Elementary Grammar of The Latin Language With A Series of Latin and English Exercises For Translation and A Collection of Latin Reading Lessons, With The Requisite Vocabularies

'
It.
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR
THE LATIN LANGUAGE,

WITH A SERIES OF
LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND

A COLLECTJON OF LATIN READING LESSONS,
WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES.
DR.
RAPHAEL KUHNER,
CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVER.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
j/t>champlin,
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN
IN
WATERVILLE COLLEGE,
^
BOSTON:
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY.
1845.
^nî^
s"^
Entered according
to
Act of Congress,
J.
in the year 1845,
by
T. Champlin,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine.
^ /^
ANDOVER:
ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL,
PRINTERS.
PREFACE.
The
unrivalled reputation of
Kuhner
as a
the Greek and Latin languages, renders
it
grammarian
in both
unnecessary that any
apology should be made for presenting to the American public the

following translation of his Elementary Latin
its,
before
made
known
few of our riper
to a
Grammar.
scholars,
have
His merlately
School
Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and
Taylor.
It is
been
Greek
familiar to all through the excellent translation of his
understood
same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary

Greek Grammar.
It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made
towards bringing before the public some of the results of his grammatical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lanalso, that the
And
who duly considers the

deem it improper that a beginning has been made with an elementary treatise.
The publication,
guage.
state of
no one,
it
Latin learning
is to
among
be presumed,
us, will
within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ-
new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax,

much towards supplying American students with the gram-
ing Latin and a
has done
But with the exby Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted
matical helps for studying the language critically.

ception of the Ciceronian
as
it is
to its purpose, is not
designed to supply the place of a gram-
mar, nothing of importance has been published during this period to

supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction.
There
is
needed then, more
especially,
an elementary work on
Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and
put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in
the shortest and most effectual way.
ed, the present will
it,
be found
to be.
without being impressed with
its
Such a grammar,
No
it is
one can take a
believ-
class
over
admirable order, precision and
adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction.
The
pupil
PREFACE.
IV
most happy arrangement of
will here find the
way
the
for the following, the simplest
parts,,
each preparing
and most philosophical
state-
ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius

and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory.
While it does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the
language,
it
presents a selection of principles so judiciously made, so
comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that

that
it
will
be found
to contain quite as
many
in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as
extended grammars
enough
certainly
to
The
is to
first
many much more
is
briefly as follows.
or principle of syntax, as soon as learned,
be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations

from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into
To
prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla-
such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim-
plest sentences are given at the outset,
and a few simple rules of syn-
tax as they are required, while on almost every page,
words with their
most of which,
definitions are given to
also,
translation as possible,
were
lists
of Latin
be committed to memory,
are collected and arranged in alphabetical
As many
cabularies at the end of the book.
ers
ordi-
for college.
plan of the work, as given by the author,
the Latin.
tion,
believed,
meet the demands of
nary students in the usual course of preparation
Every grammatical form
it is
principles, applicable
were selected unaltered from the
slightly altered to suit the cases for
Vo-
of the examples for

classics, oth-
which they were em-
ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as

to
embody
English
classical ideas
may
and turns of thought.
The examples
in
be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing,
at the discretion of the teacher.
The
translation here presented
original work, published in 1844.

tion, the translator
lation of the
first
were found
to
He
be so great as
the second edition de novo.
when he
to
make
he
is
the last almost a
first translation,
Although
work a few months, no
reflects, that
ter book,
from the second edition of the
Previously to receiving this edi-
had completed, within a few pages, the entire transbut on comparing the two editions, the alterations
abandoned, therefore, his
tion of the
is
one,
this
it is
new work.
and commenced with
has delayed the publica-
presumed, will regret it,
thereby put in possession of a vastly bet-
and probably of a somewhat better
the interval between the publication of the
translation.
first
and second
During
editions.
PREFACE.
the author had prepared a larger Latin
Grammar and been
ployed in teaching his elementary work,
all
daily emwhich prepared him for
making very important changes in a second edition. By this process, the book has been brought to the high state of perfection in
which it here appears. Besides its general office as a grammar, it
is
designed to contain
all
that the pupil will need during the first
year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, read-
The adaptedness of such a book
ing-book and lexicon.
of beginners, the experienced teacher will not
fail to
to the
wants
perceive.
should be stated, however, that while the translation has
It
been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has
ken the hberty
to introduce
ta-
a few remarks and paragraphs (in one
or two instances with slight modifications) from the
first
edition,
which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were
grammar to which
The different po-
considered more appropriate to the author's larger

this
was
sition
an introduction.
to serve exclusively as
which the book
will
occupy in
this
country rendered
it
proper
that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in
or two instances, they
may
appear a
little
For the same
eral plan of the work.
one
inconsistent with the gen-
reason, the translator has ad-
ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin
Grammar, of which
that
on Prosody, as
signed only for the scanning of
With regard
it
Hexameter
will be perceived,
is
de-
verse.
mode of using the book, the intelligent teachThe author, however, suggests that, after
Etymology, the pupil should commence the more
to the
er will be the best judge.
completing the
simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of
And
the Syntax.
it
may be
added, that in some cases
ably be found best, to take the pupil over the
first
second Course, omitting the English exercises at

turn and take
whole.
them up
Perhaps
also,
will prob-
first,
and then
re-
in connection with a thorough review of the
a judicious teacher, following out the general
plan of the author, of diminishing

bution, will
it
and perhaps the
difficulties
by
division
and
distri-
think best, with very young pupils in particular, to
omit some other things the

sequent reviews.
first
time over and take them up at sub-
But whatever course
book, a complete mastery of
all
that
it
is
pursued in teaching the
contains should be aimed at
from the beginning, and should be actually attained before

left.
1*
it
is
PREFACE.
VI
In conclusion, the translator would express

Rev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological
his obligations to the

Institution,
who very
kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript
and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German

enabled him to do, and to ]Mi\ James H. Hanson, Principal of the
Waterville Academy,
who has given very important
assistance in
correcting the sheets as they passed through the press.

