas first privately funded and developed geothermal plant, which will be built in
Kenya; a 155 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plant, which is expected to increase Ghanas
power capacity by 6% when it comes online in late 2016; the Congos 40,000 MW Grand
Inga Dam; and Ethiopias 120 MW Ashegoda wind farm.56
Moreover, a number of untapped oil and gas reserves have been discovered in Cameroon,
Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo (DR), Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, and could be
exploited in the future. However, the process of converting these resources into energy for
domestic populations may be challenging and effects will be limited to urban and peri-urban
areas. For instance, in Nigeria, only 56% of the population has gained access to secure
electricity despite the fact that the country holds the continents largest known natural gas
reserves.57 This fact suggests that financing, institutional capacity and infrastructure deficits
pose the greatest barriers to full access, rather than supply.
51
EIA, 2013: International energy statistics

Discourse Media: Power Struggle, 2016: Sub-Saharan Africa access to energy research brief
53
ibid.
54
World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate
the energy transition
55
ibid.
56
Banks J: Key Sub-Saharan Energy Trends and their Importance for the US (Africa Growth
Initiative at Brookings)
57
ibid.
52
41
FIGURE 23: SUB-SAHRAN AFRICAS PROJECTED CHANGES IN DIVERSITY

OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Modern Jazz
Unfinished Symphony
Hard Rock
90
80
70
EJ/y
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2010
2030
2060
Coal
2010
Oil
Gas
2030
2060
Nuclear
2010
2030
2060
Renewables
Managing energy demand is also a challenge for countries as they develop economically.
South Africa, as one of the most developed countries in the region, still struggles with an
unreliable supply of electricity, low capacity margins and the challenge of meeting growing
energy demand. In response to insufficient electricity capacity during peak hours, South
Africas major power utility has devised various strategies to engage the public in voluntary
demand reduction. The principal approach has been rotational load shedding to avoid
national blackouts. Ghana has also implemented an efficiency programme to promote
energy savings and with that security of supply. The Ghanaian programme is focused on
household refrigerators, and involves minimum energy efficiency standards, consumer
education, as well as outreach and rebate efforts.
Regional energy security in the long term is currently hard to predict. Projections suggest
the region will manage the growth in energy demand, and the diversity of energy supply is
predicted to improve. The regions import dependence is also expected to increase to a
maximum of 12% by 2060.
Although the Sub-Saharan African region registers low emissions from the energy sector
and relatively strong environmental sustainability, this trend is projected to change. Current
environmental sustainability scores are a reflection of low energy consumption levels and
lower social and economic development. However, economic growth is projected to
increase significantly and energy demand in the region is predicted to more than double
by 2050.
42
These developments are currently projected to increase CO2 levels. According to the 2016
World Energy Scenarios, CO2 emissions are expected to increase between 104% and
258% by 2060. At the same time, both CO2 intensity and energy intensity are expected to
decrease between 5992% and 6690% respectively by 2060 (see Figure 24).
FIGURE 24: SUB-SAHRAN AFRICAS PROJECTED ENERGY

AND CO2 INTENSITY
16
0.6
14
0.5
12
0.4
10
8
0.3
0.2
4
0.1
0
2010
2020
Modern Jazz
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2010
2060
2020
Modern Jazz
Hard Rock
43
2030
2040
Unfinished Symphony
2050
2060
Hard Rock
TITLE OF DOCUMENT
C
Co
oun
ntrry
pro
ofiles
s
COUNTRY PROFILES
Country profiles provide the Index rankings overall and per dimension for each of the World
Energy Council's member countries represented in the 2016 Trilemma Index as well as
their balance score. The trilemma graph on each country profile illustrates the balance
score, which highlights the trade-offs between the three competing dimensions: energy
security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. The table on the right hand side
shows the Index rankings from three consecutive years broken down by dimension and
trends in performance over the years. Furthermore, the country profile provides an
indication of trends and future developments, an overview of the countrys energy
endowment, contributions of energy sources to total primary energy supply and electricity
generation as well as relevant key metrics to provide more context.
Interactive country profiles and associated data can also be viewed on the Index web tool,
which has been developed by the World Energy Council, in partnership with global
management consultancy Oliver Wyman and the Global Risk Centre of its parent Marsh &
McLennan Companies.
The tool can be accessed at: www.worldenergy.org/data.
45
CO
OUNTRY
Y PROF
FILE GU IDE
k for each
W O R L D E N E R G Y C O U N C I L | E N E R G Y T R I L E M M A I N D E X Index rank
energy trile
emma
and
dimension
The cou
untrys balance
e on energy
contextual
performance is displa
ayed by the ora
ange
performance for
triangle. The best posssible energy
2014, 2015
5, 2016
balance score is indiccated by the da
ark
blue tria
angle border (m
most outer border)
Overall 2016
Index ra
ank
Trend information
n for
eac
ch energy trilem
mma
dimension and
mance
contextual perform
over the three-year
periiod
Overall 2016
e score
balance
Ove
erall 2016
bala
ance score.
The first letter
refers to energy
secu
urity, the
seco
ond to
energy equity
and third to
enviironmental
susttainability
O
Overview of current Index
ra
anking and commentary on
re
ecent trends and
a outlook
fo
or a countrys energy
pe
erformance
Industrial secto
or (% GDP)
% of total GDP th
hat is in the indus
strial sector (CIA
A World Fact Book, 2014)
GDP per capitta, PPP US$

(GDP Group
G
Gross
domestic product
p
(World Bank
B
2015) and In
ndex GDP group
p
Energy intensiity
(koe per US$)
Measures how much

M
m
energy is us
sed to create one
e unit of GDP (En
nerdata & World
E
Energy
Council, 2014)
2
Diversity of intternational
energy supplie
ers
Indicates to whatt extent the counttry is dependent on energy tradin

ng partners.
D
Diversity
of intern
national energy suppliers
s
calculatted through the
H
HerfindahlHirsc
hman Index ( HH
HI), (UNCTAD, 20
014)
Population with access to

electricity (%)
S
Share
of populatiion with access to
t electricity (SE4
4All, 2012)
Access to clea
an cooking in
urban/rural are
eas (%)
% of households that have access to non-solid fue

els in urban and rural areas
(
(SE4All,
2012)
Household ele
ectricity
prices (US$/kW
Wh)
Average cost of electricity

A
e
(IEA, Eurostat,
E
World Energy
E
Council, World
W
Bank,
2
2015)
Rate of transm
mission and
distribution los
sses (%)
The ratio between the quantity of energy lost durin

T
ng transport and distribution and
e
electricity
consum
mption. Indicates efficiency of infrrastructure (Enerrdata and
W
World
Energy Co
ouncil, 2014)
CO2 intensity
(kCO2 per US$
$)
Measures CO2 from fuel combusttion to generate one

M
o unit of GDP in PPP (Enerdatta
a World Energy Council, 2014))
and
GHG emission
n growth rate
20002012 (%
%)
Greenhouse gas emission growth

G
h rate from the en
nergy sector betw
ween 2000 and
2
2012,
(WRI/CAIT
T, 2012)
Fossil fuel rese

erves
Resource endow
R
wment (World Ene
ergy Council, 201
16: World Energy
y Resources).
F additional energy resources, for
For
f example, unc
conventional or re
enewable energy
y
s
sources,
visit ww
ww.worldenergy.o
org/data/resource
es
Diversity of tottal primary

energy supply
Diversity of energ
D
gy supply and div
versity of electric
city generation: Contributors
C
of
e
energy
sources to
o total primary en
nergy supply and
d electricity gene
eration, indicating
g
c
current
reliance on
o fossil fuels or other energy sou
urces in the enerrgy and electricity
y
s
sector
respective
ely (IEA, 2013)
Diversity of ele
ectricity
generation
46
A
ALGERIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
ANKINGS AND BALANCE SCORE
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
66
8
58
66
Trend
Score
CBC
Energy security
s
88
8
88
88
Energy equity
e
34
4
36
37
5
55
70
80
08
10
103 108
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBC
C
58
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Algerria drops 8 place

es in this years
s Index, to rank 66. The country
ys balance scorre of CBC show
ws a good
perfo
ormance in enerrgy equity, while
e energy security
ty and environm
mental sustainab
bility are weakerr in comparison..
Algerria has continuo

ously developed
d its economy an
nd improved its energy system. Energy policiees have been
imple
emented to inten
nsify oil and gas
s exploration effforts to increase
e reserves, to prromote renewabble energy and
energ
gy efficiency and increase the share
s
of renewa
ables in electriciity generation to
o 40% by 2030.
Policyymakers should
d continue to foc
cus on: 1) increa
asing the propo
ortion of renewable energy in ellectricity genera
ation;
2) the
e development of
o energy efficie
ency because th
here is great pottential for impro
ovement; 3) the development off a
renew
wable energy in
ndustry that is ec
conomically susstainable; and 4)
4 the developme
ent and supportt of research an
nd
development (R&D) and training to increase the tra
ansfer of knowle
edge and techno
ology.
KEY MET
TRICS
Industrial ssector (% of GD
DP)
45.7
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
Energy inttensity (koe per US$)
0.06
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
mission and distribution losses (%
%)
CO2 intenssity (kCO2 per US$)

U
0.26
GHG emission growth rate 200

002012 (%)
14,687 (III)
High (HHI = 1,200)
Access to clean cooking in urb

ban | rural areass (%)
95
9 | 95
18.4
4.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Fossil fuell reserves: 5,397 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas
Total primary energy supp

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
AR
RGENTI NA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
58
1
61
58
Trend
Score
BBB
Energy security
s
57
7
51
48
Energy equity
e
69
9
69
69
6
66
69
69
7
97
92
92
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBB
B
61
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Argen
ntina improves by 3 places, from rank 61 in 20
015 to rank 58 in
n 2016. The cou
untry has a well--balanced energy
trilem
mma profile, resu
ulting in a balan
nce score of BBB
B.
If the current energyy policy of low prrices for produccers and high su
ubsidies to consumers continuees, there is little
chance to reverse th
he decline in pro
oduction. Oil pro
oduction decline
ed by 30% since
e 1998, while naatural gas produ
uction
declin
ned by 8% since
e 2006. As a co
onsequence, Arg
gentina, previou
usly a net energ
gy exporter in 20006 with a surplus of
US$6
6bn, became a net
n energy impo
orter in 2011 witth a deficit of US
S$3bn.
The o
oil company YPF, nationalised in 2012 (by exp
propriation of Re
epsol shares in Argentinas bigggest oil compan
ny), is
struggling to attract new
n
investors, which
w
are necesssary to exploit the large reserv
ves of unconvenntional oil and natural
n
n Argentina and
d government programmes to in
ncentivise inves
stment have so far not been su ccessful.
gas in
The n
new governmen
nt, elected in No
ovember 2015, a
aims to remedy this situation by
y phasing out suubsidies to return to
markket-oriented prices for supply an
nd incentivising investment thro
ough a focus on
n renewables annd clearer regula
ations.
The cchallenge for po
olicymakers will be to implemen
nt these reforms
s to attract new investment whille not comprom
mising
the trrilemmas equityy of access dime
ension.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
88
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.22

002012 (%)
N.A.
N (II)
High (HHI = 1,422)

95
9 | 95
14.9
2.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Fossil fuell reserves: 610 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
A
ARMENI A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
69
7
57
Trend
Score
69
CBC
Energy security
s
58
8
63
84
Energy equity
e
61
1
61
65
3
83
82
78
8
58
65
70
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBC
C
60
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Arme
enia drops 9 pla
aces, from rank 60
6 in 2015 to ra
ank 69 in 2016. While exhibiting
g a good perform
mance in the en
nergy
equityy dimension, en
nergy security and environmenttal sustainability
y scores are weaker in comparirison, resulting in a
balan
nce score of CB
BC.
The A
Armenian Publicc Services Regu
ulatory Committtee has introduc
ced a new, more
e sophisticated set of tariffs efffective
as off 1 August 2016, following an unsuccessful tariiff scheme that was
w initiated in 2015. The new tariffs aim to he
elp the
nerate the financ
ces needed to g
guarantee the security of supply
y. Going forward
rd, policy makerrs will
national utility to gen
n
tariffs influ
uence on the afffordability of ene
ergy to avoid ad
dverse impacts oon the energy equity
e
have to monitor the new
dimension of the ene
ergy trilemma, which
w
is currentlly the strongest of the three dim
mensions.
The ccountry is moreo

over working on
n building capaccity in the renew
wables sector. The Scaling Up Renewable Ene
ergy
Progrram for Armenia
a, published in April 2014, setss a target of 21%
% and 26% of re
enewable energgy in total powerr
generation by 2020 and
a 2025 respe
ectively. Small h
hydropower plan
nts and other renewable energyy sources now
unt for 11.4% off Armenias ene
ergy production,, with a further 18.6%
1
coming frrom two large hhydroelectric pow
wer
accou
plants (World Bank, 2016). If solar and
a wind option
ns are further ex
xplored, this policy has the poteential to contribu
ute to
impro
oving the enviro
onmental sustain
nability dimensio
on of the trilemm
ma in Armenia.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
8,394 (III)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.27

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 5,170)

95
9 | 51
14.6
4.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
A
AUSTRIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
10
10
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
20
0
26
20
Energy equity
e
2
22
24
23
6
16
15
16
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
11
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Austrria improves by 1 place in this years

y
Index, ma
aking it into the top 10 list at rank 10. The counntrys energy po
olicy is
strong and well-bala
anced, resulting in a score of AA
AA.
Austrrias energy seccurity ranking reflects its increassing energy selff-sufficiency, wh

hich is also one of the countrys
s main
long--term goals, as well
w as the prog
gress made sincce 1980 in the re
enewable energ
gy sector, wheree Austria has more
than doubled the pro
oduction of rene
ewable energy.
Policyy developmentss in Austria are in line with the E

EUs climate an
nd energy goals for 2020 (the 200-20-20 targets
s). The
counttrys Sustainability Strategy listts 20 goals to: in
ncrease quality of life overall; strengthen econoomic growth; su
upport
susta
ainable goods and services; and optimise the ttransport system
m.
Austrria faces three major

m
energy po
olicy challenges according to th
he IEA: 1) the integration of seccurity of supply,
energ
gy efficiency, su
ustainability and
d internal markett dimensions; 2) the further red
duction of Greennhouse Gas
emisssions; and 3) the integration of these two elem
ments into an energy and climatte strategy. To m
maintain or improve
the countrys ranking
g, Austrian polic
cymakers will ha
ave to continue to build a strong
g, integrated ennergy policy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
47,824 (I)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.26
Rate of transm
%)
5.0

U
0.19

002012 (%)
0.4
High (HHI = 1,261)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
B
BAHRAI N
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
59
9
39
Trend
Score
59
CAD
Energy security
s
48
8
86
80
Energy equity
e
A
D
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAD
D
53
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
5
95
101 104
1
41
47
58
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Bahra
ain drops 6 placces, to rank 59. The country exxhibits a high de
egree of energy equity, but its ooverall energy po
olicy
is unb
balanced due to
o relatively low scores
s
in energyy security and environmental
e
sustainability, res
esulting in a bala
ance
score
e of CAD.
In 2013 the cabinet approved

a
the es
stablishment of an Energy Thin
nk-tank to address the issue off sustainable en
nergy
in Ba
ahrain and is exp
pected to addre
ess Bahrains we
eak scores in en
nvironmental su
ustainability andd energy security
y.
The e
establishment of
o the Sustainab
ble Energy Unit is designed to make a significant contributionn to energy
conse
ervation and mo
ore concrete commitment to the
e utilisation of re
enewable energ
gy. This unit is ccurrently working to
develop Bahrains National
N
Energy Efficiency Actio
on Plan (NEEAP
P) and to develo
op a National Reenewable Energ
gy
on Plan (NREAP
P).
Actio
unit is tasked wiith the preparation of proposalss for energy efficiency levels, la
abelling requirem
ments for applia
ances
The u
and p
proposals for the
e feed-in tariff (FIT) and financiial support for re
enewable energ
gy initiatives. Thhe Units tasks have
h
progrressed very well during the pas
st 18 months (Ja
anuary 2015tim
me of writing, 20
016), and its rolee and responsib
bility is
being
g elevated to the
e highest authority in the decisiion making proc
cess in the Gove
ernment of Bah rain. It is hoped
d that
the policy plans whicch are being fina
alised at this mo
oment, are foste
ered and implem
mented by the G
Government at all
a
ngdom of Bahra
ain Energy Effic
ciency Plan whicch is being
levelss. Part of the pllan is the so-called KEEP Kin
developed in collabo
oration with the World Bank to ttackle energy in
nefficiencies (primarily electricaal energy).
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
50.7
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
46,946 (I)
Low (HHI = 8,872)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
94

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.01
Rate of transm
%)
5.2

U
0.63

002012 (%)
4.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
B
BELGIUM
M
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
23
0
20
Trend
Score
23
BAB
Energy security
s
22
2
24
38
Energy equity
e
14
4
10
14
9
39
41
37
6
26
26
24
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAB
B
20
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Belgium drops 3 placces, from rank 20

2 in 2015 to ra
ank 23 in 2016. The
T country perrforms well acrooss the board, with
w a
particcularly strong sccore in energy equity,
e
for an ovverall score of BAB
nd a well-divers
Belgiums supply is secure,
s
as a liqu
uid oil market an
sified contractua
al gas portfolio ((with 18 entranc
ce
points for natural gass pipelines and LNG) facilitate its reliance on oil
o and gas impo
orts.
Low a
average wholessale prices in no
orth-west Europ e, a pushback of
o thermal generation due to thee injection of low
w
marg
ginal cost renew
wables, a continu
uing low level off demand, low global
g
coal price
es and low pricees for CO2 certificates
in the
e EU Emissionss Trading System
m (EU ETS), an
nd the technical issues on two major
m
nuclear poower plants, all
impact negatively on
n the economic profitability of th
he Belgian electtricity market. To
o tackle these isssues, the
ating strategic re
eserves and posssibly capacity remuneration mechanisms.
m
government is alloca
o
VAT on energy bills of final consumers was raised back to 21% (after being lowerred by previous governments to
14%,, partly to keep inflation
i
low and
d mask the high
h levies for renewable support). The very fast ggrowth of solar PV
P
wind in the Belg
gian system will have to be paid
d for by high-end
d consumer electricity prices. T
These choices will
w
and w
contin
nue to weigh on
n Belgian electriicity prices.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
22.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
43,992 (I)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.27
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 3,310)

95
9 | 95
4.6
-1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Fossil fuell reserves: 0 Mto

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
B
BOLIVIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
100
00
10
Trend
Score
1100
CCD
Energy security
s
69
9
65
73
Energy equity
e
97
7
97
97
08
10
106 107
6
96
102 110
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CCD
D
98
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Bolivia drops 2 place

es in this years Index, to rank 1
100. The countrry still lags behin
nd regarding ennvironmental
susta
ainability, resulting in a balance
e score of CCD.
Bolivia exports naturral gas to Brazil and Argentina and it has the fiifth largest proven natural gas rreserves in Sou
uth
Amerrica. Proven oil reserves are relatively small, a
and the country has become a net
n oil importer aas production fa
ails to
keep pace with conssumption. There
e is good potenttial for renewable energy, especially from by-prroducts of suga
ar cane
wood industries, and hydroelec
ctric which has n
not yet been fully exploited.
and w
Rece
ent developments focus on the oil and gas sect
ctor, aiming to re
eplenish oil rese
erves and mainta
tain natural gas
exports to Brazil and
d Argentina, thro
ough an Investm
ment Act, compllemented by a Law
L of Incentivees for the oil sec
ctor, a
hydrocarbons la
aw and a law on
n prior consultattion.
new h
n of an attractiv
Key issues for policyymakers to focus on: 1) creation
ve, enabling env
vironment for invvestment to flow
w into
transport of hydrocarbons in both th
he internal netwo
ork and future export
e
markets; 2) continuous aassessment of
oration and prod
duction potential of domestic na
atural gas resou
urces; 3) engage
ement with the ggeneral public in
explo
orderr to increase public acceptance
e, shorten the tim
me of pre-consu
ultation with indigenous peopless and allow for a
speedier approval off contracts; and 4) further deve
elopment of rene
ewables, including hydropower.
r.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
36.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
6,881 (III)
M
Medium (HHI = 1,556)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
80

94
9 | 27
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.09
Rate of transm
%)
9.6

U
0.31

002012 (%)
7.7
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
BO
OTSWAN
NA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
94
6
96
Trend
Score
94
DCC
Energy security
s
10
07
106 105
Energy equity
e
88
8
92
90
3
93
93
92
6
46
46
45
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DCC
C
96
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Botsw
wana improves 2 places, to ran
nk 94. It receive s relatively low scores across the
t board, with eenergy security being
CC.
particcularly weak, resulting in a bala
ance score of DC
Botsw
wanas power sector relies on coal
c
for 60% of electricity generation. The pow
wer system com
he
mprising only th
Moru
upule A 132 MW
W coal-fired power plant is run
n by the vertically integrated government-owneed utility, Botswa
ana
Powe
er Corporation. However, back--up power plantts are necessary
y to meet the co
ountrys peak deemand. Botswana
reliess on an indepen
ndent power producer running p
power plants consuming approx
ximately 17,0000 litres of diesel//hour.
Indee
ed, the country is
i highly depend
dent on electriciity and diesel im
mports to meet its peak demandd.
The g
government hass only recently recognised
r
the n
need to further its
i strategy for increasing the roole of renewable
es in
the energy mix. In pa
articular, Botswana is endowed
d with ample solar energy poten
ntial.
In 2015, the governm

ment asked for assistance
a
from
m the World Bank for a renewab
ble energy strateegy to harness the
greatt solar potential of the country. In June 2015, th
he government announced it would
w
release a ttender for two 50
5 MW
solarr PV plants. Ren
newable energy currently accou
unts for less tha
an 2% of the cou
untrys generatioon mix.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
39.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
15,8
807 (II)
Low (HHI = 8,732)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
43

90
9 | 38
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.07
Rate of transm
%)
6.9

U
0.26

002012 (%)
1.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
BRAZIL
L
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
57
4
54
57
Trend
Score
CBB
Energy security
s
85
5
73
68
Energy equity
e
62
2
67
70
0
40
43
46
5
65
67
75
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBB
B
55
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Braziil drops 2 placess, from rank 55 in 2015 to rankk 57 in 2016. The countrys energy policy is ballanced overall, with
w
energ
gy security being the countrys weakest trilemm
ma dimension, resulting
r
in a ba
alance score of C
CBB.
In 2015, Brazil experrienced a 50% rise

r
in electricityy prices due to losses incurred by the governm
ment following a plan
to red
duce power billss by 20% in 2012. While there w
was a drop in prices in the international markeet, domestic gas
soline
and d
diesel oil prices rose by 12.4% and 13.0% resp
pectively. Regarding the energy
y security dimennsion, Brazil red
duced
its de
ependence on fo
oreign energy to
o 7.1% in 2015, down from 12.7
7% in 2014. Thiis was achievedd largely by increases
in cru
ude oil and natu
ural gas production, combined w
with a 7.2% dec
cline in consump
ption demand foor petroleum
produ
ucts. This declin
ne in consumption also contribu
uted to a decrea
ase in emissions
s of 4.6%. In sppite of the 2014
2016
droug
ght, which had a negative impa
act on the counttrys hydroelectrric power genera
ation, the sharee of renewables in the
dome
estic energy sup
pply rose from 39.4%
3
to 41.2% .
Going
g forward the ch
hallenge for Bra
azilian policymakkers will be to re
emove barriers to investment, iimprove the
resilie
ence of the countrys infrastruc
cture to extreme
e weather events
s, and find ways
s to improve eneergy equity, which is
threa
atened by the ste
eep increase in consumer price
es. The impact of the recent ad
dverse political aand economic
envirronment on the Brazilian energy
y sector will be attenuated. The
e production of oil
o and natural ggas is increasing
g and
pply capacity is expected to inccrease via the exploitation of renewable sourcees, such as wind
d,
the power sector sup
h
Accordingly, it is possibl e for Brazil to im
mprove its ranking in energy seecurity and
solarr, biomass and hydro.
envirronmental susta
ainability dimens
sions in the com
ming years, even
n with the return of demand groowth.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
23.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.11
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.19

