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  • Money of The Saints. Church and Coinage

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    Robert Smajlagić
    108 vizualizări27 pagini
    Church and coinage in early Anglo-Saxon England

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    Money of the Saints. Church and Coinage

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    Church and coinage in early Anglo-Saxon England

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    108 vizualizări27 pagini

    Money of The Saints. Church and Coinage

    Încărcat de

    Robert Smajlagić
    Church and coinage in early Anglo-Saxon England

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 27
    Money of the saints. Church and coinage in carly ‘Anglo-Saxon England RORY NAISMITH cording o Bade (ok. 735), Henengora, davgher of Eorenh, hing of Kent (640-64) senge soa onthe ve of he cexth athe Frankish monastery of anode n-Brie ‘Quem idler wucasonem huitsmod! ee pethibsbac:uidise se albtorum cateruam que ase lncogaos, quld gusererent au quid bt 3 destina, ur aueur id nomisma, quod co d selns, spondive quod ob fe illo She explained thatthe revelation which she had ts ‘of men dred in white enter the monastery on be ‘what they manted, they answered that hey hd been seat to ake bck with vem the golden ‘in which had Bean bough hither fron Ke wed what chy were looking for Apparently ‘golden coin? was 4 fiting metaphor for 4 beloved English princes? However may ae Been fom wider small numberof mentions of moncy in writen source produced in exiy Anglo nd? Ye coin The ai ofthe present, hese writen soc wat about nd charters, chte was precious lite coinage tobe had in ealy Christan En 1a, In ge quan, aczoss much of ely Anglo-Saxon E pipers wo consider ow core the moti negative evides {he involvement of exiy Anglo Sax churches wich minting sclopmens have mad Anglo Saron England desiable. The of coin from thie peri, Vr Inatral, above al with igure og Two recent ols have aed stepped up cod nation and crelaion ofthe eats: phase of le wal i he pencpal foc ere’ Bur such diver and brant catency ao bags and ha begat ives Along chia surge of af the roe wo weeive, further consideration from culaual and soci et re hs alo been moe re af she Church in the fist two cemures of English Christianity.” Received views ofthe exely ‘Chuech saw dichotomy between high culture and sce standart ta ew centres nach a Bde “MoniwearmouthJarow and low standards of bud monasteries usted by Bede in hi eer to eget, Bishop of York, writen in 734° "Ther i Hbrary, ative sito hundreds of euly mali td, croclly, not cul ae well rpreented in riving writen soars except for thee ro ap that they were without pery oF bey conan amour of jstfation for dese ad elated complaints Bede cvcatmenuatow was excepional, wih esto links to Tal, large Mos of the lle, es ein, tometimes dicted gains then. Ho the spec of focals an patrons One hallausk of eens research by John Bla, Ser Foot, and ours ha bento look tthe fl ange o I. Hom the poine of view of elite secular society, a more wosaly Chu fled many impor nes, ot least that of aig os inks sting, ard finery whic occupansof monasteries had rlaymen (Peon t refer to anger Anglo Suton ecclesiastical is 5 onaterie’ rune che cof asnciating them (at lest in the minds af events tnd ser. In an tem dbscenanc of O-Englch mya ~ha come ofexly Anglo-Saxon England ‘The vole which these England belo the " sh Chistian learning they were sometimes esponsble forthe pastoral cae of che susrounding Propulsion,” although there ae also mentions of local or private churches and exerts docted round the counssyide." Morne, che dimincsions made by contemporary commentators ictmeen monks and eter kinds of clergy inply diferent personnel for diferent duis wihis the aly medieval churches on thes ow eros, ware and sword ofthe Benedictine reform in the tenth century lle ofthe ninth etary was vail: a wel at centre > celts natations ~ were & nnd of charches col xend fac Beyond the purely spiral and pastors ‘cual cement in the figs landscape of pr Viking En he ole and pro sphere, bower sna, demand, and sonsamprion. The foundation o this econatic tole was edwin with land and the cle of Anglo Stzon England wae not aw to sspond othe now demanded, ppeaance of writen forms of ile deed in England hasbeen Linked directly to the nec typeof tere which could