Waterville College,
Feb. 1845.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ETYMOLOGY.'
FIRST COURSE.
CHAPTER
I.
Of the Sounds and Letters
of the Language.
Division of the Letters
Pronunciation of the Letters
CHAPTER
11.
Of Syllables.
Of the Measure
Of Accent
Of the Division
or Quantity of Syllables
3
4
5
of Syllables
CHAPTER
Parts of Speech.
IIL
Inflection
.6
1
..........
Partial treatment of the Verb

First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
'
11
8
9
10
11
CHAPTER
IV.
Of the Substantive and Adjective.

Classification of Substantives
12
Gender of the Substantive

Number, Case and Declension
Gender and Declension of the Adjective
13
First Declension
Second Declension
Third Declension
14
..........
35
16
l'^
1821
CONTENTS.
Vlll
Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension
22
Fourth Declension
Fifth Declension
23
Comparison of Adjectives and Participles
25
24
CHAPTER.
V.
Of the Adverb.
.........
Formation of Adverbs
Comparison of Adverbs
Classification and
CHAPTER
26
27
VI.
Of the Pronoun.
Personal Pronouns
28
......
..........
Demonstrative Pronouns
29
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
30
Indefinite Pronouns
31
Correlative Pronouns
32
CHAPTER
VII.
Of the Numerals
33
CHAPTER
Table OF the Prepositions
........
VIII.
34
SECOND COURSE.
Greek Nouns of the
Of the Gender
First Declension
of the Second Declension
......
......
Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension

Of the Gender of the Third Declension
Masculine
35
36
37
3840
38
39
Feminine
Neuter
Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension
40
41
THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER
I.
Of the Verb.
Classes of Verbs
Tenses of the Verb
Modes of the Verb
Infinitive, Participle,
42
..........
...
Supine, Gerund and Gerundive
43
44
45
CONTENTS.
IX
............48
Persons and Numbers of the Verb
4()
47
Conjugation
Formation of the Tenses

Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb 5?i7ft
Active of the Four Regular Conjugations
......
Passive
...
........
49
50
51
Inflection of Verbs in io after the Third Conjugation
52
53
Deponents of the Four Conjugations

Periphrastic Conjugation
Catalogue of verbs which vary in the formation of their tenses from
55
the paradigms given in .50 and 51
55
First Conjugation
58
Second Conjugation
.
.....
.........
........
.54
69
57
60
.........
.......
.........
.........
..........
Third Conjugation
6168
Fourth Conjugation
70
Particular Irregular Verbs
69
76
2)
Possum
Edo
3)
Fero
4)
Volo, nolo, malo
73
74
1)
5)
Eo
6)
Queo, nequeo
7)
Fio
Defective Verbs
Impersonal Verbs
CHAPTER
Preposition.
n.
Conjunction. Interjection
CHAPTER
The Formation
of
....
70
71
72
75
76
77
78
79
III.
Wobds
80
SYNTAX.
Sentence.
Subject.
Predicate
81
Limitation of the Subject and Predicate
82
Agreement
Double Nominative
83
84
Classes of Verbs
85
Tenses of the Verb
86
87
Modes of the Verb
Of the Cases
-91
Genitive
Accusative
Dative
90
Ablative
91
CONTENTS.
Construction of names of
Remarks on
Of the
Of the
......
Towns
the use of the Prepositions
use of the Pronouns
93
94
............
use of the Numerals
Infinitive
92
Supine
95
136
97
Gerund
98
Gerundive
99
100
Participle
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
........
102
Subordinate Sentences
103
Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences
104
A. Coordinate Sentences
B. Subordinate Sentences
Of the
nsc^
of the
Modes
in
Substantive Sentences
A. Accusative with the
I.
......
105108
Infinitive
B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive

C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive
D. Quod, that^ with the Indicative
Adjective Sentences
Adverbial Sentences
.....
.
III.
105
106
107
108
109
"
II.
101
110
114
a.
Adverbial Sentences of Time
b.
Causal Adverbial Sentences
c.
Conditional Adverbial Sentences
d.
Concessive Adverbial Sentences
113
e.
Adverbial Sentences of Comparison
114
110
.
.111
.....
....
.......
Of Interrogative Sentences
Of the Form of Obliqce Discourse
112
115
116
First Appendix.
Of Prosody
Of Syllables
:
117
...........
Hexameter Verse
118
Scansion
119
Second Appendix.
Of Abbreviations
]20
Third Appendix.
Of the Roman Calendar

Collection of Latin Reading Lessons.
Vocabularies.
121
:;
ETYMOLOGY,
FIRST COURSE,
CHAPTER
Of the Sounds and Letters

1.
the Language.
Division of the Letters.
1.
The Latin Language has
twenty-five
of
letters, viz. six
as signs of
sounds,
its
vowels and nineteen consonants.
abcdefghijklm
nopq
rs
uvxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLM
t
NOPQRSTUVXYZ
Remark
a) at the beginniDg
1. The capital letters are used only
of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and
after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted;
b) in proper
names, as Romulus. The letter k is used in but very few words.
:
2.
The vowels
are distinguished
The
ces.
The
are either short or long.
by
w, the
long ones by
-,
as
3.
The Latin Language has

oe.
au.
eu.
e^,
aurum, gold, Eurus,

Rem.
2.
short vowels
a, a,
When
ae
e. g.
perpla-
which
sign n signifies, that the vowel over
stands can be used either as short or long, as
ae.
it
a.
the following diphthongs
aequitas, equity, foedus, league,
the east ivind, hei, alas.
and
oe are to
be pronounced
separately, this is in-
dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, j?oiwf5 o/'sepamfton) placed over

(e), as
aer, the air, poeta, a poet.
The diphthong eu
found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as Eurotas
in general, therefore, eu should be separated in pronunciation, as:
deus (pronounced, deus) God. In like manner, also, must ei be almost
invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for
ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as
hei, alas.
the second vowel
is
; ;
PRONUNCIATION.
12
QUANTITY.
The consonants, according
4.
[ 2, 3.
to the greater or less influ-
ence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are

divided into
a) Liquids
b)
Spirants
c)
Mutes
before
m,
1,
:*
h,
n, r
s,
b, c, d,
e,
g, k, p, q,
is
pronounced like s, but in

cymba, caecus,
coUum, custos, clamor;
ae, oe, en, is
i, i/,
k, as
celsus (selsus) cicer,
ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo),
Ch
x, z.
t,
Pronunciation of the Letters.
2.
other cases like
v,
f,
pronounced
like
k;
Gu before a vowel in the same syllable Wkegiu. as

