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= 4 R 2 (t ) 2 R 3 (t ) 6 R 4 (t ) + 9 R 5 (t ) 5 R 6 (t ) + R 7 (t )
7-Module series-parallel system
1.2
0.6
Series2
0.4
0.2
Time
97
100
94
91
88
85
82
79
76
73
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
19
16
13
10
0
1
Rsystem
0.8
7. Write the expression for the reliability of a 5MR system and calculate its MTTF. Assumethat failures
occur as a Poisson process with rate per node, that failures are independent and permanent, and that
the voter is failure-free.
Denote by R(t) = e- t the reliability of an individual node. The reliability of the 5MR
i =5 5
5! 3
5! 4
5! 5
R5 MR (t ) = R i (t )(1 R(t )) 5i =
R (t )(1 R(t )) 2 +
R (t )(1 R(t ))1 +
R (t )(1 R(t )) 0
i
3
!
2
!
4
!
1
!
5
!
0
!
i =3
= 10 R 3 (t ) 20 R 4 (t ) + 10 R 5 (t ) + 5 R 4 (t ) 5 R 5 (t ) + R 5 (t ) = 6 R 5 (t ) 15 R 4 (t ) + 10 R 3 (t )
MTTF =
6R
t =0
(t ) 15 R (t ) + 10 R (t ) = 6e 5t 15e 4t + 10e 3t
4
t =0
15 4
10 3 6 5 0
15 4 0
10 3 0
6 5
e
e
e
e
e
e
+
=
4
3
4
3
5
5
15
10 72 + 225 200
47
6
=
=
= [0 0 + 0]
+
60
60
5 4 3
15. The system shown in Figure 2.7 consists of a TMR core with a single spare a which can serve as a
spare only for module 1. Assume that modules 1 and a are active. When either of the two modules 1
or a fails, the failure is detected by the perfect comparator C, and the single operational module is
used to provide an input to the voter.
P 2 + P1 + PF = 1
For convenience, denote =/. The solution to the above equations is
1
1 + (3 c) + 2
2
P1 =
1 + (3 c) + 2
1 + 2
P1 + P2 =
1 + (3 c) + 2
P2 =
1 + 2
2
8
=
=
2
2.75 0.5c 11 2c
1 + (3 c) +
17. (a) Your manager in the Reliability and Quality Department asked you to verify her calculation of the
reliability of a certain system. The equation that she derived is
Rsystem = RC [1 - (1 - RA)(1 - RB)] [1 - (1 - RD)(1 - RE)] + (1 - RC) [1 - (1 - RARD)(1 -RBRE)]
However, she lost the system diagram. Can you draw the diagram based on the expression above?
(b) Write expressions for the upper and lower bounds on the reliability of the system and calculate
these values and the exact reliability for the case RA = RB = RC = RD = RE = R = 0.9.
The paths are: AD, BE, ACE and BCD. The upper bound is therefore:
Rsystem 1 - (1 - RARD)(1 - RBRE)(1 - RARCRE)(1 - RBRCRD)
This upper bound is equal to 0.99735 for R = 0.9.
The cut sets are: AB, DE, ACE and BCD. The lower bound is:
Rsystem [1-(1- RA)(1- RB)][1- (1- RD)(1- RE)][1- (1 -RA)(1- RC)(1- RE)][1- (1 - RB)(1 - RC)(1- RD)]
= [1 - (1 - R)2]2[1 - (1 - R)3]2
This lower bound is equal to 0.9781 for R = 0.9.
The value of the exact reliability for the case of RA = RB = RC = RD = RE = 0.9
Rsystem = RC[(1 (1 RA)(1 RB))(1 (1 RD)(1 RE))] + (1 RC)(1 RARD)(1-RBRE)
Rsystem = R(1 - (1 - R)2)2 + (1 - R)[1 - (1 - R2)2] = 0.97848.