NCERT 6th Science

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Food:
Where Does It Come From?
Sources of our food:
Plants:-food items like vegetables, rice, wheat, fruits and such others, which comes
from plants
Animals:- food items like milk, eggs, meat, chicken, fish, prawns, beef, pork and such
others, which come from animals.
Herbivores: Animals which eat only plants. Eg; Buffalo, cow

Carnivores: Animals which eat only animals eg; lion, tiger, lizard
Omnivores: Animals which eat both plants as well as other animals eg; human beings, dog, cat.
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Components of Food
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Components of our food
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Dietary fibers
Water
Carbohydrates:
The main carbohydrates found in our food are in the form of starch and sugars.
It mainly provide energy to our body.
Proteins:
Food containing proteins are often called body building foods
Fats:
Fats give much more energy as compared to the same amount of carbohydrates
Vitamins:
Help in protecting our body against diseases.
Also help in keeping our eyes, bones, teeth and gums healthy.
Vitamins are of different kinds known by different names such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C,
Vitamin D, Vitamin E and K.
Dietary fibres :
Dietary fibres are also known as roughage.
Whole grains and pulses, potatoes, fresh fruits and vegetables are main sources of
roughage.
Roughage does not provide any nutrient to our body.
Roughage helps our body get rid of undigested food.
Water:
Water helps our body to absorb nutrients from food.
It also helps in throwing out some wastes from body as urine and sweat.
Balanced diet:
For growth and maintenance of good health, our diet should have all the nutrients that our
body needs, in right quantities such type of diet is Balanced diet.
Must know:
If the vegetables and fruits are washed after cutting or peeling them, it may result in the loss of
some vitamins.
The skins of many vegetables and fruits contain vitamins and minerals.
Repeated washing of rice and pulses may remove some vitamins and minerals present in them.
Many useful proteins and considerable amounts of minerals are lost if excess water is used during
cooking and is then thrown away.
Vitamin C gets easily destroyed by heat during cooking.
Deficiency: less intake of particular nutrient over a long period of time leads to deficiency.
Disorders: Deficiency of one or more nutrients can cause diseases or disorders.
Some diseases/disorders caused by deficiency of vitamins and minerals
Vitamin/
Mineral
Vitamin A
Deficiency
disease/disorder
Loss of vision
Vitamin
B1
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Calcium
Beriberi
Iodine
Scurvy
Rickets
Bone and tooth
decay
Goiter
Iron
Anaemia
Symptoms
Poor vision, loss of vision in darkness (night), sometimes
complete loss of vision.
Weak muscles and very little energy to work.
Bleeding gums, wounds take longer time to heal.
Bones become soft and bent.
Weak bones, tooth decay.
Glands in the neck appear swollen, mental disability in
children.
Weakness.
Fibre to Fabric
Yarn: Loose thread or thin strands of thread.

Fibres. The thin strands of thread that are made up of still thinner strands called fibres.
Fabrics: Fabrics are made from yarns, which in turn are made from fibres.
obtained from plants:Cotton,

jute
natural fibres
obtained from animals: Wool,
silk fibres
Types of fibers
synthetic fibers
polyester, nylon
and acrylic.
Ginning: Separation of fibres from the seeds by combing is called ginning.

Eg: cotton seeds are separated from cotton bolls.
Spinning: The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning.

Weaving: The process of making fabric from yarn.
The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called
weaving.
Knitting: The process of making fabric from yarn.

A single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric. A single yarn gets pulled out
Continuously as the fabric gets unraveled.
Sorting Materials into Groups
Different types of materials have different properties.
Properties of materials
Lusture:usually metals such as Iron, copper, aluminium
and gold
propertiesof materials
Appearance
Dull
Hardness
soluble: substances completely dissolved in water.
eg: salt sugar.
Soluble or insoluble
Insoluble: substances do not mix with water.
eg: sand chalk powder
Floats or sinks in
water
Opaque
Transparency
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque: materials through which you are not able to see.