002012 (%)
15,3
359 (II)
High (HHI = 992)

95
9 | 64
15.1
3.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
BU
ULGAR IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
48
6
56
Trend
Score
48
CBB
Energy security
s
59
9
52
67
Energy equity
e
60
0
59
55
1
81
71
67
2
52
50
49
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBB
B
49
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Bulga
aria improves byy 1 rank in this years
y
Index, to 48. The countrrys energy polic
cy is balanced, w
with energy equ
uity
and e
environmental sustainability
s
being Bulgarias sstrongest trilemm
ma dimensions, resulting in a ba
balance score off CBB.
In the
e spring of 2015
5 the Bulgarian Parliament ame
ended the existing Energy Act to:
t increase the political
indep
pendence of the
e national regula
atory commissio
on; financially sttabilise the electtricity sector; im
mprove market
transparency; promo
ote trans-borderr trade; and enh
hance end-user rights. The new
w legal frameworrk was expected
d to
ove the sustaina
able use of rene
ewable energy ssources, markett liberalisation and social equityy during the period
impro
prior to full liberalisation of the mark
ket. The amendm
ments have not yet resulted in the expected im
mprovements.
Key issues policyma

akers need to focus on are: 1) im
mproved energy
y security through stimulation oof investments in
ble energy infrasstructure, furthe
er diversifying so
ources and routtes of energy su
upply, and optim
mising the use of
reliab
indige
enous energy re
esources; 2) inc
creased energy efficiency; 3) prrompt actions fo
ocused on finanncial stabilisation
n of
the energy sector; 4)) increased social protection; 5
5) pursuing the ambitious
a
targetts of giving 30%
% of households
as by 2020 as se
et out in the natiional energy strrategy; and 6) re
espect for the ruule of law.
accesss to natural ga
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
27.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
17,5
512 (II)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.12
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.47

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 4,685)

N.A.. | N.A.
12.0
0.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CA
AMEROO
ON
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
105
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
03
10
105 1105
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
BDB
Energy security
s
29
9
33
43
Energy equity
e
111
113 112
7
47
48
51
09
10
110 112
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BDB
B
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Came
eroon maintainss its position at rank 105. The ccountrys trilemm
ma performance
e is imbalanced,, with the energ
gy
equityy dimension lag
gging behind the
e other two, resu
ulting in a balan
nce score of BDB.
Significant energy isssues affecting Cameroon

C
are ((a) the intermitte
ence and (b) supply of energy tto the population.
Disru
uption of energyy supply is currently significant a
as it is largely dependent on rainfall. Consequeently, in dry perriods
supply can significan
ntly decrease.
Came
eroons Energy Sector Develop
pment Plan aim s to achieve a 75%
7
electrification rate by 20300. These plans are
a
supported by the Ca
ameroon Clean Development M
Mechanism proje
ect to convert biogas into electrricity. Cameroon
n has
additionally impleme
ented policies su
uch as the enerrgy emergence initiative, which
h is due to be coompleted in 203
35.
ng away from over-reliance
o
on hydropower an
nd diversifying th
he energy mix will
w assist in reduucing energy su
upply
Movin
interm
mittency.
Howe
ever, the govern
nment will need to ensure signiificant investment takes place. It is planned thaat Cameroon wiill use
fossill fuels in the sho
ort term to creatte and speed ecconomic growth, and re-invest the
t financial gaiin from growth into
i
the development of clean
c
energy su
upplies and grea
ater mix. Camerroon has experienced a slow buut steady increa
ase in
GDP and economic growth in the la
ast five years an
nd figures provid
de positive signs
s for the investm
ment needed to
eve energy eme
ergence.
achie
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
30.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
54
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.11

002012 (%)
3,12
23 (IV)
Low (HHI = 4,228)

41 | 5
14.4
1.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
C
CANADA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
22
5
15
Trend
Score
22
AAC
Energy security
s
Energy equity
e
14
11
00
10
97
96
5
15
14
14
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAC
C
18
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Cana
ada, at rank 22 maintains
m
its strrong scores on e
energy security
y, where it ranks 5th, and energgy equity, where
e it
rankss 11th, but still la
ags behind on environmental
e
ssustainability.
Manyy world-leading efforts in carbon policy have be

een implemente
ed by Canadas provincial goveernments, which
h have
the primary authorityy over energy an
nd environmenttal matters. Examples include the elimination oof coal-fired pow
wer
from the generation mix of Canadas largest provin
nce, regulations to eliminate coa
al-fired power by both the federal
provincial goverrnments, and inv
vestments in ad
dvanced technology such as the
e worlds first fuully integrated project
and p
to capture, use and permanently
p
sto
ore CO2 from a coal-fired powe
er plant. Further, transformationns towards green
electrricity generation
n are now underrway in several provinces. The
ese developmen
nts should suppo
port the continuin
ng
impro
ovement in Canadas future ran
nkings.
Three
e key issues of current focus are: 1) managing
g the environme
ental/climate imp
pacts of energy end-use applications
(58%
% of total emissio
ons come from transport, buildiings, industry, and
a electricity) and
a also from oi l and gas
development (25% of
o total emission
ns); 2) a more in
nclusive and com
mprehensive review process foor energy
infrasstructure projectts to access new
w export marketts, taking accou
unt of the many diverse interestts involved; and
d, 3)
ensuring wider enga
agement and the
e sharing of ben
nefits from resou
urce developme
ent projects, moost notably with
adas aboriginal population on whose
w
traditiona
al lands most major
m
energy projects will be loccated.
Cana
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
44,310 (I)
0.13
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.17
Rate of transm
%)
9.7

U
0.43

002012 (%)
0.2
Low (HHI = 4,629)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CHAD
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
119
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
20
12
119 1119
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
CDB
Energy security
s
89
9
91
93
Energy equity
e
12
25
123 123
2
52
54
52
25
12
124 124
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CDB
B
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Chad
d maintains its position
p
at rank 119. The countrry receives a pa
articularly low sc
core in the energ
rgy equity dimen
nsion,
with a balance score
e of CDB.
Conssumption of elecctricity and petro

oleum products accounts for on
nly 10% of natio
onal consumptioon. Wood and
charccoal provide 90%
% of the energy
y consumed in C
Chad, while natu
ural gas consum
mption is very lim
mited as fewer than
t
11,00
00 households are
a equipped wiith gas heaters. Most of energy
y production and
d consumption ooccurs in the ca
apital.
Output of electricity was
w 103 GWh in 2008, from th ermal sources only.
o
High costs
s and scarcity off electricity ham
mper
Chad
ds economic de
evelopment.
The ccountry is highlyy dependent on oil imports from

m Nigeria, Came
eroon and otherr neighbouring ccountries. STEE
E, the
utilityy responsible forr electricity prod
duction and distrribution, does not have the cap
pacity to meet thhe countrys eve
ergrowing electric energy demand. Th
herefore, the co untry is in the process
p
of implementing a natioonal energy policy,
with cconsiderations given
g
to renewa
able energy due
e to its great sola
ar potential.
The S
Sustainable Ene
ergy Fund for Africa (SEFA) ha
as approved in 2015
2
a US$780,,000 preparationn grant for the
development of a firsst phase 40 MW
W of Starsol sola
ar PV plant nearr NDjamena in Chad as the firsst Independent Power
Produ
ucer (IPP) sche
eme to be conne
ected to the natiional grid.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
15.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.04
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
2,17
71 (IV)
Low (HHI = 7,910)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
12.2

U
0.02

002012 (%)
N.A.
27 | 6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CHILE
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
38
5
35
38
Trend
Score
BBB
Energy security
s
42
2
42
44
Energy equity
e
68
8
66
66
6
46
51
48
2
22
20
23
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBB
B
35
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Chile
e drops 3 placess, from rank 35 in
i 2015 to rank 38 in 2016. The
e country performs well across all trilemma
dimensions, with a balance
b
score off BBB.
Chile
e currently imporrts 60% of its to
otal primary ene rgy, exposing itt to international commodity pricce volatility as well
w
politiccal and market related risks. Th
he greatest cha llenges are perc
ceived to be: se
ecuring fuel suppply; developing local
resou
urces, in particu
ular renewables;; developing a rregulatory frame
ework for the ga
as sector; promooting energy
efficie
ency; reducing biomass
b
cookin
ng and heating; promoting regio
onal integration through gas andd electricity
intercconnectors; advvancing e-mobiliity and smart citties; and accoun
nting for additional capacity dellivered by upcoming
tende
ers for electricityy production.
The 2
2014 Agenda de
e Energa sets the
t following tarrgets: 1) 30% re
eduction of marg
ginal costs of el ectricity in 4 yea
ars;
2) 25
5% price cuts of tenders for hou
useholds as wel l as small and medium
m
enterprises that producce electricity;
3) ren
newables to con
nstitute 45% of capacity installe
ed by 2025; 4) energy
e
efficiency improvementss to achieve a 20%
2
savin
ngs target by 2025; 5) developm
ment of a framew
work to hedge exposure
e
to fuel price volatility; 6) reform of sta
ateowne
ed ENAP to havve a greater partticipation in new
w electricity generation; and 7) development
d
off a comprehensive
and inclusive energyy policy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
35.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
22,3
316 (II)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.09
Rate of transm
%)
7.0

U
0.28

002012 (%)
3.6
M
95
9 | 53
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
CHINA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
87
7
87
87
Trend
Score
BBD
Energy security
s
83
3
70
62
Energy equity
e
77
7
77
77
119
116 117
2
62
63
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBD
D
87
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
62
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
China
a maintains its position
p
at rank 87. The countryy performs well in the energy security and eneergy equity
dimensions, with its environmental sustainability
s
sccore remaining relatively
r
low, re
esulting in a balaance score of BBD.
B
China
a is still in the process of rapid industrialisation
n and urbanisatiion and balancin
ng the economi c/social develop
pment
and tthe related enerrgy/environmentt issues is a cha
allenge for China, to which the Chinese governnment is paying much
attention. Chinas 12
2th five-year plan set mandatory
ry targets on ene
ergy efficiency, non-fossil sharee, environment
ection and low carbon during 20
0102015. In th is period Chinas GDP grew by
y 7.8% on averaage with an annual
prote
prima
ary energy conssumption and ca
arbon emission growth of 3.6% and 2.7%. Ene
ergy intensity annd carbon intens
sity
reducced to 18% and 21% respective
ely, and the sha
are of non-fossill energy increas
sed to 15%.
2016 is the first yearr of Chinas 13th

h five-year plan.. China has proposed the strate
egy of green deevelopment and set
ambittious mandatoryy targets for 201
152020, includ
ding reducing en
nergy intensity by
b 15%, reducinng carbon intens
sity by
18%,, increasing the share of non-fo
ossil to 15%, and
d an air quality target which aim
ms for I and II deegree level air in
eantime, China pledges to enhance legislation
n and introduce market-based
335 ccities on 80% off days. In the me
reform
ms, including la
aunching the nattionwide carbon
n trading markett. Related plans and policies, w
which will promo
ote
more
e sustainable de
evelopment in th
he coming five yyears, will be announced soon.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
42.7
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
14,239 (III)
0.13
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.08
Rate of transm
%)
6.2

U
0.60

002012 (%)
8.4
High (HHI = 572)

70
7 | 19
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Fossil fuell reserves: 85,36

63 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CO
OLOMB IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
41
7
47
41
Trend
Score
BBA
Energy security
s
46
6
35
36
Energy equity
e
79
9
81
80
10
8
68
66
68
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBA
A
43
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Colom
mbia improves by
b 2 places in th
his years Indexx, to rank 41. Th
he country performs well acrosss all trilemma
dimensions, with envvironmental sus
stainability, whe re it ranks 10th globally, being a particular streength. This resu
ults in
B
a balance score of BBA.
mbia, although in a relatively high position in th

he Index, still fa
aces major challenges such as:: expanding cov
verage
Colom
of energy services, and
a finding solutions based on non-convention
nal energies; improving quality and reliability of
gy services; dive
ersification of th
he energy mix; a
and sustaining positive
p
econom
mic developmentt without increasing
energ
CO2 e
emissions.
Main areas policyma

akers are focusing on are: 1) en
nsuring the conttinued developm
ment of the miniing and energy sector
ne of the main drivers
d
of economic growth and
d social development; 2) promoting energy efficciency on energ
gy
as on
dema
and and supply side, and conso
olidating a cultu
ure for sustainab
ble use of natura
al resources; 3)) strengthening the
t
particcipation of differrent stakeholderrs in the develop
pment phases of
o the industry; 4)
4 increasing exxploration of nattural
gas; 5) developing and
a implementin
ng efficient masss transport syste
ems; 6) ensuring the expansionn of electricity
generation capacity; and 7) strength
hening guarante
ees and investm
ment opportunitie
es in the country
ry, and boosting
g
invesstment in sciencce and technolog
gy in the energyy sector.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
36.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
97
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.14
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.13

002012 (%)
13,801 (III)
Low (HHI = 7,767)

95
9 | 49
12.3
1.7
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
CONGO
O (DEM OCRAT IC REP UBLIC)
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
117
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
115
116 1117
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
DDC
Energy security
s
95
5
94
98
Energy equity
e
114
112 113
4
84
86
85
23
12
122 122
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DDC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
The D
Democratic Rep
public of the Congo (DRC) rankks 117th in this years
y
Index. Re
eceiving low scoores across all
trilem
mma dimensionss, energy equity
y is particularly w
weak, with a balance score of DDC.
D
The D
DRC meets its energy
e
needs mostly
m
through b
biomass and hyd
dropower. The country
c
currentlyy exploits only 2%
2
of its hydroelectric re
esources from the Congo Riverr, which is estim
mated to have the potential to suupply 100 GW of
o
powe
er, the highest in
n Africa. Current hydro installed
d capacity is 2,4
420 MW, of whic
ch only 1,281 M
MW is operationa
al.
The W
World Bank and
d the African De
evelopment Ban
nk are supporting the country to
o develop an addditional 4,800 MW
M at
the In
nga 3 site.
Desp
pite such rich hyydroelectric pote
ential and 2009 reforms, the DR
RC has one of th
he lowest rates of electrification
n in
the w
world, amounting
g in 2013 to 1% in rural areas a
and 19% in urba
an areas. This is
s due to a limiteed length of high
h
voltag
ge transmission
n lines (only 4,60
00 km).
All these conditions have favoured the

t developmen
nt of small and independent pow
wer producers aand distributors,
ugh which the co
ountry has been
n liberalising the
e sector, promotting private inve
estment in generration and
throu
distrib
bution.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
33.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.43
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
78
83 (IV)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
15

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.12

002012 (%)
14 | 5
N.A.
3.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CT
TE DIVO
OIRE
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
101
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
05
10
104 1101
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
ADC
Energy security
s
18
8
19
30
Energy equity
e
10
07
106 105
9
99
95
94
116
113 102
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ADC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Cte dIvoire improves by 3 places, from rank 104 iin 2015 to rank 101 in 2016. Th
he country has a strong perform
mance
in energy security, but energy equity
y remains its we
eakest trilemma
a dimension, res
sulting in a balannce score of AD
DC.
Cte dIvoire has a la

arge renewable
e energy potenti al. However, the
e countrys ability to develop annd implement energy
policiies to develop th
hese energy sources has been
n hampered by internal conflict. Combined withh a lack of inves
stment
in energy and infrasttructure, this has resulted in low
w energy access and a poorly diversified
d
energgy mix.
Altho
ough there is exttensive grid sup
pply, the prohibittive cost of acce
essing the grid presents a barririer to access the
electrricity. As a result, there is a larg
ge disparity betw
ween the numb
ber of people wh
ho live in a grid-cconnected locality
and tthe households that are actually
y connected.
The g
government agrreed in 2012 on an energy secttor plan that prio
oritises investment in fossil-fuellled power gene
eration
and ttransport infrastructure, and commits the counttry to achieving a 15% share of renewables in final energy
consu
umption by 2020. While there are
a some effortss to increase the
e use of renewa
ables (such as re
reduced taxes fo
or the
use o
of solar), policies to reduce the cost and furthe
er promote the deployment
d
of re
enewables are rrequired to achieve
this ta
arget, and with that an improve
ement in its trilem
mma ranking an
nd balance.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
21.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.12
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
59
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.14

002012 (%)
3,49
96 (IV)
Low (HHI = 6,872)

35 | 5
20.7
3.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
C
CROATIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
29
1
31
29
Trend
Score
BBA
Energy security
s
47
7
43
41
Energy equity
e
44
4
44
43
4
34
28
26
9
49
44
54
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBA
A
29
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Croattia maintains itss position at rank 29. The counttrys trilemma performance is well
w balanced, w
with environmental
susta
ainability receiving a particularly
y high score, ressulting in a lette
er grade of BBA.
In 2013 the governm

ment adopted a National Action Plan (NAP), rev
vising the 2020 target for renew
wable energy so
ources
(RES
S) in line with ma
arket changes and
a the decline in energy consu
umption. Already in 2012 the shhare of RES in gross
final cconsumption am
mounted to 16.8
8%. The countryy is seeking to in
ntroduce more flexible
f
and diveersified sources of
gas b
by developing sttrategic gas infrrastructure to en
nsure stability off supply. Among
g the most notaable projects are
e the
Ionian Adriatic Pipeliine (IAP) and th
he LNG terminall on Krk island.
Energ
gy efficiency is playing a key ro
ole in the overalll strategy of the
e country. With the
t 2009 Energyy Strategy, the
Natio
onal Energy Efficciency Program
mme, and the Firrst National Ene
ergy Efficiency Action
A
Plan, thee country set the
e
targe
et of reducing fin
nal energy consumption in 2016
6 by 19.77 PJ (p
petajoule), and in 2020 by 22.776 PJ, with a vie
ew to
boostting security of energy supply, competitivenesss of the energy sector and susttainable developpment.
Furth
hermore, attentio
on has increasin
ngly shifted tow
wards energy effficiency by deplo
oying highly efficcient central he
eating
syste
ems and therma
al energy genera
ation in cogenerration plants.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
21,8
880 (II)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.18
Rate of transm
%)
11.2

U
0.22

002012 (%)
-0.2
High (HHI = 1,393)

95
9 | 82
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
C
CYPRUS
S
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
60
6
76
60
Trend
Score
DBB
Energy security
s
115
116 112
Energy equity
e
67
7
58
58
1
41
38
32
0
60
43
38
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBB
B
64
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Cypru
us improves by 4 places in this
s years Index, to
o rank 60. While
e it performs we
ell in terms of ennergy equity and
d
ainability, it ranks
s low in the ene
ergy security dim
mension, resultin
ng in a balance score of DBB.
The m
major energy isssue in Cyprus is
s to develop the
e natural gas offfshore field in the Cyprus Excluusive Economic Zone
(EEZ
Z). The Aphrodite project, the firrst runner, bega
an preparations for the development and produuction stage, following
the announcement of
o its commercia
ality in 2015. Th e block is estim
mated to contain over 125 billionn cubic metres of
o gas.
oration of four other
o
blocks is being conducted
d by ENI/KOGAS
S and Total.
Explo
As off July 2016, eigh

ht energy companies have mad
de expressions of interest for th
he exploration li cencing rights in
three
e offshore blockss. The developm
ment of the gas field will bring new
n
opportunitie
es to the Cypruss energy sector and
national financial sta
ability. On the otther hand, markketing the gas co
ould prove a challenge in the fuuture because of
o
comp
petition from neiighbouring proje
ects in Israel an
nd Egypt which have
h
made the largest offshoree natural gas
disco
overies in the Me
editerranean.
The e
electrical interco
onnection with Greece
G
and Isra
ael will be the ne
ext major challenge in the Cyprriot energy secto
or.
The Israel and Greece interconnecttions are due to be completed in 2019 and 202
20 respectively. The project will
effecttively contribute
e to the security of energy supp
ply and reduction in CO2 emissions by allowingg the countries in the
regio
on to use natural gas deposits as
a well as renew
wable energy so
ources for electrricity generationn. It is therefore
expected that the co
ountrys energy security
s
and envvironmental perrformance will im
mprove in the cooming years.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
10.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
30,7
734 (II)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.31
Rate of transm
%)
4.5

U
0.28

002012 (%)
0.3
M
N.A.. | N.A.
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
CZEC
CH REPU
UBLIC
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
19
3
23
19
Trend
Score
AAB
Energy security
s
17
7
14
14
Energy equity
e
13
3
3
63
62
54
2
32
30
29
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAB
B
21
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
The C
Czech Republicc improves by 2 places, to rank 19. The country
ys trilemma performance is weell balanced, witth a
particcularly high score in energy equ
uity, where it ran
nks 5th worldwide. This results
s in a balance sccore of AAB.
In 2015 the Czech government issu

ued several enerrgy policies: 1) the
t update of th
he State Energyy Concept of the
e
Czecch Republic (SEK); 2) the National Action Plan for Smart Grids
s; 3) the Nationa
al Action Plan foor Energy Efficie
ency;
and 4
4) the National Plan
P
on Nuclearr Energy Develo
opment.
The n
national energy policy is based on: constructio
on of new nuclea
ar power genera
ation units on thhe existing sites of
nucle
ear power plantss; gradual transition from mostlly extracted lignite deposits tow
wards natural gaas and renewable
energ
gy sources for electricity
e
and he
eat production, with domestic coal
c
remaining a stable segmennt of the country
ys
energ
gy mix (decreassing from 45% to
oday to less tha
an 20% in the co
oming decades)); medium-term stabilising of
comb
bined heat and power
p
(CHP), provision of coal//fuels for centra
al heating; increa
asing efficiencyy in energy production
and m
making considerable efficiencie
es in use of all kkinds of energy; and reconstruc
ction and develoopment of netwo
ork
infrasstructure (electrricity, gas) to ensure system inttegration of dece
entralised produ
uction, operationnal reliability, as
s well
as an
ncillary and transit services.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
38.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
32,1
167 (II)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.17
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.37