be hed n psp cquitd, land possesion could be made wo finch ll manner of sources Sudy of este rvctures shows chat Loins wate unvally ge and dispensed alu, with cette eceintcllandholdes.” Once parcel ares devoted tothe cla ‘of specie goods Bue ecclesia instintons were eponaible for dereaping more dice and produce exploitation of core ates witha large ate Oceana record of exaedy what could be expected from Anglo Stzon estate give ‘alusbe insight into che level of wealth and rsoureravale ra them. According fnous ‘Gaue inthe Laws of Tne (688-726), an esa of tea ides wast supply anally FE hid to fontre X fa huni COC Mf, XIV ambra Wiis eli XX hla cal bride oB8eX weder,X gc, XX Renn, X ces ander une tan, V leas, XX pond fodres [ond] hundceonig aia 3 food ene from ren hides ten vats oF honey thre-hundied loves, neve “ser of ‘Welt le hi of car al, two fll grown cows o en wets ten ges, sme chee, an “amber” fll of rte, talon, eweaty pounds of odds, uae cls A least one similar is specifically asocioed wih a miner at Beaton survives fom th archive of Peesborough ABbey2 The same archive allo contains ancer, lightly ex namely kasing the re csh-paymens."” Such an arangement would have been prcculirlyadvanrageous [endear eatily ar cul alle or sya! houeaodycensuring fod render in ind! se wee Tvstigaclon of che ches found ae minster ses dhs how much the efficent exploit land and es resources ould bring vo the Church, Both writen and arch that extensive mancfieare and srsanel activities were sometimes undertake ‘minster! Miners noe loom largess peshaps she xr ofboth production tnd cnsupion par exelencn Mid Anglo Savon England” some balding cone interest in shiping. te ‘niin and propery at bury cconomic ene ery isan fim dhe nine ile Th proces of thee incre had many nthe solemn copying af tex: cate a! be reared and slaughtered, and thir much more d ‘kins proceed. "These acide ight lene litle achaeologeal ace and indeed at Lindisare there was almonto evidence for ther Ears of era 0 ail homes wete so auter. The eaborse bindings ~ metalic and therwlse — of medic feauce and would hv ‘have provided raw material o make x hoxt of eer ite, such acre and 1 mould for which were found at Hardepool” Glasswoskng, when it accused, wat ako ‘Church ™ One or evo churches even played am active ar nthe extraction and refinement of ead” Silver-earnglend-oe was the rurce fom which most rea ser wax {tawa inthe euly Middle Ages,” with an obvious imponance for potent coin proton a ‘ccna sites. However, no der achesoogial rience for minting activites rom before ary has ye ben dcovered in England neue are tere any written references English ro mining eal tha he enema lw codes, To compound the prblers, Significane pat ofthe coinage when name of rulers gan to pear seal in che mid-cghth Century" but it san open question whether coin was ever produced at Anglo-Stson minster the evenh and eighth entries Some series have been sen forerunners of de scope peanis produce from the ltr eighth century. and some churcsite have been denied 2s fptental mints. Buti emuine vo examine the ratonship of Church and coinage in deal, The net-total dearth of ween sources forces the fos onto the cons shemssves Thi paper wil derfre begin by considering dhe ele of colned money st known churches 3 patible side to how coins were used ia an cela song, and also bow chute tes metore up again the more general erulaton of eninage. The nea step wil bo ake an clique approach tothe caries coinage from the pepecive of batter indesond sus the xl inscribed broad Pennie of England fom the liter eighth nd sari ninth centres and che contemporary aver ‘of teonographial evidence {nant of Merovingian Pancia. Vial, the potential dgnfcan COIN-FINDS FROM ECCLESIASTICAL SITES Ta sae quite erally fom dhe ground up, it fs necnary to examin the evidence for use of hutelvinstutions on the bas of modern Binds. Useof coinage dae not of course if enin was a igllane put of day-c-day fe ¢minsrers an other churches thee i ery pb context forthe eof coin in the lace seventh and estly eighth centuries, The aronges evidence would come from Mdenifiestion of Aisin profle of eounuse a church-stes, general evidence of extensive cretion at these ste, nd pthape other acchacologicl or wren evidence for example signs of metalworking nds have acempred ind AD. 85, Tivonder co quant theilationship between churches and coin copies Lt fll naw coin