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Taylor—Couette flow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In fluid dynamics, the Taylor—Couette flow consists of a viscous fluid
confined in the gap between two rotating cylinders. For low angular
velocities, measured by the Reynolds number Re, the flow is steady and
purely azimuthal. This basic state is known as circular Couette flow, after
Maurice Marie Alfred Couette who used this experimental device as a
‘means to measure viscosity. Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor investigated the
stability of the Couette flow in a ground-breaking paper which has been a
cornerstone in the development of hydrodynamic stability theory.!!]
Taylor showed that when the angular velocity of the inner eylinder is
increased above a certain threshold, Couette flow becomes unstable and a
secondary steady state characterized by axisymmetric toroidal vortices,
known as Taylor vortex flow, emerges. Subsequently increasing the
angular speed of the cylinder the system undergoes a progression of
instabilities which lead to states with greater spatio-temporal complexity,
with the next state being called as wavy vortex flow. If the two cylinders
rotate in opposite sense then spiral vortex flow arises. Beyond a certain
Reynolds number there is the onset of turbulence.
Setup of a Taylor—Couette system
Circular Couette flow has wide applications ranging from desalination to
magnetohydrodynamics and also in viscosimetric analysis. Furthermore,
when the liquid is allowed to flow in the annular space of two rotating cylinders along with the application of a
pressure gradient then a flow called Taylor—Dean flow arises. Different flow regimes have been categorized
over the years including twisted Taylor vortices, wavy outflow boundaries, etc. It has been a well researched
and documented flow in fluid dynamics.!?!
Contents
1 Taylor vortex
2 Flow regimes
3 Gollub-Swinney circular Couette experiment
4 References
5 Further reading
Taylor vortex
Taylor vortices (also named after Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor) are vortices formed in rotating Taylor—Couette
flow when the Taylor number (Ta) of the flow exceeds a critical value Tae.
For flow in which
Ta Tag, the new flow, called Taylor—Couette flow,
with the Taylor vortices present, is actually steady until the flow reaches a
large Reynolds number, at which point the flow transitions to unsteady "wavy
vortex" flow, presumably indicating the presence of non-axisymmetric
instabilities.
Rotating Couette flow is characterized geometrically by the two parameters
B=, /2%
and
n= Ri/Ro
where the subscript "1" refers to the inner cylinder and the subscript "2" refers
to the outer cylinder. The idealized mathematical problem is posed by
choosing a particular value of 1, 9, and Ta, As y+ 1 and ys -> 1 from below,
the critical Taylor number is Ta, ~ 1708.
position [mm]
Flow regimes
Avi
One significance of Taylor-Couette flow is due to the changes in flow regimes
which eventually lead to turbulence, It is hoped that by studying these systems
a more general understanding of transitions to turbulence will emerge.
Many of the flow regimes have been observed in multiple experiments and
have thus acquired a standard naming convention.) For instance:
= TVF— Taylor vortex flow
= WVE- wavy vortex flow
= MWV — modulated wavy vortices
= TTV—turbulent Taylor vortices
= TUR — featureless turbulent flow
as well as a number of others. "Wavy" in this sense refers to the progression of
changes to the flow in the angular direction, The entire map of flow regimes is Radial position (normalised)
incomplete; experiments are sometimes conducted to elucidate a particular
region of interest, but gaps in understanding remain. E.g., a potentially distinct
regime called "soft turbulence" has been identified.)
Streamlines showing Taylor—
Couette vortices in the radial-
vertical plane, at Re=950
Taylor-Couette experiments may sometimes include additional system
features, such as an imposed axial flow, pulsating flow,ll*l etc. designed to better understand certain
transitions,
Gollub-Swinney circular Couette experiment
In 1975, J. P. Gollub and H. L. Swinney published a paper on the onset of turbulence in rotating fluid. In a
Taylor—Couette flow system, they observed that, as the rotation rate increases, the fluid stratifies into a pile of
"fluid donuts”, With further increases in the rotation rate, the donuts oscillate and twist and finally become
turbulent.(7I Their study helped establish the Ruelle—Takens scenario in turbulence,!*! which is an important
contribution by Floris Takens and David Ruelle towards understanding how hydrodynamic systems transition
from stable flow patterns into turbulent. While the principal, governing factor for this transition is the Reynolds
number, there are other important influencing factors: if the flow is open (meaning there is a lateral up- and
tpaenwikipoiarorgwikTaylorigE2sis0%93Cavete_ ow 28anozo%8 “Taylor-Couetis Now - Wikipedia, the fre ereyelopadia
downstream), closed (flow is laterally bound; e.g. rotating), bounded (influenced by wall effects) or unbounded
(not influenced by wall effects). According to this classification the TaylorCouette flow is an example of a
flow pattern forming in a closed, bounded flow system,
References
Taylor, G.l. (1923). "Stability of a Viscous Liquid contained between Two Rotating Cylinders". Phil. Trans. Royal
Society. A223 (605-615): 289-343. Bibcode:1923RSPTA.223..289T. doi:10,1098/rsta. 1923.0008.
2, Andereck, C.D.; Liu, S.S.; Swinney, H.L. (1986). "Flow regimes in a circular Couette system with independently
rotating cylinders", Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 164: 1SS-183. Bibcode:1986JFM...164..155A.
doi:10.1017/80022112086002513,
3. Weisberg, A. Y.; Kevrekidis, I. G.; Smits, A. J. (1997), "Delaying Transition in Taylor—Couette Flow with Axial
Motion of the Inner Cylinder". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 348: 141-151, doi:10.1017/S00221 12097006630.
4, Takeda, Y. (1999). "Quasi-Periodic State and Transition to Turbulence in a Rotating Couette System". Journal of
Fluid Mechanics. 389: 81-99. Bibcode:1999JFM...389...81T, doi:10.1017/S0022112099005091.
5. Wereley, S. T.; Lueptow, R. M. (1999). "Velocity field for Taylor—Couette flow with an axial flow”. Physics of
Fluids. U1 (12): 3637-3649. Bibcode:1999PhF...11.3637W. doi:10.1063/1.870228,
6. Marques, F.; Lopez, J. M.; Shen, J. (2001), "A Periodically Forced Flow Displaying Symmetry Breaking Via a
‘Three-Tori Gluing Bifurcation and Two-Tori Resonances". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 156 (1-2): 81-91.
Bibcode:2001PhyD..156...81M. doi:10,1016/80167-2789(01)00261-5.
7. Gollub, J. P.; Swinney, H. L. (1975). "Onset of turbulence in a rotating fluid". Physical Review Letters. 35 (14): 927—
930, Bibcode:1975PhRWL..35..927G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.927.
8. Guckenheimer, John (1983). "Strange attractors in fluid dynamics". Dynamical System and Chaos. Lecture Notes in
Physics. 179, Springer Berlin, pp. 149-156, doi:10,1007/3-540-12276-1_10, ISBN 978-3-540-12276.0,
Further reading
= Chossat, P; Jooss, G. (1992). The Couette-Taylor Problem. Wikimedia Commons has
Applied Mathematical Sciences. 102. Springer. doi:10.1007/978- media elated to Taylors
1-4612-4300-7. ISBN 978-0387941547. Conctefiem.
= Koschmieder, E. L. (1993). Bénard Cells and Taylor Vortices.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40204-2.
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