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 95
6.5
-1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
D ENMAR
RK
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
Energy equity
e
15
5
13
10
1
11
12
11
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Denm
mark tops the In
ndex this year, ra
anking 1st not o
only overall, but also on the ene
ergy security dim
mension. Its trile
emma
perfo
ormance is exce
ellently balanced
d, resulting in a letter grade of AAA.
A
In Ma
arch 2012 a new
w Energy Agree
ement was reach
hed in Denmark
k. The Agreeme
ent contains a w
wide range of
ambittious initiatives. This should briing Denmark clo
oser to reaching
g the target of 100% renewablee energy in the energy
e
and ttransport sectorrs by 2050 by co
ommitting to larg
ge investments up to 2020 in energy efficiencyy, renewable en
nergy
and tthe overall energ
gy system. Targ
gets to reach byy 2020 include approximately
a
50% of electricityy consumption
supplied by wind pow
wer, and more than
t
35% of fina
al energy consu
umption supplied
d from renewabble energy sourc
ces.
To ovvercome the cha

allenges and reach its ambitiou
us targets of bec
coming indepen
ndent of fossil fuuels and reducin
ng
CO2 e
emissions, Danish policymakerrs are focusing on the implications of: being fossil fuel free forr the transport sector;
s
he introduction of huge amounts of fluctuating renewable ene
the fu
uture role of the
e Danish natural gas grid; and th
ergy in
the electricity grid.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
22.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
46,635 (I)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.40
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.18

002012 (%)
M
N.A.. | N.A.
5.6
-2.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
E CUADO
OR
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
50
1
51
Trend
Score
50
BBC
Energy security
s
51
1
49
50
Energy equity
e
47
7
49
46
0
70
72
79
8
98
96
101
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBC
C
50
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Ecua
ador maintains itts place from las
st year at rank 5
50. Its trilemma performance is
s well balanced ooverall, with the
e
ainability dimens
sion lagging slig
ghtly behind the other two, resulting in a balancce score of BBC
C.
The E
Ecuadorian govvernment has be
een pushing sevveral initiatives to
t create a more
e sustainable ennergy sector. Th
he
Ecua
adorian Nationall Strategic Plann
ning (National P
Plan for Good Liiving), sets the following
f
goals: increase of the
e
share
e of renewable energy
e
in the electricity genera
ation mix; reduce
e oil-derived imp
ports; change thhe current profile of
oil exxports to higher value-added prroducts; increasse of effectivene
ess and efficienc
cy of the transpoort sector; reduc
ce
losse
es of generation and distribution
n; and an overa
all increase in en
nergy efficiency.
For th
his purpose, the
e government is
s currently develloping several projects,
p
which include: 1) the cconstruction of eight
e
high--capacity hydroe
electric power plants; 2) projectts to promote th
he installation off renewable pow
wer plants; 3) the
change from gas-based cooking to efficient inductio
on-based cooke
er appliances; and 4) the constrruction of a larg
ge oil
refine
ery.
The a
ambitious policie
es developed by the governme
ent will ensure th
he sustainability
y of the Ecuadorrian energy sec
ctor by
prom
moting improvem
ment on each of the three energ
gy trilemma dime
ensions.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
39.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
97
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.28

002012 (%)
11,388 (III)
Low (HHI = 4,260)

95
9 | 87
12.4
4.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

4 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
EGYPT
T
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
68
4
64
68
Trend
Score
CBB
Energy security
s
94
4
93
90
Energy equity
e
58
8
65
60
4
44
44
49
06
10
109 113
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBB
B
72
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Egyp
pt improves by 4 places, to rank
k 68. The countrry receives a go
ood score in the energy equity aand environmen
ntal
susta
ainability dimenssions, but lags behind
b
regardin g energy securiity, scoring a ba
alance grade of CBB.
Therefore, enerrgy
As th
he most populou
us country in No
orth Africa, Egyp
pt is keen to imp
prove its energy
y sustainability. T
has b
become one of the
t most importtant topics in reccent years. Due
e to the political transition the coountry is going
throu
ugh, challenges related to energ
gy security need
d to be overcom
me. These challe
enges include aan insufficient
electrricity capacity to
o meet the demand and no rese
erve capacities, low energy efficiency especiaally in the industrial
secto
or, and the slow progress of new
w and renewab le energy projec
cts due to the in
ncremental costt gap between fo
ossil
fuel a
and renewable technologies.
t
Policyymakers are ad
ddressing the following energy d
developments: 1) expansion off new power cappacities at the le
east
costlyy location; 2) divversification of power
p
generatio
on by expanding
g wind farms, an
nd introducing ssolar PV and so
olar
therm
mal generation to benefit from one
o of the best ssolar belt locatio
ons in the world; 3) improvemeent of the energy
y tariff
structture to encourage energy savin
ng measures; 4)) encouragement of the private
e sector to invesst in the develop
pment
of energy infrastructu
ure including renewable energyy projects using
g build, own, ope
erate (BOO) schhemes; and
5) exxtension of the re
egional intercon
nnection power grid capacity be
etween Egypt and Arab, Africa and Europe.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
39.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
10,891 (III)
0.06
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
High (HHI = 1,215)

95
9 | 95
13.1
5.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
E
ESTONIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
40
8
48
Trend
Score
40
ABD
Energy security
s
39
9
27
22
Energy equity
e
54
4
53
50
07
10
107 111
0
20
18
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ABD
D
44
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
20
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Eston
nia improves byy 4 places in this
s years Index, tto rank 40. While it receives good scores in ennergy security an
nd
energ
gy equity, its po
oor score in the environmental
e
ssustainability dim
mension results
s in an imbalancced trilemma
perfo
ormance, with a score of ABD.
Eston
nia has successsfully improved its security of en
nergy supply by
y diversifying its energy importss through greate
er
intercconnection with its Baltic neighbours and incre
easing domestic
c electricity production capacity to exceed dom
mestic
dema
and. However, the
t current low oil
o prices put pre
essure on Eston
nian shale oil prroducers, and innvestments in new
produ
uction capacity have been put on
o hold, which m
may result in a negative
n
impactt on energy seccurity. Further se
ecurity
conce
erns are presen
nted by the threa
at of cyber-attaccks and the incrreasing number of extreme weaather events.
Mean
nwhile, Estonia still struggles with
w environmenttal sustainability
y. To remedy this, the governm
ment is now
introd
ducing a markett premium mode
el to support new
w renewable en
nergy projects, while
w
existing prrojects will bene
efit
from the old feed-in tariffs until 2020
0.
Policyymakers should
d focus on succe
essfully implem
menting these tarriff reforms and find other wayss to increase the
e
share
e of renewable energy
e
to impro
ove the environm
mental sustainability dimension of the trilemmaa and to decreas
se the
effectt that fluctuation
ns in global oil prices
p
have on e
energy security. Meanwhile, the
e existing infrast
structure will hav
ve to
be re
endered more re
esilient to cybera
attacks and extrreme weather events.
e
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
28,0
095 (II)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.18
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.74

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 3,302)

95
9 | 69
10.2
1.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
E
ETHIOPI A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
118
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
21
12
120 1118
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
DDC
Energy security
s
111
107 102
Energy equity
e
117
118 117
1
91
87
90
112
114 111
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DDC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Ethio
opia improves byy 2 places, from
m rank 120 in 20
015 to rank 118 in 2016. While attaining
a
low sccores on the who
ole,
ainability is the countrys
c
stronge
est trilemma dim
mension, resulting in a balancee score of DDC.
Ethio
opias GDP grow
wth of about 11%
% for the last eig
ght consecutive
e years and population growth aat an average ra
ate of
2.5%
% annually, both contributed to increased energ
gy demand. Through the Growth and Transform
mation Plan, Ethiopia
5. The Climate--Resilient Green
aims at becoming a middle-income country by 2025
n Economy (CR
RGE) strategy focuses
nhancing develo
opment with min
nimum carbon e
emission. The vision for the Eth
hiopian energy ssector is to ensu
ure
on en
accesss to affordable
e, clean and mod
dern energy for all citizens by 2025
2
and to bec
come a renewabble energy hub in the
Easte
ern Africa Regio
on.
While
e Ethiopia has abundant
a
renew
wable energy sou
urces, the country imports petroleum fuels andd coal. Over the
e past
ten ye
ears the volume
e of petroleum imports has bee
en growing at ap
pproximately 8%
% per year. Projeections indicate
e that
unlesss action is take
en to change the
e traditional devvelopment path, annual petroleu
um and fuel woood consumption
n will
rise ssignificantly. Pollicymakers need
d to address: 1)) high levels of energy
e
poverty; 2) low private ssector participattion
and ccompetition; 3) high
h
dependenc
ce on and unsusstainable use off biomass; 4) high dependencee on imported
petro
oleum fuels; 5) wasteful
w
and ine
efficient energy p
production, tran
nsportation, and use; and 6) dev
evelopment of
renew
wable energy te
echnologies, ene
ergy conservatio
on and sustaina
able forest and woodland
w
manaaging practices.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
14.7
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.32
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
23
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.03
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.08

002012 (%)
1,62
26 (IV)
Low (HHI = 3,971)

27 | 5
21.4
4.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
F
FINLAND
D
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAB
Energy security
s
Energy equity
e
24
4
21
24
8
78
74
71
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAB
B
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Finland drops 5 placces in this years

s Index, to rank 8. Finlands energy trilemma is
s well balanced,, and it places 3rd
3
globa
ally in the energy security dimension, resulting in a letter grade of AAB.
While
e a majority of th
he countrys con
nventional therm
mal power gene
eration is made up of highly efficcient combined heat
and p
power productio
on, Finlands env
vironmental susstainability score
e still needs to be
b improved. Too this effect, the
e
government has rece
ently stepped up its efforts in th
he renewables sector,
s
making 80m
available to support biofu

uel
new energy tech
hnology projects
s. This is part off a long-term pla
an to completely
y phase out eneergy production from
and n
coal a
and to halve oil imports by 2030. Imports of ha
ard coal have already decrease
ed in 2015, whicch could have a
positiive effect on the
e trilemmas ene
ergy security dim
mension. Furthe
er, the country has
h already mett its 38% 2020
renew
wables target un
nder the EUs Renewable
R
Enerrgy Directive, with the countrys
s domestic strattegy calling for a
furthe
er increase of th
he renewables share
s
to 50% byy 2030.
Finnish policymakerss must now ens

sure that these p
promising reform
ms are impleme
ented in an effecctive way.
untrys ranking is expected to im
mprove in future
e reports.
If succcessful, the cou
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
26.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
40,601 (I)
0.13
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.20
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.28

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 3,692)

95
9 | 95
3.0
-1.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
F
FRANCE
E
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
0
10
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
24
4
21
16
Energy equity
e
10
0
12
1
11
13
11
1
21
22
19
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Francce improves by 3 places to rank 6. The countryy balances the trilemma

t
excelle
ently and placess in the top 10
globa
ally in the energy equity dimens
sion, resulting in
n a balance score of AAA.
Francce has very little

e domestic oil and natural gas p
production and relies heavily on imports. To reeduce import
dependency, France
e has pursued a vigorous policyy of nuclear pow
wer developmen
nt since the mid--1970s and now
w has
by far the largest nucclear generating
g capacity of an
ny country in Europe, and is sec
cond only to thee United States
dwide. Nuclear power
p
constitute
es about 79% o
of total electricity
y generation.
world
Rece
ent energy policies include mea
asures and targe
ets to improve energy
e
efficiency
y, boost renewaable power and tackle
clima
ate change. The
e government re
ecently passed a new energy transition law with the aim to cutt Frances relian
nce on
nucle
ear energy in favvour of renewab
bles. The legisla
ation includes th
he commitment to increase the target price of
carbo
on to 56 per to
on in 2020 and 100
per ton in 2
2030.The goverrnment has also
o revised social tariffs for electrricity
and g
gas to counteracct the increase in energy pricess.
Key cchallenges for France

F
come witth the implemen
ntation phase off its policies and
d efforts must goo towards meetting
the ta
argets set. The coexistence of regulated tariffss and market prices for electricity could also caause friction for
produ
ucers.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
19.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.23
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.15

002012 (%)
39,678 (I)
High (HHI = 728)
95
9 | 95
7.6
-1.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
G ERMAN
NY
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
Energy equity
e
20
0
22
15
4
24
29
31
4
14
16
15
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Germ
many maintains its 2015 position, at rank 5. Th e countrys ene
ergy trilemma is excellently balaanced, and it pla
aces
7th globally regardin
ng energy security, for an overa
all balance score
e of AAA.
The m
most recent poliicy developmen
nt in Germany, in
nitiated before 2010,
2
is the Gerrman Energy Trransition, targeting
susta
ainability and foccusing on a stro
ong increase in power generatio
on from renewa
able sources, a rreduction of prim
mary
energ
gy usage and CO
C 2 emissions. The
T 2011 decisiion to phase out nuclear by 202
22 constitutes a challenge to
Germ
manys energy mix.
m Eight out off 17 facilities we
ere closed imme
ediately, one was closed in 201 5, and the rema
aining
eight nuclear power plants will be phased out gradu
ually over the next seven years
s. Due to low whholesale prices and
regulatory uncertaintty, investors are
e reluctant to invvest in new conventional power plants, which w
will still be need
ded to
and.
securre energy dema
For in
ncreased share of renewables, the Renewable
e Energy Law (E
EEG) guarantee
es a fixed price, independent off
dema
and and supply for renewable power
p
plants. Th
he law is disabliing market mechanisms, allowiing the sector to
o rely
on su
ubsidies rather than
t
encouragin
ng competition ffor innovative, efficient
e
and inex
xpensive technoologies. Subsidiies for
renew
wable energy an
nd investments in grid infrastru
ucture to integrate the increasing amounts of voolatile renewable
energ
gy into the syste
em have led and
d will continue tto lead to higherr electricity price
es. Policymakerrs must set the right
frame
ework towards a free and efficie
ent European e
electricity market to limit the burrden.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
30.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
47,268 (I)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.40
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
High (HHI = 1,387)

95
9 | 95
3.7
-0.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
GHANA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
99
5
95
Trend
Score
99
BDC
Energy security
s
32
2
36
35
Energy equity
e
10
04
105 106
5
75
78
81
0
80
83
91
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BDC
C
97
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Ghan
na drops 2 place
es in this years Index, from ran
nk 97 in 2015 to
o rank 99 in 2016. While the couuntry achieves good
g
resultts in the energyy security dimen
nsion, it lags beh
hind regarding energy
e
equity, re
esulting in a ballance score of BDC.
B
In ord
der to improve energy
e
security, energy equity a
and environmen
ntal sustainabilitty Ghana needss to address a
numb
ber of related ch
hallenges, such as: 1) the lack of a credible, su
ustained and foc
cused energy po
policy; 2) the inability
to exe
ecute policies; 3)
3 governmenta
al interference; a
and 4) ineffectiv
ve regulatory authorities.
Rece
ent policy develo
opments include
e: the enactmen
nt of Electricity Regulations,
R
2008 (L.I 1937), w
which is intended
d to
provide for the plann
ning, expansion, safety criteria, reliability and cost-effectivenes
c
ss of the Intercoonnected
Transsmission System
m, and to regula
ate the wholesa
ale electricity ma
arket; the enactm
ment of the Rennewable Energy
y Act,
2011 (Act 832) to im
mprove the development, manag
gement and utilisation of renew
wable energy soources for produ
uction
of heat and power in
n an efficient and
d environmenta
ally-sustainable manner; and the incorporation of Ghana Gas
Comp
pany in July 201
11 with the resp
ponsibility to buiild, own, and op
perate infrastructure required foor gathering,
proce
essing, transporrting and marketing natural gass in Ghana.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
27.7
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
61
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.16

002012 (%)
4,20
01 (IV)
Low (HHI = 3,991)

28 | 5
23.6
7.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
G
GREECE
E
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
33
7
37
33
Trend
Score
BBA
Energy security
s
84
4
77
56
Energy equity
e
45
5
46
44
1
21
23
19
5
55
48
46
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBA
A
37
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Greece improves byy 4 places, to ran

nk 33. The coun
ntrys energy trillemma performa
ance is well balaanced overall,
resultting in a letter grade
g
of BBA.
Greece has put in place a number of

o policy instrum
ments to meet th
he ever-increasing electricity deemand, favourin
ng the
markket uptake of ren
newable energy
y sources. The a
aim is also to atttempt to reduce
e the share of cooal in electricity
generation, which cu
urrently accountts for 40% of po
ower generation. If successful, such
s
plans can help to improve
e the
onmental sustaiinability trilemma performance.
counttrys energy seccurity and enviro
A new
w remuneration policy framewo
ork for renewablles allows feed--in tariffs (FITs) only for small P
PV systems, while
large installations pa
articipate via com
mpetitive schem
mes. This requirres healthy competition among electricity gene
erators
encourages renewable energy investors to ste
ep in without gen
nerous FITs. On
nly 7 MW of new
w PV was installed in
and e
the first half of 2015.. To revive the stalled
s
domesticc PV market, the
e country has im
mplemented a nnet-metering sch
heme,
appliccable only to so
olar PV installations for self-con
nsumption (both rooftop and gro
ound-mounted ssystems).
The G
Government is obstructing
o
the liberalisation off the energy marrket, maintaining
g control of the national electric
city
comp
pany the Public Power Corpo
oration (PPC), ow
wner of the natiional transmission system operrator.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
15.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
26,6
680 (II)
0.06
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.24
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.28

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 95
6.9
-1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
HO
ONG KO NG
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
37
8
38
37
Trend
Score
DAA
Energy security
s
12
20
121 117
Energy equity
e
26
6
29
31
0
20
20
20
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DAA
A
40
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Hong
g Kong improvess by 3 places in
n this years Inde
ex, to rank 37. The
T country rece
eives excellent scores in the en
nergy
equityy and environm
mental sustainab
bility dimensionss, but lags behin
nd regarding ene
ergy security, reesulting in a balance
score
e of DAA.
The e
economy has sccarce indigenou
us energy sourcces and about 25
5% of electricity
y is imported. Too secure clean and
a
reliab
ble electricity su
upply, Hong Kon
ng signed a Mem
morandum of Understanding (M
MOU) on energyy cooperation with
w
mainland China in August
A
2008, gua
aranteeing supp
ply of nuclear en
nergy and enha
anced supply of natural gas. Th
he
succe
essful completio
on and commiss
sioning of the H ong Kong Branch Line of the Second
S
WestE
East Natural Gas
s
Pipeline has helped ensure a stable
e and secure su
upply of natural gas
g from the ma
ainland for poweer generation. The
T
en put
government has put in place a contingency plan forr oil in the event of disruption. A code of practiice has also bee
ain a minimum of 30 days supply of gas oil annd naphtha.
ace that requiress major oil comp
panies to mainta
in pla
In the
e 1990s, natural gas for electric
city generation w
was introduced for diversity of supply.
s
Moreoveer, with the
introd
duction of LPG vehicles
v
around
d the year 2000,, LPG has been
n used as a fuel for more than 220,000 taxis and
d
light b
buses.
With the 2013 Clean

n Air Plan for Ho
ong Kong, the G
Government has
s implemented a series of meassures to improve
e
uality.
air qu
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
7.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
56,719 (I)
0.03
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
11.6

U
0.14

002012 (%)
N.A.
M
N.A.. | N.A.
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
IC
CELAND
D
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
15
3
13
Trend
Score
15
BAA
Energy security
s
54
4
54
57
Energy equity
e
17
7
17
19
7
17
17
17
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAA
A
12
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Icelan
nd drops 3 placces, to rank 15. Iceland perform
ms well across th
he board, with environmental
e
suustainability being a
particcular strength. This
T
results in a balance score of BAA.
With a big share of renewables,

r
Iceland currently d
does not have a spot market forr electricity. Pricces are negotiatted via
a pow
wer purchase ag
greement (PPA). State-owned Landsvirkjun is by far the large
est energy comppany in Iceland,
providing approxima
ately 75% of all the
t electricity prroduced in Icela
and (12.6 GWh annually).
a
Landdsvirkjun is
onsible for more
e than 96% of all hydro generattion, and 11% of
o the total geoth
hermal output. 880% of electricity
respo
Landsvirkjun genera
ates is sold to en
nergy intensive industries via lo
ong-term contracts. The remainning 20% is bought by
publicc utilities and th
he Icelandic Transmission Syste
em Operator (TSO).
Acco
ording to the Nattional Renewable Energy Actio
on Plan for 2020
0 (NREAP), elec
ctricity generatioon from geotherrmal
powe
er plants is expe
ected to increase by 12% from 5.24 TWh in 20
014 to 5.8 TWh in 2020, which ccorresponds to about
80 MW installed elecctrical capacity. Recently, the p
possibility emerg
ged of exporting
g electricity viaa HVDC subma
arine
es to mainland
d Europe.
cable
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
23.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
46,547 (I)
0.22
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.15

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 2,671)

95
9 | 95
2.1
-1.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
INDIA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
91
0
90
91
Trend
Score
BCC
Energy security
s
50
0
60
51
Energy equity
e
95
5
93
93
8
98
96
97
01
10
105 100
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BCC
C
92
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
India improves by 1 place in the 201

16 Index to rankk 91. The country receives a ba
alance score of B for energy se
ecurity
and rreceives lower scores
s
in the energy equity and
d environmental sustainability dimensions, resuulting in an overrall
balan
nce score of BC
CC.
India's Intended Nationally Determin

ned Contribution
o emission inteensity of GDP by
y
ns (INDCs) include; reduction of
333
35 % by 2030 fro
om 2005 levels; about 40% cum
mulative electric
c power installed
d capacity from non-fossil fuel based
energ
gy resources byy 2030, with the help of technol ogy transfer and
d low-cost international financee from the Green
Clima
ate Fund (GCF)); creation of additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billlion tonnes of CO
C 2e through addditional forest cover
c
by 20
030.
Rece
ent policy develo
opments and im
mpacts include: 1
1) phased imple
ementation of 17
75 GW RE powe
wer capacity by 2022;
2
2) UD
DAY to turn arou
und DISCOMS; 3) DDUGJY sccheme for rural electrification; 4) EPAR for lim
miting emissions
s from
coal-ffired stations; 5)
5 leapfrogging to latest emissio
on standards in road transport sector;
s
6) help fo
for boosting of
dome
estic oil and gass exploration and production se
ector; 7) tighter LPG
L
subsidy be
eneficiary targetting via DBT; 8)
impro
oved availabilityy of coal through
h transparent co
oal block auction
n; 9) second cyc
cle of PAT for i ndustrial energy
y
efficie
ency notified with wider scope; 10) DSM throu
ugh large-scale replacement by
y LEDs; 11) smaart cities.
Key cchallenges inclu

ude: 1) DISCOM
M reforms yieldin
ng expected res
sults; 2) growth in manufacturinng through Make
e-in
India; 3) expanding energy
e
access; 4) integrating la
arge RE capacitty.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
30.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
75
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.08
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.32

002012 (%)
6,089 (III)
High (HHI = 779)

77
7 | 14
19.7
6.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

62 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
IRA
AN (ISL AMIC REPUBL
R
IC)
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
78
9
79
78
Trend
Score
BBD
Energy security
s
75
5
81
58
Energy equity
e
33
3
37
40
116
118 119
07
10
107 105
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBD
D
80
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Iran improves by 2 places

p
in this years Index, to ra
ank 78. The country performs well
w in the energgy security and energy
e
equityy dimensions, but
b lags behind regarding enviro
onmental sustainability, resultin
ng in a balance score of BBD.
Home
e of the worlds fourth largest proved
p
crude oil reserves and second
s
largest natural
n
gas reseerves, Irans ene
ergy
secto
or has not mana
aged to develop, due to internattional sanctions
s. After sanctions were lifted in early 2016, Iran
ns oil
exports have tripled compared to fig
gures from late 2
2015, now exce
eeding 2 million barrels per dayy.
Furth
her, Iran has ma
anaged to attrac
ct significant fore
eign investmentt and more efficient technologiees for energy
generation and transsformation are now
n
being empl oyed. This inclu
udes a contract with Turkey to bbuild 5,000 MW
W of
advanced combined-cycle power plants with aboutt 60% efficiency
y, to be complete
ed within the neext three years.
The ccountry is also taking

t
steps to address
a
the trile
emmas environmental sustaina
ability dimensionn, with plans to install
5 GW
W of both solar panels
p
and wind
d turbines by 20
021. These could
d help to renderr Irans renewabble energy
infrasstructure more resilient
r
to extre
eme weather eve
ents: recurring droughts
d
have significant
s
negat
ative effects on the
t
counttrys hydroelectric power plants
s. Due to drough
hts in early 2016, hydropower plants
p
are only aable to operate at
aroun
nd 15% capacityy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
38.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.15
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
98
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.53