orn Ang which uns 084 locations probably or ern of ecclesia satus” This is coves te whole ‘Whitty 0 Canterbun sie have ben found. {oF Anglo-Saxon England om Whithorn an Brundoa, Fixboroug few, have provoked coniderable debate on whether they shoud b sen a igh-sarus secular setements ora minster, Por all cae the difee ws ican be all but unposble io ake a Judgment wen when gue rich NNorthampron, co name just fo Anglo-Saxon observes based solely on archasologlal evidence 1 rel open vo posse suchas sles witching dhl tans from secular o ecclesia for a ited period of te. apparently diagnostic eles ads (xing implemen) snd inserpion indo, any evidence of lezcy ‘One way to negate the confition is rl simple of ether eters of se sarsarhave Been the rang setements known to modern historians end archcoogits a ‘eo empor for comparative purpose.” Some ofthe most productive {qintesencal amples are Souchampton, Ipc, he Fehepte seem Srand-erlemene at London.” uae sts ofthe evin-usng and ther ae precious few definite exam rth, sight, and aint ad gone out of use before coi-use became subwenial in England in Aa lighay later dat, Tamworth was a ee ample of 3 high stata site which docs ‘abled a+ miner under Of, king of ac Ewversham and Rainham in Ken exrhworks and lio possibly of «minse)* are mentioned in chacer of S11 Although these evo secs have aoe been fly invetgated, a Tea fie coins have ben fond a of neat Fwversham," and one ac Ralaham.” "More general evidence of m duction in 3 also buen associated with non-codelstcl etdement shes, oer fore 8 sppareny quite low sue” ein theese at midland, shouldbe seta thar coin-findeascult igh tara le are rot univ ecendy excavated etat-cnte a Higham Feces in Noramptonsire produced coin from the end ofthe ninch centuy despite belng ace for more than 4 century aly 0 fre tise (although finds in general were scarce, perhaps because eubbis- deposit could be fonnd. Seemingly lower-statu rural seedements ar ao not generally characterised by a turf of numismaie ids, the apparent death of any ein fom exavaions ae Penayland Mare: and Wicken Boum indistes ro namic jt sto excavated examples. An Coram in Ee Yorkie, produced over oven co slog al at two were dehosal nnth entry seo on low vue” Tn ther words, ei dificaiton the bss of excavation esto deem whether coins were mote or les characters of any parcule pes oF with a renter or lesser ‘ace a group of ste ecclesia credentials has been csi degre of confidence, it poulble to make comparisons berwcen them, though again on} with cate. "Te lok a two or more se side hy ede is no nec to commpae ke with Uke Among thos which were sarc churches inthe ex Anglo-Saxon period, some wee saply ‘much more subsanal than other. Te compare say, the smal timber dugches recy in Yorkshie or Naeingbuty in Esex with cathedral lke Worceser ota reat mins Whiby is porncilly m clusve ontoria ao jeading® Fron if one eae sie thos sale insiutions which private church of carly Anglo-Saon Chiisaiy {sua in ems of sine and wesc, e would cr wll preset a very ire with che same degece of throughs. Extensively excaa Profle of Rods fren ane which has been cay partly excaatd (uch x Whithorn) oro tic snow ony fen camal or merldetared fds, This ast eategary includes 2 nutner some may have been fairy maker o igh tats tc reverting the tends shown by analy of the lit of sgt 0 jump too readily these conclusions.” The varcon in finds rom prod pesiod. Yer, despite al these cae sted should, nthe absence ofexcwaion, be taken stl ae an indication of acy of rt ‘ (OF the #4 sites in the lis, 7 have preducedoaly one to thee ne rither than the mote ually supposed crading ste, or indeed an soins 11 have produced four fo x seven sites seven to nin, and 17 loedons have produced ven it pethape a etl tsate-cene or assembly place whee enbutes were rendered aswel as more neal tansctions on ie The rub comes inetabluhing a fr Hk between productive se and the Church! Often 0 ee one of she fw cles availble sous about the nature of some ‘produesve sess tha dey o | round or dle wow church, although any of dete cuiches purest in Eat Anglia ~ do * | fot emerge fo te material or writen ecard unl well after che ninth cenry or even aie 0 . | ‘confdenly be ansctd with the Church" Except for nd made in Cancerbury Cathedral {inthe ruin of Se Augustine's Abby, Canterbury, these churches have therefore been exchuded ideration, shave those fren London