MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH

By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

COMBUSTION
ENGINES

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES

EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES

 Internal combustion engines

The combustion of fuel occurs inside a combustion

chamber
Example:
o Spark ignition engines
o Compression ignition engines

External combustion engines

The combustion process occurs externally
Example:
o Steam engine

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES

SPARK IGNITION
ENGINES

COMPRESSION
IGNITION ENGINES

 Well known as gasoline or petrol engines

Use petrol as fuel
Mixture of air and fuel ignited by spark

 Commonly known as diesel engines

Use diesel as fuel
Rise in temperature and pressure during compression

stroke is sufficient to cause spontaneous ignition of

the fuel injected to the combustion chamber

Types of engines

Reciprocating engines

Rotary engines

 Uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert the

energy produced by the combustion process to

rotating motion
Example:
o 4 stroke engines
o 2 stroke engines

 Rotary combustion engines that use an eccentric

rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating

motion
Example:
o Wankel Engine

Types of spark
ignition engines

Four strokes engines

Two strokes engines

 A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion

engine that completes the process cycle in one

revolution of the crankshaft
The piston moves from bottom dead centre (BDC) to
top dead centre (TDC) (upward) to do the intake &
compression of air fuel mixture at one time.
When the piston moves from TDC to BDC
(downward), the exhaust & intake valves will be
opened together

 Advantages:
o Used because simplicity & low cost of prime mover

Applications:
o Motorcycles
o Compressor

A four-stroke engine, is an internal combustion

engine in which the piston completes four separate
strokesintake, compression, power, and exhaust
during two separate revolutions of the engine's
crankshaft.

 The induction stroke: The inlet valve is open, and the

piston travels down the cylinder, drawing in a charge of

air. In the case of a spark ignition engine the fuel is usually
pre-mixed with the air
The compression stroke: Both valves are closed, and the

piston travels up the cylinder. As the piston approaches

TDC, ignition occurs.

The expansion stroke: When sparks plug ignites the

fuel-air mixture, combustion propagates throughout the
charge, raising the pressure and temperature, and
forcing the piston down. At the end of the power stroke
the exhaust valve opens
The exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve remains open,
and as the piston travels up the cylinder the remaining
gases are expelled

 The induction stroke: When the piston moves downwards the

air enters the combustion chamber. The inlet valve is open at

this time and exhaust valve is closed. When the piston reaches
at the BDC the inlet valve closes
The compression stroke: In this stroke the piston starts
moving upward. During this stroke both the inlet and exhaust
valves are closed. The air is compressed by the upward
movement of the piston. At the end of the compression stroke
the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber. An injector is
provided to inject the fuel. At the end of compression stroke
the temperature is sufficient to ignite the fuel and the
combustion of fuel-air mixture takes place

 The expansion stroke: Due to the high pressure of the

burnt gases the piston moves towards BDC. Both the inlet
and exhaust valve remains closed during the stroke
The exhaust stroke: When the piston is at the BDC the
exhaust valve opens. As the pressure falls to atmospheric
level. The piston moves from TDC to BDC and sweeps the
products of discharge out at nearly atmospheric pressure.
The exhaust valve closes at the end of exhaust stroke

Consist of 2 rotators which has 3 different stroke chamber

Rotor is placed inside an epitrochoid housing
Produces 3 times power compared to reciprocating
engine

Intake
The intake phase of the cycle starts when the tip of the

rotor passes the intake port. At the moment when the

intake port is exposed to the chamber, the volume of
that chamber is close to its minimum. As the rotor
moves past the intake port, the volume of the chamber
expands, drawing air/fuel mixture into the chamber.
When the peak of the rotor passes the intake port, that
chamber is sealed off and compression begins.

Compression
As the rotor continues its motion around the housing,

the volume of the chamber gets smaller and the

air/fuel mixture gets compressed. By the time the face
of the rotor has made it around to the spark plug, the
volume of the chamber is again close to its minimum.
This is when combustion starts.

Combustion
Most rotary engines have two spark plugs. The

combustion chamber is long, so the flame would

spread too slowly if there were only one plug. When
the spark plugs ignite the air/fuel mixture, pressure
quickly builds, forcing the rotor to move.
The pressure of combustion forces the rotor to move in
the direction that makes the chamber grow in volume.
The combustion gases continue to expand, moving the
rotor and creating power, until the peak of the rotor
passes the exhaust port.

Exhaust
Once the peak of the rotor passes the exhaust port, the
high-pressure combustion gases are free to flow out
the exhaust. As the rotor continues to move, the
chamber starts to contract, forcing the remaining
exhaust out of the port. By the time the volume of the
chamber is nearing its minimum, the peak of the rotor
passes the intake port and the whole cycle starts again

 Can burn diesel, gasoline or gas as fuel

Being used in airplanes, helicopters and electric

generation system
It has compressors and turbines connected by the
same shaft
When the compressors are rotated, a large volume of
air is sucked through the compressor blades into the
combustion chamber

 The fuel is sprayed inside the combustion chamber &

mix with the compressed air air temperature &

pressure to rise dramatically
The high-pressured air will strike on the turbine
blades as it flows through the turbine blades
When heated gaseous left turbine blades, it would go
to the back of generator to execute excess heat.
Heated gaseous would be dissipate through the
exhaust.

 Power-to-weight ratio is a measurement of actual

performance of any engine or power sources. It is also

used as a measurement of performance of a vehicle as a
whole, with the engine's power output being divided
by the weight (or mass) of the vehicle, to give a metric
that is independent of the vehicle's size
Power to weight = power/weight

 Example:
Please calculate the power to weight ratio as given

data.
A typical turbocharged V8 diesel engine might have
an engine power of 250 kW and a weight 379 kg

 Solution

250kW/379kg = 0.66kW/kg