002012 (%)
17,3
366 (II)
High (HHI = 866)

95
9 | 95
13.7
4.7
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
IRAQ
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
74
8
68
Trend
Score
74
BBD
Energy security
s
68
8
59
64
Energy equity
e
52
2
54
53
2
92
92
100
118
118 118
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBD
D
69
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, Iraq drops 5 pla

aces, to rank 74
4. The country re
eceives good sc
cores regarding energy security
y and
energ
gy equity, with environmental
e
sustainability beiing Iraqs lowes
st scoring trilemm
ma dimension. T
This results in a
balan
nce score of BBD.
The lraqi energy secctor is still completely owned byy the public secttor. The energy sector is nearlyy totally dependent on
oil an
nd gas revenuess for electricity generation,
g
tran sportation and distribution.
d
The
e sector is still faacing the challe
enge
of the
e highly expensive and destruc
ctive war againstt lSlS terrorists, and also the ve
ery low oil prices
es, and hence ve
ery
limite
ed government revenues.
r
Moreover, the contin
nued disputes with
w the Kurdistan Regional Govvernment (KRG)
rende
er oil/gas production and exporrt and hence an nual federal rev
venues are not clearly
c
defined.
Other minor challeng

ges include risin
ng energy dema
and internally an
nd also improvement of environnment protection
n
legisllations. Iraq is ta
ackling these ch
hallenges throug
gh diversificatio
on of economic resources,
r
and tthrough better
explo
oitation of gas and gas-linked in
ndustry. In addittion, it is intende
ed that a good portion
p
of the rev
evenues will be
invessted in the non-e
energy economy, including indu
ustry, agriculturre, trade, transport and educatioon.
Impro
ovement of energy efficiency ha
as priority in the
e recently updatted renewable and
a energy strattegy. The nation
nal
targe
et is for renewab
ble energy to ex
xceed 5% of tota
al electricity prod
duction by 2030
0.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
63.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
98
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.29

002012 (%)
14,8
895 (II)
Low (HHI = 4,669)

95
9 | 91
26.7
3.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
I RELAND
D
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
20
7
17
Trend
Score
20
CAA
Energy security
s
70
0
75
77
Energy equity
e
18
8
16
16
10
0
10
11
10
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAA
A
19
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Irelan
nd ranks 20th in
n this years Inde
ex. The countryy performs well regarding
r
energ
gy equity and ennvironmental
susta
ainability, placing 7th globally in
n the latter. Thiss results in a ballance score of CAA.
C
In 2014, Ireland impo

orted 85% of its
s energy needs. At the same tim
me, total primary
y energy use in Ireland fell by 0.5%
0
in 2014. Fossil fuels accounted for 90%
9
of all energ
gy used in Irelan
nd with oil rema
aining as the dom
minant fuel source
(47%
%), followed by gas
g (28%), coal (9%), renewablle energy (8%) and
a peat (6%), with the balance
ce (2%) comprising
electrricity imports an
nd energy from waste.
w
Ireland h
has set one of th
he worlds mostt ambitious reneewable energy
targe
ets: to produce 40%
4
of its electrricity from renew
wable energy by
y 2020, with the majority of thiss expected to co
ome
from wind-powered generation.
g
A full review of Irish national energy

y policy was und
dertaken and the outcome is se
et out in the Deccember 2015 White
W
Pape
er; Irelands Tra
ansition to a Low
w Carbon Energ
gy Future. It env
visages a reduction of 8095%
% in energy-related
emisssions by 2050. The
T White Pape
er identifies the non-traded sec
ctor as the prima
ary focus of govvernment policy,
which
h would involve decarbonising the heat and tra
ansport sectors..
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
25.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
54,654 (I)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.34
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.18

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 4,440)

95
9 | 95
7.6
-1.3
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
ISRAEL
L
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
34
0
30
Trend
Score
34
CAA
Energy security
s
79
9
85
85
Energy equity
e
39
9
35
36
6
36
37
29
3
23
24
22
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAA
A
34
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Israel maintains its place

p
in this yea
ars ranking, at 3
34. The country performs well in
n the energy eqquity and
ainability dimens
sions, receiving its lowest score
e in energy secu
urity. This resultts in a balance
e of CAA.
score
The d
discovery of offsshore natural ga
as reserves and
d underground oil
o shale and the
e subsequent beeginning of
explo
oration will chan
nge the countrys
s energy landsccape, as Israel relies
r
heavily on
n fossil fuel impoorts to meet its
growing energy need
ds. As a country
y that has been largely dependent on imports to
t meet its needds, these reserv
ves
are ccritical to the cou
untrys energy security.
s
Rece
ent policy develo
opments include
e: 1) the Nationa
al Energy Efficie
ency Programm
me; and 2) a targget for renewable
n set at 10% by
b 2020 to hellp counteract increasing energy
y demand and rreduce GHG
emisssions.
The g
greatest challen
nges for policym
makers are to: 1)) ensure that pro
oduction of new
w resources is caarried out efficie
ently;
2) set a binding targe
et for reducing GHG
G
emissionss; and 3) closely
y monitor the implementation off the energy
efficie
ency programm
me.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
31.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
35,432 (I)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
4.6

U
0.27

002012 (%)
2.7
Low (HHI = 3,383)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
ITALY
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
17
4
24
17
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
25
5
23
19
Energy equity
e
32
2
33
32
9
19
19
14
9
39
40
40
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
23
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Italy iimproves by 6 places

p
in this ye
ears Index, to ra
ank 17, earning a perfect score across the boaard (overall bala
ance
score
e of AAA).
Italy h
has one of the most
m
efficient th
hermoelectric ge
eneration system
ms in Europe an
nd the energy m
mix for power
generation is domina
ated by natural gas and renewa
able energy (ga
as 48%, renewable 28%, coal 1 5%, oil 3%, other
7%). Energy efficiency improved in the residential, commercial and
d transport sectors, with impresssive achievements
e reduction of GHG
G
emissions and
a water polluttion between 20
005 and 2013.
in the
Rece
ent policy develo
opments include
e: an extension of the incentive
es scheme for PV installations, energy efficienc
cy,
seism
mic retrofitting off buildings, build
ding renovation s and energy sttorage systems;; Conto Energiaa, a mechanism
supporting the produ
uction of energy
y from solar PV and solar therm
mal plants in builldings and businnesses; Conto
Term
mico 2.0, which encourages
e
mea
asures to increa
ase energy effic
ciency and the production
p
of theermal energy fro
om
renew
wable sources; a 20-year plan for funding non--solar renewable energy such as
a wind, geotheermal, biomass and
therm
modynamic. The
ese measures aim to lower the burden of incen
ntives on energy
y bills, increase the share of
renew
wables in therm
mal uses, and im
mprove efficiencyy.
Increased interconne
ection of the Italian natural gass market with EU
U markets is exp
pected to increaase Italian energ
gy
ng natural gas prices
p
in the who
olesale market. The government has also resttored the minimum
securrity, also lowerin
limit o
of 12 miles from
m the coast for off-shore
o
oil and gas drilling acttivities.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
23.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.31
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.19

002012 (%)
35,896 (I)
High (HHI = 886)
95
9 | 95
6.7
-1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
JAPAN
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
30
8
28
30
Trend
Score
CAB
Energy security
s
61
1
83
78
Energy equity
e
38
8
23
23
7
37
40
41
9
19
21
21
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAB
B
30
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, Japan maintains its place at ra

w in the energyy equity and
ainability dimens
sions, but lags b
behind in terms of energy securrity, resulting in a balance score
e
AB.
of CA
The g
government hass amended the five-year-old
f
fee
ed-in tariff (FIT) system, with ch
hanges to be inttroduced in Aprril
2017. One of the critticisms of the cu
urrent FIT syste
em is that purcha
asing prices were set high. To aaddress this criticism,
dding system fo
or the purchasing price from large-scale PVs suuch as mega-so
olar
the new FIT system introduces a bid
farmss.
The N
Nuclear Regulation Authority (N
NRA) approved the safety measures of Sendai, Takahama annd Ikata nuclearr
powe
er plants based on new safety standards.
s
While
0 MW) started itts operation in
e Ikata nuclear plant unit 3 (890
Augu
ust 2016, Takahama nuclear pla
ants (2 units, 87
70 MW each) we
ere operational in early 2016, bbut have been
temporarily shut dow
wn.
Altho
ough some challlenges might be
e encountered in
n restarting the remaining nucle
ear plants, manyy of these plantts are
expected to restart in
n the long run and
a Japans ene
ergy security sco
ore will improve. Additionally, thhe plant owners
s are
expecting a lifetime extension
e
of nuclear plants from
m 40 years to at most 60 years
s.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
26.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
37,322 (I)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.11
Rate of transm
%)
4.8

U
0.28

002012 (%)
0.4
High (HHI = 1,015)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
J
JORDAN
N
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
75
2
62
Trend
Score
75
DBC
Energy security
s
93
3
100 106
Energy equity
e
48
8
50
52
6
76
83
82
1
71
68
72
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBC
C
67
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Jorda
an drops 8 place
es, from rank 67
7 in 2015 to ran
nk 75 in 2016. Energy equity is the countrys sttrongest trilemm
ma
dimension, while ene
ergy security is its weakest, ressulting in a balance score of DB
BC.
The m
major current ch
hallenges for the
e country are an
n extremely high
h dependence on
o imports with over 95% of its
energ
gy demand annually being impo
orted. These im
mports impose a heavy cost burrden, representi ng about 20% of
o the
GDP in 2014. The Arab
A
Spring leav
ves the country iin constant insta
ability of supply of oil and naturral gas. Energy
and is projected
d to continue to grow
g
between 5
57% annually with
w the flow of refugees, nationnal population
dema
growtth, and expansion of developm
ment projects. Th
he countrys currrent and future top priorities arre to achieve a
diverrsification of ene
ergy sources by introducing alte
ernative energy, exploiting dom
mestic reserves, and switching from
f
ural Gas (PNG) to Liquefied Na
atural Gas (LNG
G).
import of Piped Natu
en attempting to
o increase the sh
hare of nuclear,, solar and wind power to 16% of the total energy
The ccountry has bee
mix b
by 2020 comparred to 2% in 201
13, signing a $1 0bn deal for construction of 2,0
000 MW nucleaar power reactorrs with
Russsian state-owned
d company Ros
satom in March 2
hale reserve has been developped by the Jorda
an Oil
2015. The oil sh
Shale
e Company and
d Shell with the expectation
e
thatt shales will con
ntribute 14% to the nations eneergy mix in 2020
0. A
new L
LNG terminal op
pened in July 20
015 to replace tthe import of oil and unstable PNG.
P
This will allso contribute to
o
reduccing CO2 emissions as well as increasing enerrgy security.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.37

002012 (%)
10,880 (III)
Low (HHI = 2,854)

95
9 | 95
14.5
3.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
KAZ
ZAKHST
TAN
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
82
5
75
Trend
Score
82
CBD
Energy security
s
37
7
72
65
Energy equity
e
53
3
52
54
21
12
123 122
6
56
60
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBD
D
84
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
50
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Kaza
akhstan improve
es by 2 places in
n this years Ind
dex, to rank 82. The
T country rec
ceives good scoores regarding
energ
gy security and energy equity, but performs po
oorly in the environmental susta
ainability dimenssion, for a balan
nce
score
e of CBD.
Rece
ent policy develo
opments in Kaza
akhstan include
e: strengthening
g state institution
ns responsible ffor energy efficie
ency
in pro
oduction, extracction and consum
mption of energ
gy; clear and com
mprehensive en
nergy saving proogrammes to re
educe
the energy intensity of industry (a 25
5% reduction byy 2020 compare
ed to 2008); the adoption of pollicies to supportt the
development and incclusion of availa
able renewable energy sources
s (RES) into the energy mix (rennewable and
altern
native sources by
b 2050 should provide 50% off the countrys electricity);
e
and plans
p
and progrrammes to facilitate
the m
modernisation off existing powerr generation, po
ower grids and oil
o refining installations. The divversification of th
he
generation portfolio will
w be enhance
ed by Kazakhsta
ans Transition to
t a Green Econ
nomy, approvedd by the Order of
o the
Presiident of Kazakhstan in 2013.
Policyymakers will co
ontinue existing successful pracctices to maintaiin a favourable investment clim
mate, which allow
ws
impro
ovements to the
e countrys trilem
mma balance, a nd attracts inve
estment into the exploration andd production of
energ
gy resources forr export to world
d markets. Therre is a need to further develop power
p
generatinng facilities by
introd
ducing cutting-e
edge technologie
es that will not o
only ensure dom
mestic supply, but also enable tthe country to offer
signifficant amounts of
o electricity to markets
m
in neigh
hbouring countrries.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
36.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
25,8
877 (II)
0.12
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
8.0

U
0.69

002012 (%)
6.0
Low (HHI = 5,555)

95
9 | 77
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

63 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
KENYA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
107
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
07
10
107 1107
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
BDB
Energy security
s
31
1
37
47
Energy equity
e
118
117 118
6
56
55
58
4
94
93
89
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BDB
B
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Kenyya maintains its place in this yea

ars index, at ra
w in the energ
rgy security and
ainability dimens
sions, but receivves a balance sc
core of D in ene
ergy equity, for aan overall letter
e of BDB.
grade
Kenyyas energy secttor faces a number of challenge

es: growing dem
mand, inadequate power supplyy capacity, a low
w
connectivity rate, a weak
w
transmissiion and distributtion network, an
nd lack of investtments from thee private sector. The
ndence on hydro
opower also exp
poses the energ
gy sector to eme
erging risks, succh as extreme
counttrys high depen
weath
her events.
Rece
ent developments to boost electricity generatio
on include the co
ommissioning of: 1) the Olkariaa IV power plantt, the
world
ds largest single
e-turbine geothe
ermal power pla
ant, which will add 140 MW to the grid; 2) the laargest wind ene
ergy
project in the region to deliver 15% of supply; and 3
3) 1 GW of world-class solar prrojects to be buiilt by SkyPowerr over
the next five years.
In its long-term deve

elopment strateg
gy Vision 2030, energy was identified as one of the critical fooundations and
enablers of the socio
o-economic tran
nsformation envvisioned for the country.
c
To this effect a numbeer of policies and
d
regulations have bee
en developed: the 2015 Energyy Bill to consolid
date all laws rela
ating to energy, the National En
nergy
and P
Petroleum Policcy 2015 to suppo
ort the administtration of all the proposed laws and the Petroleeum Exploration
n,
Deve
elopment and Prroduction Local Content Regula
ations 2014 Actt for local conten
nt provisions to name a few.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
19.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.12
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
19
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.11
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.10

002012 (%)
3,08
83 (IV)
Low (HHI = 2,994)

61 | 5
15.6
2.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
KOREA
A (REPU
UBLIC)
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
44
3
43
44
Trend
Score
CAC
Energy security
s
72
2
76
72
Energy equity
e
30
0
38
35
7
87
89
88
8
28
29
28
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAC
C
46
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, Korea (Rep.) ra

anks 44th. Energ
gy equity is the countrys strong
gest trilemma d imension, while
e it
receivves a letter grad
de of C in both energy
e
securityy and environme
ental sustainability, for a balancce score of CAC
C.
Energ
gy security remains a major challenge with a vvery low stability
y of resource su
upplies and an eenergy import
dependency of aroun
nd 97%.
Rece
ent policy measu
ures to enhance
e energy securitty include: expa
anding cooperation with resourcce-rich countries
s;
strengthening the co
ompetitiveness of
o energy develo
oping companie
es; and establishing the Overseeas Resource
Deve
elopment Fund to
t fund energy development
d
pro
ojects in additio
on to giving gove
ernment loans aand guarantees.
Envirronmental susta
ainability policy measures
m
includ
de: the expansion of renewable
e energy with taargets until 2030
0 and
the sttrong support off RD&D. Nuclea
ar energy plays an essential role in the country
ys energy systeem in terms of energy
e
securrity, economics,, climate change
e and load dem
mand.
Policyymakers need to
t continue focu
using on: 1) the enhancement of
o overseas energy developmennt; 2) the
development of rene
ewable energy; and 3) the expa
ansion of the nu
uclear power sec
ctor, with considderation given to
o
safetyy issues, waste
e disposal, and increasing publi c acceptance by providing obje
ective informatioon and being
transparent.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
38.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
34,549 (I)
High (HHI = 926)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
93

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.24
Rate of transm
%)
3.5

U
0.36

002012 (%)
2.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
K
KUWAIT
T
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
53
9
59
53
Trend
Score
CAD
Energy security
s
81
1
74
75
Energy equity
e
19
9
24
21
6
96
98
99
9
79
78
76
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CAD
D
56
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Kuwa
ait improves by 3 places, from rank
r
56 in 2015
5 to rank 53 in 2016. Energy equity is by far thee countrys stron
ngest
trilem
mma dimension, with Kuwait rec
ceiving its lowesst letter grade fo
or its environme
ental sustainabillity performance
e,
resultting in a balance score of CAD.
In ligh
ht of the rapidlyy increasing pow
wer demand ove
er the past deca
ade, the governm
ment unveiled aan extensive
development plan fo
or the electric grid. Since 2007, 5 GW of capac
city have been commissioned,
c
tthrough combinede gas-fired plants and several smaller expansio
ons to oil-fired fa
acilities. By 2020 the installed ccapacity is planned to
cycle
increase to 25 GW, with
w a reserve margin
m
of more tthan 10%. By in
ncreasing the sh
hare of natural ggas in its primarry
energ
gy consumption
n from 34% in 20
009 to 42% in 2
2012, the countrry has moreoverr been looking fo
for solutions to meet
m
its ele
ectricity demand
d at peak times.
Altho
ough most of thiss planned capacity will be fuelle
ed by natural ga
as or oil, 5% of the electricity iss planned to com
me
from renewables by 2020 and to inc
crease to 15% b
by 2030, mainly deploying solarr and wind technnology. Howeve
er, the
h delayed furtther exploration
n and production
n. Project Kuwait attempts to inncentivise foreign
regulated oil sector has
p
capa
acity to 4 millionn barrels per day
y by 2020, as well as to diversiffy its oil-heavy
invesstment to bring production
economy through na
atural gas produ
uction.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
64.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
71,312 (I)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
94

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.36

002012 (%)
95
9 | 95
13.3
3.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
LATVIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
25
6
26
Trend
Score
25
ABB
Energy security
s
16
6
15
18
Energy equity
e
43
3
41
38
3
53
49
56
4
24
23
26
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ABB
B
24
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, Latvia drops 1 place

p
to rank 25
5. The countrys
s trilemma performance is overaall balanced, with
energ
gy security being its strongest dimension.
d
Thiss results in a ballance score of ABB.
A
In 2012 the Latvian government

g
agrreed on the Latvvian Energy Lon
ng Term Strateg
gy 2030 Comppetitive Energy for
Socie
ety. Since then, the country has
s made significa
ant progress on this plan. Interc
connection in thhe area has
Sweden and Litthuania as well as Poland and LLithuania, which
increased, especiallyy due to connec
ctions between S
h has
o a decrease in energy prices.
led to
A pla
anned connectio
on from Latvia to
o Estonia, to be completed by 2020,
2
is further expected to impprove the security
and e
equity dimensions of the trilemm
ma. A diversifica
ation of gas imp
ports, mainly due to a new LNG
G terminal in
Lithuania, is likely to
o further add to this.
t
The country
ry has also made progress in th
he renewables ssector, with the
ongo
oing renovation of
o its hydroelecttric power plantss, as well as building capacity in wind energy.
The m
main challenge for Latvia will be to further grow
w its renewable energy sector, as well as desiggning an effective
feed--in tariff scheme
e to support this growth.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
23.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
24,2
286 (II)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.17
Rate of transm
%)
8.2

U
0.19

002012 (%)
0.3
Low (HHI = 2,539)

95
9 | 78
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
L EBANO
ON
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
86
4
84
86
Trend
Score
DBB
Energy security
s
10
08
112 113
Energy equity
e
75
5
76
74
8
58
58
61
3
93
99
95
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBB
B
86
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Lebanon maintains its place in this years

y
ranking, at rank 86. The country perform
ms well in the ennergy equity and
ainability dimens
sions, but lags b
behind regarding
g energy securitty, for a balancee score of DBB..
In 2010, the governm

ment approved a strategy for th
he rehabilitation of the power se
ector, including the development of
energ
gy efficiency and renewable en
nergy to addresss the countrys energy
e
security concerns.
The n
national target iss for 12% of tota
al electricity pro
oduction to come from renewab
ble energy by 20020. A recent move
m
towarrds developing larger solar pow
wer plants, such
h as the Beirut River
R
Solar Snak
ke project, is a ppromising sign of
o the
counttrys progress on
o its renewable
es targets.
With regards to enerrgy efficiency targets, progress is slowing down. The National Energy Efficienncy Action Plan,
pired in 2015 an
nd no successo r plan has been
n formulated to ensure
e
continuinng energy
adopted in 2011, exp
ency gains.
efficie
A keyy challenge to successful

s
imple
ementation will b
be to update the
e legislative fram
mework that govverns the powerr
secto
or. Policymakerss should focus on
o creating an e
enabling legislattive framework for
f the developm
ment of renewable
energ
gy and energy efficiency,
e
which
h has the potenttial to improve both
b
the trilemm
mas environmenntal sustainabilitty and
securrity dimensions..
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
24.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
13,938 (III)
0.06
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
9.6

U
0.33

002012 (%)
3.7
High (HHI = 1,091)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
LI THUAN IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
28
9
29
Trend
Score
28
BAB
Energy security
s
40
0
25
46
Energy equity
e
36
6
34
34
2
72
67
40
4
34
32
34
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAB
B
28
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Lithuania ranks the same

s
as last year, at 28. Energ
gy equity is the countrys
c
strong
gest trilemma di mension and it
de of B in both energy
e
security and environme
ental sustainability, for a balancce score of BAB.
Lithuania remains am
mong the few European countrries where electricity consumption grows steaddily every year and
a
this trrend will continu
ue in the next 10
0 years accordi ng to Litgrid. One
O of the countrys energy chaallenges is to red
duce
its en
nergy dependen
nce on a single supplier
s
to secu
ure reliable and reasonably pric
ced energy. Its kkey actions are to
develop a regional electricity
e
interco
onnection and to
o construct an LNG
L
terminal an
nd LNG Hub.
In ligh
ht of historic dissruption of gas supply
s
from Russsia to the isolatted energy coun
ntries, not only LLithuania but also
Latvia
a and Estonia, the
t next importa
ant policy challe
enge will be to strengthen
s
regional energy integgration.
Lithuania has alread

dy opened up po
ower links with P
Poland and Swe
eden in Decemb
ber 2015. The eestablishment off an
LNG terminal in Deccember 2014 is another effort to
o enhance its independence fro
om a monopoly exporter. The
counttry saw a drop of
o 63% in the sh
hare of total gass imports that ca
ame from Russia in the first quaarter of 2016, which
w
indica
ates that the countrys energy security
s
perform
mance is likely to
o increase given
n the improvemeent of its energy
y
import ratio, all else being equal.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
30.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
27,7
730 (II)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.18
Rate of transm
%)
7.5