ad inom of howe ren York excep che ew frm aso poet wn However, oe only cathedral im major tex present ‘he Church, Mile Harling in Nol: provides a nasal crample of exsaton prompred by the dcovery of an important mid- Cstaity: thee anf also cared non-Chuistan implications inthe eyes oftheir co eats proce Yer even when the Christian iconography of srt suite unambiguous, ie docs net lay praices and belies are dic to ace fn thi ext per of ay Chraian pies i also caely posible, kbough crower and some and thse was leah 4°" To pin down arise produc found in graves ofthe sevench century may be among thr tects produced in and for an celestial content wete nt alwape chatactried by expt sor legend and even when these dd cee (for nstance onthe exly-lghr cen Franks Cases) they could accompany a minture of Chrsian, native and casi imagery. Yet there ean be no doubt dha Christianity quikly established selfs power fore atl eves of Anglo-Sexon soy Relig apy on the coinage eld reflec the prevalence of religious scncmen, in addition to che direct involvement ofthe Church A powerful demonnation of secular use of Christian iconography can be found in the king of che ate eighth and erly ninth cennues. The majoiy ofthese camry some Form of cos many of which coud have had gulte subvle meanings scribed 0 them Paricuaty remarlable sa design which fst append under Of and was sevived in Fase Anglin in the mide ofthe ninth entry during the righ of Edmund (855-868) (On the eae enin a cross potent mounted on a plinth ~ isl borrowed fiom Byzantine ot Beneventan models which showed te shrine a Golgncha— was flank by tox which masked he beginning of the legend fas was standard in the period) and, io 4 Ullsration 9)" This produced an aray of ehrce cross lage central ‘one modeled on the shrine a thesite ofthe orginal crulixon, with slr croton che Side, refectng the two crowes on which the thives were said to have been crucified alongside (Cavite Appaene conflation thar hs iterpreion ws intended came when the spe vas revved some Seventy years later by another East Anglian moneyer, Beorafeh Iusaton 10) Aldioug had any hand i the production o: design of dese colns: they presumably reflect the knowledee i che poasiley cannot be dcounsed™ there is ao erence 1o augget hat the these in the ae eighth and mid-ninch coma would surely Rave been capable of creating aad tundertanding much ofthe eligi imagery onthe The ich syncretion of ll branches of carly Anglo-Sixon art spanned many divides, amon and monetary background is accesary to expand on the el ld al belong ro difereac backgrounds, nd further investigation into dhe aumismatc coinage in erly Anglo-Saxon Enghnd Purl an deren Asiaing seanar to any pardcukr agency on the bas of iconography is therefore deeply problematic Some ground may be pained by preaching the ite om eo oblique perspectives those of consemporiry Ga and of the inser broad pennies which immediately acess the ater: Bath mar potently sed ight on the circumstances of eckesisteal mining ey Anglo Savon England the bee quite cilerenc fom dat of contenporary England. This wat the te of the at Merovngtan, side and catty cighh-century Frankih kingdom was The pla snation n, whe were wo be replaced at Kgs by thet thon of de high nabs wat which could be precio aod of eft the King bin (Carolingian mayor ofthe palace in 751." Paseoccated eat a fn the periphery, bt month hope the lage Kingdom relative sable While many of hela Kings became almos nonenties the ratios eganal magnate abo all he quai-oya teyone ofthe place remained very prominent, Government hence may have hee, act erm ft fom royal and war nstesd based on the interes flees ei pethape more appropriate to ‘compare these Mesovingian mags, rater than the ast Mervin Kings, with Atel, ing of the Mercian (716-57, and othe exp euler of eg cencury England, In Gaul, the coinage elected the increasingly compirtmentaized nature of sesoutce capitation: it was prnduced a yery mamero min, which probe cotresponded to fal of local elite power In both fibre and organization, the Frais vemetary sate had bee deeply influential om the early Anglo Ss {670 104 ser coinage of dena which were, in form and weigh, orly comparable t the seat which appeared in England around the same time," altough relatively Tew Merovingian dour are found in England, or Englsh cet in Gal These dear amas never name te King. bu itis common for them