FOUNDATION

ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
Second Edition

Edited by

HSAI-YANG FANG

Ph.D.

Professor of Civil Engineering and Director, Geotechnical

Engineering Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University

VAN NOSTRANO REINHOLD

_ _ _ _ _ New York

CONTENTS

Preface xv
List of Contri butors

xvi i

1 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS ANO SAMPLING

John Lowe 111 a n d Philip F. Zacche o

1 .1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1 .6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20

l ntroduction 1
Plann ing an Exploratio n Program
Reconnaissance lnvestigations 2
Explorations for Preliminary Design 6
Explorations for Detailed Design 8
Geophysical Explorations 8
Soundings and Probings 12
Boring Methods 14
Excavation Methods for Exploration 29
Groundwater lnvestigations 30
Test Grouting 37
Representative but Disturbed Samples 37
Undisturbed Samples 43
In Situ So il Testi ng in Boreholes 51
Rock Coring 53
Miscellaneous Exploratory Techniques 59
Preservation, Shipment, and Storage of Samples 61
Logs of Subsurface Explorations 64
Contracting and Supervising Exploratory Programs 68
Subsurface Explorations Reports 69

2 SAMPLING ANO PREPARATION O F MAR INE SEOIMENTS

Ronald C . Chaney

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

l ntroduction 72
Offshore / Nearshore Soil Samples 75
Handling, Wrapping, and Labeling 80
Storage 82
Preparation of Soil Samples 83
Laboratory versus l n-Situ Properties 84

3 SOIL TECHNOLOGY ANO ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS

Hans F. Winterko r n a n d Hsai-Yang Fang

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Definition of Soil 88
Descript ion and ldentification of Soils 88
Rocks and Their Classification 92
Physical Properties Employed in Eng ineering Classifications of Soil Materials
Soil Classification Systems 102
Soil Types by Deposition or Other Special Features 109

99

vii

..c

viii

Contents ix

Contents

The Structure of Noncohesive Soil Systems 115

3.7
The Structure of Cohesive Soils 119
3.8
Capillarity and Conduction Phenomena 125
3.9
3.10 Effect of Temperature on Engineering Properties of Soils
3.11 Densification ( Compaction ) 131
3.12 Consoli dation 132
3.13 Shear Strength 1 34
3.14 ln -Situ Measurements of Soil Properties 138

7.3
7.4
7. 5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7 .9
7 .10
7 .11

129

Methods of Groundwater Contro! 236

Field Pumping Tests 239
Design of Predrainage Systems 241
Managing Groundwater Contro! 244
Disputes over Groundwater Contro! 245
Cost of Groundwater Contro! 245
Undesirable Side- Effects of Dewatering 246
Permanent Dewatering Systems 246
Ground Freezing 247

4 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Wai - Fah Chen and William O. McCarron

8 COMPACTED FI LL
Jack W . H i lf

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.1 O
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

l ntroduction 144
Methods of Analysis 144
Soil Governing Parameters 145
Bearing Capacity by the Upper- Bound Method 145
Bearing Capacity by the Lower- Bound M ethod 150
Footi ng Depth and Shape and lncli ned and Eccentric Loads 152
Footing Shape, Depth, and lnclination Effects 154
Nonhomogeneous Foundations and An isotropie Strength 154
lnfluence of Groundwater Table 156
Comments o n Bearing Capacity Solutions 157
Sliding Stability of Gravity Structures 157
Choice of Safety Factor 158
Example Problems 1 59
Numerica! Evaluatio n of Bearing Capacity 161

5 STRESS DISTRIBUTION ANO SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Robert D . Holtz
l ntroduction 166
Settlement of Shallow Foundations 167
Applicability of the Theory of Elasticity to Calculation of Stresses and Displacements in Earth Masses
Calculation of lnitial Distortion Settlements 170
Distortion Settlement of Granular Soils 177
Calculation of Stress Distributions 185
Consolidation Settlements 192
Secondary Compression Settlements 209
To lerable Criteria 212
Foundation Treatment Alternates 216

309

9 SOIL STABI LIZATION ANO GROUTIN G

Hans F. Winterkor n and Sibel Pamukcu

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.1 O

lntroduction 249
Soil Compaction 249
Compaction Equ ipment 273
Contro! of Compaction 294
M iscellaneous Problems in Compaction