U
0.20

002012 (%)
1.6
Low (HHI = 6,272)

N.A.. | N.A.
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
LUX
XEMBOU
URG
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
55
0
60
SCORE
Energy equity
e
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DAD
D
57
22016
Trend
118
1
111
6
108 103
3
DAD
120 122
1
Score
55
Energy perfo
ormance
Energy security
s
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Luxembourg places 55th in this yea

ars Index. While
e it achieves the
e best score globally regarding energy equity, the
t
limita
ations of its geog
graphical size have
h
negative co
onsequences fo
or its scores in energy
e
security aand environmen
ntal
susta
ainability, resulting in a balance
e score of DAD.
A ma
ajor challenge th
hat Luxembourg
g faces is its dep
pendence on en
nergy imports (9
96.8% in 2010). Due to the countrys
limite
ed resource end
dowment, there is little potentiall for Luxembourrg to develop do
omestic energy ssources. Instea
ad, the
counttry needs to foccus on promoting regional intercconnection, dive
ersifying its energy sources andd suppliers and
impro
oving its energyy efficiency and intensity to prom
mote its energy security.
allenge for Luxe

The w
wider deployme
ent of renewable
es is a major cha
embourg, with re
enewables accoounting for 2.9%
% of
the energy mix in 20
010. However, th
he 2020 target iis at 11% and despite its suppo
ort mechanismss, which include feedin tarriffs, investment incentives and tax deductions , the country is unlikely to meett the target giveen current progress.
Energ
gy and carbon intensity in Luxe
embourgs econ
nomy is the lowe
est among EU-15 countries. Hoowever, for the
indusstry and transpo
ortation sectors energy intensityy is the highest among all EU-15 countries withh low diesel pric
ce one
of the
e contributing fa
actors.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
11.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
101,926 (I)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.23
Rate of transm
%)
1.9

U
0.23

002012 (%)
2.3
Low (HHI = 3,876)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
M ALAYS IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
35
1
41
35
Trend
Score
BBC
Energy security
s
64
4
55
37
Energy equity
e
37
7
40
41
9
69
75
83
5
35
33
33
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBC
C
38
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Malayysia improves by
b 3 places, to rank 35. Its trilem
mma performan
nce is overall balanced, scoringg slightly lower in
n the
ainability dimens
sion, for an overrall letter grade of BBC.
Acco
20), rural electrrification and ren
ording to the elevventh Malaysia Plan (2016202
newable energyy development will
w be
key a
aims for the Malaysian energy sector.
s
The sha re of household
ds with access to
o electricity hass increased to
appro
oximately 98% in
i 2015. In orde
er to complete th
he electrification
n of the entire co
ountry by 2020, construction off new
generation plants with 7.6 GW of total capacity and
d a number of grid interconnecttion projects willl be implemente
ed.
New power plants will
w contribute to not only the imp
provement of en
nergy equity butt also enhance eenergy security
y and
susta
ainability through
h replacing olde
er, inefficient pla
ants.
The ccountry is also seeking

s
to impro
ove its generatio
on mix, which will
w reduce its hig
gh dependency on oil and gas. The
poten
ntial of several alternative
a
sourc
ces is being exa
amined by the government;
g
in particular
p
biomaass, biogas,
geoth
hermal and wind
d are expected to be at the hea
art of government policy. The ta
arget share of reenewable sourc
ces in
total generation capa
acity is 7.8% in Peninsular Mal aysia and Saba
ah by 2020. Und
der this aim, thee first geotherma
al
plant is currently und
der construction
n and will start o
operation in 2018. In addition, th
he country will ccomplete its nattional
wind mapping by 2016 to explore its
s feasibility as a reliable source
e of energy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
40.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
26,8
891 (II)
High (HHI = 1,411)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
4.2

U
0.36

002012 (%)
4.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
M
MEXICO
O
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
52
2
52
Trend
Score
52
BBB
Energy security
s
66
6
62
59
Energy equity
e
64
4
72
71
1
51
57
55
1
51
56
55
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBB
B
59
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Mexicco improves by 7 places in this

s years Index, frrom rank 59 in 2015
2
to rank 52 in 2016. The coountry performs
s well
acrosss the board, receiving a balanc
ce score of BBB
B.
The M
Mexican energyy sector is facing
g a dual challen
nge: a) the trans
sition from a monopolistic structture to a compe
etitive
markket scheme, follo
owing the marke
et liberalisation in 2013; and b) the transition frrom a high-carbbon to a low-carbon
economy.
Mexicco is the second

d country, after the UK, which h
has enacted a la
aw that frames the actions to bbe taken with reg
gards
to clim
mate change (2
2012 General La
aw on Climate C
Change, LGCC)), both from an emission
e
mitigattion point of view as
well a
as measures of adaptation. Me
exicos Intended
d Nationally Dete
ermined Contrib
butions for COP
P21 include a 25
5%
reducction in GHG em
missions by 203
30 (compared to
o a business-as--usual projection
n), with 35% of electricity generation
to come from clean energies
e
by 202
24 and an aspira
ational goal of a 50% reduction
n in GHG emissiions by 2050.
The g
greatest challen
nges policymake
ers need to focu
us on to meet th
he targets are: 1) the continuatioon of a renewab
ble
energ
gy programme and
a the re-initiation of a nuclea
ar programme; 2)
2 continued increase of producction of both oil and
naturral gas on and offshore
o
as well as the developm
ment of shale gas
g resources; and
a 3) improvedd energy efficien
ncy
and e
energy conserva
ation including cogeneration
c
in order to reduce
e Mexicos energy intensity.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
34.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.27

002012 (%)
17,2
277 (II)
Low (HHI = 6,511)

95
9 | 61
14.8
1.7
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
MO
ONGOL
LIA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
114
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
111
111 1114
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
DCD
Energy security
s
116
115 114
Energy equity
e
96
6
95
95
22
12
123 124
4
64
69
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DCD
D
Score
65
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Mong
golia drops 3 pla
aces to rank 114
4. The country rreceives low scores across the board, scoring a letter grade of
o D in
both energy securityy and environme
ental sustainabillity. This results
s in a balance sc
core of DCD.
An im
mportant challen
nge for the Mong
golian energy s ector is to deve
elop a national in
ntegrated energgy system. Curre
ently
four sseparate electriccity grids are in operation. Therrefore, the coun
ntry is planning to
t connect these
se grids and exp
pand
the distribution syste
em under the Prrogramme on M
Mongolian Integrrated Power Sys
stem (200720440).
Mode
ernisation and in
ncreasing electrric production ca
apacity are priorities for the cou
untry. Accordingg to the Asian
Deve
elopment Bank, the share of ele
ectricity which iss being imported
d from Russia to
o manage peakk demand has be
een
increasing over the past
p
years. Due
e to ageing powe
er plants it is es
ssential to reduc
ce losses by impproving existing
nal management and to develop
p new plants to secure a reliable energy supplly.
plants and operation
ent is aiming to increase the sh

hare of renewab
bles in the nation
nal energy mix tto 20% by 2020
0. The
Lastlyy, the governme
government is streng
gthening its inte
ernational coope
eration and work
king with interna
ational companiies to develop the
ch has been esttimated by the Mongolian
M
Natio
onal Renewablee Energy centre to be
counttrys renewables potential, whic
appro
oximately 2,600
0 GW.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
37.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.14
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
86
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.74

002012 (%)
12,189 (III)
Low (HHI = 6,621)

43 | 5
12.8
4.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
M OROCC
CO
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
80
8
78
80
Trend
Score
DBC
Energy security
s
113
118 111
Energy equity
e
57
7
57
59
7
67
76
75
2
82
81
81
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBC
C
78
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Moro
occo ranks 80th in this years In
ndex. The counttrys strongest trrilemma dimens
sion is energy eqquity, but it rece
eives a
letterr grade of D regarding energy security,
s
for a ba
alance score of DBC.
newable energy
Moro
occo has taken a strong initiativ
ve to develop ren
y since 2008 in order to deal wiith high levels of
o
energ
gy imports and to
t reduce its dependency on fo
ossil fuels. The country
c
set a target to establishh 6 GW of renew
wable
energ
gy from solar, wind
w
and hydropower, which willl lead to 42% off installed powe
er capacity in 20020 compared to
o 13%
in 2015.
Acco
ording to the Clim
mate Investmen
nt Funds, the firsst phase of the NOOR project, a group of 5 soolar plans which was
opened in 2016, can
n play a vital role
e to improve en ergy security an
nd sustainability
y by producing eenough energy to
powe
er over one million homes by 20
018 and reducin
ng emissions by
y an estimated 760,000
7
tons of CO2 per year. At
A the
same
e time, the coun
ntry is focusing on
o promoting en
nergy efficiency. The goal for energy efficiencyy is to achieve a 20%
impro
ovement by 203
30.
Rene
ewable energy and
a energy effic
ciency will keep its position as the
t heart of the national energyy strategy in the
counttry as US$11bn
n is projected to be invested in ssolar and wind over the next fiv
ve years in Moroocco.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.12
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.25

002012 (%)
7,821 (III)
High (HHI = 1,047)

95
9 | 87
13.7
5.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
N
NAMIBIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
965
201
14
2015
02
10
100
Score
96
DDB
Energy security
s
114
113 103
Energy equity
e
10
00
100 100
4
54
52
45
1
61
57
59
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DDB
B
Trend
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
22016
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Namiibia improves byy 4 places in thiis years index, from rank 100 in 2015 to rank 96
9 in 2016. Thee countrys stron
ngest
trilem
mma dimension is environmenta
al sustainability while both enerrgy security and
d energy equity receive a letter grade
of D. this results in a balance score of DDB.
Namiibia struggles to
o meet local dem
mand. In additio
on to its own installed capacity the
t country reliees on imports fro
om
neigh
hbouring countriies such as Zim
mbabwe, Zambia
a, Mozambique and South Afric
ca. However, thee country plans to
tackle
e these difficulties, particularly through the exp
pansion of its re
enewable energy
y sector. To thiss effect the coun
ntry
has rrecently develop
ped a framework to include Inde
ependent Powe
er Producers (IP
PPs) in the energ
rgy supply, and the
national regulator, th
he Electricity Co
ontrol Board (EC
CB), has already
y issued 14 IPP licences. These
se developments
s have
ove the countrys energy trilem
mma performanc
ce across all dim
mensions.
the potential to impro
mulating an integ
grated long-term
m energy strateg
gy remains a key challenge for the country. Thee National Integ
grated
Form
Reso
ource Plan and the
t Renewable Energy Policy, as well as the transformation of
o the ECB into tthe Namibia Energy
Regu
ulatory Authorityy (NERA) with an expanded reg
gulatory remit arre positive recent developmentts. However, the
ese
policiies are still form
med under the ae
egis of the 1998
8 White Paper on
o Energy Policy
y, which needs to be updated to
t
arrive
e at a strong and coherent energy policy and th
hus to improve the countrys ra
anking.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
31.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
44
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.11
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.18

002012 (%)
10,414 (III)
Low (HHI = 2,522)

83
8 | 14
12.6
4.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
NEPAL
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
123
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
23
12
123 1123
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
DDC
Energy security
s
12
25
125 125
Energy equity
e
112
111 111
5
85
85
86
114
116 115
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DDC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Nepa
al ranks 123rd in
n this years Index, maintaining
g its 2015 rank. The
T countrys energy security aand energy equity
score
es are particularrly low, resulting
g in an overall le
etter grade of DDC.
The kkey energy challlenges for Nepa

al are to improvve access to mo
odern energy in rural communitiies and to increase
electrricity supply to provide
p
reliable energy servicess to the populattion.
Nepa
al has one of the
e lowest levels of
o electrification
n among South Asian
A
countries and the rural poopulation is highly
dependent on traditio
onal biofuel for heating and coo
oking. At the sa
ame time, energy demand is exxpected to increa
ase at
over 8% per year un
ntil 2027 accordiing to the Nepall Electricity Auth
hority (NEA).
To prrovide reliable and

a sustainable energy, a Rura
al Energy Devellopment Programme was launcched in 1996
supported by the Un
nited Nations De
evelopment Prog
gramme (UNDP
P). The National Rural and Rennewable Energy
y
Progrramme (20122
2017) is building
g on the Rural E
Energy Development Programm
me by building ssmall hydropowe
er and
solarr heating system
ms. The program
mme is expected
d to bring beneffits of economic, environmentall and social
c
development to the country.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
15.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.18
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
76
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.10

002012 (%)
2,45
58 (IV)
Low (HHI = 9,432)

67
6 | 10
24.4
2.7
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
NET
THERLA NDS
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAB
Energy security
s
15
5
20
Energy equity
e
2
42
42
42
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAB
B
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, the Netherlands

s improve by 4 p
places to rank 4.
4 The country performs
p
stronglly across the bo
oard,
makin
ng it into the top
p 10 not just ove
erall, but also w
with regard to energy security an
nd energy equity
ty. This results in a
balan
nce score of AA
AB.
The N
Netherlands is well-positioned
w
in the Index butt still faces a number of challenges. These incllude: the public
debate around installation of additio
onal onshore win
nd capacity; hig
gh expectations of biomass andd green gas in
ace of challenging markets; ens
suring solar surrges and geothe
ermal meet expe
ectations given tthe low starting
the fa
base; and a feed-in tariff
t
scheme that is not sufficie
ent to reach targ
gets. Furthermore, energy efficiiency progress is
fairly slow.
Key e
energy policy de
evelopments are
e: the green dea
als; energy inno
ovation top sector approach deesigned to streng
gthen
markket steering, marrket involvemen
nt and market re
esources for ene
ergy; and the SD
DE+ (stimulatio n of
susta
ainable/renewab
ble energy) feed
d-in scheme tha
at is fully operational and funded
d (over 1.5bn pper annum).
A keyy trend is the strrong decentralis

sation of power generation. Pollicymakers have
e to create the fframework to
stimu
ulate or facilitate
e this developme
ent including the
e upgrade of the existing netwo
ork such as smaart grids. Finally
y, the
Nethe
erlands is expeccted to strength
hen its position a
as a gas country
y, with an increa
ased focus on thhe role of gas as
a a
balan
ncing fuel in a syystem that is mo
oving towards ssustainability.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
21.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
48,459 (I)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.23
Rate of transm
%)
3.9

U
0.25

002012 (%)
0.1
High (HHI = 924)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
NEW
W ZEALA
AND
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
1
11
Trend
Score
AAB
Energy security
s
19
9
16
13
Energy equity
e
29
9
18
20
8
38
36
36
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAB
B
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
New Zealand placess 9th in this yearrs Index. In thiss years index, New
N
Zealand ranks 9th. With itss stable market-based framework an
nd strong economic growth the country balance
es the trade-offs
s between energ
rgy security, ene
ergy
mental sustainab
bility well, resultiing in a balance
e score of AAB.
equityy and environm
The N
New Zealand En
nergy Strategy (NZES) and En
nergy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy setts out the
governments overarrching energy policy frameworkk. Its four priorities (diverse resource developm
ment, environme
ental
onsibility, efficie
ent use of energy, and secure a
and affordable energy)
e
help sha
ape New Zealannds trilemma
respo
perfo
ormance.
Retire
ements of therm
mal generation has
h seen New Z
Zealands alread
dy high proportio
on of renewablee electricity increase
to 81% in 2015. Reccent policy initiattives have focusssed on leverag
ging this advantage, with goverrnment consultin
ng on
energ
gy sector wide targets
t
for increasing the propo
ortion of renewa
able energy in th
he economy andd implementing
targe
ets and support measures for electric and low e
emissions vehic
cles to 2021.
Trend
ds to watch are: 1) the speed of
o electric vehicl e uptake in light of governmentt and business aaction; 2) the
impliccations of the en
nergy-sector wide targets on in
nvestment and energy
e
intensity trends; 3) grow
wing demand-sid
de
involvvement in the electricity markett, and the impliccations of the more rapid adoption of new techhnologies on dem
mand,
future
e competition, network
n
regulatio
on, and prices.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
24.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
36,982 (I)
0.10
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.13
Rate of transm
%)
6.6

U
0.27

002012 (%)
0.4
High (HHI = 1,024)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
NIGER
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
124
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
24
12
124 1124
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
DDD
Energy security
s
119
117 119
Energy equity
e
12
24
125 125
20
12
120 120
111
112 114
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DDD
D
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Nigerr places second

d to last in this years
y
Index, at rrank 124, and re
eceives the lowest score globaally regarding en
nergy
equityy. This results in an overall balance score of D
DDD.
Desp
pite the richnesss of Nigers reso
ources, energy iss still a challeng
ge for the authorities. This is maainly a result off low
economic productivitty and investme
ent, and also the
e limited access
s that the majority of the country
ry has to energy
y.
Nigerr has significantt natural energy

y resources such
h as biomass, uranium,
u
mineral coal, natural ggas, hydro and solar.
s
It is e
estimated that 90%
9
of Nigers population
p
accessses energy through the use off biomass, and 770% of energy supply
s
come
es from biomasss. The second la
argest contributtor is oil at 17%.
Natio
onal law and the
e liberalisation of
o the energy ma
arket result in Niger being an atttractive investm
ment opportunity
y, but
infrasstructure for delivering energy remains
r
a key b
barrier.
With regards to the renewable

r
energy sector, there
e is still lack of sufficient
s
legislattion to attract inncoming investm
ment,
speciifically competitiveness, transparency and seccurity of the marrket.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
19.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.17
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
U
95
54 (IV)
M

6|5
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
15.0
0.13

002012 (%)
N.A.
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
N
NIGERIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
104
8
98
SCORE
Energy equity
e
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ADD
D
22016
Trend
101 1104
Energy perfo
ormance
Energy security
s
2015
Score
ADD
10
06
107 108
7
97
102 101
117
117 117
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Nigerria drops 3 places in this years

s Index, to rank 104. While the country perform
ms strongly in thee energy security
grade of D in the other two dim
dimension, placing 8th
8 globally, it re
eceives a letter g
mensions, for a bbalance score of
o
ADD.
s. According to the Ministry of P

Power, Works and
a
The kkey priority challenge for Nigeriia is to diversifyy energy sources
Houssing of Nigeria, the
t country depends on gas-fire
ed power plants
s for over 80% of
o its electricity w
while hydropow
wer
generates about 14%
%.
Howe
ever, the gas su
upply is frequently disrupted byy militants. This situation drives the country to ffind other energ
gy
sourcces, i.e. renewable energy. In July
J
2016, the fe
ederal governme
ent signed the power
p
purchasee agreement witth 12
firms for the construcction of solar po
ower plants. The
ese are expecte
ed to give the co
ountry 975 MW of electricity capacity
and b
bring the benefitts of enhancement of energy se
ecurity.
The ssecond challeng

ge refers to the energy equity a
aspect of the Trilemma. Nigeria has one of the lowest shares of
o
electrrification. Only 48%
4
of the popu
ulation currentlyy has access to electricity. Therrefore, developi ng a new
transmission and disstribution network and improvin
ng existing lines will come into the
t priority list oof the countrys
energ
gy agenda.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
24.2
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
48
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.04

002012 (%)
5,99
92 (IV)
High (HHI = 1,190)

54
5 | 10
15.8
2.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

4 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
PA
AKISTA
AN
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
102
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
04
10
102 1102
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
CDC
Energy security
s
74
4
69
76
Energy equity
e
99
9
99
99
4
94
94
93
20
12
119 120
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CDC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Pakisstan ranks 102n

nd in this years Index. The cou ntry receives low scores across the board, ressulting in a balance
score
e of CDC.
Pakisstans energy se
ector is faced with a triple challe
enge posed by a large supply
demand gap, aan ageing and
inefficcient power tran
nsmission syste
em, and expensiive thermal pow
wer generation. To
T remedy this situation, the
government in 2013 launched the National
N
Power P
Plan (NPP). A key
k aspect of the
e NPP is to stepp up efforts to exploit
e energy genera
ation.
the countrys potential for renewable
e auspices of the
e ChinaPakista
an Economic Coorridor (CPEC) to
In addition, projects are being developed under the
achie
eve a higher sha
are of renewable
es. One of the p
projects, the Qu
uaid-e-Azam Solar Park, startedd operating in 2015
and p
plans exist to exxpand its capacity to 1,000 MW
W. This would ma
ake it the worlds largest solar ppower plant. Other
projects include seve
eral wind farms and hydroelecttric power plants
s such as the Suki Kinari projecct currently under
consttruction in the North
N
East of the
e country.
Pakisstan will also ha

ave to make sure
e that the counttrys transmissio
on infrastructure
e can keep up w
with this rapid
development of rene
ewable energy capacity
c
to ensu
ure the reliable supply
s
of energy
y.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
20.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
91
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.19

002012 (%)
5,04
42 (IV)
Low (HHI = 2,647)

71
7 | 11
16.6
3.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
PA
ARAGUA
AY
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
89
1
91
Trend
Score
89
CCB
Energy security
s
99
9
97
96
Energy equity
e
87
7
86
86
7
77
59
57
02
10
100
96
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CCB
B
89
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Parag
guay maintains its place at rank 89. The counttrys strongest trilemma dimens
sion is environm
mental sustainab
bility,
e it receives a le
where
etter grade of B,
B but it scores lo
ower regarding energy security
y and energy eqquity, for a balan
nce
score
e of CCB.
Nearly 99% of Parag

guay's energy demand is met b
by hydropower. Therefore, there
e is little to no inncentive for Parraguay
to develop a policy frramework prom
moting the use off renewables.
The o
only clean energ
gy policy incentive in Paraguayy is a biofuel ma
andate for gasoline and diesel. The mandate states
s
that d
diesel sold comm
mercially in the country must co
ontain 5% biodiesel and gasoline must containn between 18% and
24% ethanol. It is ho
oped that the po
olicy will introducce more diversiffication of supplly and less reliaance on hydropo
ower
e future.
in the
The a
abundant supplyy of energy resu
ults in low energ
gy costs for the retail and comm
mercial consumeer, and is a goo
od
basiss for social and economic
e
development in the ffuture.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
28.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
97
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.10

002012 (%)
9,184 (III)
Low (HHI = 2,554)