ro cary inscipon ecning chet moneyer and rn (ae tad been the case on ergo ius). "" More often than not, thi ll hat ca be read on 2 Meroringun cla: che asurption i that royal concol over the colnage was very Toot, and tay have retested even further in dealer period. Contemporary Englch coins do noc city inmriptons though de plethora of diferent pes and later prominence of moneyer sages of spec church or Bis peor generalised ecclesiastical formala sich as RACIO ECLIS stration Tr ahogether these may have costed about 20 percent ofthe ea foe secular mats cold alo sk coins for che church a bsppened a To Episcopal and oer named eclslatia ius can be Mente fora eat 34 chutches across che Merovingian real. A decline nay have come in the tae of Chats Maral (714-41), pete signaling a in general asthe ecectcal component of Frankish minting eoained tong een unde he fit Carolingian kings. Several explinarons have been advanced for che expansion of eco mincing in his phase of Merovingian coinage, “Grierson and Backburn suggested the use of ecclesiastical lve asthe caw material forthe coinage, a8 wel : ‘cdl etae."” Another poulbliy might be the dove link berween colnage and axon wbich sens to have applied In the Merovingian Kingdom, although ony with any clay ia dhe coinage then it ay be chat minting was 0 which nro of individual evate holders, including various churches, 2 royal glands minster in che seventh and early eighth-ceaures had much in ‘Common with Frankish monasteries. Clegy from Merovingian Gaul had, slongside las and Iushmen* been nsuumenal ia che roth ofthe English Church, and a lend of dese dient rudione was sll ery apparent in Engand during ce ltr aevetch and eighth centuries, One prominencelemenc of the wat ove embrollnent with scalar af, More s0 than in Gaul these inks Incladed the ~frequeny unweloame ~ demunds ofthe ing, Attempts by Rhelbald in patalar eo enforce services foe churches (anon them the construction of Frcs end bridges and provision of fod forthe king) were met with resitance'™" Royal relations could lo be Fesurces Like thet Meo ‘hurche looked afer thei own nian counterpart large Engh cements a wel. Minster actos southern England ad comercial interes played « ps 2 the mujor emporia of London and Kent'® Individual clergymen as role a advisers and confdane ofthe king" and ehee is some evidence that cceintic and seca ad plice)~ could be coerminous!© Increasing royal influence aver misters may have felted ninative units ~ based ona wile reais and x inser (noe nec a the ame full move eesive and dirce scalar involvements though oaly eo a substantial degree inthe Tae eighth century and aier™ ‘This process ran alongide efor om the parc of bishops 0 ca ‘over the running of weios minster” episcopal and scolar inert cll with dramatic ‘oneequenes in the cae of#eriet of Kentish minster under the cota! of King Cocnwul 796-821), whore influence was challenged by Archbishop WalFed (805-32) in he 810 Tn thor there were sgneant links between Raglsh and Feankh church insttions ere wete als tong monetary connections ind similares berween the two kines. Ky hrefore,eately pone that in Anglo-Saron England the Church played comparable part in the monerary system. This role was significane, if by 20 means dominant: © some Frankish churches named bishops ox churches, while thers yes ee oft cmpeyed ss intermediaries he ue of coin on behalf chr and, pha many avoided Konography which would in iuelfauggee a rey background, Tn ether wards, Merovingian churches adapted che coinage to ther needa by working within the broader The cars AnglSsonepcepal coinage: Reformed aver pennies of broad format wee introduced ead inthe reign of Off, king of Merias. based mos drery an the broad aver royal dear of Pippin (751-68) though also admiinginfenees from royal coinage in Northumbria inde Eadbthe (737~38) and Anglia nder Beonna (2749-c758) ‘These caer Enlch conages had definitely esablshed the prsence of the royal nae on mtoney and, presumably « stronger miss of royal involsemene with mining. Wha tht involvement comprted and how mach farce ck rermay be projeced of Norehumbri (85-7 (of Eadbald of Ken ted nor have ben epesentaive of ove widespread royal management. Of coinage-eeforn seprsentd leh stare on many lie it ame afer something ofa bocleneck in she middle ofthe eighth century when, 2st in the South, production declined subway. However ‘many minting