Ph like our/, as pharetra
Rh as a simple r, as Khea
:
lingua
Sell like sk, as
Qu
schola (skola)
pronounced like kiv, as aqua

>Sm before a vowel in the same syllable like 52^*, as suasor;
Ti before a vowel is pronounced like shi, as
actio
(acshio).
But if the i is long, the hissing sound disappears,
as totius.
Besides, ti (with the i short) is pronounced
without the hissing sound a) if there is immediately before the t another /, an 5, or an x, as
Attius, ostium, mixtio
b) in Greek words as
Miltiades, tiara.
is
CHAPTER
n.
Of Syllables.
Of
3.
the
Measure or Quantity of
when
Syllables.
vowel is short
and this short vowel is followed either by another vowel or
a single consonant, as deus, God, ^'kx^x, father.
2. A syllable is long- by nature, when its vowel is long,
1.
syllable is short by nature,
its
as
mater, a mother, murus, a
bles are long in

*
Spirants,
i.
which
e. letters
there
ivall.
is
Particularly, all sylla-
a diphthong, as
formed principally by the breath.
Tr.
plausus,
QUANTITY.
4.]
applause^
as
lacus,
-ACCENT.
13
and in which two vowels are contracted into one,

of a lake, (contracted from lacuis, the original
form of the genitive of lacus, a lake).

3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel,
position^
i.
e.
by
the position of the vowel,
when
is
short hy
the follow"-
ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamlulo,
take a lualk^pro in proavu, a great-grand-father, prae in
praeacutus, very sharp.
4.
when
syllable with a short
this
short
vowel
by j, or x,
compounds
is
vowel
is
long by position,
followed by two or more consoper in perdo
as:
but
nants, or
or
in the
oi jiigum, the vowel before y remains
short, as
as
bijugus.
z,
aliciijus;
iJ with a consonant, forms no position,
stomachus, the stomach.
Remark.
most
part,
arbitror,
The
position before a mute ivith a liquid
does not
make
I think, locuples,
mute with a
liquid
the short vowel long, as
But
rich.
in
makes the preceding
( 1, 4), for
cerebrum,
the
the hrain,
two cases the position of a

a) in com-
short vowel long
pounds, as: abrumpo, from db ; b) when one of the three liquids: I, w,

three mutes: &, d, g, as: biblus, agmen, a inarch
71, follows one of the
(from ago), magnus, great.
4.
Of Accent."^
1. Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pronounced with the acute accent (^), monosyllables with a
vowêl long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as:

vir (viri), ut,
dux
(ducis)
mos
et,
(moris), jus (juris), lex (legis),
mons.
2.
Dissyllables have the accent
upon
and
the penult^
in-
deed:
a)
Tlie acute accent,
when
the penult is short
by
nature,
virum (i), ducem (u), homo (6), arte; or when the ulti-^
mate is long, whether the penult is long or short, as Miisae
(u) mores (6) bonae (6)
b) The circumflex accent, when the pen/ult is long by
nature and the idtimate short, as mater (a), Musa.
3. Words of three or more syllables have the accent
as:
* This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that
the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading.
DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.
ACCENT.
14
Upon
a)
when
and indeed,
the
acute accent^
whether the last syllable is short or

homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae
the penult
long, as
is short,
Upon
b)
the antepenult^
[^ 5.
the penult,
and indeed,
acute accent,
the
both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto

(a)
or
when
case the ultimate
amantes
(u),
the penult is long- only by position, in
but
may
be either long or
short, as
when
araares
which
amanlur,
the circumflex accent, if the penult is long
nature and the ultimate short, as
by
acutus, amare.*
Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which

always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent)
que, ve, ne, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are
attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as sc^lera sceleraque,
homines hominr^sque, hominibus hominihusque. But if the accent is
upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to the last syllable,
takes place only when this is already long, or by its union with the
enclitic becomes long by position; but if the last syllable is short and
remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as scelestus sceles:
tiisque, sceltsta
scel^staque, plerique pleraeque pleraque, utraque ut-
raque.
^ o.
Of the
Division of Syllables.^
General Rule.
Syllables end with a vowel, and be"When, therefore, a consonant stands

between two vowels, it belongs to the following syllable,
as pa-ter, a-ma-mus.
1.
gin with a consonant.
2.
When
Subordinate Rule.
two
or three consonants,
with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the

vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second
syllable.
The most common combinations of consonants
are a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a
:
mute and a
plague,
liquid, as:
a-stra, the stars.
ma-gnus, great,
In
all
* That is to say, in general, if the penult

Tr.
not, the antrpenult.
2i-gri, fields, pe-stis,
other cases, the consonants

is
long
it
has the accent, but
if
division of syllables are drawn from the ancient

t These rules for the
grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is
more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the
analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For
a fuller account of the principles of division here adopted, see Appendix to
Beck's Latin Syntax. Tr.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
6.]
INFLECTION.
between two vowels are divided, as

nis, a river^ mon-tes, mountains.
Remark.
ponent
serted,
comin-
is
III.
Parts of Speech
6.
1.
to its
ab-avus, a great-fi^reat-grcmdfaiher. If a letter

attached to the first word, as : prod-esse, to profit.
:
CHAPTER
am-
an-nus, a year^
compound word must be divided according
parts, as
it is
15
Inflection.
The Substantive
designates an object (a person or

mmi^ icoman, house.
The Verb expresses an action (something which an
thing), as:
2.
object does), as:

praise,
God
sleeps;
3.
g. the
e.
The
bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to
to
rose blooms;
the
boy dances;
the child
loves nên", the teacher /^ratse^ the scholars.
Adjective
expresses
small, great, beautiful,
e. g.
a property or quality, as:
a small boy
a beautiful rose
great house.
4. The Adverb expresses the ivay and manner in which
an action takes place, as beautifully, siveetly, e. g. the rose
blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sweetly.
;
Rem.
J.
There are adverbs
also,
which express the
the time wJien the action takes place, as

5.
place,
where^
and
here, there, yesterday, to-day.
The Pronoun
points to an object, as:
The Numeral
expresses number or multitude, as
/,
thou, he, this
that.
6.
tivo, three,
one,
many, few.
7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun,

and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other relathe boy
tions which an object sustains to an action, as
:
stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy.

