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Renewables split-up by
source
Fossil
Biomass
Biomass
electric
Renewable heat
SolarWind
Nuclear
water
GeoGeo-heat electric
Hydro
Solar PV
Ethanol
Solar CSP
Biodiesel
Oceanic
Source: Renewable Energy Policy
Network[1]
Total
Fission economics[edit]
Main article: Economics of new nuclear power plants
Renewable sources[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy commercialization
Country
Notes
[101]
USA
[102]
India
[103]
USA
[104][105]
USA
[104][105]
USA
Romania [106]
[107]
USA
Solar[edit]
Main articles: Solar PV systems and Concentrated solar power
The Topaz Solar Farm is one of the worlds largest solar power
station.
Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by
converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using
semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic
power generation employs solar panels composed of a number
of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials
presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride,
and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the
increased demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has
advanced considerably in recent years.
Biofuels[edit]
Main articles: Biofuel and Sustainable biofuel
Energy generators past and present at Doel, Belgium: 17thcentury windmill Scheldemolen and 20th-century Doel Nuclear
Power Station
Since prehistory, when humanity discovered fire to warm up and
roast food, through the Middle Ages in which populations built
windmills to grind the wheat, until the modern era in which
nations can get electricity splitting the atom. Man has sought
endlessly for energy sources[note 21] from which to draw profit,
which have been the fossil fuels, on one hand the coal to fuel the
steam engines run industrial rails as well as maintain
households, and secondly, the oil and its derivatives in the
industry and transportation (primarily automotive), although
have lived with smaller-scale exploitation of wind power, hydro
and biomass. This model of development, however, is based on
the depletion of fossil resources from periods of millions years
investments. If investment is greater than the energy produced by the resource, it is no longer an
effective energy source.[157][note 25] This means that resources, the wasteful ones, are not used
effectively for energy production.[note 26] Such resources can be exploited economically in order to
produce raw materials;[note 27] They then become ordinary mining reserves, economically
recoverable are not a positive energy sources. New technology may ameliorate this problem if it
can lower the energy investment required to extract and convert the resources, although
ultimately basic physics sets limits that cannot be exceeded.
Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe,
world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided
by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled
irrigation.[158] The peaking of world hydrocarbon production (peak oil) may lead to significant
changes, and require sustainable methods of production.[159] One vision of a sustainable energy
future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads)
doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and
absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.[160]
With contemporary space industry's economic activity[161][162] and the related private spaceflight,
with the manufacturing industries, that go into Earth's orbit or beyond, delivering them to those
regions will require further energy development.[163][164][165][166] Commercialization of space includes
satellite navigation systems, satellite television and satellite radio; investments estimated to be
$50.8 billion.[167] Researchers have contemplated space-based solar power for collecting solar
power in space for use on Earth.[note 28][note 29] Space-based solar power only differ from solar and
other similar radiant energy collection methods in that the means used to collect energy would
reside on an orbiting satellite instead of on Earth's surface. Some projected benefits of such a
system are a higher collection rate and a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing
and refracting atmosphere and nighttime in space.[note 30]
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Policy
Energy policy, Energy policy of the United States, Energy policy of China, Energy policy
of India, Energy policy of the European Union, Energy policy of the United Kingdom,
Energy policy of Russia, Energy policy of Brazil, Energy policy of Canada, Energy
policy of the Soviet Union, Energy Industry Liberalization and Privatization (Thailand)
General
Seasonal thermal energy storage (Interseasonal thermal energy storage), Geomagnetically
induced current, Energy harvesting
Feedstock
Raw material, Biomaterial, Commodity, Materials science, Recycling, Upcycling,
Downcycling
Other
Background radiation, Thorium-based nuclear power, List of oil pipelines, List of natural
gas pipelines, Ocean thermal energy conversion, Growth of photovoltaics
2.
3.
4.
5.
^ Including oil companies, petroleum refiners, fuel transport and end-user sales at gas stations
6.
^ Including natural gas extraction, and coal gas manufacture, as well as distribution and sales
7.
8.
9.
10.
^ Providing the day and the habitable zone the Earth is in.
11.
12.
13.
14.
^ petroleum products (fats), Hydrogenated vegetable oil (vegetable shortening), Brown grease,
and Yellow grease
15.
16.
17.
^ Or, moreover, the mass and energy coupling, as Albert Einstein states in the equivalence
between these two concepts in his formula, .