Eg: Wood, cardboard and metals.
Transparent: substances or materials, through which things can be seen.
Eg: Glass, water, air
Translucent: The materials through which objects can be seen, but not clearly.
Eg: oily patch on paper.
Separation of Substances
Methods of separation
Hand Picking
Threshing
winnowing
Seiving
Sedimentation
Decantation
Filtration
Handpicking: - Husk and stones could be separated from grains by handpicking.
Winnowing: - Husk is separated from heavier seeds of grain by winnowing.
Difference in the size of particles in a mixture is utilized to separate them by the process
of sieving and filtration.
Sedimentation:- When the heavier component in a mixture settles after water is added
to it, the process is called sedimentation
In a mixture of sand and water, the heavier sand particles settle down at the bottom and
the water can be separated by decantation.
Filtration can be used to separate components of a mixture of an insoluble solid and a

liquid.
Evaporation: - The process of conversion of water into its vapour.

Eg: Obtaining salt from sea water.
Condensation: - The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form.
Eg: water drops under a plate that has been used to cover a vessel containing hot milk.
Saturated solution: - A saturated solution is one in which no more of that substance

can be dissolved.
More of a substance can be dissolved in a solution by heating it.
Changes Around us
Some changes can be reversed and some cannot be reversed.
A change may occur by heating a substance or by mixing it with some other.
Reversible changes -Eg: The melting of ice candy, Dissolving sugar in water.
Irreversible changes-Eg: The cooking of food, the ripening of a mango
Tools are often heated for expansion before fixing

Wooden handles, when it cool down it contracts
and holds the wooden handles well.
Getting to Know Plants
Herbs: Plants with green and tender stems are called herbs. They are usually short and
may not have many branches.
Shrubs: Some plants have the stem branching out near the base. The stem is hard but
not very thick. Such plants are called shrubs.
Trees: Some plants are very tall and have hard and thick brown stem. The stems have
branches in the upper part, much above the ground. Such plants are called trees.
Creepers: plants with week stems that cannot stand upright and spread on the ground
are called Creepers.
Climbers: plants that take support on neighboring structures and climb up are called
climbers.
Parts of plants
Stem: The water and minerals go to leaves by stem and other plant parts attached to
the stem, through narrow tubes inside the stem.
Leaves:
The part of a leaf by which it is attached to the stem is called petiole.
The broad, green part of the leaf is called lamina.
Water comes out of leaves in the form of vapour by a process called
transpiration.
Leaves prepared their food in the presence of sunlight and a green colored
substance present in them. For this, they use water and carbon dioxide from air.
This process is called photosynthesis.
Oxygen is given out in this process of photosynthesis.
The food prepared by leaves ultimately gets stored in different parts of plant as
starch.
These lines on the leaf are called veins.
The design made by veins in a leaf is called the leaf venation.
If this design is net-like on both sides of midrib, the venation is reticulate.
If the veins are parallel, the venation is parallel.
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Plants having leaves with reticulate venation have tap roots while plants having
leaves with parallel venation have fibrous roots.
The stem conducts water from roots to the leaves (and other parts) and food
from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Root:
Tap root: have main