pce hor may have been a he height ofthe sconday phe ofthe az dnl shone sx (Canterbar, London, Yor, Rocherte and uncertain lossone in Ear Anglia and Wess) reppented under Off and his iedine sesso The sume uncertain wich an imporeant Northumbrian excepien. King Esdberhrs brother Eegherh, bishop and over contin apply tothe emergence of cceiticl coinage, chough (Gor 735) sehhihop of York (732-66), named on 2 series of colts alongwith his brother, ha alo ber rugged thatthe two conoted bust on sata of Series Jy ype 37. repetent 0 eater mifeation ofthe joint royleicopal coinage of Eadbere snd Exgbeth r-atibuton ofthis ype and is reaionship with he supposed eu royal counterpart within src J, ype 85. Marcove, even if the coinage does representa refsencew king and bishop, hee canbe no erat that i as an eclesasteal TFthere wis noe tdtion of ear episcopal bs before Eegesht, the new Northumbrian epicopal coinage woud presumably stem fom a pvege granted to the bishop athe kings er mining rights Bea ic persicd bh far Begherhe under subusquene monarchs, and fr othr archbishops all che way down ro dh end The colt broad pense of the southern coinge include specimens in the name of 1 independence inthe tied quater ofthe ninth cena snberh, archbishop of Canterbuy, and all his succes ac Canverbuy Torche ret of the tighth and all of che elath century dowa to Plepmund (890-923). Phipe more surplingh Eadbeshe (772x782-787%78)) lio seems to have ued broad penny Anoher mine vas st up a Roche i the mide ofthe reign of Coens om there ean probaly he identified inch ane bishop of London {Mscraton 7) of Mercia, and although some ecclesiastical is Petiod «821-430 on the basi of legend, design andthe lack ofa moneyers name ksracion 8 Rochester mincing igh are only eccwded in wring in he "Gately Code’ (Hl thes}; ch Wie Ac fine dhe eandard practice on these broad no bishop wm zo have ben named on ois." Canterbury and Rochester (usta the lower, reve de) co dhe bishops mame, and dhe ther di othe ki fn York unl the une of Archbishop Eanbald (7 Yet there were exceptions otis rule. unique penny of Archbishop lenber lone was found sinage of Archbishop Frhelhcardslone's! None of the cons of Archbitinp Wilf or hi noth xntury sucesso: rinks any reference ro che ling, while moneyer? namie fret appesr on Ashslheard’ cles but did noc become sandard until he second pha of Walled’ coinage bepnning around £810! Hloweve, rom late in the eign of Ecpthr, ing ofthe Wes Sons (802-39), unt the cay teach cenety the design of archeptcopal coinage were ted to those ofthe royal apd a times che scale and organisation of schiepicopal tlting could be bel influenced or in Canterbury unt 805 in the Askew hoard (Merason 6) and seve] specimens sors of he implication sem to be that ecesiascal minting rights were independent of the king bu overthadowed by him for much ofthe Gime, ‘That the arhbishops of Caneibury inetd thar ar of Seis K, om which the figure’ hand appears tobe making gesture of benediion, = although the gesture comes in the Morsiner, it det nage fom an ear period is therfore enitely possible. Te kas been. proposed ae 7 rot automatically fellow chat age making 2 gestae of blesing epreeets dhe archtop, just {on other cies Bgurcs holding croes could be biblical Figures or sans (stration 3) Asa the 76050 770s. The takeover of Kent ad is coinage by Offa was an extended proces which began wih a shorelived native coinage” The date of the co although ic could drive from the period afer che bate of Oxford in 776 when Of rule was ‘temporarily oerthrowa in Ken, could have been stuck ear and be comtemporary wich the ‘ai ues of Of, Eeghsth IH, and Heber, Even if tlasons wich Leber went down later in OF slg, chs nal encroachment of Mercian cule and che gant of tative kings aay bishop The episcopal ine from Rochester and Landon, on ce other and, scm iy cay to hae art one bishop (Eadberht have prorded an opportunity force extension of minting righ to thea bee inked to parila incumbents Both wer inte to the time and Beommod (804-842x844)repectivel), who may not have pasted on the privilege to thet Ifthe bishop of Canterbury and Rochester were indsd sil evi the cary teh cearury* chee mast by den have ben nothing whatocer to marc out these ‘sclsasica ius from ce vet ofthe coins struck a Canterbury and Rochewex. ‘The peblem the profits of moneys i ‘on iconography alone ev che problem of coinage