8.
The Conjunction
is
words and sentences, as

Rem.
emotion^
9.
2.
a word which serves
inflection
to
connect
and, but, because.
Besides, there are other
and are called
By
words which are barely signs of
Interjections.
we
understand the variation or modiiica-
PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.
16
word
tion of a
in order to express a particular relation, as
he loves, the child's clothes, the man's
thou
love5^5
The
inflection
numeral,
[ 7, 8.
hat.
of the substantive, adjective, pronoun and
called declension, that of verbs, conjiig-ation.
is
The remaining
do not admit of
parts of speech
inflection.
Partial Treatment of the Verb,
7.
All the verbs of the Latin
Language
are divided into
four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the
termination of the infinitive as follows:
First Conjugation
Second
Third
Fourth
"
are as
to love,
"
monere,
ere
"
regere, to govern,
ire
"
audire, to hear.
First Conjugation
8.
amdre,
ere
to
amare,
admonish,
to love.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
Indicative.
/ love
am
amor, 1
I.
a mo,
2.
amds, thou lovest

amdt, he, she, it loves
amdm,
2.
amdmus, we love
amdtis, you love
amdmur, we are loved

amdmlni, you are loved
3.
amant, they
amantur, they are
2.
amd,
2.
amdte, love ye.
3.
1.
amdtur,
love.
loved
thou art loved

he, she, it is loved
loved.
Imperative,
I.
aro
1.
educo
Words
to he
I plough.
delecto
laudo
love thou
1.
1.
1.
pugno
bying up.
salto
Laudo.
Vituperas.
Tentat
Vituperamini.
mur.
Educor.
nerantur.
I
watch.
Vigila.
fightest.
I annoy.
I watch.
jvitupero 1. I censure.
jvuhiero 1. I wound.
He
1.
vigllo 1.
/ dance.
/ try.
Vigilamus.
Ornantur.
translation.
{vexo
Ifght.
Detector.
Edilcantur-
Laudamlni.
Thou
1.
Saltat.
saltare.
mur.
1.
1.
lento
and Exercises for

I adorn.
].
1 delight.
I praise.
Pugnate.
learned
orno
Pugnatis.
Vulneraris.
Educamlni.
Laudaris.
Delectamur.
Ornaris.
Lauda.
Arant.
Vexatur.
LaudaVitupera-
Saltatis.
Vul-
Saltate.
ploughs.
We
praise.
You
censure.
UThey
You
Fight thou.
dance.
Thou
praised.
We
They
are wounded.
They
brought up.
art
Praise ye.
He
art censured.
We are
is
They
wounded.
We
am
are delighted.
are praised.
Thou
You
praise.
brought up.
praise.
Second Conjugation : nionere,
9.
to fight.
try
They
are annoyed.
are censured.
He
are adorned.
They
adorned.
is
17
to
admonish.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
Indicative.
2.
moneo, / admonish
mones, thou admonishest
3.
nionef, he,
].
2.
monemus, we admonish
monetis, you admonish
moneor, / am admonished
moueris, thou art admonished
monetur, he, she it is admonished
monemur, we are admonished
monemini, you are admonished
3.
montnt, they admonish.
momntur,
2.
mone, admonish thou
2.
monete, admonish ye.
1.
site, it
admonishes
they are admonished.
Imperative,
II.
Dobeo
Words
to he
learned
I must, ought.lgaudeo
and Exercises for
I rejoice.
doceo 2. I teach, instruct.^ maneo 2. / remain
exerceo 2. I exercise.
mordeo 2. I bite.
fleo 2. I wttp.
|moveo 2. I move.
floreo 2. I bloom.
jpareo 2. I obey.
2.
Doceo.
Taces.
Mordemlni.
Docentur.
Exercemur.
Florent.
Tacent.
Parete.
tamus
gaudemus.
et
Gaudemus.
Ridet.
Tacere debes.
Manete.
Terreor.
taceo
Manetis.
/ laugh.
/ am silent.
et,
and.
si, if.
Exercetis.
Doceris.
Educaris
Tace.
Flent.
Movetur.
Exerceris.
Docemur.
Parere debent.
et doceris.
Moventur.
Si tacemus, laudamur.
Si paretis, laudamini.
Tentate docere.
2.
terreo 2. Ifriglden.
Tacemus.
Doces.
translation.
rideo 2.
2.
Mordentur
bitten.
Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are

Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain.
Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach.
silent.
We
I rejoice.
They
laugh.
are moved.
We
exercised).
Rejoice ye.
You
instructed.
I laugh.
You dance and

ed.
If
Obey
rejoice.
must be
thou.
We
silent.
are brought
ti*y
silent.
am
am
I exercise my self (= am
up and instructed. I am
I
If thou obeyest thou art praised.
to teach.
you weep you are censured.

2*
Sal-
et vuhierantur.
We
are bitten and
wound-
18
Third Conjvgation
10.
[^
regere, to govern.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
Indicative.
I govern
regor, /
1.
rego,
2.
regis, thou governest
3.
regit, he, she,
1.
regimus, we govern
2.
regltis,
3.
regunt, they govern.
2.
rege, govern thou
2.
regite,
am
governed
regeris, thou art governed
governs
it
10.
it is governed
regimur, we are governed
regitur, he, she,
you govern
regimini, you are governed
reguntur, they are governed.
Imperative,
JII.
govern
ye.
Words
to be
Legis.
Scribo.
Bene
I sing.
Thou
You
Thou
bene
Si
eatest.
Write thou.
art stung.
He
They
They try
et bibe.
He
hurt.
vinco
bene adv.
well.
male, adv.
ill,
Bibunt
Edltis.
Lude.
Edunt.
Si vincitis, lauda-
Si cedis, vinceris.
drinks.
We
We
read.
Si male
to read.
You
They
you are praised.

ire.
is
conquered.
are defended.
If you write well
They
esteemed.
are vanquished.
He
You
you write badly you
read.
am
We
are deceived.
Eat ye and drink.