68
6 | 20
27.1
3.6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
PERU
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
64
3
63
Trend
Score
64
BCB
Energy security
s
65
5
61
54
Energy equity
e
83
3
85
84
2
32
32
38
7
57
62
60
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BCB
B
63
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Peru drops 1 place to

t rank 64 in this
s years Index. T
The country perrforms well rega
arding environm
mental sustainab
bility,
with e
energy equity being its weakes
st trilemma dime
ension, for a balance score of BCB.
B
Perus National Enerrgy Policy 20102040 was app

proved at the en
nd of 2010 with the
t goal to encoourage and prottect
privatte investment in
n the sector; and
d to minimise th
he social and en
nvironmental impacts by promooting the develop
pment
of energy markets, encouraging
e
efficiency and the development off renewable ene
ergies at the loccal, regional, and
d
national level.
emes to support these goals are

e already in placce and include: a law, passed in April 2012, too promote energ
gy
Sche
securrity in hydrocarb
bons; a scheme
e to promote the
e modernisation of oil refineries; a universal ennergy access pla
an for
the 20132022 perio
od, implemented
d in May 2013, w
d
with clearly defiined targets for different sub-coomponents; and
auctio
ons and calls fo
or tenders to sec
cure the implem
mentation of hydro projects. Add
ditional fiscal inccentives are in place
p
for sm
mall-scale hydro
o, solar, wind, biomass, and ge
eothermal.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
36.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
85
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.16
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.15

002012 (%)
12,402 (III)
Low (HHI = 3,055)

92
9 | 25
11.2
4.9
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
PH ILIPPIN
NES
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
61
7
67
61
Trend
Score
BCA
Energy security
s
60
0
56
52
Energy equity
e
91
1
90
92
5
75
71
69
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BCA
A
62
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
The P
Philippines drop
ps 1 place to ran
nk 61. The coun
ntry performs ex
xcellently in the environmental ssustainability
dimension, placing 1st
1 worldwide, but
b lags behind rregarding energ
gy equity, resulting in a balancee score of BCA.
The P
Philippines suffe
ers from a shorttage of power su
upply, often res
sulting in rotating
g brownouts lassting an average
e of
23 h
hours daily. Tho
ough the power shortage is a syystemic problem
m to be resolved
d through the coollaboration of all
a
stake
eholders, the De
epartment of En
nergy has outline
ed some short-tterm solutions to
o address the bbrownouts: 1) the
Interrruptible Load Prrogramme; 2) a boost in supplyy through the co
ommissioning an
nd rehabilitationn of plants; 3) an
n
increase in capacity from renewable
es, primarily sol ar, wind and bio
omass.
There
e is a need for investments in power
p
generatio
on. Recently an increased feed--in tariff allocatioon for solar pow
wer
projects has been introduced, which
h is expected to
o increase the in
nvestments in so
olar energy projeects in the long-run.
Most projects that arre currently in th
he pipeline are ccoal-fired as coa
al project develo
opers are currenntly favoured by
ya
prem
mium given to the
e peso-per-kilow
watt hour cost o
of electricity. Add
ditionally, natura
al gas projects vvia LNG
regassification opporttunities are currently discussed
d such as LNG terminals to import LNG from thhe Middle
East//Europe/Australia with an anticiipated capacity of 24 million to
ons of gas per year.
y
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
31.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
83
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.16

002012 (%)
7,359 (III)
High (HHI = 1,253)

76
7 | 34
10.3
1.5
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
P
POLAND
D
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
36
3
33
Trend
Score
36
BAB
Energy security
s
53
3
47
60
Energy equity
e
31
1
30
28
3
73
68
64
6
36
34
36
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAB
B
32
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Polan
nd drops 4 place
es, to rank 36. The
T countrys trrilemma perform
mance is overall balanced, with energy equity being
b
a parrticular strength. This results in a balance scorre of BAB.
Rece
ent energy policyy developments
s include the divversification of th
he energy mix through additionnal nuclear plants;
incen
ntives to diversiffy gas supply an
nd developmentt of renewables; reducing energ
gy intensity andd increasing ene
ergy
efficie
ency; increasing
g the competitiv
veness of fuels a
and energy by liberalisation of the
t markets; im
mproving the lega
al
frame
ework for explorration works for domestic prima
ary energy fuels
s; and limiting th
he energy sectoor impact on the
envirronment by the development
d
off clean coal tech
hnologies.
Expe
ected future tren
nds affecting Polands energy s ustainability and
d issues for poliicymakers to foccus on are:
1) de
evelopment of th
he countrys ene
ergy network inffrastructure; 2) further
f
diversific
cation of energyy sources; 3)
mode
ernisation of the
e electricity gene
eration sector; 4
4) increase secu
urity of primary fuel
f
supply throough investmentts in
more
e efficient coal mining
m
exploitatio
on and explorattion for conventional and uncon
nventional gas; 5) increase tran
nsport
biofuels production and
a use; 6) conttinued efforts to
o improve energy efficiency and
d energy savingss; 7) transition to
t a
low-ccarbon economyy, while enabling
g an improveme
ent of lifestyles over the next 20
0 years, by depploying low-emis
ssion
techn
nologies to achie
eve lower emiss
sions growth.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
32.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
26,1
135 (II)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.19
Rate of transm
%)
7.0

U
0.38

002012 (%)
0.0
Low (HHI = 5,502)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

2 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
PO
ORTUGA
AL
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
18
6
16
Trend
Score
18
AAA
Energy security
s
27
7
39
31
Energy equity
e
27
7
31
33
2
12
11
12
9
29
27
32
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
17
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Portu
ugal ranks 18th in this years Index. The countrry balances the trilemma very well,
w with enviroonmental
susta
ainability being its strongest dim
mension. This re
esults in a balan
nce score of AAA
A.
Portu
ugals aim to rein
nforce the electtricity interconne
ection capacity between the Ibe
erian Peninsula and Central Eu
urope
gaine
ed momentum with
w the Madrid Declaration (4 M
March 2015). Th
he initiative seeks to promote m
market integratio
on and
the supply to Europe
e of excess rene
ewable electricitty generated in this southweste
ern region. Gas interconnection
ns
gned by the thre
ee leaders of Sp
pain, Portugal aand France (projject
were also considered in the Madrid Declaration, sig
CAT), to integrate the Iberian ga
as market with F
France and Cen
ntral Europe, fos
stering competittion and increas
sing
MIDC
Europ
pean supply seccurity by taking advantage of th
he high capacity
y of LNG terminals in the Iberiaan peninsula. Se
ecurity
of energy supply is also
a
being pursu
ued by promotin
ng renewable en
nergy sources, but
b also by prom
moting energy
efficie
ency and diverssifying imports, with
w the Portugu
uese government considering a submarine cabble connection with
w
Moro
occo.
Greater access to en
nergy services for
f low-income h
households was
s facilitated by the Portuguese government in 2015
by inccreasing tariff re
eductions and broadening
b
the e
eligibility criteria
a. The governme
ent also implem
mented a Green
Taxation Reform and
d called for civil society particip
pation and support for a Green Growth Committment, which aims to
nd promote the efficient use of resources.
reducce emissions an
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
21.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
29,2
214 (II)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.30
Rate of transm
%)
10.4

U
0.20

002012 (%)
-2.2
High (HHI = 981)

95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
QATAR
R
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
39
4
34
39
Trend
Score
AAD
Energy security
s
35
5
40
25
Energy equity
e
A
D
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAD
D
39
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
113
112 115
5
25
28
30
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Qatar maintains its place

p
at rank 39
9. The country p
performs very we
ell regarding energy security annd energy equitty. But
de of D in the environmental su
ustainability dim
mension, resultin
ng in a balance sscore of AAD.
The Q
Qatar National Vision
V
2030 deffines the long-te
erm outcomes fo
or the country and provides a frramework within
n
which
h national strate
egies and implementation planss can be develo
oped. Expanding
g competitive inddustries derived
d from
hydro
ocarbon industriies, building a knowledge-base
k
ed economy cha
aracterised by re
elying on researrch, development and
innovvation, and exce
ellence in entrep
preneurship are
e three key elem
ments identified to
t achieve the sset goals.
Rece
s include the objjectives to: 1) re
educe electricity
y usage by 20%
% and water
consu
umption by 35%
% within five yea
ars; and 2) enha
ance the manag
gement of econo
omic, environmeental and social
impacts within the en
nergy and indus
stry sector. Multtinational compa
anies in Qatar are
a encouraged to put forward their
t
five-yyear sustainable
e development strategies
s
with w
well-defined perrformance targe
ets with higher leevels of innovattion.
Howe
ever, policymakkers need to con
ntinue developin
ng an integrated
d set of measure
es to attract dom
mestic, regional and
foreig
gn investment to
o establish and support the govvernments goall to diversify the
e economy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
67.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
94
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.30

002012 (%)
143,788 (I)
High (HHI = 1,115)

95
9 | 95
6.7
10.9
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

21 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
R
ROMANI A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
32
0
40
Trend
Score
32
ABA
Energy security
s
23
3
17
24
Energy equity
e
63
3
63
63
3
43
39
28
7
67
58
53
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ABA
A
31
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Roma
ania ranks 32nd
d in this years Index. The coun
ntry scores well across the boarrd, resulting in a balance score
e
of AB
BA.
Roma
anias renewablle energy sector, which is main
nly comprised off wind energy, in
n June 2016 reaached a capacitty of
4690 MW. Further, the country has already reache d and exceeded
d its EU-mandated target of a 224% share of
renew
wables in gross final energy consumption. How
wever, the future
e of further inve
estments in reneewable energy is
uncertain due to rece
ent changes to the countrys grreen certificate scheme and the
e fact that a feedd-in tariff system
m for
smalll renewable ene
ergy producers, having been pa
assed into law in
n 2015, has stilll not been effect
ctively implemen
nted.
Altho
ough plans to co
onstruct a submarine cable con
nnection with Turkey have been
n abandoned, thhe integration off the
powe
er markets of the
e Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hu
ungary and Rom
mania, along witth the already hhigh share of
renew
wable energy, iss expected to maintain
m
Romaniias strong enerrgy security scorre.
Going
g forward, Romanian policymakers will have to
o find ways to design more effe
ective and coherrent systems to
o
support the further development
d
of renewable enerrgy, as well as focus on the maintenance and iimprovement off the
existiing energy supp
ply and transmis
ssion structure, which will need
d large investme
ents to raise thee countrys energ
gy
equityy score.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
27.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
21,4
403 (II)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.17
Rate of transm
%)
13.4

U
0.28

002012 (%)
-0.9
Low (HHI = 3,132)

95
9 | 63
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
RUSSIA
R
N FEDE
ERATION
N
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
45
0
50
45
Trend
Score
ABD
Energy security
s
11
1
Energy equity
e
46
6
42
42
117
117 116
3
53
51
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ABD
D
48
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
48
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, Russia improve

es by 3 places, tto rank 45. The country perform
ms well in energgy security, where it
rankss 6th globally, and energy equitty, but receives a letter grade of
o D in environm
mental sustainabbility, resulting in
na
balan
nce score of ABD.
Russsia is endowed with

w natural reso
ources, and exp
ports natural gas
s and oil to coun
ntries in Easternn and Western
Europ
pe, Turkey, Jap
pan as well as other Asian coun
ntries. The high dependence of the economy oon energy exporrts and
the vulnerability to th
he fluctuations in energy pricess, the developme
ent of shale gas
s in other regionns of the world, and to
Europ
pes efforts to decrease depend
dence on Russiian gas imports following disputes with key traansit countries such
as Ukkraine, led to the development of new transporrtation routes an
nd plans to tap new gas markeets in the east (P
Pivot
to the
e East). Howevver, competition with other gas ssuppliers as we
ell as economic turmoil in Chinaa is raising conc
cerns
over the profitability of these plans. With nine new n
nuclear reactors
s currently unde
er construction, and another 31 units
plann
ned to be complleted by 2030, Russia
R
is workin
ng to further imp
prove its security
y of supply whilee reducing its
dependence on fosssil fuels.
Energ
gy efficiency is a key issue for Russia. To this end, the govern
nment, in 2014, published an uupdated version of the
State
e Program on En
nergy Efficiency
y and Energy De
evelopment, wh
hich envisages a 40% decreasee in energy inten
nsity
of the
e economy by 2020.
2
Another ke
ey part of this sttrategy is the further development of renewablles, which, by 2020,
are to
o account for 2.5% of electricity
y generation, exxcluding large hydroelectric pow
wer plants.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
35.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
24,4
451 (II)
0.16
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.72

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 92
11.0
1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
SAU
UDI ARA
ABIA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
47
4
44
47
Trend
Score
BAD
Energy security
s
33
3
41
39
Energy equity
e
11
1
11
12
09
10
110 112
7
47
54
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAD
D
47
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
51
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Saud
di Arabia mainta
ains its place at rank 47. The co
ountry performs particularly well in the energy eequity dimensio
on, but
de of D in enviro
onmental sustaiinability, resultin
ng in a balance score of BAD.
The S
Saudi energy se
ector is fully dep
pendent on oil a
and gas for electtricity generation and transporta
tation. In order to
t
diverrsify its energy supply,
s
the gove
ernment in April 2016 launched its long-term de
evelopment roaadmap, Saudi
Arabiias Vision 2030
0, which sets a goal of building
g 9.5 GW of rene
ewable energy generation
g
capaacity by 2030.
In June 2016, the co

ountry published
d the National T ransformation Program
P
2020, which
w
specifies more detailed shorts
term targets for the country.
c
This inc
cludes a goal off generating 4%
% of energy supp
ply through reneewable energy by
b
2020, which is to be met chiefly thro
ough solar energ
gy. This has been rendered mo
ore attractive byy the recent drop in
prices for solar PV te
echnology. The National Transfformation Progrram also calls fo
or full compliancce with security
stand
dards for the introduction of nuc
clear power gen
neration.
Saud
di Arabian policyymakers must now focus on rea
alising these am
mbitious goals and attracting thee necessary
invesstment, while alsso continuing to
o improve energ
gy efficiency in th
he country. Although fossil fuells will continue to
t
make
e up the vast ma
ajority of Saudi Arabias
A
energyy supply, succes
ssful implementation could impprove the countrrys
ainability as well as energy secu
urity scores in fu
uture rankings.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
56.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
53,430 (I)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
94

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
9.7

U
0.36

002012 (%)
6.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
S
SENEGA
AL
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
109
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
09
10
109 1109
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
CDC
Energy security
s
86
6
82
92
Energy equity
e
10
08
108 107
8
88
88
91
05
10
101
99
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CDC
C
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Sene
egal ranks 109th
h in this years Index. Energy eq
quity is the coun
ntrys weakest trilemma
t
dimenssion (score D) with
w an
overa
all balance scorre of CDC.
Sene
egals energy se
ector is currently
y faced with a nu
umber of challe
enges, including ageing infrastruucture that is no
ot
being
g properly mainttained nor plann
ned to be replacced. Water issue
es are also at th
he top of the ageenda, as droughts
have a strong impacct on households
s, especially tho
ose located in ru
ural areas.
The 2
2012 Energy Strategy for Sene
egal sets out a ssustainable deve
elopment plan fo
or the countryss energy sector,
Targe
ets include achieving a 50% rural electrification
n rate by 2017 and
a a 20% rene
ewables share oof the electricity
generation mix by 20
017. To supportt the deploymen
nt of renewables
s, Senegal has joined
j
the Scal ing Solar initiattive in
op up to 200 MW
W of solar powerr.
early 2016 to develo
Senegalese govvernment has also signed up to

o the World Ban
nks Electricity Sector
S
Support P
Project, running from
The S
2012 to 2020. The aim
a of the Seneg
gal Electricity Se
ector Support Project
P
is to redu
uce the national utility company
ys
nical and commercial losses an
nd to improve th
he reliability of electricity supply
y in certain areass of the country
y,
techn
mainly in Greater Da
akar. While imprroving the reliab
bility of electricitty supply will help to improve thhe countrys ene
ergy
equityy, improving access to electriciity in rural areass will be required to achieve sig
gnificant energyy equity gains.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
23.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.10
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
2,43
31 (IV)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
57

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
86
8 | 17
15.6
4.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
S
SERBIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
73
3
73
Trend
Score
73
BBC
Energy security
s
52
2
46
61
Energy equity
e
74
4
73
73
0
90
90
89
2
92
89
84
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBC
C
68
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Serbiia drops 5 place

es to rank 73. The country has a balanced trile
emma performan
nce overall, but lags slightly be
ehind
in the
e environmentall sustainability dimension,
d
resu lting in a balanc
ce score of BBC
C.
Conssiderable investm
ments have bee
en made in the e
energy sector to
o meet environm
mental goals. Seeveral wind farm
ms are
readyy for constructio
on to meet the ta
arget of 500 MW
W, set by the Na
ational Action Pllan, which calls for 27% of gros
ss final
energ
gy consumption
n in 2020 to be from
f
renewabless.
The n
new Energy Secctor Developme
ent Strategy to 2
2030 (ESDS) ha
as been adopted
d in line with thee EU policy, enfforced
by the
e Energy Comm
munity Treaty an
nd action plans to implement energy efficiency
y and renewablees. The existing feedin tarriff (FIT) scheme
e has been mod
dified for solar p
power plants. Th
hese developme
ents will have a positive impact on
the energy security and
a environmen
ntal sustainabilitty dimension. Att the same time, construction oof a new coal fire
ed
powe
er generation un
nit has started. Existing
E
units arre being refurbis
shed, with the in
ntention that theey will remain in
opera
ation until after the
t year 2023, which
w
is likely to
o improve the co
ountrys energy security.
t focus on: 1) adopting
a
the pro
ogram for the im
mplementation of the ESDS untiil 2023; 2) meetting
the o
obligation from th
he Energy Com
mmunity Treaty tto implement flue gas desulphurisation in all exxisting power plants
that w
will remain in op
peration after 20
023; 3) meeting the 27% target of renewables, including a 10%
% target for bioffuels
in the
e transport secto
or; and 4) enforcing the incentivves for energy efficiency
e
throug
gh the new budgget fund.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
13,482 (III)
0.10
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.08
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.50

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 3,983)

89
8 | 41
15.9
0.6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

4 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
SIN
NGAPO RE
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
24
5
25
24
Trend
Score
CBA
Energy security
s
73
3
80
70
Energy equity
e
56
6
56
56
0
10
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBA
A
25
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Singa
apore improves by 1 place to ra
ank 24. The cou
untry performs very
v
well in term
ms of environmeental sustainability,
but re
eceives a letter grade of C in th
he energy securrity dimension, for
f a letter grade
e of CBA.
The ccountry has bee

en investing inte
ensively in R&D projects, in parrticular gas and smart grid areaas. The R&D
innovvation in gas ind
dustry is one of the important isssues for Singap
pore. Natural ga
as is a major souurce of electricity
generation, accountiing for nearly 95
5%, thus securin
ng reliable supp
plies of natural gas
g is a high pri ority for the
mproving the res
silience and efficciency of gas infrastructure (such as the distribbution network and
a
government, as is im
f
gas tec
chnology innova
ation, S$27m grrants have been
n awarded to 133 R&D projects in
LNG terminals). To facilitate
these
e areas in May 2016.
2
Smarrt grids are the other

o
key part of
o the new energ
gy industry in Singapore. The smart grid and ddata analytics prrojects
were launched in Au
ugust 2016, and these are expe
ected to be com
mpleted by 2021.. The projects ccan allow the country
to enhance energy supply
s
stability and
a sustainabilitty by monitoring
g electricity disru
uptions and faciilitating the use of
wable energy.
renew
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
24.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.03
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
85,209 (I)
High (HHI = 638)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
73

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
0.5

U
0.14

002012 (%)
1.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
SL
LOVAK IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
16
8
18
Trend
Score
16
AAA
Energy security
s
12
2
15
Energy equity
e
21
1
20
18
5
35
33
30
8
38
38
37
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
14
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Slova
akia ranks 16th in this years Index. The countrry balances the trilemma very well,
w receiving aan overall balance
score
e of AAA.
Rece
ent policy develo
opments are ma
ainly driven by E
EU energy and climate
c
targets and
a implementaation of EU polic
cy and
regulation continuess, including mark
ket liberalisation
n and promotion
n of environmentally-friendly ennergy technologies.
The rremoval of crosss subsidies is challenging as it conflicts with th
he support of the
e availability of ccheap energy fo
or
low-in
ncome househo
olds and for the manufacturing sector.
t focus on dealing with the cha
allenge for the distribution
d
syste
em as a result oof decentralised
d
produ
uction and e-mo
obility. Increasin
ng energy efficie
ency in all secto
ors of the economy remains a cchallenge and
requires structural ch
hanges in the economy to movve from heavy in
ndustry to sophis
sticated product
ction, but also
meassures to reduce energy consum
mption of buildin
ngs. The role of nuclear energy needs to be disscussed becaus
se the
techn
nology allows an
n increase of ele
ectricity generattion without incrreasing carbon emissions. Furtthermore,
policyymakers need to focus on decrreasing the depe
endence on nattural gas and oil imports.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
33.6
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
28,8
877 (II)
0.08
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.20
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
Low (HHI = 2,610)

95
9 | 95
3.4
-1.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

M
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
S LOVEN IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
12
2
12
12
Trend
Score
AAB
Energy security
s
Energy equity
e
23
3
26
25
0
50
47
44
3
33
35
35
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAB
B
13
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Slove
enia improves by
b 1 place, to rank 12 in this yea
ars Index. Enerrgy security is th
he countrys stroongest trilemma
a
dimension (rank 2) while
w
environme
ental sustainabillity is the countrrys weakest trile
emma dimensioon (rank 44), res
sulting
e score of AAB.
in an overall balance
Energy Act incre

eases competitiion in the electriicity market, esp
pecially in the gas market, and stimulates
The E
invesstment in renewables and in energy efficiency. The National Energy
E
Concept which sets eneergy related
envirronmental goalss, is still in public
c discussion and
d should be ado
opted by 2018.
Consstruction of a series of hydroele

ectric power plan
nts on the Sava
a River is in prog
gress, which wil l increase the share
of ren
newables in the
e energy mix. Th
he construction of electricity and gas interconnections with Huungary are in
progrress, which will benefit the regio
onal energy ma
arket. Multiple te
echnologically advanced smart grid projects arre in
realissation as well, in
ncluding the SIN
NCRO.GRID pro
oject, initiated by
b a Slovenian trransmission opeerator with a Crroatian
opera
ator.
To im
mprove Slovenia
as environmental performance additional finan
ncial investmentts are needed foor energy efficie
ency
meassures, particularrly in the energy
y consumption o
of buildings (the
ermal insulation, window replaceement and
replacement of obso
olete heating sys
stems) and in su
upporting schem
mes for the use of renewable eenergy sources for
f
gy supply of buildings. National environmental legislation and permit granting
g are crucial obsstacles for
energ
invesstments in the energy sector an
nd in renewable energy sources
s.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
33.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
31,1
122 (II)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.22
Rate of transm
%)
6.3

U
0.24

002012 (%)
0.3
M
95
9 | 95
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
SOU
UTH AFR
RICA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
84
1
81
84
Trend
Score
CCD
Energy security
s
76
6
68
66
Energy equity
e
78
8
80
82
06
10
105 105
5
45
49
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CCD
D
81
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
47
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index, South Africa ran

nks 84th, down from rank 81 in
n 2015. Over the
e past three yeaars, energy secu
urity
has b
been the countryys strongest trilemma dimensio
on (rank 66 acro
oss all countries
s). The country receives an ove
erall
balan
nce score of CC
CD.
Energ
gy security mayy be improved due to the recentt initiative that has
h allowed inde
ependent powerr producers (IPP
Ps)
into the electricity se
ector using renewable technolo gies. Of the 6,3
376 MW planned
d, 2,220 MW is aalready operatio
onal,
ming online over 2017 and 2018
8.
with tthe balance com
Envirronmental susta
ainability continu
ues to be South Africas weakest trilemma dimension as a ressult of coal-base
ed
n. Although the contribution from
m renewable en
nergy sources is
s increasing, it iss still small (<14
4%).
Coal--based generatiion of electricity
y will continue to
o dominate even
n as renewable energy program
mmes are completed.
Due tto infrastructure

e expansions an
nd increased nettwork maintena
ance efforts, blac
ckouts reduced significantly an
nd
83% of the country now
n
has access
s to energy, whicch is likely to im
mprove energy equity
e
in the com
ming years.
Given
n that South Afrrica has no indig
genous natural g
gas supplies an
nd the need to address
a
the enviironmental
susta
ainability dimenssion, policymake
ers and businessses are exploring possibilities of establishing a natural gas
infrasstructure based on imported LN
NG, initially for p
power generatio
on. It is anticipatted that participaation in the
development and usse of the signific
cant natural gas resources in th
he region may assist in this initiaative.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.12
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
13,165 (III)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
83

