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Applications:
As prime movers in all thermal and nuclear power plants to
produce electricity, large ships, pumps and fans at petrochemical
plants.
Steam Turbine
Steam based power plants operate on the Rankine cycle. The processes are:
1 ---> 2 : Isentropic compression (Pump)
2 ---> 3 : Constant pressure heat addition (Boiler)
3 ---> 4 : Isentropic expansion (Turbine)
4 --->1 : Constant pressure heat rejection (Condenser)
Basically, the Rankine cycle utilizes a steam boiler to produce high pressure, high temperature
steam. The steam, leaving the boiler at temperatures and pressures as high as 1000 F (540 C)
and 4500 psig (300 bar), is routed through a steam turbine where it is expanded to produce shaft
work that drives an electric generator.
Neglecting the pump work input, the efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle,
Efficiency, = net work from the turbine / heat supplied in the boiler = (h3 - h4) / (h3 - h2)
In order to increase the efficiency of the overall process, the expansion of the steam is generally
performed in stages. After passing through a high pressure turbine stage, the steam is returned to
the steam generator to be reheated. After the final expansion stage, the steam is routed to a
condenser, where it is returned fully to liquid form and pumped back to the steam generator. By
using this method of power production, electric facilities are able to approach 40% efficiency.
Specific Steam Consumption (SSC): This is the required steam consumption rate (kg/s) per
unit power (energy) generation (kJ).
SSC = 3600 / (h3 - h4) kg/kW-hr
Compounding/Staging of Turbines:
Compounding means extracting the pressure or velocity energy in several stages.