paint.
You
write.
You must
esteem.
If
Scri-
Diliglmiir.
Canere ten-
Legite.
Vincimini.
badly.
Pinge.
Defenditur.
If thou singest well, thou ail praised.
are hurt.
/ conquer, van-
3.
quish.
are esteemed.
you are conquered.
sting.
pingltis, laudamini.
Paint ye.
is
I pick,
3.
scribo 3. / write.
Vinceris.
Diligeris.
Laederis.
scribunt.
defend.
Play ye.
Ede
Defendlmur.
scribis, vituperaris.
defend.
Fallor.
Laeduntur.
Pingis.
mlni.
Canlmus.
Laedit.
translation.
piingo
ludo 3. I play.
pin go 3, I paint.
Scribere debes.
Pungimini.
tat
and Exercises for
fallo 3.
3.
bite.
learned
/ deceive.
laedo 3. / hurt.
lego 3. I read.
/ drink.
iCano 3. I sing.
cedo 3. I give way.
defendo 3. / defend.
diligo 3. / esteem, love.
edo 3. I eat.
Bibo
He
If
You
writes well.
you give way
censured.
11.]
Fourth Conjugation
11.
audire, to hear.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
Indicative.
am
1.
audio, / hear
audior, /
2.
audls, thou hearest
audlm, thou
3.
audit, he, she,
auditis
audiunt, th^y hear.
2.
audi, hear thou
2.
audlte hear ye.
art heard
it is heard
audlmur, we are heard
audlmlni, you are heard
audlmus, we hear
3.
heard
audltur, he, she,
hears
it
19
you hear
audiuntur, they are heard.
Imperative,
Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb
sum
should be noted
sunt, they are,
est, he, she, it is,

ej'at, he, she, it
IV. Words
Custodio
(lormio 4. /
erudio
to he
sleep.
I instruct.
I beat, strike.
4. I support.
4.
ferlo 4.
lidcio
esse, to he,
erant, they were.
learned and Exercises for translation.
/ leap.
/ come.
vestio 4. / clothe.
vincio 4. / biiid, chain.
/ chatter.
/ nourish.
punio 4. I punish.
jreperio 4. Ifind.
/ guard.
4.
was,
gan-io 4.
sallo 4.
nutrio 4.
venio
4.
valde adv. greatly.

\
Erudio.
Tento
Salite.
erudis, laudaris
myself (==
am
He
Come
punishest.
Leap
sleep.
thou.
Thou
clothed).
Bene custodimini.
leaps.
We
You
are well instructed.
If
He
You
He
He
(=
is
chatter.
I clothe
supports himself
They
are guarded.
leaps.
you are vanquished, you are bound.

clothes himself
You
instruct.
art nourished.
Hear
guarded.
Dor-
Vincimus.
Tliey try to instruct.
ye.
are bound.
instructed.
Vincimus.
et punimlni.
We
ye.
Si bene
Si vinceris, vinciris.
Audite.
supported).
beaten.
Vestimur.
Bene erudimur.
Dormite.
Veni.
Saliunt.
Feritur.
erudis, vituperaris.
Valde vituperamini
Thou
I strike.
(= is
Audi.
male
Custodiris.
Bene erudiuntur.
Salitis.
Valde ferimur^
They
si
Punitis.
Si male scribimus, punimur.
Vestiuntur.
Trtimus.
Vincior.
reperire.
Fulciuntur.
Nutrimini.
Ferimus.
Dormit.
Garris.
He
We
is
are
well
are well
clothed).
They
are badly in-
Thou
praisest,
thou teachest,
stnicted.
1
praise, I teach, I give
way,
guard.
SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.
20
thou givest way, tbou guardest.
We
way, he guards.
You
censure, you
censure,
exercise,
[^
He praises, he
we exercise, we
jou
read,
you
12.
teaches, he gives
read,
we
They
sleep.
sleep.
censure,
Adorn thou, obey thou, write

Adorn ye, obey ye, write ye, punish ye. We
must adorn, we must obey, we must write, we must punish. I
they exercise, they read, they sleep.
thou, punish thou.
am
annoyed,
am
bitten, I
am
pricked, I
am
bound.
Thou
noyed, he
U]),
we
is bitten,
he
is
pricked, he
are greatly frightened,
You
instructed.
we
bound.
is
We
is
an-
are well brought
are greatly esteemed,
are well brought up,
art an-
He
noyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound.
we
are well
you are greatly frightened, you
are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed.
They
are well brought
up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are
well instructed.
CHAPTER
IV.
Of the Substantive and Adjective.

12.
1.
The
Classification of Substantives.
substantive
( 6, 1.)
is
called concrete^
when
it
which has an actual and independent existence, as man^ lion, floiuer, army ; it is called
abstract, on the contrary, when it signifies an action or qualdesignates
?i
person or
thing'
conceived of as independent of a subject, as
ity
virtue,
luisdom.
2.
The Concretes
a)
Appelative nouns,
cies, or
are
when
an individual of a
they indicate a whole spe-
class, as
man, loornan, flower,
lion
b)
Proper nouns,
when
they designate only single per-
sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius,
Rome
c)
Material nouns,
terial, as
d)
when
they indicate the simple ma-
milk, dust, ivater, gold;
Collective nouns,
when
they designate a number of
single persons or things as one whole, as

fleet, herd.
army, cavalry,
SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.
13, 14.]
2l
13. Gender of the Suhstaniive.
The Gender
of Substantives, which
is
three-fold, as in
determined partly by their meaning' and partly

by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the
endings will be treated of under the particular declensions.
EngHsh,
With
is
reference to the
meaning
the following general rules
obtain
Of the mascidine
1.
names and designamost rivers and
gender, are the
tions of males, nations, winds, months,
mountains.
Of
2.
the feminine gender, are the
tions of females, of
trees,
Of
most
names and designatowns and
countries, islands,
shrubs and small plants.

the neuter gender, are the
alphabet, the infinilive,
all
names
of the letters of the
indeclinable words (excepting,
however, the names of persons from foreign languages)

and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as
man
is
a monosyllable.
Of
4.
the
common gender,
which have but one form

as
are the
for the
names
of persons
masculine and feminine,
dux, a male or female leader.