169

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.1O
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17

l ntroductio n 317
Principia of Soi l Stabilization 317
M ethods of Soil Stabilization 318
Stabil ization of Soils with Granu lar SKeleton 319
Chemical Stabi lization 324
Cement Stabi lization 328
Lime Stabilization 337
Ash and Slag Stabilization 344
Bituminous Stabilization 346
Thermal and Electroki netic Stabilization 349
Construction 351
Grouting Principles 353
Grouting Techniques 354
Planning of the Grouting Project 358
The Grouting Process 363
Contro! of Grouts and Grouting Operations 368
Examples of Applications of Grouting 369

10 STABILITY OF EARTH S LOPES

Hsai -Yang Fang and George K. Mikroudis
6 EARTH PRESSURES
G. W . Clough and J . M. Duncan
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

A t- Rest Latera l Pressures 224

Active and Passive Latera! Earth Pressures 224
Soii- Structure lnteraction for Unmoving Walls 228
Earth Pressures due to Surface Loads 229
Earth Pressures due to Compaction 230
Relation Between Earth Pressures and Wall Movements
Earth Pressures for Design 234

7 DEWATERING ANO GROUNDWATER CONTROL

J . Patrick Powers
7.1
7.2

lmpact of Groundwater on Construction 236

Design of Structures Below the Water Table 236

232

1 0.1
10.2
1 0.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8

l ntroduction 379
Factors Affecting Slope Stabi lity A nalysis 379
Factor of Safety 380
Slope Stability Analysis Procedure : Limit Equilibrium Methods 381
Slope Stability Analysis Procedure : Limit Analysis Methods 395
Methods Considering Seismic Effects 399
Slope Stability in Soils Presenting Special Problems 404
Computer-Aided and Expert Systems for Slope Stability A nalysis 406

11 LANDSLIDES
Bengt B. Broms and Kai S . Wong
11 .1
11.2
11 .3

l ntroduction 41 O
Causes of Landslides 411
Consequences of Landslides

415

Contents xi

Contents

11.4
11 .5
11 .6
11 .7
11 .8
11 .9

Slope Movements Preceding Landslides

Classification 417
lnvestigations for Landslides 425
Analysis of Landslides 427
lnstrumentation 432
M ethods of Correcting Landslides 435

15.3
t5.4

415

15.5

16

lC

in

Jl

H . Bolton Seed
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

lntroduction 447
Restrained Retaining Structures 447
Gravity Structures 478
Cantilever Retain ing Walls 503
Special Structures 504
Sheet Piling and H- Piles 507

gi

r
Kl

~l

br

c
s,

Cfc

or

on
on
on
on

Shaking lntensity and Associated Structural Damage

Ground Settlement 614
Liquefaction Potential 614
Landslides 619

Ronald C . Chaney and Sibel Pamukcu

13 PILE FOUNDATIONS
Bengt H . Fellenius

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.1o
16.11

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.1o
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16

lntroduction and Backg round 511

Aspects for Generai Consideration 512
The Shaft Resistance 513
Toe Resistance 516
Capacity Determined from ln- Situ Field Testing 517
lnstallation Considerations 517
Residua! Compression 517
The Neutral Piane 518
Capacity of a Pile Group 520
Summary of Design Procedure for Capacity and Strength
Settlement of Pile Foundat ions 521
Static Testing of Piles 524
Pile Dynamics 529
Horizontally Loaded Piles 531
Seismic Design of Lateral Pil e Behavior 533
Design Example 533

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11

520
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8

lntroduction 537
Generai Behavior Patterns 537
Axial Compression Capacity 538
Drained Axial Compression Capacity 539
Undrained Axial Compression Capacity 545
Axial Uplift Capacity 548
Belled Shafts 549
Compression and Uplift Displacements 549
Other Site and Loading Conditions 550
Closing Comments on Design 551
Pertinent Standards and Specifications 551

l ntroduction 553
M achine Foundation Vibrations : Statement of th e Problem

lntroduction 673
lrrotational Seismic Waves 673
Shear Seismic Waves 675
Case History 677

18 OFFSHORE STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS

Ronald C. Chaney and Kenneth R. Demars
lntroduction 679
Loading on Foundations 684
Pile Structures in Marine Environment
Gravity Platforms 702
Anchor Uplift Capacity 712
Pipelines 716
Jack- Up Platforms 723
Hydraulic Filled lslands 727