root
Fibrous root: doesn't
have main root
Flower:
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parts of stamen
parts of pistal
Inner structureof an ovary
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Body Movements
Ball and socket joint: The rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity (hollow space) of the
other bone, Such a joint allows movements in all directions.
Pivotal Joint: The joint where our neck joins the head is a pivotal joint. It allows us to bend
our head forward and backward and turn the head to our right or left.
Hinge joints: The elbow has a hinge joint that allows only a back and forth movement.
Fixed joints: some bones in our head that are joined together at some joints. The bones cannot
move at these joints. Such joints are called fixed.
Fixed joints: some bones in our head that are joined together at some joints. The bones
cannot move at these joints. Such joints are called fixed.
There is a joint between the upper jaw and the rest of the head which is a fixed joint.
Rib cage: ribs join the chest bone and the backbone together to form a box. This is called the
rib cage
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Rib cage
Backbone
shoulder bone
pelvic bone
Back bone: It is made of many small bones. The rib cage is joined by these bones.
Scull: it is made up of number of bones joined together.
Cartilage: these are not as hard as of bones, it can be bent. Eg: ear lobe
Earthworm: it does not have bones, it move by contracting its muscles.
Snail: it does not have bone, the upper part of the snail is a shell.
Snake: it has a long bone and tiny muscles connected each other which helps in its movement.
Bones and cartilage form the skeleton of the human body. It gives the frame and shape
to the body and helps in movement. It protects the inner organs.
The skeleton comprises the skull, the back bone, ribs and the breast bone, shoulder and
hipbones, and the bones of hands and legs.
The bones are moved by alternate contractions and relaxations of two sets of muscles.
The bone joints are of various kinds depending on the nature of joints and direction of
movement they allow.
Strong muscles and light bones work together to help the birds fly. They fly by flapping
their wings.
Fish swim by forming loops alternately on two sides of the body.
Snakes slither on the ground by looping sideways. A large number of bones and
associated muscles push the body forward.
The body and legs of cockroaches have hard coverings forming an outer skeleton. The
muscles of the breast connected with three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings help the
cockroach to walk and fly.
Earthworms move by alternate extension and contraction of the body using muscles.
Tiny bristles on the underside of the body help in gripping the ground.
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The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings
The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable a plant or an animal to
live in its surroundings, is called adaptation.
The surroundings where organisms live is called a habitat. Habitat means a dwelling
place (a home). Several kinds of plants and animals may share the same habitat.
The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats.
Eg: forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions.
the habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitats.
Eg: Ponds, swamps, lakes, rivers and oceans.
small changes that take place in the body of a single organism over short periods, to
overcome small problems due to changes in the surroundings, are called
acclimatization.
The living things such as plants and animals, in a habitat, are its biotic
Components.
Non-living things such as rocks, soil, air and water in the habitat constitute its abiotic
components. Sunlight and heat also form abiotic components of
the habitat.
Changes in our surroundings that makes us respond to them, are called stimuli
The process of getting rid of these wastes by the living organisms is known as excretion.
Living things have certain common characteristics they need food, they respire and,
excrete, respond to their environment, reproduce, grow and show movement.
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In 1790, the French created a standard unit of measurement called the metric system.
The system of units now used is known as the International System of Units (SI units).
The SI unit of length is a metre
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
1 km = 1000 m
Motion: change in the position of an object with time
Types of motion
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Motion and Measurement of

Distances
Rectilinear motion
Circular motion
Periodic motion
Rectilinear motion: Motion in a straight line is called rectilinear motion.

Eg: motion of vehicles on straight road.
Circular motion: In circular motion an object moves such that its distance from a fixed
Point remains the same.
Eg: motion of electric fan.
Periodic motion: Motion that repeats itself after some period of time, is called periodic
Motion.
Eg: motion of pendulum clock, swing.
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Light, Shadows and

Reflections
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Luminous objects: Objects that emit light of their own. Eg: sun
Light travels in straight line.
Pin hole camera:

It is a simole optical imaging device in the shape of closed box. In one of its side is a
small hole which, via the rectilinear propagation of light, creates an image of the outside space
on the opposite side of the box.
Principle of pinhole camera: light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an
inverted image.
Pinhole camera can be made with simple materials and can be used to image the Sun and
brightly lit objects.
Opaque: materials through which you are not able to see.

Transparent: substances or materials, through which things can be seen.
Translucent: The materials through which objects can be seen, but not clearly.
Mirror reflection gives us clear images.

Images are very different from shadows.
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Electricity and Circuits
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ELECTRIC CELL
Electric cell is a source of electricity.

The metal cap is the positive terminal of the electric cell. The metal disc is the negative
terminal. All electric cells have two terminals; a positive terminal and a negative
terminal.
An electric cell produces electricity from the chemicals stored inside it. When the
chemicals in the electric cell are used up, the electric cell stops producing electricity.
A Bulb
Bulb has an outer case of glass that is fixed on a metallic base in which the 2
terminals are there, inside the glass case of the bulb a thin wire fixed in the middle of
the glass bulb which is call the filament.
The filament is fixed to two thicker wires, which also provide support to it, one of
these thick wires is connected to the metal case at the base of the bulb The other
thick wire is connected to the metal tip at the Centre of the base. The base of the
bulb and the metal tip of the base are the two terminals of the bulb.
An electric bulb glows when electric current passes through it.
In a closed electric circuit, the electric current passes from one terminal of the
electric cell to the other terminal.
Electric cell
Bulb
Switch: A switch is a simple device that either breaks the circuit or completes it.
The switches used in lighting of electric bulbs and other devices in homes work on the same
principle although their designs are more complex.
Conductors: Materials that allow electric current to pass through them are called
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Conductors. Eg: metals.

Human body is a conductor of electricity.
Insulators: Materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called
Insulators
. Eg: rubber, plastic, glass.
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Magnets:
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Fun with Magnets
The substances having the property of attracting iron are now known as Magnets.
Magnets attracts materials like iron, nickel, cobalt. These are called magnetic Materials.
Materials that are not attracted towards magnet are called non-magnetic.
Artificial magnets are prepared in different shapes such as bar magnet, horse shoe
magnet. These are the magnets prepared from iron pieces.
Properties of magnet
Magnet attracts objects of iron, cobalt, nickel.
The force of attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle.
Magnets always has 2 poles i.e north and south.
Like poles of two magnets repel each other.
Opposite poles of two magnets attract each other.
If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and if it is free to rotate, its south pole is
move towards the North Pole of the earth and vice versa.
Magnets lose their properties if they are heated, hammered or dropped from some
height.
Magnets become weak if they are not stored properly.
A freely suspended magnet always aligns in N-S direction.
Compass:
A compass is usually a small box with a glass cover on it. A magnetized needle is pivoted
inside the box, which can rotate freely.
The needle indicates the north-south direction when it comes to rest.
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Water
The circulation of water between ocean and land is known as the water cycle.
On heating water changes to its vapour state. Water vapour does not carry away the salt
with it.
Water is released by the plants into air, as water vapour through the process of
transpiration.
Water vapour enters the air through the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
The water vapour in the air condenses to form tiny droplets of water, which appear as
clouds. Many tiny water droplets come together and fall down as rain, snow or hail.
Excessive rains may cause floods while lack of it for long periods may cause droughts.
Evaporation: the process of changing of water into vapour.
Eg: Steam rising from wet clothes while they are ironed.
Blackboard dries up after wiping it.
Steam rising from a hot girdle when water is sprinkled on it.
Condensation: the process of changing water vapour into water.
Eg: Water drops appear on the outer surface of a glass containing cold water.
Fog appearing on a cold winter morning
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Air Around us
Composition of air:
Nitrogen-78%
Oxygen-21%
rest 1% is covered by carbon dioxide, few
other gases, water vapours and dust
particles.
Air is found everywhere. We cannot see air, but we can feel it.
Air in motion is called wind.
Air occupies space.
Air is present in water and soil.
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and a few other
gases. Some dust particles may also be present in it.
Oxygen in the atmosphere is essential for respiration.
Carbon dioxide is used by the green plants to make their food.
Aquatic animals use dissolved air in water for respiration.
Plants and animals depend on each other for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
from air.
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Garbage in, Garbage out
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Land fill: It is an area where the garbage collected from a city or town id dumped. The area is
later converted into a park.
Vermicomposting: The method of making compost from kitchen garbage using red worms is
called vermicomposting.
Plastic cannot be converted into less harmful substance by composting.

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1

Sources of our food:

Herbivores: Animals which eat only plants. Eg; Buffalo, cow

Yarn: Loose thread or thin strands of thread.

obtained from plants:Cotton,

Ginning: Separation of fibres from the seeds by combing is called ginning.

Spinning: The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning.

Knitting: The process of making fabric from yarn.

Sorting Materials into Groups

Different types of materials have different properties.

Opaque: materials through which you are not able to see.

Filtration can be used to separate components of a mixture of an insoluble solid and a

Evaporation: - The process of conversion of water into its vapour.

Saturated solution: - A saturated solution is one in which no more of that substance

Tools are often heated for expansion before fixing

Getting to Know Plants

Tap root: have main

Inner structureof an ovary

The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Motion and Measurement of

Rectilinear motion: Motion in a straight line is called rectilinear motion.

Light, Shadows and

Light travels in straight line.

Pin hole camera:

Opaque: materials through which you are not able to see.

Mirror reflection gives us clear images.

Electricity and Circuits

Electric cell is a source of electricity.

Conductors. Eg: metals.

Fun with Magnets

Garbage in, Garbage out

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