1.
Nations, men, rivers, winds
These and months are

2.
8.
Women,
This
4.
The
lands, trees
of the neuter kind.

is whatever can
Include a woman and a man.
is
Common
14.
1.
masculines.
and town'
These as feminine are found.
Whatever cannot be declined
isles,
Niimher^ Case and Declension.
substantive and adjective have, like the verb,
two
numbers, the Sing., which denotes a unity^ and the Plur.,

which denotes ^ plurality^ and six cases in each number,
viz.:
lulio? or ivhat?
1.
Nominative, answering the question
2.
Genitive, answering the question, ivhose ?
FIEST DECLENSION.
22
:;
15, 16.
[^
Dative, answering the question, to or for ivhom ? or
3.
lahat ?
4.
Accusative, answering the question, ivhom ? or tchat ?
5.
Vocative, the case of direct address
6.
Ablative, answering the
with ? ivherehy ? luhen ? at
Remark.
The Nom. and Voc.
cases, casus obllqui.
questions, tvhence ?
ivhere-
loJiat time, etc.
are called casus recti; the other
Substantives and adjectives of the neuter gender
have the Nom. Ace. and Voc. ahke.
The Latin language h^sjive
2.
15.
declensions.
Gender and Declension of the Adjective.
The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in

number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter,
1.
gender,
filia est
bona, the daughter
is
good, fdius bonus, the good
son, films est bonus, the son is good, bellum
bellum est malum, the ivar
tvar,
Hence, the adjective,
2.
fold gender.
Still,
not
moium,
is evil.
like the substantive,
all
the evil
has a three-
adjectives have separate forms
many have only two distinct endone for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the
Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders.
3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the
for the three genders, but
ings, viz.
first
three declensions of nouns.
16. First Declension.
Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femiThe feminine of adjectives of the second declension
nine.
is
declined like nouns in

Rem.
a,
see
17.
Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the general rules of gender ( 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman^ is Masc.
so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as Matrona, the
Marne, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as
Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine.
1.
FIRST DECLENSION.
16.]
23
Case-E ndings.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
ae
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
Ablative
ae
Nominative
Plural
ae
arum
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
Ablative
am
a
is
as
ae
is
Paradigms.
Singular.
Nominative
mensa,
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
Ablative
mensae, of the
mensae, to the
Plural.
table
mensae, the tables

mensdrwrn, of the tables
table
mensls,
the table
meusdm,
mensd,
mensd, by
to the tables
mensds, the tables

mensae, O tables
mensls, by the tables.
the table
table
the table.
Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither the definite article the
nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general
sense table, or a table, or the table.
Rem.
3.
Some nouns
are used only in
tlie
plural, as
nuptiae, a
wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding.
Rem.
4.
The
dative
and ablative plural have the ending
dbiis (fi3r is)
a daughter, when they are to be distinguished

from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and
daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses.
in
dea, a goddess,
Rem.
5.
filia,
Concerning Greek nouns of the
V. Words
to be
Agricola, husbandman.
aqua, water.
learned
querela,
first
Dec. see
and Exercises for

complaint
ciconia, a stork.
translation.
ajgigno
plaintive cry.
35.
3.
beget,
pro-
duce.
ran a, a frog.
pulchre, adv. beautiful-
copia, abundance, multi- terra, the earth.

tude.
planta, a plant.
procella, a storm.
Rule of Syntax.
is
green, has
coaxo 1 / croak.
devoro 1. / devour.
turbo 1. I disturb.
noceo 2. I injure.
.
herba, an herb.
two parts
Every sentence,
e. g. the
quam, how
a,
ab (with the
abl.)
by
{a stands only before
vowels).
plant blooms, the meadow
SECOND DECLENSION.
24
The
a)
subject,
serted (the plant
The
b)
i.
e.
the person or thing of wliich something
17.
is as-
the meadow)
predicate,
i.
e.
which
that
is
asserted of the subject {blooms
is gi'een).
The
tive
subject
commonly a substantive and stands in the nominais commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective
is
the predicate
in connection with the verb to be
Rana
ranae.
Plantae florent.
nocent
plantis.
terram
The
plant blooms.
bloomest.
am
f)lantae,
injure the frogs.
The herb of
delighted with
is distui'bed
Words
quam
Procellae
pulchre orna-
The storm
how beautifully thou
plant.
The frogs croak.
the ])lant blooms.
the plant.
I love
The
turbatur a
plantis.
(abl.)
O
the
plaintive cry of the frogs delights the
The water
Ciconia nocet
Aqua
rana, coaxa!
Terra gignit plantas.
injures the plant.
The
Terra vestitur copia plantarum.
Terra vestitur
green).
Agricola delectatur querela ranae.
coaxat.
Ciconia devorat ranam.
rana.
tis
(e. g. is
plant
husbandmen.
storks devour the frogs.
by the
The
frogs,
storks
croak ye.
frogs.
Second Declension.
17.
and adend in the Nom. in iis, er, zr, and um, of which
those in vs^ er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um
For the exceptions see 36.
of the neuter gender.
of the second declension (substantives
jectives)
Case-E n din g s.
Singular
Nom.
us
(er, ir)
Gen.
um
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Plural
Nom.
oriim
Dat.
um
e (er,
Ir)
um
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
i;
Gen.
is
6s;
is
SECOND DECLENSION.
17.
25
Paradigms
Singular.
N. hortus,
garden
hoYti,of the garden
horto^/.o the garden
hoTtuin,thc garden
horte,
garden
hoiio iby the garden
the
puer, the boy

puerl, of the hoy
puero, to the boy
puer-u???, the boy
puer, O boy
puero, by the boy
ager,thejield
digri,
of the field
agro, to the field

digvum, the field
ager,
field
agro, by the field
man
man
viro, to the man
v\rum, the man
vir, the
viri,
of the
tnan
vir,
viro, by the
man.
Plural.
horti, the
gardens pueri,
the boys
agri, the fields
v\ri,themen
horidrum,
of the puerorwrn, of the agrorum, of the wndriim., of the

gardens
m,en
boys
fi.elds
horti5, to the gar- puerz5, to the boys agri5, to the fields viris, to the men
dens
horios, the gardens -puerds., the boys
vivos, the men
agvds, the fields
liortt,
men
gardens pueri,
boys
agri,
viri,
fields
horti5, by the gar- pnerisjjythe boys. agri5, by the fields v'iris,by the men
dens.
bellwrn, the roar