94
9 | 63
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.09
Rate of transm
%)
9.2

U
0.72

002012 (%)
2.1
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
SPAIN
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
13
4
14
13
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
21
1
22
26
Energy equity
e
25
5
28
30
7
17
15
17
0
30
31
31
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
16
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Spain
n improves by 3 places in this years
y
Index, fro
om rank 16 in 20
015 to rank 13 in 2016. The couuntry manages the
trade
e-offs among energy security, energy
e
equity an
nd environmenta
al sustainability well, with a balaance score of AAA.
A
The e
electricity marke
et reform (2013)) aims to elimina
ate the tariff defficit and reinforc
ce the energy syystems econom
mic
and ffinancial sustain
nability. In 2015,, for a second cconsecutive year, a surplus in th
he electricity tarriff has been
generated, accumula
ating a total of more
m
than 800 m (provisional data).
d
Spain
n has set a target of 20% of ren
newable energyy in gross final energy
e
consump
ption in 2020. Inn 2015 the share
e of
renew
wables in final energy
e
consump
ption reached 17
7.43%, on track
k to achieve the proposed objecctive by 2020.
Howe
ever, regional in
nterconnection may
m pose an ob
bstacle towards the further grow
wth of renewablees. While the cu
urrent
level of electricity intterconnections with
w Europe hass progressed sig
gnificantly in 2015, with a new iinterconnection
betwe
een Spain and France (the firstt since 1982), in
ncreasing the installed capacity
y by up to 5%, thhis value is still well
below
w the EU target of 10%. Gas interconnection h
has also increas
sed (2 billion cub
bic metres floweed from Spain to
o
Francce), but the tota
al level still need
ds to be improve
ed.
With the potential op

peration of the Ib
berian gas tradiing being discus
ssed, the use off gas across Eu rope is further
prom
moted. These are
e relevant steps
s towards enhan
ncing security off supply in Euro
ope, especially ta
taking into account
Spain
ns excellent gas infrastructure..
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
22.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.06
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.31
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.19

002012 (%)
34,527 (I)
High (HHI = 721)
95
9 | 95
9.9
-0.6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional the
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
SR
RI LANK
KA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
81
5
85
81
Trend
Score
CCA
Energy security
s
82
2
84
74
Energy equity
e
93
3
96
96
7
27
21
24
5
85
88
85
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CCA
A
83
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Sri La
anka improves by
b 2 places, to rank
r
81. Environ
nmental sustain
nability is the countrys strongesst trilemma
dimension, but it recceives a letter grrade of C in both
h energy security and energy equity,
e
resulting in a balance sc
core of
CCA.
ding the expecte

ed energy shorttage will be an u
urgent and impo
ortant challenge for the countryy. Recently, the
Avoid
counttry faced nation
nwide power failures in Novemb
ber 2015 and Fe
ebruary and March 2016, due to a severe drou
ught
and a resultant drop in hydropower generation. Mo
oreover, according to the Public
c Utilities Comm
missions analysiis, Sri
Lanka could face energy and capac
city shortages in
n 20182019 an
nd beyond under drought condittions even with
panned plant additio
ons.
Desp
pite this situation
n, the project for 100% electrificcation will gain momentum
m
in th
he near future. IIn July 2016, the
e
Asian
n Development Bank (ADB) has approved a lo
oan of US$115m
m and US$3.8m in grants to hellp some areas,
particcularly small isla
ands, to enjoy re
eliable electricity
ty supply and allow the country to improve acce
cess to energy. The
T
project includes the construction of hybrid renewab
ble energy mini-grids, upgrades
s to the medium
m-voltage networrk,
and 2
2,300 km of low
w-voltage line ex
xpansions, and iis expected to be
b complete by 2021.
2
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
30.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
11,739 (III)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
85

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.09

002012 (%)
66
6 | 15
10.2
3.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
SW
WAZILA ND
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
95
2
92
Trend
Score
95
BDB
Energy security
s
41
1
48
45
Energy equity
e
10
03
103 103
2
62
66
70
0
90
90
98
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BDB
B
95
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Swazziland places 95
5th in this years
s Index. The cou
untry performs well
w in the energ
gy security and environmental
susta
ainability dimenssions, but lags behind
b
in terms of energy equitty, resulting in a balance score of BDB.
Coal will continue to play an importa

ant role in the e nergy mix of Sw
waziland. The co
ountry has vast reserves and is
s
consiidering building a 300 MW coal fired thermal p
power station us
sing clean coal technologies,
t
whhich is expected
d to
supply the country and allow exportt to the Southern
n African Powerr Pool. However, companies arre investing in
ace coal. These
e efforts are exp
pected to improv
ve the countrys
s energy indepeendence by redu
ucing
cogeneration to repla
o imported energy. In addition,, the developme
ent of a renewab
ble energy strattegy for both power
the heavy reliance on
(off- a
and on-grid) and
d fuel (biofuels), an independen
nt power produc
cer policy, and feed-in
f
tariffs arre underway.
In addition, the coun

ntry is looking to increase its strrategic fuel rese
erves, enhance bulk purchasingg (better prices),
explo
ore the possibilitty of setting up a petroleum pro
oducts refinery, and tap into the
e natural gas maarket in Mozambique.
Policyymakers need to:

t 1) support th
he deployment o
of renewables; and
a 2) increase the budget for tthe energy secttor to
enable economic de
evelopment and poverty reducti on, through incrreased rural ele
ectrification, eneergy access, res
search
and d
development, de
evelopment of skills,
s
and capaccity building.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
44.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.13
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
8,427 (III)
Low (HHI = 9,609)
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
35

87
8 | 25
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
13.0

U
0.14

002012 (%)
N.A.
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
S
SWEDEN
N
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
10
0
13
10
Energy equity
e
28
8
32
27
4
14
10
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Swed
den maintains itts position of 3rd
d place in this yyears Index. The
e country manages to balance the trade-offs
betwe
een energy seccurity, energy eq
quity and enviro nmental sustain
nability well with
h a balance scorre of AAA. In orrder to
mainttain a high Inde
ex ranking, a key
y issue for Swed
den is to make the transport se
ector sustainablee.
Curre
ently, the transp
port sector (exce
ept trains, metro
o and trams) relies on fossil fue
els. Special policcies and financial
support to incentivise
e the purchase of electric cars are in place, bu
ut results are no
ot yet meeting exxpectations. The EU
et to increase the
e share of biofu
uels used in tran
nsport to 10% by
y 2020 will be exceeded, as thee share has alre
eady
targe
reach
hed 24% accord
ding to a Swedis
sh Energy Agen
ncy report. This is mostly due to
o a rapid increasse in the blending of
HVO--biodiesel and other
o
biofuels in
n gasoline and d
diesel, and an in
ncreased numbe
er of cars runninng on biogas.
will be taken ou
t focus on findiing a solution to
o replace the ex
xisting 10 nuclea
ar reactors that w
ut of
opera
ation to meet future electricity demand.
d
The firrst reactors are expected to clos
se between 20117 and 2020.
Vatte
enfall has taken a policy decisio
on to close the tw
two smallest rea
actors in Ringha
als, and Uniper ((formerly E.ON)) is
expected to close the two smallest reactors
r
in Oska
arshamn before
e 2018. While the application too build new reac
ctors
has n
not been formally withdrawn, Va
attenfall has currrently stopped any further worrk on the applicaation. In addition
n to
findin
ng measures to meet the EU CO
O2 reduction an
nd RES targets, energy efficiency needs to be a top priority.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
26.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
46,420 (I)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.25
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.10

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 95
7.2
-2.3
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
SWIITZERLA
AND
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
12
12
Energy equity
e
3
13
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Switzzerland places 2nd

2 in this years Index. The co
ountrys trilemma
a performance is
i excellent, andd it ranks 2nd globally
in energy equity and
d 3rd in environm
mental sustaina bility, resulting in
i a balance sco
ore of AAA.
Switzzerlands leading
g position in the
e index reflects tthe countrys pa
ast energy and energy-related
e
ppolicy decisions
s.
Rece
ent policy decisio
ons however arre likely to have a strong impac
ct on the country
ys energy sustaainability balanc
ce.
Rece
s include the de cision to refrain from building new
n nuclear pow
wer plants, whic
ch will
be included in the ne
ew energy strate
egy that is unde
er development and expected to
o be implementted fully by 2050
0. The
meassures and next steps
s
to phase out
o nuclear are not yet known and
a will be a ma
atter of political discussions in the
t
next ffew months (a public
p
referendu
um is probable).. To achieve the
e transition to a low-carbon eneergy system in the
long tterm, in the mid
d-term Switzerla
and is likely to be
ecome more de
ependent on gas
s-fired electricityy generation.
t focus on: 1) construction
c
of n
new electricity grids;
g
2) completing the liberalissation of the
electrricity market; an
nd 3) coming to a bilateral agre
eement with the EU in order to participate
p
in thee European inte
ernal
energ
gy market and the EU-ETS. Furthermore, there
e is the need to
o be ambitious and
a increase thee renovation rate
e of
buildiings as part of the
t transition to a low-carbon e nergy system.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
26.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
60,535 (I)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.17
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.10

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 95
7.4
-0.3
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
TA
ANZAN IA
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
122
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
119
121 1122
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
CDD
Energy security
s
67
7
64
83
Energy equity
e
12
22
122 121
110
113 114
9
89
94
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CDD
D
Score
94
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Tanzzania drops 1 pla

ace to rank 122. The country re
eceives low sco
ores across the board,
b
with its sstrongest dimension
being
g energy securitty. Its overall ba
alance score is C
CDD.
Tanzzania faces a shortage of energ

gy services. Pow
wer generation capacities
c
are still insufficient, ttransmission an
nd
distrib
bution networkss are inadequate
e, and there is a huge lack of in
nvestment, hum
man capital and ttechnology. The
e
government is imple
ementing a number of projects u
under Big Results Now (BRN) to
t increase pow
wer generation,
e economic grow
wth and social ddevelopment. Th
he
accesss to electricity and to bring reliable power to ccitizens, to drive
government is engag
ging in the deve
elopment of the countrys solar energy capacity
y, pursuing off-ggrid or micro-griid
options, for example
e, thought the O
One Million Sola r Homes initiatiive, as well as la
arger-scale projjects such as a
ned 55 MW sola
ar park in Dodom
ma.
plann
Targe
ets set by the go
overnment inclu
ude: 1) increasin
ng electricity access to 50% by
y 2025 and reacching 75% by 20
033;
2) inccreasing electriccity generation up
u to 3,000 MW
W in 2018 and 10
0,000 MW by 20
025; and 3) reduucing transmiss
sion
and d
distribution losse
es to 12% by 20
018. The govern
nment has also developed a nu
umber of initiativves, such as the
e
Petro
oleum Policy, the PPP Act and participation in the Southern African
A
Power Po
ool, to create ann attractive
envirronment for priva
ate investors an
nd increase com
mpetitiveness an
nd transparency
y in the energy ssector.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
25.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.16
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
15
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.08

002012 (%)
2,66
67 (IV)
Low (HHI = 3,722)

16 | 5
20.2
5.9
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
TH
HAILAN
ND
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
76
0
80
76
Trend
Score
CBC
Energy security
s
10
03
96
94
Energy equity
e
70
0
68
67
4
74
77
76
2
72
72
71
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBC
C
76
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Thailand maintains its place at rank

k 76 in this years Index. Energy
y equity is the co
ountrys strongeest trilemma
dimension, and it recceives a letter grade
g
of C in botth energy securrity and environm
mental sustainaability resulting in a
nce score of CB
BC.
balan
Increasing energy prroduction to enh

hance energy se
ecurity and redu
uce reliance on energy importss is a key challen
nge
for Th
hailand. To address this challenge, the govern
nment aims to advance the exploration and prooduction of enerrgy
resou
urces at domesttic and internatio
onal levels; exp
plore the joint de
evelopment of energy resources
es with neighbou
uring
economies; develop a more diversiffied energy mix;; and encourage
e electricity prod
duction from rennewable and oth
her
altern
native energy so
ources. In addition, the governm
ment aims to inc
crease competittion and investm
ment in the enerrgy
indusstry by creating a business-frien
ndly, transparen
nt environment through
t
the Inve
estor Relation O
Office, which will be
respo
onsible for invesstment procedures and processses in the energ
gy industry.
The g
government hass developed policies to encoura
age the producttion and use of alternative
a
energ
rgy, in particularr
biofuels, biomass, so
olid waste and animal
a
manure. These measure
es are expected
d to enhance ennergy security, reduce
r
polluttion and supporrt farmers by encouraging the p
production and use
u of renewable energy at thee community lev
vel.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
36.8
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
16,3
305 (II)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
6.1

U
0.32

002012 (%)
4.6
High (HHI = 1,103)

90
9 | 57
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
TRINIDA
AD & TO
OBAGO
O
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
90
9
89
90
Trend
Score
DBD
Energy security
s
10
01
102
99
Energy equity
e
49
9
48
48
24
12
124 123
3
63
61
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBD
D
90
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
64
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Trinid
dad and Tobago
o maintains its place
p
at rank 90
0. Energy equity
y is the countrys
s strongest trilem
mma dimension
n (rank
48 accross all countries), while enviro
onmental susta inability is the countrys
c
weakest trilemma dim
mension (rank 12
23
acrosss all countries) and energy sec
curity is also low
w, resulting in a balance score of DBD.
Trinid
dad and Tobago
os electricity rattes are among tthe lowest in the
e Caribbean reg
gion at approxim
mately US$0.04 to
US$0
0.06 per kWh, well
w below the re
egional average
e of US$0.33 pe
er kWh, contributing towards thee countrys energy
equityy performance. Trinidad and To
obago has sign ificant oil and natural gas reserrves and is a neet exporter of the
ese
fuels. The country iss the worlds 6th largest exporte
er of LNG. Liquid fuels subsidie
es are removed on a step-by-step
basiss. There have be
een two price in
ncreases since 2
2015 in order to
o bring prices in--line with the intternational mark
ket, in
an efffort to decrease
e the fiscal burden on the goverrnment.
The g
government hass set a renewab
ble energy goal o
of 135 MW (10%
% of 2016 peak capacity) by 20021. There is a strong
recog
gnition for the ne
eed to increase energy securityy through promo
otion of energy efficiency and eenergy conserva
ation
in the
e production and
d utilisation of energy
e
sources. Key issues the government will continue to adddress include: 1)
increasing current prroduction levels
s while reducing
g the rate of dep
pletion of energy
y sources; 2) divversifying energ
gy
sourcces to include re
enewable energ
gy and contributting to global effforts to address climate changee and global warming;
and 3
3) maximising th
he benefits that accrue to the ccitizens from the
e exploitation of energy resource
ces.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
56.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.11
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99
32,5
597 (II)
High (HHI = 1,481)

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US cents
$/kWh)
0.06
Rate of transm
%)
2.6

U
1.05

002012 (%)
4.9
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
T
TUNISIA
A
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
54
9
49
54
Trend
Score
DBB
Energy security
s
96
6
101 101
Energy equity
e
41
1
45
49
9
29
35
43
9
69
80
80
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
DBB
B
54
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Tunissia ranks 54th in

n this years Index. Energy equ ity and environm
mental sustaina
ability are the coountrys strongest
trilem
mma dimensionss, but it lags beh
hind in terms of energy security
y, resulting in a balance score oof DBB.
Over the past few ye

ears, Tunisia ha
as made continu
ued efforts to sustain its econom
mic developmennt and improve the
t
energ
gy sustainabilityy balance. To ac
chieve the latterr, policies have been implemented to manage the exploration and
produ
uction of hydroccarbons that willl allow Tunisia tto accelerate its economic deve
elopment and too establish its po
osition
on the world market.. Furthermore, programmes
p
forr the promotion of energy efficie
ency, renewablee energy and en
nergy
substtitution have been initiated.
Key issues policyma

akers need to focus on are: 1) in
ation
ncreasing the share of renewable energy in eleectricity genera
uding wind, sola
ar and a new concentrated sola
ar power (CSP) scheme) and ho
ouseholds (solaar water heat, micro
m
(inclu
generation); and 2) extending
e
the na
atural gas netw
work in the south
h and central part of the countryy.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.3
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
11,397 (III)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.24

002012 (%)
High (HHI = 1,396)

95
9 | 95
15.4
2.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
T
TURKEY
Y
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
46
6
46
46
Trend
Score
CBB
Energy security
s
71
1
67
69
Energy equity
e
50
0
43
45
9
59
56
53
0
50
53
57
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
CBB
B
45
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Turke
ey places 46th in this years Ind
dex. The country
ry receives a lettter grade of B in
n both the energgy equity and
ainability dimens
sions, with a slig
ghtly lower score
e in energy security. This resultts in an overall score
BB.
of CB
Turke
ey has to accom
mmodate a fast-growing deman
nd for energy, an
nd enormous investment volum
mes are required
d to
meett this growth. Fu
urthermore, only
y 25% of energyy consumption is
s met by domes
stic resources, tthus energy
dependence is of gre
eat concern.
Seve
eral initiatives arre underway to improve
i
energyy security in the country: 1) Turk
key is currently constructing a
nucle
ear reactor at Akkkuyu, with a further one plann ed in Sinop. Wh
hen completed, both reactors aare expected to make
up a 10% share of to
otal electricity su
upply; 2) constrruction on the Trrans-Anatolian Natural
N
Gas Pippeline (TANAP)
began on 17 March 2015, with the project
p
expected
d to be completed in 2018. TAN
NAP, the last seection of the Sou
uthern
Gas C
Corridor, has th
he potential to siignificantly conttribute to the div
versity and thus security of Turkkeys gas imporrts;
3) Tu
urkey is working on growing its renewables secctor, which inclu
udes expanding its existing hyddroelectric powe
er
capacity, and stepping up efforts in geothermal and
d solar energy production.
p
Take
en together, theese developmen
nts are
likelyy to help the cou
untry improve its
s ranking in futu
ure reports.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
27.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
19,6
618 (II)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.13
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.30

002012 (%)
High (HHI = 1,199)

95
9 | 95
15.2
3.6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
U
UKRAIN E
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
63
5
65
Trend
Score
63
ABD
Energy security
s
26
6
28
28
Energy equity
e
59
9
60
61
112
111 108
9
99
95
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ABD
D
65
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
97
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Ukraiine improves 2 places to rank 63.

6 The countryy performs well in terms of energy security, withh environmental
susta
ainability being the
t countrys we
eakest trilemma
a dimension. It re
eceives a balan
nce score of ABD
D.
Ukraiines energy secctor faces greatt challenges, fro

om a high depen
ndence on expe
ensive fossil fueel imports such as
a oil
and g
gas, to inefficien
nt infrastructure and markets. R
Recent energy policy
p
developments to addresss those challeng
ges
includ
de the decision to replace Russ
sian gas with Ukkrainian coal, in
ncrease oil and gas
g production (for example, frrom
the B
Black Sea shelf) and develop nu
uclear power ca
apacity.
Furth
hermore, there iss a need to stre
engthen energy efficiency policiies, make full us
se of the country
rys renewable energy
e
poten
ntial such as bio
ogas and municipal waste for h eat and power generation,
g
and lower gas conssumption in the
districct heating secto
or to ensure hea
at supply and low
wer energy bills
s.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
25.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
7,916 (III)
0.19
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
12.3

U
0.73

002012 (%)
-0.3
Low (HHI = 2,578)

95
9 | 89
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
UN
NITED A
ARAB E MIRATE
ES
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
43
5
45
43
Trend
Score
BAD
Energy security
s
45
5
34
42
Energy equity
e
22
2
19
22
114
114 113
7
27
25
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BAD
D
42
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
25
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
The U
United Arab Em
mirates ranks 43rd in this years Index. While th
he country perfo
orms well in bothh the energy security
and e
energy equity diimensions, it rec
ceives a letter g
grade of D in environmental sus
stainability. Thiss results in a balance
score
e of BAD.
The U
UAE relies signiificantly on conv
ventional hydroccarbon resource
es for electricity
y and transport. However, there
e are
oppo
ortunities for renewable energy and energy efficciency solutions
s. For example, the UAE has laaunched initiativ
ves
021, or Abu Dha
abi Vision 2030, which include the
t establishmeent of renewable
e
such as Vision 2021, Dubai Plan 20
gy (7% and 5% generation capacity in Abu Dh
habi and Dubai respectively
r
by 2030)
2
and energ
rgy efficiency targets
energ
energy policy plan
(30%
% demand reducction target by 2030 in Dubai). T
The UAE is also
o working on a comprehensive
c
p
to
coord
dinate all federa
al initiatives.
Diverrsification of the
e energy mix, en
nergy efficiency and conservation as well as a deep understannding of the watterenerg
gy nexus in a water-scarce env
vironment, are a
all issues policym
makers need to focus on in thee coming years. The
leadin
ng oil producer in the UAE has scrapped subssidies on petrol and
a diesel from August 2015 too support state
finances, rationalise fuel consumptio
on and protect n
natural resource
es and the envirronment.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
56.1
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.10
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
70,238 (I)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
94

95
9 | 95
Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
7.7

U
0.35

002012 (%)
5.8
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
UNITE
ED KING
GDOM
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
11
11
Trend
Score
AAA
Energy security
s
34
4
38
32
Energy equity
e
12
2
6
16
16
15
2
12
13
13
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAA
A
10
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
In this years Index the United Kingd

dom ranks 11th . The country manages
m
to balance the trade-ooffs between ene
ergy
securrity, energy equ
uity and environm
mental sustaina
ability well with a balance score
e of AAA.
Challlenges in securiing energy supp

ply, however, re
emain. Overall domestic produc
ction of fossil fueels continues to
o
declin
ne, and the plan
ns to expand pro
oduction of uncconventional oil and gas still hav
ve to overcomee technical challe
enges
and g
gain public supp
port. In the powe
er sector, an ag
geing nuclear pla
ant is being dec
commissioned, w
while planned new
n
nucle
ear was approve
ed by the new government
g
in m
mid-2016. In add
dition, the planned closure of alll coal plants under
UK le
egislation by 202
25 (as well as existing
e
EU regu
ulation driving cllosure at presen
nt) is resulting inn a decline in
n from coal and was at a record
d low in the first quarter of 2016
6. Electricity genneration from
renew
wables is showing steady incre
ease year on yea
ar, but does nott match the decline in generatioon from conventional
sourcces.
Rega
arding energy afffordability, polic
cy changes con
ntinue to impact.. In June 2016, the UK Compettition and Marke
ets
Autho
ority published its
i final review into the supply a
and acquisition of energy in the
e UK and, while acknowledging that
the sector has made
e significant prog
gress in reducin
ng emissions an
nd ensuring security of supply, concerns were raised
in relation to energy affordability. Prroposed regulattory changes in light of the repo
me into effect. In
ort are yet to com
I
U
decision to
o leave the EU and
a subsequent changes in govvernment leadership
addition, the consequences of the UKs
and rrestructuring of government departments are yyet to be realised.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
21.0
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
41,325 (I)
0.05
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.27
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.18