which may have been struck forthe profi This begs the ques Jo Saxon ofthe Church hat was not marked ot atin ary way ecclesia Of jase what ‘celestial minting’ might have meant in the context of exer England, The sol act of aking the profits from a moncyers enterprise ext complescly independent operation involving diffrent designs and 0 da wine ecclesiastical mint in later mera contol over produc any The Merovingian cereal digs comparable othe et of the canage, bas on a Roma bust an intent ec she sla Et nda Come B68 6827, uration 2) xcept for the insrpsons and monograms, there wat often nothing to inst they were eclesieialisucs. In sich care ideolgieal and iconographic natements tok + backseat co economic concerns. In the esi Carolingsin period celessil oin-production declined" tough some Frankish monasteries (acquired mining rights in the context af ray turency late nthe nineh cetury,parcicalaly afer 864 ac cis tme churches were named 2 min ike any others, dhough how these new ecclesia) mine were managed aot lee (Uhucrcion 11)" This roexpunsion of ecclesatcal conta gather pace with the delne of CCatlingian royal power and wpread to design at well x production, at tanieted (fo example) Jn us Go he aby of Coie in 842-4 whic bear he iio he abbov onthe reves Later medieval eclesatial mia ia England shways remained relatively clove tothe design nage. The principal clear min in ater moda England sere Bory Se Edmunds Yore!™ Durham,” and Caneerburg™ These and thei counterparts cicerein Borape were normally st up in one of to Bac wy ther monje ‘working outside he charch in querton produced coin on trbchlfim lately Ou lationship ‘which could sce moneyers and premists pas im and out of ecclesia sri; oa ins was located within the church buildings and operat under more dsc supecvsion —chough not abeaysconstanly" Both stems applied at some later medieval English eclshatial mints (Canterbury cooneyert were based in diferene pars ofthe cy, wheren the mints of Bary, York, and Dusham were cated inthe precinct ofthe abbey or cathe. "* To ree any af thee srangements back nt the Angi Saron period i dficule but insructv. The wrangemens 3 ler medieral Canterbury were perhape of some aniguiy, and a sytem of satered moneyers working from individual workshops sem to have been usual at Anglo Swwon mins" By che early ninth cercury the achbsop enjoyed the services of atlas two rmoneyers who smedimes lo worked forthe king." The oranision behind epacpal minting at York before the Viking Age musky. ‘The link between the coinages of King Eadberht and Archbishop Eegbehe ae unclear, although iti ily that some xparson was maintained during production" Laer a stem salar to that at Cantey probably aot, in which Se ttchblshap coed the services of moneyers who sometimes also worked forthe king” A case might abo be made for onsite minging x minster. Traces of malworking have been found a some Anglo-Sason churchiten” an wmlan fdr and ater caren Living anda Arp nb Fs 1096 nn 8 3 9 risers are mentiousocasonally ia writen records at wel™ Some minster came w eseanble inban conte in thee ov ight, attracting great crowds of pilgrim and (emeimes) ders Bly has even been auggewed a «psbl mint for Serke-Q scare,” Uaforeunately, no die physical evidence fom before che Viking Age for minting thee (ot indeed saywhere els) as yet been found, This shold he inno way suring coin-producion didnot require large oF ‘etisted space ant osaly leew traces ses general dns of metalworking The many dffculesasoiaed with the adminiative background of ‘cater make th eoifiation of potential mechanisms of very carly cecesiai minting a largely intacable * DE LVNDONIA (ound on subgroup 1A) i Tom Londo, prenmably refering to te mint of exigin.® The pasence of just SLANICITIORVM fon the reverse of sub-group IA coud pment x continuation ofthe oer legend, sig something ike fom London of the sit at it i more Uhl to stand om is own pes farking ack to the lst part of the leend on the closely teat sub-group 1B coins. Monta could even be implied by the legend being ona coin, That sad the styles of the ro groups ue linc they are presumably the work of illeret dieters, though quite probably working at Talo therefore, the he same lcci, pepsin succeson to one another. ln deena oo set of coins have been divided int sub-groups A and B of single Group I, whereas qui

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