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
^ Concentrated in foreign territories after the exploitation and exhaustion of their own resource.
23.
24.
^ Said in relation with Liquid metal fast breeder reactor. For more, see: United States. Congress.
Senate. Committee on Appropriations. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975. Page 7349.
25.
26.
27.
28.
^ Using solar power satellites and satellite power systems, such as the electrodynamic tether.
29.
^ Space-based solar power has been in research since the early 1970s.
30.
^ Though, Earth based receiving structures of radiant electromotive forces are not beyond
conception.
Citations
1.
^ REN21Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century Renewables 2012Global
Status Report, 2012
2.
3.
4.
^ The Federal nonnuclear energy research and development act (Public Law 93-577) section 11,
environmental evaluation: report to the President and Congress. By United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology.
5.
^ The Social impacts of energy development on national parks: final report By United States
National Park Service, University of Denver. Center for Community Change. The National Park Service,
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1984.
6.
7.
^ Resources for the twenty-first century: proceedings of the international centennial symposium of
the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 1419, 1979 . By Frank C.
Whitmore, Mary Ellen Williams, U.S. Geological Survey.
8.
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^ Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Summary for Policymakers and
Technical Summary: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press, 2011.
11.
^ Solar Energy and Nonfossil Fuel Research. By United States. Cooperative State Research
Service, Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. The Department, 1981.
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^ Final Report of the Task Force on the Availability of Federally Owned Mineral Lands, Volumes
1-2. By United States. Task Force on the Availability of Federally Owned Mineral Lands.
13.
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^ Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies, and Implications. Edited by Carlos Pascual,
Jonathan Elkind. p210
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^ Congressional Record, V. 153, PT. 2, January 18, 2007 to February 1, 2007 edited by U S
Congress, Congress (U.S.). p 1618
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^ Energy Dependency, Politics and Corruption in the Former Soviet Union. By Margarita M.
Balmaceda. Psychology Press, December 6, 2007.
24.
^ Oil-Led Development: Social, Political, and Economic Consequences. Terry Lynn Karl.
Stanford University. Stanford, California, United States.
25.
^ Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management. Was at:
www.pppl.gov/polImage.cfm?doc_Id=44&size_code=Doc
26.
^ "Big Rig Building Boom". Rigzone.com. 2006-04-13. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21.
Retrieved 2008-01-18.
27.
^ "Heat Island Group Home Page". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2000-08-30.
Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
28.
29.
30.
^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007): IPCC Fourth Assessment Report - Working
Group I Report on "The Physical Science Basis".
31.
^ How much electricity does a typical nuclear power plant generate? - FAQ - U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA)
32.
^ "Environmental impacts of coal power: air pollution". Union of Concerned Scientists. 18 August
2005. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
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^ "Key World Energy Statistics 2012" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2012. Retrieved 201212-17.
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^ "What is Nuclear Power Plant - How Nuclear Power Plants work | What is Nuclear Power
Reactor - Types of Nuclear Power Reactors". EngineersGarage. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
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^
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/F2010/EP2/Materials4Students/Misiaszek/NuclearMarinePropuls
ion.pdf Naval Nuclear Propulsion, Magdi Ragheb. As of 2001, about 235 naval reactors had been built
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^ "Beyond ITER". The ITER Project. Information Services, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
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timeline
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^ Union-Tribune Editorial Board (March 27, 2011). "The nuclear controversy". Union-Tribune.
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^ James J. MacKenzie. Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy by Arthur W. Murphy The
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^ In February 2010 the nuclear power debate played out on the pages of the New York Times, see
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Power?
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^ Sturgis, Sue. "Investigation: Revelations about Three Mile Island disaster raise doubts over
nuclear plant safety". Southernstudies.org. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
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Disasters". Time.com. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
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^ Johnston, Robert (September 23, 2007). "Deadliest radiation accidents and other events
causing radiation casualties". Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events.
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^ Markandya, A.; Wilkinson, P. (2007). "Electricity generation and health". Lancet. 370 (9591):
979990. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7. PMID 17876910.
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^ "Dr. MacKay Sustainable Energy without the hot air". Data from studies by the Paul Scherrer
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^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2012/06/10/energys-deathprint-a-price-always-paid/
with Chernobyl's total predicted linear no-threshold cancer deaths included, nuclear power is safer when
compared to many alternative energy sources' immediate, death rate.