684

19 FOUNDATIONS IN COLO REGIONS

Arvind Phukan

15 FOUNDATION VIBRATIONS
George Gazetas
15.1
15.2

lntroduction 623
lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Ground Settlement 624
lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Liquefaction Potential 628
lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Landslides 635
Behavior of Clays and Silts During Cyclic Load ing 653
Remedy of Earthquake Damage on Soii- Foundation Systems

17 FOUNDATION PROBLEMS IN EARTHOUAKE REGIONS

Leonardo Zeevaert

14 DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATIONS

Fred H . Kulhawy

cc
rn

l ntroduction 594
lnfluence of Soil Conditions
lnfluence of Soil Conditions
l nfluence of Soil Conditions
l nfluence of Soil Conditions

Part Il: From 1975 to 1989

Jh

or

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON SOIL- FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

Part l : Prior to 1975

12 RETAINING STRUCTURES ANO EXCAVATIONS

Thomas D . Dismuke
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6

Soil Moduli and Damping- Field and Laboratory Testing Procedures 555
Harmonic Vibration of Block Foundations: Definition and Use of lmpedances ( Dynamic " Springs" and
" Dashpots" ) 564
Computing Dynamic lmpedances : Tables and Charts for Dynamic "Springs" and " Dashpots" 569

553

19.1
19.2
19.3
1 9.4
19.5
19.6

l ntroduction 735
Frozen Soils: Phases and Temperature Profila
Design Approach 737
Design Considerations 738
Shallow Foundations 742
Pile Foundations 745

735

661

597

xii

Contents

Contents

20 GEOTECHNICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL SYSTEMS

Jeffrey C . Evans
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7

l ntroduction 750
Soii-Waste lnteractions 750
Permeability and Compatibility Testing 752
Hazardous Waste Control Systems 760
Covers and Liners 762
Vertical Barrier Systems and Cutoff Walls 765
Generai Guidance 775

l ntroduction 778
Principle and Advantages of Reinforced Earth
History and Development 779
Behavior of Reinforced Earth 780
Design Methods 786
Materia! Specifications 790
Effects of Water and Dynamic Loading 791
A pplications 792

778

22 GEOSYNTHETICS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERIN G

Robert M . Koerner
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6

l ntroduction 796
Geotextiles 796
Geogrids 800
Geonets 802
Geomembranes 804
Geocomposites 810

23 DEEP COMPACTION OF GRANULAR SOILS

Bengt B. Broms
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6

l ntroduction 814
Vibration Methods 815
Displacement Methods 821
Loading Methods 827
Control Methods 828
Cost Comparisons 829

24 STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITH LIME COLUMNS

Bengt B . Broms
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6

l ntroduction 833
Principle of the Lime Column Method 837
Applications of the Lime Column Method 847
Laboratory and Field lnvestigations 850
Control Methods 852
Schedule for Design and Construction 853

25 DURABILITY ANO PROTECTION OF FOUNDATIONS

Thomas D . Dismuke
25.1
25.2

l ntroduction 856
Facility Function and Failure Criteria

857

Properties of Construction Materials, Soil, and Water

Site Data 861
Behavior of Materials in Soil and Water 863
Evaluation of Site Data 864
Protection of Foundations 865

857

26 GROUND ANCHORS ANO SOIL NAILS IN RETAINING STRUCTURES

llan Juran and Victor Elias

21 REINFORCED EARTH
F. Schlo sser and M . Bastick
21 .1
21 .2
21 .3
21 .4
21 .5
21 .6
21 .7
21 .8

25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7

26.1
lntroduction 868
Pri nciples, Historical Development, and Fields of Application 868
26.2
Technology, Construction Process, and Structural Elements 871
26.3
Soil-lnclusion l nteraction : Pu ii-Out Capacity Estimates 877
26.4
Application Criteri a: Advantages an d Limitations 883
26.5
Feasibility Evaluation 884
26.6
Short- and Long-Term Performance of Anchors and Nails 884
26.7
Durability Considerations 889
26.8
Design of Anchored Walls and Nailed Soii- Reta ining Structures 890
26.9
26.10 Technological Development and Research Needs 902

APPENDIX
INDEX

911

907

xiii