002012 (%)
High (HHI = 1,260)

95
9 | 95
8.2
-1.4
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
UNIT
TED STA
ATES
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
14
9
19
14
Trend
Score
AAC
Energy security
s
14
4
11
Energy equity
e
15
13
2
82
80
73
8
18
19
18
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
AAC
C
22
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
The U
United States im
mproves by 8 pla
aces to rank 14
4. The countrys strongest trilem
mma dimensionss are energy security,
where
e it ranks 4th globally, and ene
ergy equity. Thiss results in a balance score of AAC.
A
Due tto advances in horizontal drillin

ng and hydraulicc fracturing, sha
ale gas productio
on has becomee economically viable
v
in reccent years. The Energy Informa
ation Administra
ation (EIA) estim
mates that the co
ountry has moree than 1,744 trn
n cubic
feet ((tcf) of technicallly recoverable natural
n
gas, inclluding 211 tcf of proved reserve
es (the discoverred, economica
ally
recovverable fraction of the original gas-in-place).
g
P roduction of sha
ale gas is expec
cted to increasee from a 2007 US total
of 1.4
4 tcf to 4.8 tcf in
n 2020. The sign
nificant increase
es in domestic oil
o and gas production will greattly reduce oil im
mports
over the next 10 yea
ars, and lead to increased expo
orts of refined prroducts and pos
ssibly natural gaas.
Impo
ortant energy po
olicy developments in the United
d States that will impact on the countrys balannce in the three
dimensions of energ
gy sustainability include: 1) the Environmental Protection Agen
ncy (EPA) regullations on coal
leadin
ng to the projeccted closure of more
m
than 200 ccoal plants in the
e next few years
s, accounting foor more than 10% of
the U
USs current ene
ergy production; 2) possible reg
gulations on unc
conventional gas production; annd 3) the extens
sion
(or no
ot) of the wind production
p
tax credit,
c
which can
n cut the cost off developing a wind
w
project by nnearly a third.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
20.5
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
55,837 (I)
0.09
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
100

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
0.22
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.35

002012 (%)
M
95
9 | 95
6.2
-1.0
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

609 Mtoe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nu
uclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hyydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Otther renewables
U RUGUA
AY
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
201
14
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
27
7
27
Trend
Score
BBA
27
Energy security
s
38
8
29
40
Energy equity
e
55
5
51
51
8
18
14
16
4
44
45
44
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
BBA
A
27
22016
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
2015
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Uruguay maintains itts place at rank 27 in this year s Index. The co

ountry balances the trilemma weell, with
ainability being a particular stren
ngth, for a balan
nce score of BB
BA.
The ccountry has no proven

p
oil, natural gas or coal rreserves but a high
h
availability of renewable ennergy sources. By
careffully choosing re
enewable energ
gy sources and ttechnologies su
uch as hydropow
wer, wind energyy, biomass
cogeneration, and biiofuels, it was possible, withoutt subsidies, to re
each a 57% sha
are of renewablee energy in the 2015
gy mix (up from 37% in 2005). At
A the end of 20
015, Uruguay ha
ad 26 wind farm
ms (857 MW insttalled capacity) of
energ
which
h 19 were installled in the last tw
wo years. This rrepresents a 15
5% share of wind
d energy in the electricity generation
mix. In addition, during 2015, the co
ountry increased
d the use of biom
mass waste as an energy sourrce by 30%. This
s,
ng other measures, contributes
s towards the co
ountrys strong energy
e
trilemma
a performance.
amon
The ccountry is evaluating the constrruction of a rega

asification LNG plant and 70% of the Uruguayaan offshore area
a is
being
g explored for na
atural gas and oil.
o Between 20 10 and 2015 US
S$7bn has been
n invested in thee energy sectorr
(15%
% of annual GDP
P). As a result of this process, d
during the last tw
wo years, Urugu
uay has moved from being an
energ
gy importer to being
b
an energy exporter. More over, since 2015 Uruguay did not
n have to impoort electricity.
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
27.9
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.07
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
21,2
201 (II)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
99

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)

U
0.11

002012 (%)
95
9 | 87
11.0
4.2
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal

oe
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
ZI MBABW
WE
TRILEMM
MA INDEX RA
RANK
Overall rank
k and
balance sco
ore
113
201
14
2015
22016
Trend
116
118 1113
Energy perfo
ormance
SCORE
ADD
Energy security
s
49
9
50
27
Energy equity
e
12
21
120 120
02
10
109 109
115
115 116
mental
Environm
sustainability
Contextual
e
performance
ADD
D
Score
TRENDS
S AND OUTLO
OOK
Zimbabwe improvess by 5 places in this years Indexx, to rank 113. While

W
the counttry performs verry well in terms of
energ
gy security, it re
eceives a letter grade
g
of D in bo
oth energy equitty and environm
mental sustainabbility. This resultts in a
balan
nce score of AD
DD.
Over the past few ye

ears Zimbabwe has made contiinued efforts to improve its ene
ergy security, ennergy access an
nd
envirronmental footprrint. The installa
ation of a 100 M
MW project and increased
i
energ
gy imports havee resulted in imp
proved
gy security and reliability, with tangible
t
impactss for consumers
s. Since December 2015 there has not been any
energ
load shedding in Zim
mbabwe. Energy
y equity is addre
essed through the rural energy master plan, w
which is being
imple
emented. Moreo
over, after signin
ng the Paris Agrreement, the go
overnment has committed
c
to redducing the coun
ntry's
carbo
on footprint by 33%
3
by 2020. This has already seen a marked
d shift of power projects
p
to hydro
ro and solar, wh
hich is
expected to improve
e the country's environmental
e
su
ustainability in the
t future. In addition, the use oof biofuels is furrther
prom
moted, with an in
ncrease in the blending ratio fro
om 15% today to
o 20% by 2018.
Addittional policy devvelopments inclu

ude: establishm
ment of an indep
pendent energy regulator; amenndment of the
Electtricity Act to prom
mote energy effficiency in the p
public utility; promotion of public
c-private partnerrships to spur
development in the petroleum
p
and power
p
sector an
nd the adoption of a long-term, government-driiven renewable
gy technologiess programme.
energ
KEY MET
TRICS
DP)
29.4
GDP per capita

a, PPP US$ (GD
DP Group)
0.45
Diversity of inte
ernational energ
gy suppliers
1,79
94 (IV)
M
Population
n with access to
o electricity (%)
37

Household
d electricity price
es (US$/kWh)
N.A.
Rate of transm
%)
24.4

U
0.58

002012 (%)
-2.3
84 | 6
ENERGY
Y PROFILE
Co
oal
Oil
Naatural gas

ply composition
Co
onventional thermal
Nuclear
Diversity o
of electricity gen
neration
Hy
ydro
0%
20%
40%
60%
%
80%
100%
Other renewables
APPENDIX: INDEX METHODOLOGY

OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
The Energy Trilemma Index assesses 125 countries performance across three dimensions
of energy sustainability energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability
within a country context. The Indexs quantification provides two results: a countrys overall
ranking and a countrys balance score.
The Index ranking, displayed as a number, summarises a countrys overall energy trilemma
performance and shows its comparative positioning among 93 Council member countries
and an additional 32 countries.58 The balance score, displayed as three letters (e.g., AAD),
demonstrates how well a country is meeting the energy trilemma challenge balancing the
three dimensions with A being the best and D the worst grade.
Together, the Index ranking, balance scores and trend information provide insights into the
key areas that countries can address to further develop a balanced energy profile and
minimise the risks of an unsustainable imbalance.
BACKGROUND TO THE 2016 METHODOLOGY CHANGE

The Energy Trilemma Index was first introduced in 2009 and ranked almost 90 countries. In
2013 the Index was expanded to cover additional countries where data could be captured
and the balance score was introduced to highlight how well countries manage the tradeoffs between the three energy trilemma dimensions.
In response to the changing energy landscape, the World Energy Council, in partnership
with global management consultancy Oliver Wyman, conducted a review of the Energy
Trilemma Index methodology in 2016. The revised index methodology reflects global
energy sector insights captured through six years of trilemma research, leverages improved
data sets and addresses pressing issues that impact energy sector dynamics.
The 2016 methodology has a broader scope to provide a more inclusive representation of
the energy sector; enables a forward-looking view of energy performance by capturing the
resilience of a countrys energy system and aims to reduce a potential bias to wealthier
countries.
The comprehensive index methodology including the full list of data references is available
from the World Energy Council London Secretariat upon request (info@worldenergy.org).
58
The World Energy Trilemma Index report only features country profiles for World Energy
Councils member countries for which sufficient data is available. Results for all 125 countries
can be viewed at www.worldenergy.org/data.
138
INDEX STRUCTURE
To measure a countrys overall performance, the Index looks at indicators in four areas:
energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability and country context. For each
area multiple, granular indicator categories capture key aspects of performance. For
example, energy security is evaluated by looking at security of supply and energy delivery
and energy infrastructure resilience. Indicator categories are composed of a set of
indicators. In total there are 35 indicators, which are made up from 71 data points (see
Table 4).
TABLE 4: INDEX STRUCTURE AND WEIGHTING
Dimensions, indicator categories and indicators are assigned respective weights in the
Energy Trilemma Index to signify their relative importance, while balancing scientific
robustness and simplicity (for ease of understanding).
Trilemma dimensions: A major, overarching proposition of the Trilemma Index is

that the three core trilemma dimensions are equally important. Each receives an
equal weight of 30% in the Index.
Indicator categories: They provide an overview of energy challenges and

opportunities facing each country in the index. Indicator categories are weighted
equally to the dimension that they belong to.
139
Individual indicators: Each indicator is assumed to contribute equally to the

indicator category that they belong to; all indicators within an indicator category
receive equal weight.
On the basis of this weighting methodology, there are a similar number of indicators across
the core trilemma dimensions, such that indicators receive a comparable weight as a
reflection of their presumed importance. Slight differences among indicator weightings are
due to the lack of additional data sets or their failure in meeting the indicator selection
criteria.
INDICATOR SELECTION CRITERIA

The selection and inclusion of indicators in the index is guided by a set of pragmatic
principles:
Robustness: Indicators are to be taken from reputable sources with the most
current information available. If data for an individual country is missing for the most
recent year, available data from previous years (maximum two years back) can be
considered instead. Where appropriate the average indicator value of a group of
countries sharing similar characteristics with the country with missing data is used
to substitute for the missing information. Such characteristics may include GDP
group, region, and/or other profiles.
Contextual sensitivity: Indicators capture different country situations (for example,

wealth, size) and where appropriate indicators are normalised by GDP (PPP),
GDP (PPP) per capita or other relevant metrics such as electricity consumption.
Relevance: Indicators are chosen or developed to provide insight into country

situations in the context of the Index goals.
Distinctiveness: Each indicator focuses on a different aspect of the issue being

explored, unless reinforcement is required.
Coverage: Individual indicators are required to provide data for 50% of countries
included in the Index. Only countries with data available for at least 75% of all
indicators and 50% per indicator group are included in the Index calculation.59
Comparability: Data to calculate an indicator is derived from as single and

common a unique source as possible, to ensure comparability between countries.
59
Indicators for electricity and gas prices currently experience <50% coverage. In the first year
of implementation, a couple of theoretically critical indicators may fall short of the coverage
criterion due to the lack of robust data covering a broad set of in-scope countries. As these
indicators are theoretically important for a relevant and meaningful Trilemma Index, the World
Energy Council is reluctant to exclude these indicators solely on the grounds of low data
coverage. As such, the World Energy Council will strive to collect additional data from member
countries to complement existing sources and ensure that we can meet the coverage criterion in
future years.
140
However, in cases where data accuracy or coverage can be greatly improved,

exceptions can be made if the data sources produce comparable results.
Balance: Indicators within each dimension (and dimensions across the Index)
exhibit coverage of different issues.
CALCULATION OF THE INDEX RESULTS AND THE

BALANCE SCORE
After data for each indicator is collected and verified, and scores have been calculated for
each indicator, the indicator-level results are standardised using the z-score and then rescaled to a range between 0100. This is to ensure cross-indicator, cross-category and
cross-dimension comparability. With that, indicators can be combined into dimension score,
based on the weights assigned to each indicator.
The balance score grade (A to D) for each dimension score is assigned based on the mean
and standard deviation of each dimension. This approach ensures that the distribution of
grades stay true to that of the underlying scores.
Grade A: Countries with a dimension score >0.75 standard deviation above the
mean dimension score across all in-scope countries
Grade B: Countries with a dimension score of the mean value to 0.75 standard
deviation above the mean across countries
Grade C: Countries with a dimension score of -0.75 standard deviation below the
mean to the mean dimension score across countries
Grade D: Countries with a dimension score -0.75 standard deviation below the
mean dimension score across countries.
CALCULATION OF TRENDS
Trends have been calculated taking into account rank changes between years and the
mean standard deviation of a countrys result across all years which is evaluated against
the mean standard deviation of all countries per trilemma dimension.
Upward trend: Countries that improve by 3 or more ranks from 2014 to 2015 and
by 3 or more ranks from 2015 to 2016, if their standard deviation is larger than the
mean standard deviation across all countries.
Downward trend: Countries that fall by 3 or more ranks from 2014 to 2015 and by
3 or more ranks from 2015 to 2016, if the standard deviation of their score is larger
than the mean standard deviation across all countries.
141
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project team would like to thank the individuals who informed the projects approach,
supplied information, provided ideas and reviewed drafts. Their support and insight has provided
an invaluable contribution to the development and quality of the Index and this report.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL INDEX TASK FORCE

PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS
Joan MacNaughton (Executive Chair); Philip Lowe (Vice Chair); Hajime Murata (Honorary Chair)
(Note: organised by countries alphabetical order)
William Dhaeseleer, Belgium; Boris Gorenstin, Brazil; Lauro Valdir de Souza, Brazil;
Steve Dorey, Canada; Jean-Paul Bouttes, France; Francois Dassa, France; Jean-Michel
Trochet, France; Hans-Wilhelm Schiffer, Germany; Stefan Ulreich, Germany; Daniela Di Rosa,
Italy; Giuseppe Montesano, Italy; Carlo Papa, Italy; Ryuji Matsuhashi, Japan; Nick Wilson, New
Zealand; Anne-Sophie Corbeau, Saudi Arabia; Vincent Micali, South Africa; Matthias Finger,
Switzerland; Aylin idem Kne, Turkey; Ivano Iannelli, United Arab Emirates; Ghasaq Yousif
Shaheen, United Arab Emirates; Gerald Davis, United Kingdom; Filippo Gaddo, United
Kingdom; Barry Worthington, United States
Einari Kisel (Regional Manager, Europe and Senior Fellow, European Policies, World Energy
Council); Florence Mazzone (Associate Director, Head of Communications, World Energy
Council); Max Muenchmeyer (World Energy Council); Stuart Neil (Senior Director, External
Affairs and Communications, World Energy Council); Karl Rose (Senior Director, Scenarios and
Resources, World Energy Council); Alessandra DeZottis (World Energy Council);
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL STUDIES COMMITTEE

Brian Statham, South Africa (Chair); William Dhaeseleer, Belgium; Claudia Cronenbold, Bolivia;
Eduardo Correia, Brazil; Jing Ding, China; Bin Wei, China; Qinhua Xu, China; Yaxiong Zhang,
China; Li Zhu, China; Rauno Rintamaa, Finland; Jean-Paul Bouttes, France; Jeanne Ng, Hong
Kong; B P Rao, India; Nastaran Rahimi, Iran; Alessandro Costa, Italy; Carlo Papa, Italy; Hardiv
Situmeang, Indonesia; Atsushi Noda, Japan; Arturo Vaca, Mexico; Jan Antonczyk, Poland; Ioan
Dan Gheorghiu, Romania; Ayed Qahtani, Saudi Arabia; Maria Sunr Fleming, Sweden
OLIVER WYMAN / MARSH & MCLENNAN COMPANIES

PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS
Francois Austin (Global Leader, Energy Practice, Oliver Wyman); James Basden (Partner, Oliver
Wyman); Paul Beswick (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Richard Druce (Associate Director, NERA);
Andrew George (Energy and Power Chairman, Marsh); Roxana Gharegozlou (Senior
Consultant, Oliver Wyman); Ana Patricia Giraldo Moreno (Managing Director, Marsh); Bernhard
Hartmann (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Wolfram Hedrich (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Louisa Li
(Principal, Oliver Wyman), Rodolfo Macarrein (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Arun Mani (Partner,
Oliver Wyman); Sandro Melis (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Bob Orr (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Robert
Peterson (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Jane Ren (Senior Director, Oliver Wyman); Saji Sam
(Partner, Oliver Wyman); Veit Schwinkendorf, (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Richard Smith-Bingham
(Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan Companies); Carolyn Vo (Technical Lead,
142
Oliver Wyman Labs); Michael Wagner (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Kate Wildman (Manager, Oliver
Wyman); Alex Wittenberg (Executive Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan
Companies)
PROJECT TEAM
Christoph Frei (Secretary General, World Energy Council); Joan MacNaughton (Executive Chair,
World Energy Council); Brian Statham (Chair, Studies Committee, World Energy Council);
Sandra Winkler (Director Policies, World Energy Council); Upinder Aujla (Principal, Oliver
Wyman)
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Sarojini Davis (Project Manager, Oliver Wyman Labs); Wing Yi Kan (Associate, Oliver Wyman);
Lucy Nottingham (Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan Companies); Zoe Valette
(Consultant, Oliver Wyman); Andrea Buser (Manager Trilemma & Issues Monitor, World
Energy Council)
143
OFFICERS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

MARIE-JOS NADEAU
Chair
YOUNGHOON DAVID KIM
Co-chair
MATAR AL NEYADI
Vice Chair Special Responsibility

Gulf States/Middle East
NUER BAIKELI
Vice Chair Asia

KLAUS-DIETER BARBKNECHT
Vice Chair Finance

LEONHARD BIRNBAUM
Vice Chair Europe

OLEG BUDARGIN
Vice Chair Responsibility for

Regional Development
JOS DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO
Chair Programme Committee

JEAN-MARIE DAUGER
Chair Communications & Strategy Committee

HASAN MURAT MERCAN
Vice Chair 2016 Congress, Istanbul

BONANG MOHALE
Vice Chair Africa

SHIGERU MURAKI
Vice Chair Asia Pacific/South Asia

O.H. (DEAN) OSKVIG
Vice Chair North America

BRIAN A. STATHAM
Chair Studies Committee

JOS ANTONIO VARGAS LLERAS
Vice Chair Latin America/Caribbean

--------------------------------------CHRISTOPH FREI
Secretary General
144
PATRONS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

Accenture Strategy
Marsh & McLennan Companies
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Masdar
Electricit de France
Oliver Wyman
Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation
PricewaterhouseCoopers
ENGIE
Siemens AG
GE Power
Swiss Re Corporate Solutions
Hydro-Qubec
Tokyo Electric Power Co.
Korea Electric Power Corp.
VNG Verbundnetz Gas AG
World Energy Trilemma Index | 2016 published by the World Energy Council (2016) in
partnership with OLIVER WYMAN.
Copyright 2016 World Energy Council. All rights reserved. All or part of this publication
may be used or reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each copy or
transmission: Used by permission of the World Energy Council.www.worldenergy.org
World Energy Council, Company Limited by Guarantee No. 4184478
Registered in England and Wales No. 4184478, VAT Reg. No. GB 123 3802 48
Registered Office 6264 Cornhill, London EC3V 3NH, United Kingdom
ISBN: 978 0 946121 59 5
145
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

Algeria
Hungary
Peru
Argentina
Iceland
Philippines
Armenia
India
Poland
Austria
Iran (Islamic Rep.)
Portugal
Bahrain
Iraq
Qatar
Belgium
Ireland
Romania
Bolivia
Israel
Russian Federation
Botswana
Italy
Saudi Arabia
Brazil
Japan
Senegal
Bulgaria
Jordan
Serbia
Cameroon
Kazakhstan
Singapore
Canada
Kenya
Slovakia
Chad
Korea (Rep.)
Slovenia
Chile
Kuwait
South Africa
China
Latvia
Spain
Colombia
Lebanon
Sri Lanka
Congo (Dem. Rep.)
Libya
Swaziland
Cte dIvoire
Lithuania
Sweden
Croatia
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Cyprus
Malaysia
Syria (Arab Rep.)
Czech Republic
Mexico
Tanzania
Denmark
Monaco
Thailand
Ecuador
Mongolia
Trinidad & Tobago
Egypt (Arab Rep.)
Morocco
Tunisia
Estonia
Namibia
Turkey
Ethiopia
Nepal
Ukraine
Finland
Netherlands
United Arab Emirates
France
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Germany
Niger
United States
Ghana
Nigeria
Uruguay
Greece
Pakistan
Zimbabwe
Hong Kong, China
Paraguay
6264 Cornhill
London EC3V 3NH
United Kingdom
T (+44) 20 7734 5996
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E info@worldenergy.org
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Trilemma Index | 2016

ABOUT THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

ABOUT THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

The World Energy Council is the principal

The World Energy Councils definition of

impartial network of energy leaders and

energy sustainability is based on three core

practitioners promoting an affordable,

dimensions: energy security, energy

stable and environmentally sensitive energy

equity, and environmental sustainability.

system for the greatest benefit of all.

Balancing these three goals constitutes a

Formed in 1923, the Council is the UN-

and competitiveness of individual countries.

accredited global energy body,

The World Energy Trilemma Index,

with over 3,000 member organisations in

prepared annually by the World Energy

over 90 countries, drawn from

Council in partnership with global

governments, private and state

consultancy Oliver Wyman, along with

corporations, academia, NGOs and energy

the Global Risk Centre of its parent

stakeholders. We inform global, regional

Marsh & McLennan Companies since 2010,

and national energy strategies by hosting

is a comparative ranking of 125 countries

high-level events including the World

energy systems. It provides an assessment

Energy Congress and publishing

of a countrys ability to balance the

authoritative studies, and work through our

trade-offs between the three trilemma

extensive member network to facilitate the

worlds energy policy dialogue.

the interactive Trilemma Index tool and its

pathway calculator to find out more about

About the annual Energy Trilemma Index

Placing countries on the Index watch list

An energy sector in transition: the 2016 Energy Trilemma Index in context

APPENDIX: INDEX METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

WORLD ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016:

MIDDLE EAST AND

LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

MIDDLE EAST AND

With 14% of total global greenhouse gas

Although European countries lead the

The Latin America and Caribbean region

Asia faces the challenge of facilitating

Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the

To maintain a strong Trilemma performance,

Improvements on all three trilemma

The main challenges for the Middle East

Environmental sustainability is expected

Many MENA countries are focused on

Stable and widely accessible energy

WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

FIGURE 1: TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016

Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016

WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX

ABOUT THE ANNUAL ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX