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m = 1/4,
soluciones
y1
y2
Solucin general
= e0x = 1,
1
= e 4 x .
1
y = c1 + c2 e 4 x ,
c1 , c2 R.
(1.2)
y 00 y 0 6y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 m 6 = 0,
(
6
1 1 + 24
15
2 = 3,
m=
=
=
2
2
42 = 2.
1
= e3x ,
= e2x .
Solucin general
y = c1 e3x + c2 e2x ,
c1 , c2 R.
(1.3)
y 00 + 8y 0 + 16y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 8m + 16 = 0,
8 64 64
8
m=
= = 4
2
2
Sistema fundamental de soluciones
y1
y2
(doble) .
= e4x ,
= xe4x .
Solucin general
y = c1 e4x + c2 xe4x ,
c1 , c2 R.
(1.4)
12y 00 5y 0 2y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
12m2 5m 2 = 0,
5 25 + 96
25 + 4 2 12
=
24
24
(
16
2
5 121
5 11
24 = 3 ,
=
=
6
24
24
= 1/4.
24
m =
=
= e 3 x,
1
= e 4 x .
1
y = c1 e 3 x + c2 e 4 x ,
c1 , c2 R.
(1.5)
y 00 + 9y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 9 = 0,
m2 = 9,
m = 9 = 3i.
Tenemos dos races complejas conjugadas (simples)
z = i,
= ex cos x,
= ex sin x.
Solucin general
y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x) ,
y = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x,
c1 , c2 R.
(1.6)
y 00 4y 0 + 5y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 4m + 5 = 0,
m =
=
4 4
16 20
=
2
2
4 2i
= 2 i.
2
4
y1
y2
Solucin general
c1 , c2 R.
(1.7)
3y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
3m2 + 2m + 1 = 0,
m =
=
4 12
2 8
=
6
6
2 2 2i
1
2
=
i.
6
3
3
2
!
2
cos
x ,
3
x
3
!
2
sin
x .
3
y1 = e
y2 = e
Solucin general
x
3
y=e
"
!
!#
2
2
c1 cos
x + c2 sin
x
,
3
3
c1 , c2 R.
d3 u d2 u
+ 2 2u = 0.
dt3
dt
4. y 000 + 3y 00 + 3y 0 + y = 0.
5. y (4) + y 000 + y 00 = 0.
6. 16
7.
d4 y
d4 y
+
24
+ 9y = 0.
dx4
dx4
d4 u
d3 u
d2 u du
d5 u
+ 5 4 2 3 10 2 +
+ 5u = 0.
5
dr
dr
dr
dr
dr
(2.1)
y 000 4y 00 + 5y 0 = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m3 4m2 5m = 0,
m m2 4m 5 = 0,
m2 4m 5 = 0,
m = 0,
m2 4m 5 = 0,
(
10
4 16 + 20
4 36
46
2 = 5,
m=
=
=
=
2
2
2
22 = 1.
Races
m = 0,
m = 5,
m = 1.
= e0x = 1,
= e5x ,
= ex .
Solucin general
y = c1 + c2 e5x + c3 ex ,
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
(2.2)
y 000 5y 00 + 3y 0 + 9y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m3 5m2 + 3m + 9 = 0.
Intentamos con los divisores del trmino independiente
1, 3, 9.
Para m = 1, obtenemos
(1)3 5(1)2 + 3(1) + 9 = 1 5 3 + 9 = 0.
Descomponemos usando la regla de Runi
1
1)
Resolvemos
5
1
6
3
6
9
9
9
0
m3 5m2 + 3m + 9 = (m + 1) m2 6m + 9 .
m2 6m + 9 = 0,
6
6 36 36
= = 3 (doble) .
m=
2
2
Sistema fundamental de soluciones
y1
y2
y3
= ex ,
= e3x ,
= xe3x .
Solucin general
y = c1 ex + c2 e3x + c3 xe3x ,
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
(2.3)
d3 u d2 u
+ 2 2u = 0,
dt2
dt
000
u + u00 2u = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m3 + m2 2 = 0.
Observamos que m = 1 es solucin. Descomponemos usando la regla de Runi
1
1)
1
Resolvemos
1
1
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
m3 + m2 2 = (m 1) m2 + 2m + 2 .
m2 + 2m + 2 = 0,
2 4 8
2 4
2 2i
m=
=
=
= 1 i.
2
2
2
Races de la ecuacin caracterstica
m = 1,
m = 1 i.
= et ,
= et cos t,
= et sin t.
Solucin general
y = c1 et + et (c2 cos t + c3 sin t) ,
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
(2.4)
y 000 + 3y 00 + 3y 0 + y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m3 + 3m2 + 3m + 1 = 0,
3
(m + 1) = 0.
Races
m = 1,
(triple).
= ex ,
= xex ,
= x2 ex .
Solucin general
y = c1 ex + c2 xex + c3 x2 ex ,
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
(2.5)
y (4) + y 000 + y 00 = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m4 + m3 + m2 = 0,
m2 m2 + m + 1 = 0.
Resolvemos
m2 + m + 1 = 0,
m =
=
1 3
14
=
2
2
1
1 3 i
3
=
i.
2
2
2
1
(doble) ,
3
1
i (complejas conjugadas, simples) .
m =
2
2
y1
y2
!
3
= e
cos
x ,
2
!
3
12 x
= e
sin
x .
2
12 x
y3
y4
Solucin general
y = c1 + c2 x + e
12 x
!
!!
3
3
c3 cos
x + c4 sin
x
,
2
2
c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 R.
(2.6)
16
d4 y
d2 y
+
24
+ 9y = 0,
dx4
dx2
t =
=
242 4 16 9
24 576 576
=
32
32
24
83
3
=
=
(doble).
32
84
4
24
3
m2 = ,
4
r
3
m= ,
4
3
m=
i (dobles).
2
Sistema fundamental de soluciones
!
3
x ,
y1 = cos
2
!
3
y2 = x cos
x ,
2
!
3
y3 = sin
x ,
2
!
3
y4 = x sin
x .
2
Solucin general
!
!
!
!
3
3
3
3
y = c1 cos
x + c2 x cos
x + c3 sin
x + c4 sin
x , cj R.
2
2
2
2
(2.7)
d5 u 5d4 u
d3 u
d2 u du
+
10
+
+ 5u = 0.
dr5
dr4
dr3
dr2
dr
Ecuacin caracterstica
m5 + 5m4 2m3 10m2 + m + 5 = 0.
Descomponemos usando la regla de Runi
1
1)
1
1)
1
1)
1)
5
1
6
1
7
1
6
1
5
2
6
4
7
11
6
5
5
0
10
4
6
11
5
5
0
1
6
5
5
0
5
5
0
Races
m=1
(doble) ,
m = 1
(doble) ,
m = 5.
=
=
=
=
=
er ,
rer ,
er ,
rer ,
e5r .
Solucin general
y = c1 er + c2 rer + c3 er + c4 rer + c5 e5r ,
Ejercicio 3 Resuelve el problema de valor inicial
00
y + 16y = 0,
y(0) = 2,
0
y (0) = 2.
cj R.
m =
16 = 4i.
Solucin general
y = c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x,
c1 , c2 R.
1
sin 4x.
2
dx2 4 dx 5y = 0,
= 0,
y(1)
y 0 (1) = 2.
10
4 16 + 20
4 36
46
2 = 5,
m=
=
=
=
2
2
2
22 = 1.
Solucin general
y = c1 e5t + c2 et ,
c1 , c2 R.
Calculamos
y 0 = 5c1 e5t c2 et ,
e imponemos las condiciones iniciales; de
y(1) = 0,
obtenemos
c1 e5 + c2 e1 = 0.
De
y 0 (1) = 2,
resulta
5c1 e5 c2 e1 = 2.
Tenemos el sistema
c1 e5 + c2 e1 = 0,
5c1 e5 c2 e1 = 2.
2
1
= 5.
5
6e
3e
Sustituimos en
c1 e5 + c2 e1 = 0
y obtenemos
1 5
e + c2 e1 = 0,
3e5
1
c2 e1 = ,
3
1
c2 = e.
3
Solucin del problema de valor inicial
y=
1 5t 1
e e et .
3e5
3
1 5t5 1 t+1
e
,
e
3
3
1 5(t1) 1 (t1)
e
.
e
3
3
1 1 8
1 7
1
7
m=
=
=
i.
2
2
2
2
Solucin general
!
!#
"
7
7
x
2
c1 cos
x + c2 sin
x
, c1 , c2 R.
y=e
2
2
10
11
De
y(0) = 0,
obtenemos
e0 (c1 cos 0 + c2 sin 0) = 0
c1 = 0.
Como c1 = 0, sabemos que la solucin es de la forma
!
7
x
x .
y = e 2 c2 sin
2
Calculamos
1
y = ex/2 c2 sin
2
0
!
!
7
7
7
x/2
c2
x +e
cos
x ,
2
2
2
de la condicin
y 0 (0) = 0,
obtenemos
1
7
e0 c2 sin 0 + e0 c2
cos 0 = 0,
2
2
c2 = 0.
La solucin es
y(x) = 0.
Este resultado puede deducirse sin realizar ningn clculo, ya que sabemos que
el sistema tiene solucin nica y la funcin y(x) = 0 es solucin.
Ejercicio 6 Resuelve el problema de valor inicial
000
y + 12y 00 + 36y 0 = 0,
y(0) = 0,
y 0 (0) = 1,
00
y (0) = 7.
m m2 + 12m + 36 = 0,
m2 + 12m + 36 = (m + 6) .
m = 6 (doble).
Solucin general
y = c1 + c2 e6x + c3 xe6x ,
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
De la condicin
y 00 (0) = 7,
resulta
36c2 12c3 = 7.
Tenemos el sistema
c1 + c2 = 0,
6c2 + c3 = 1,
36c2 12c3 = 7.
c1 + c2 = 0,
6c2 + c3 = 1,
6c3 = 1,
resulta
c3 =
Sustituimos en la 2a
1
.
6
1
= 1,
6
1
5
6c2 = 1 = ,
6
6
5
c2 =
.
36
6c2 +
Sustituimos en la 1a
c1 = c2 =
5
.
36
5
1
5
e6x + xe6x .
36 36
6
12
y(1) = 0.
10 100 100
= 5 (doble) .
m=
2
Solucin general
y = c1 e5x + c2 xe5x , c1 , c2 R.
Imponemos las condiciones de contorno
y(0) = 1,
y(1) = 0.
y obtenemos el sistema
c1 = 1,
c1 e5 + c2 e5 = 0,
c1 = 1,
c1 + c2 = 0,
c1 = 1,
c2 = 1.
Solucin
y
= e5x xe5x .
= e5x (1 x) .
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 1 = 0,
races
m2 = 1,
m = 1 = i.
Solucin general
y
y
Calculamos y 0
13
14
La solucin es
c1 0 + c2 1 = 0,
c1 1 + c2 0 = 2,
c2 = 0,
c1 = 2,
c1 = 2,
c2 = 0.
y = 2 cos x.
1
.
1 + ex
5. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = sin (ex ) .
6. y 00 + 2y 0 + y = et ln t.
7. 3y 00 6y 0 + 6y = ex sec x.
(9.1)
y 00 + y = sec x.
Homognea asociada
y 00 + y = 0,
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 1 = 0,
m2 = 1,
m = 1 = i.
Sistema fundamental de soluciones
y1
y2
= cos x,
= sin x.
c1 , c2 R.
15
Solucin particular
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 ,
que verifica
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) = sec x.
W1
W2
u01 =
, u02 =
.
W
W
y y2 cos x sin x
=
= cos2 x + sin2 x = 1.
W = 10
y1 y20 sin x cos x
sin x
0
sin x
y2 0
= sin x .
W1 =
=
=
f (x) y20 sec x cos x 1
cos x
cos x
cos x
cos x
0
y1
0
=
W2 = 0
1 = 1.
y1 f (x) sin x
cos x
Determinamos u1 (x)
W1
sin x
u01 =
=
,
W
cos x
Z
sin x
u1 =
dx = ln |cos x| .
cos x
Determinamos u2 (x)
W2
u02 =
= 1,
W
Z
u2 =
dx = x.
c1 , c2 R.
(9.2)
y 00 + y = cos2 x.
EDO lineal completa con coeficientes constantes. Homognea asociada
y 00 + y = 0,
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 1 = 0,
m2 = 1,
m = 1 = i.
16
= cos x,
= sin x.
c1 , c2 R.
Wronskiano
y y2
W = 10
y1 y20
0
W1 =
f (x)
y
W2 = 10
y1
determinamos u1
u01 =
u1
=
=
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = cos2 x.
cos x sin x
2
2
=
0
sin x
y2
=
= sin x cos2 x,
y20 cos2 x cos x
0
0 cos x
= cos3 x,
=
f (x) sin x cos2 x
W1
sin x cos2 x
=
= sin x cos2 x,
W
1
sin x cos2 x dx =
1
cos3 x.
3
Determinamos u2
cos2 x( sin x) dx
u02 = cos3 x,
u2
cos3 x dx =
cos2 x cos x dx
1 sin2 x cos x dx
Z
Z
=
cos x dx sin2 x cos x dx
= sin x
1 3
sin x.
3
1
1
3
3
yp =
cos x cos x + sin x sin x sin x
3
3
1
1
=
cos4 x + sin2 x sin4 x.
3
3
17
1
1
cos4 x + sin2 x sin4 x,
3
3
c1 , c2 R.
Podemos simplificar
1
1 4
1
cos4 x + sin2 x sin4 x =
cos x sin4 x + sin2 x
3
3
3
=
1 2
2
2
2
cos x + sin x cos2 x sin x + sin x
3 |
{z
}|
{z
}
=1
=
=
=
cos 2x
1
cos 2x + sin2 x
3
1
1 cos 2x
1 1
1
cos 2x +
= + cos 2x cos 2x
3
2
2 3
2
1 1
cos 2x.
2 6
Finalmente
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x +
1 1
cos 2x,
2 6
c1 , c2 R.
(9.3)
y 00 y = cosh x.
EDO lineal completa con coeficientes constantes. Homognea asociada
y 00 y = 0,
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 1 = 0,
races
m = 1,
sistema fundamental de soluciones
y1
y2
= ex ,
= ex .
c1 , c2 R.
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
ex + ex
.
2
u01 =
Wronskiano
y y2 ex
=
= 10
y1 y20 ex
= 1 1 = 2.
Calculamos
W1
W1
,
W
u02 =
18
W2
.
W
ex
= ex ex ex ex
ex
0
0
ex
y2
=
0 =
f (x) y2
cosh x ex
= ex
1 + e2x
ex + ex
=
.
2
2
= ex cosh x
Determinamos u1
2x
1+e2
W1
1 + e2x
=
=
,
W
2
4
Z
1
1
1
1 + e2x dx = x e2x .
u1 =
4
4
8
u01 =
Calculamos
W2
y
= 10
y1
0 ex
=
f (x) ex
= ex cosh x = ex
cosh x
e2x + 1
ex + ex
=
,
2
2
determinamos u2
u02 =
u2
W2
=
W
e2x +1
2
1 2x
e +1 ,
4
1 2x
1 1 2x
e + 1 dx =
e +x
4
4 2
1 2x 1
= e x.
8
4
1
1
x x
1
yp =
x e2x ex + e2x
e
4
8
8
4
1 x 1 x 1 x x x
=
xe e e e .
4
8
8
4
Solucin general de la EDO completa
y = c1 ex + c2 ex +
Como
1 x
1 x
x e ex
e + ex ,
4
8
sinh x =
ex ex
,
2
cosh x =
ex + ex
,
2
c1 , c2 R.
19
y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 0,
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0,
races
m=
98
3 1
=
=
2
2
3+1
2
= 1,
31
2
= 2.
= ex ,
= e2x .
c1 , c2 R.
Wronskiano
W
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) =
y
= 10
y1
y2 ex
=
y20 ex
1
.
1 + ex
e2x
2e2x
Calculamos
W1
sigue
= ex e2x
0
y2
=
=
f (x) y20
e2x
,
1 + ex
1
1
= e3x (2 + 1)
1 2
0
1
1+ex
e2x
2e2x
20
determinamos u1
2x
e
1+ex
W
e2x
ex
1
0
u1 =
=
=
,
=
W
e3x
(1 + ex ) e3x
1 + ex
Z
ex
dx = ln (1 + ex ) .
u1 =
1 + ex
Calculamos
W2
y
= 10
y1
0 ex
=
f (x) ex
0
1
1+ex
ex
,
+1
ex
determinamos u2
u02
ex
ex +1
W2
1
= 2x x
=
W
e3x
e
(e + 1)
e2x
= x
.
e +1
Z
e2x
u2 =
dx.
ex + 1
=
Z
Z
ex = t
e2x
t2
1
dt = ex dx
dx
=
dt
x
e +1
t+1 t
1
dx = t dt
Z
Z
t dt
t+11
=
dt
t+1
t+1
Z
1
=
1
dt = t + ln(t + 1)
t+1
= ex + ln (ex + 1) .
=
= ex + ex + e2x ln (ex + 1) .
c1 , c2 R.
21
(9.5)
c01 , c2 R
y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = sin (ex ) .
EDO lineal completa con coeficientes constantes.
EDO homognea asociada
y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 0,
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0,
races
m=
3 1
98
=
=
2
2
3+1
2
= 1,
31
2
4
2
= 2.
= ex ,
= e2x .
c1 , c2 R.
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) = sin (ex ) .
Wronskiano
W
y
= 10
y1
y2 ex
=
y20 ex
e2x
2e2x
Calculamos
0
y2 0
W1 =
=
f (x) y20 sin ex
determinamos u1
u01
e2x
= e2x sin (ex ) ,
2e2x
W1
sin (ex )
e2x sin (ex )
=
=
W
e3x
ex
= sin (ex ) ex ,
Z
u1 = sin (ex ) ex dx.
=
Con el cambio
22
t = ex ,
dt = ex dx,
resulta
Z
u1
sin t dt = cos t,
u1
= cos (ex ) .
Calculamos
y
W2 = 10
y1
determinamos u2
u02
u02
Con el cambio
0 ex
=
f (x) ex
0
= ex sin (ex ) ,
sin (ex )
W2
sin (ex )
ex sin (ex )
=
,
=
3x
W
e
e2x
= e2x sin (ex ) ,
Z
u2 = e2x sin (ex ) dx.
=
t = ex ,
dt = ex dx,
resulta
Z
Z
t sin t dt = t cos t + cos t dt ,
u2
u2
= (t cos t + sin t) ,
= t cos t sin t,
deshacemos el cambio
u2 = ex cos (ex ) sin (ex ) .
La solucin particular de la EDO completa es
yp
c1 , c2 R.
(9.6)
y 00 + 2y 0 + y = et ln t.
EDO lineal completa con coeficientes constantes. La EDO homognea asociada
es
y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0,
23
ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 2m + 1 = 0,
races
44
m=
= 1
2
Sistema fundamental de soluciones
2
y1
y2
(doble) .
= et ,
= t et .
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (t) = et ln t.
Wronskiano
W
y
= 10
y1
y2 et
=
y20 et
tet
t
t
e te
Determinamos u1
u01
u1
0
0
tet
y2
=
0 = t
f (t) y2
e ln t (1 t)et
t
t
= e ln t te
= e2t t ln t.
W1
e2t t ln t
= t ln t,
=
W
e2t
2
Z
Z
t
1 2 1
=
(t ln t) dt =
ln t
t dt
2
2
t
2
Z
2
t
1
t
1
=
ln t
t dt = ln t + t2 .
2
2
2
4
=
Calculamos
W2
y
= 10
y1
0 et
=
f (t) et
= e2t ln t.
et ln t
24
Determinamos u2
u02
u2
W2
e2t ln t
= ln t,
=
e2t
ZW
Z
1
=
ln t dt = t ln t t dt
t
Z
= t ln t
dt
=
= t ln t t.
1 2
t
t
ln t + t + tet (t ln t t)
yp = e
2
4
2
t
1 2
t
2
2
ln t + t + t ln t t
= e
2
4
2
t
3 2
t
= e
ln t t .
2
4
Solucin general de la EDO completa
2
t
3
y = c1 et + c2 tet + et
ln t t2 ,
2
4
c1 , c2 R.
(9.7)
3y 00 6y 0 + 6y = ex sec x.
EDO lineal completa con coeficientes constantes, la forma estndar es
y 00 2y 0 + 2y =
1 x
e sec x.
3
48
2 4
2 2i
m =
=
=
,
2
2
2
m = 1 i.
2
= ex cos x,
= ex sin x.
c1 , c2 R.
25
Wronskiano
W
Calculamos
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) = 13 ex sec x.
y1 y2
ex cos x
ex sin x
= 0
0 = x
x
x
e cos x e sin x e sin x + ex cos x
y1 y2
W1
0
0
ex sin x
y2
=
0 = 1 x
x
f (x) y2
3 e sec x e (sin x + cos x)
1
1
1 2x
= e sin x sec x = e2x sin x
3
3
cos x
1 2x sin x
= e
,
3
cos x
determinamos u1
Calculamos
W2
u01
u1
1 e2x sin x
W1
1 sin x
= 3 2xcos x =
WZ
e
3 cos x
1
sin x
1
dx = ln | cos x|.
3
cos x
3
y1
0
ex cos x
0
= 0
=
x
y1 f (x) e (cos x sin x) 13 ex sec x
1
1
1
1 2x
e cos x sec x = e2x cos x
= e2x .
=
3
3
cos x
3
Determinamos u2
u02
u2
1 2x
e
W2
= 3 2x = 1/3,
WZ
e
1
dx = x/3.
3
1
x
yp =
ln |cos x| ex cos x + ex sin x.
3
3
Solucin general de la EDO completa
1
1
y = c1 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x + ex cos x ln |cos x| + xex sin x,
3
3
c1 , c2 R.
26
4y 00 y = x ex/2 ,
y(0) = 1,
0
y (0) = 0.
Se trata de una EDO lineal completa de segundo orden con coeficientes constantes, escribimos la ecuacin en forma estndar
1
1
y 00 y = xex/2 .
4
4
Homognea asociada
1
y 00 y = 0,
4
ecuacin caracterstica
m2
races
1
= 0,
4
1
,
4
1
m= .
2
m2 =
= e 2 x,
= ex/2 .
c1 , c2 R.
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) = 14 xex/2 .
Wronskiano
W
y y2 ex/2
=
= 10
y1 y20 12 ex/2
1 1
= = 1.
2 2
ex/2
12 ex/2
Calculamos
W1
0
0
y2
=
=
f (x) y20 14 xex/2
1
1
= xex/2 ex/2 = x.
4
4
ex/2
12 ex/2
27
Determinamos u1
u01
u1
1x
W1
1
= 4 = x,
W
(1)
4
Z
1
1
=
x dx = x2 .
4
8
=
Calculamos
W2
1
x/2
4 xe
y
= 10
y1
0 ex/2
=
f (x) 12 ex/2
1
1
= ex/2 xex/2 = x ex .
4
4
Determinamos u2
1
xex
W2
1
= 4
= xex ,
W
1
4
Z
Z
1 x
1
1
1
=
xe dx =
xex dx =
(x 1) ex = (1 x) ex .
4
4
4
4
u02
u2
1 2 x/2 (1 x) x x/2
yp =
+
x e
e e
8
4
1 2 x 1 x/2
=
x +
e .
8
4 4
Solucin general de la EDO completa
1 2 x 1 x/2
y = c1 ex/2 + c2 ex/2 +
x +
e ,
8
4 4
c1 , c2 R.
y(0) = 1,
y 0 (0) = 0.
De la condicin
y(0) = 1
resulta
1
= 1,
4
c1 + c2 = 3/4.
c1 + c2 +
Calculamos
1
1
y = c1 ex/2 c2 ex/2 +
2
2
0
1
1
x
4
4
x/2
e imponemos la condicin
y 0 (0) = 0,
1 2 x 1
x +
8
4 4
1 x/2
e
2
resulta
28
1
1
1 1
c1 c2 + = 0,
2
2
4 8
1
1
1
c1 c2 = 0,
2
2
8
1
c1 c2 = .
4
c1 + c2 = 3/4,
c1 c2 = 1/4.
Resolvemos el sistema
Sumando, resulta
2c1
c1
= 1,
= 1/2.
= 1/2,
= 1/4.
1 2
1 x/2 1 x/2
+ e
+
y =
e
x
2
4
8
1 2
3 x/2 1 x/2
=
+ e
+
e
x
4
4
8
x 1 x/2
+
e
4 4
x x/2
e .
4
EDO lineal completa de segundo orden con coeficientes constantes. La homognea asociada es
y 00 + 2y 0 8y = 0.
Ecuacin caracterstica
m2 + 2m 8 = 0,
races
m=
2 6
4 + 32
=
=
2
2
2+6
2
26
2
= e2x ,
= e4x .
c1 , c2 R.
= 2,
= 4.
29
y1 u01 + y2 u02 = 0,
y10 u01 + y20 u02 = f (x) = 2e2x ex .
Wronskiano
y
= 10
y1
y2 e2x
=
y20 2e2x
e4x
4e4x
Calculamos
W1
Determinamos u1
u01
0
0
y2
=
=
f (x) y20 2e2x ex
= e4x 2e2x ex .
=
=
=
u1
e4x
4e4x
e4x 2e2x ex
W1
=
W
6e2x
1 2x 2x
ex
2e
e
6
1
1
1 4x
e3x = e4x e3x .
2e
6
3
6
Z
1 4x 1 3x
e
dx
e
3
6
1
1
= e4x + e3x .
12
18
Calculamos
W2
y determinamos u2
u02
y
0 e2x
0
= 10
=
y1 f (x) 2e2x 2e2x ex
= e2x 2e2x ex = 2 ex ,
W2
1 2x
2 ex
=
=
e (2 ex )
W
6e2x
6
1
= 2e2x e3x
6
1
1
= e2x + e3x ,
3
6
Z
1 2x 1 3x
e + e
dx,
u2 =
3
6
=
30
1
1
u2 = e2x + e3x .
6
18
Solucin particular de la EDO completa
1
1
1
1
yp =
e4x + e3x e2x + e2x + e3x e4x
12
18
6
18
1 2x
1 x 1 2x
1 x
= e
+ e e
+ e
12
18
6
18
3 2x
2 x
=
+ e
e
12
18
1 2x 1 x
=
+ e .
e
4
9
Solucin general de la EDO completa
1
1
y = c1 e2x + c2 e4x e2x + ex ,
4
9
c1 , c2 R.
Imponemos la condicin
y(0) = 1
y resulta
1 1
+ = 1,
4 9
9 + 4
c1 + c2 +
= 1,
36
5
c1 + c2
= 1,
36
5
41
c1 + c2 = 1 +
=
.
36
36
c1 + c2
Calculamos
1
1
y 0 = 2c1 e2x 4c2 e4x + e2x ex
2
9
e imponemos la condicin
y 0 (0) = 0,
resulta
1 1
= 0,
2 9
92
2c1 4c2 +
= 0,
18
7
2c1 4c2 +
= 0,
18
2c1 4c2 = 7/18,
2c1 4c2 +
c1 2c2 =
Resolvemos el sistema
7
.
36
41
c1 + c2 =
,
36
c1 2c2 = 7 .
36
31
Restamos la 2a ecuacin a la 1a
3c2
c2
48
4 12
4
=
= ,
36
3 12
3
4
.
9
Sustituimos en la 1a ecuacin
c1 +
4
41
=
,
9
36
41 4
41 16
25
=
=
.
36 9
36
36
Solucin del problema de valor inicial
c1 =
y=
25 2x 4 4x 1 2x 1 x
e
+ e .
e + e
36
9
4
9
m m2 + 1 = 0,
races
m = 0,
m = i.
= 1,
= cos x,
= sin x.
c1 , c2 , c3 R.
Wronskiano
y1 y2
0
y1 y20
00
y1 y200
1 cos x
sin x
= 0 sin x cos x
0 cos x sin x
sin x cos x
=
cos x sin x
32
W = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1.
Calculamos
W1
0
y2 y3
y20 y30 =
= 0
f (x) y200 y300
cos x sin x
= tan x
sin x cos x
= tan x.
Determinamos u1
u1 =
Calculamos
W2
Determinamos u2
W3
u01 = tan x,
sin x
dx = ln |cos x| .
cos x
1
0
sin x
= 0
0
cos x
0 tan x sin x
0
cos x
= tan x cos x = sin x.
tan x sin x
y1
y10
y100
Calculamos W3
y1
= y10
y100
0
cos x
sin x
0
sin x cos x
tan x cos x sin x
y2
y20
y200
0
y3
0
y30
f (x) y300
W2
u02 =
= sin x,
W
Z
u2 = ( sin x) dx = cos x.
0
0
f (x)
sin2 x
.
cos x
1 cos x
0
= 0 sin x
0
0 cos x tan x
Determinamos u3
u03 =
u3
=
=
= sin x tan x
W3
sin2 x
=
W
cos x
sin2 x
dx =
cos x
( sin x) tan x dx.
u3
Z
= cos x tan x cos x sec2 x dx
Z
Z
1
= sin x
dx = sin x sec x dx
cos x
= sin x ln |sec x + tan x| .
resulta
d
d
sec x = sec x tan x,
tan x = sec2 x,
dx
dx
Z
sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| .
33