belli,
of the war
hello, to the
war
belliim, the icar
rear
bellff//?,
hello,
by the war.
bonils,
good
Singular,
bona, good
bono
bonae
bone
honum
bonam
bone
bono
bono
bona
boni
bonwm, good
boni
bono
bonwm
honmn
bono
Plural.
bella, the
wars
heWorum., of the
bont
bonac
bona
bonorwm
hondrum
bonorwm
bonis
bonas
bonae
bonis
bona
bona
v)ars
helli5, to the
wars bonis
bono5
bella, the icars
tears
belld,
belli5,
boni
by the wars, bonis
bonis
bonis.
Singular.
free
free
libera
liberie
liberae
hhevum
liberitw
liberarre
liber?7i
liber
libero
libera
libera
libero
liberi
liberae
libera
free
liber
liberi
libero
\herdruin liberariim.
liberi
libero
hberum
hherorum
liberis
libaris
liberis
libsrds
lil)eras
liberi
liberae
liberis
libera
libera
liberis
liberis.
beautiful
beautiful
beautiful
pulcher
pnlchri
pulchro
pulchrzim
pulcher
pulchro
pulchra
pulchrae
pulchrae
pulchriiTTi
Plural.
piilchn
palchror&7/i
pulchrls
pulchros
pulchrl
pulchrls
pulchra?ri
pulchra
pulchra
pulchri
pulchro
pulchr-am
pulchriim
pulchro
pulchrds
pulchrae
pulchra
pu\ch\-orum
pulchrls
pnlchra
pnlchrd
pulchrls
pulchris.
pulchrae
pulchrdnt?/?
piilchrls
SECOND DECLENSION.
26
[$
17.
In like manner decline

Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bonum, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a
beautiful rose, ovum pulchrum, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the productive field, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe.
Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except
in the vocative singular, as ager, G. agr-i only the following retain
the e ; puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-laiv, gener, son-in-law, vesper,
evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum,
:
rough, lacer, torn, ]iber,yree, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener,

tender, ar\d
the
compounds of/er and
ger, as: fruglfer, yrmY bearing,
Dexter, right, has both forms: dexter, dextra, dex-
cornlger, horned.
trum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera,

dexterum, G. dexteri.
Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, offilius, (a son) is fili and that of mens (my)
is mi, as
O mi fili, (but, O mea filia, O meum ofiicium). This Voc. in I
also, is found in proper names in lus, aius and eius, hence
I (for Ic),
Tulllus TulU, Virgilius Virglll. Mercurius
al (for aie), el (for eie), as
Merciirl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Ga'i, Pompeius Pompe'i.
Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the plural it is thus declined
N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis, Ace. deos, V. dii,
Abl. diis.
Rem. 4. The Gen. plural of some nouns has the ending um (for
orum), e. g. nummum (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen:
tixm),
of
talents.
Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the

ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the
Rem.
5.
Greek words in eus (one syllable) are

Uios, llion.
thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace.
neuter gender, as
Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two
VI. Words
to he
syllables), Abl.
learned
Orpheo.
and Exercises for
translation.
Equus, i, m. horse.
raolestus,a,um,/roM&Ze- committo 3. / commit
some.
frumentum, i, n. grain.
to.
varius, a, um, various,
granum, i, n. corn.
curro 3. / run.
vireo 2. Ifiourish.
juba, ae,/. mane.
hinnio 4. I neigh.
colo 3. / attend to, cul- celerlter, adv. sivijlly.
musca, ae,ffiy.
tivate, honor, revere.
fecundus, a, um, proin (with the abl.), in,
upon.
ductive.
Rule or Syntax. A noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is connected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object; e. g. in the
sentence the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the
When the noun is in the Ace. it is called
object which limits " guides."
:
the suffering object (receiving the direct action).
Equus
hinnit.
Juba equi
est pulchra.
Muscae sunt molestae equo.
SECOND DECLENSION.
17.]
Vir regit equum.
Agri sunt fecundi.
Eque,
agris grana frumenti.

tis
Equo pulchro
celeriter curre.
Herbae agrorum sunt

Agricola
27
colit agros.
delector.
Agricola committit
variae.
Agri,
quam
pulchre yire-
In agris multae herbae florent.
The
The herbs of the
field is productive.
husbandman commits the corns of
man
cultivates the
field.
Various herbs bloom in the

the horse
horses.
The
field.
beautifully thou flourishest!
The mane of
horses neigh.
Flies are troublesome to horses.
beautiful.
is
how
field,
field.
The
The husband-
field are various.
grain to the
We
horses, run swiftly.
are delighted with
Men
govern
(abl.)
beauti-
ful horses.
Vn. Words
Deus, see Rem.
to he learned
3.
dea, see 16. Rem. 4.

filius, see Rem. 2.
filia,
see
levlr,
i,
16.
m.
Rem.
4.
tedion, aid.
templum,
latv.
gener,
Dii
pitious, favorable.
meus,
n. temple.
brother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be-
i,
a,
m. son-in-law.
mundum
regunt.
miser, era,erum,twe<cA-
exstruuntur.
exstruo
ed.
Deos
propitios collte.
Dii improbos puniunt.
Benevolentia deorum est magna.
Socero est hortus pulcher.
Boni
um, see Rem.
2.
m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear.

ed.
improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo
miseris praesidium.
eri
i,
nevolence.
i,
translation.
mundus, i, w. world.
magnus, a, um, great
praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, pro-
law.
socer,
and Exercises for
viri
2.
3.
/ afford,
/ build.
Praebe, o deus bone,
Diis et deabus templa

Filius levlri
bonis viris cari sunt
bene
legit.
Filia gen-
pulchre pingit.
The gods
are propitious to men.
Good men
are dear to the gods.
* With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sentence, the teacher must be the principal guide.
The rigid laws of arrangement in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of
Something,
imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises.
however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to
preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will
account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences.
It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words
in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the
English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be
proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no emphasis rests upon any word in the sentence.
In this case, 1) The predicate
follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive,
comes
after its noun, \\) the verb folloics the case or cases which it governs,
adverb precedes the word which it limits. But when these words
are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed.
For fuller directions on
Tr.
ttiis subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, 468514.
4) the
THIRD DECLENSION.
28
The wicked
by
ish the wicked.
God
son, paint,
Sing.
governed
is
to the
wretched.
God, pun-
love the good.
Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-in-
sons.
good sons and good daughters.
Write,
my
daughter.
18.
The
1.
my
good gods, protection
The gods
temples.
Write,
propitious to
is
my
Afford,
The gods honor the

law,
The world
are punished by (ab) the gods.
the gods.
(ab)
[U8.
Third Declension.
Declension has the following case-endings
third
Nom.
__
Gen.
Is
Gen.
Dat.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
em,
Abl.
e(i)
Nom.
Plur.
Nom.
JVewi. like
like the
es
(ium)
ibus
Ace.
Voc.
Nom.
Mut. a (ia)
um
es
(ia)
es
(ia)
ibus
Abl.
Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may always be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of
that case, as
n and
rex, king, G. reg-is the
stem therefore
are rejected from the stem in the
nf,
Nom.
Also
is reg.
before
5,
as
i,
d,
laus,
stem laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlantof the stem, often passes over into s, as mos, custom, G.
mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have
rejected this letter in the Nom. as leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper
names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as: Xenophon, Xenophont-is.
Rem. 2. JVeuters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the
Nom., as; exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from
this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of euphony in the Latin language, as carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carminis, ebur, ivory (for ebor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor),
G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem
of a Greek word ends in at, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema
{Cor poemat), a poem, G. poemat-is; so also in the neuters: cor, cord-is,
praise, G. laud-is,
The
is.
r,
the heart, lac, lact-is, milk.
Rem.
3.
Concerning the endings
and
i,
a and
ia,
um and
ium, see
37.
Concerning the
2.
tain
1)
er,
g-ender^ the following general rules ob-
Of
and
Rem.
the mascidine gender are the
nouns in
o, or, os^
imparisijllables, in es.
4.
words with the same number of syllables

Nom., as nubes, a cloud, G. nubis imparisylla-
Parisyllables are
in the Gen. as in the
THIRD DECLENSION.
1920.]
29
on the contrary, are words which have more
bles,
than in the Nom., as
Of
2)
(Gen.
Gen.
syllables in the
miles, soldier, G. militis.
nouns
the feminine gender are
utis or udis), x, s
in, as, is, aus,
with a consonant before
and
it
us
pari-
syllables in es.
Of
3)
ut
the neuter gender are
and us (Gen.
Rem.
4.
For the exceptions
19.
I.
en, ar, ur^
/,
goose [m.)
anser
father [m.)
the
38
40.
pure stem.
anivial (n.)
spur
calcar
[n.)
G.
D.
A.
V.
A.
colorts
anseris
patris
colon
anseri
patn
colore??!
ansere??i
patre??i
color
pater
colore
anser
an sere
patre
animal
animah'5
animali
animal
animal
animali
P.N.
col6re'5
anseres
patre5
animalifl
cal carta
colonm
anserM??i
patrMTO
aniinalm7?i
calcartw??i
color
G.
D.
A.
V.
A.
a, e, c,
to these rules see
The Nominative presents
colour [m.]
S.N.
nouns in
oris, eris, uris).
20.
pater
calcar
calcar
calcari
Qo\6uhus
anseri6MS
patri&it5
animaU6u5
calcart6u5
anseres
patres
calcarZa
colored
an seres
patres
animal?a
animalla
(loXbribiis
ansert6it5
patri6w5
nnimaMbus
calcsinbiLS.
II.
The Nominative presents

to the laius
the stem
calcaria
changed accord'
of euphony.
nomen
leo
hody (n.)
corpus
sea (n.)
Nom. and Voc.

Genitive
nomlnis
leonts
corporis
maris
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
nomini
leoni
corpori
mari
nomen
le6rie??i
corpus
mare
nomine
nomina
leone
N. Ace. and V.
leoncs
corpore
corpora
mart
mar7a
Genitive
nomlnwm
le6nM??i
corp6rwr?i
mar?Mm
nomint6ii5
le6iu&M5
corp6rl6w5
m-dxibus.
lion [m.)
?ia?ne (m.)
P.
calcari
colore"5
ing
S.
calcaris
Dat.
and Abl.
3*
mare
30
THIRD DECLENSION.
21.
S.
P21.
The Nominative adds
III.
Nom. and Voc.
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
P. N. Ace. and V.
Genitive
Dat. and Abl.
s to the
praise
stem.
cloud
root (/.)
city
radix
urbs
laus
nube-s
nubi-s
(/)
(/.)
if.)
radicis
urhis
laud?5
radici
urbi
laudi
nubi
radicem
urbem
laudewi
nube'm
radice
urbe
laude
nube
radices
urbes
laud 65
nube-5
radicwm
urbmm
laudum
nubi-m
radictfeiis
wrhlhus
Iaudl6w5
nubI-6M5.
Nouns in ter and ber, as: ipater, father, mater, mother, frater,
well as adjectives in her and cer, as: celeber, celebrated, acer,
sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases; see pater above.
Rem. 2. Greek proper names whose stem ends in on or on, in good
Rem.
1.
brother, as
prose, form their
Nom. almost always
Agamemno,
in o, as:
G. 6n-is;
on the contrary, whose stem ends in

Xenophon, G.
ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as
Plato. Solo, Bito, G. 6n-is
those,
ont-is.
Vni. Words
Dolor,
oris,
and Exercises for
learned
to be
m. pain, suf- popiilus,
i,
translation.
vester, tra, trum, your.
m. people.
tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol.

acerhus, a,nm, pungent, tolero 1. 1 endure,
animus, 1, m. soul, mind, disertus, a,um, eZog-ueîf. succumbo 3. / sink
[quence. ignavus, a, um, indounder.
courage.
feiing.
orator, oris, m. orator,
eloquentla,
ae, f.
elo-
cowardly.
lent,
facundia, ae, /. fluency praeclarus,

tnus,
of speech.
numerus,
i,
sl,
m. number, noster,
um,
tra,
gravlter,
um, noble.
a,
adv.
heavily,
violently.
-patientev, patiently.
thy.
trum, our.
ob, on account of
quantity.
Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora-
Orator est disertus.

tori paret
quam
populus.
praeclara est tua eloquentla
lores sunt acerbi.
Numerus dolorum
Doloribus vincuntur ignavi
The
est
pain
is
under the
how
Ab
pungent.
suffering.
pain.
Bear ye the tortures of the pain.
Orators are eloquent.
The people obey

!
The world
is
Do-
Doloribus succum-
magnus.
The man endures

cowardly
pungltis
governed by
Thou
man
is
sink-
pain,
vanquished by
(abl.)
the pain patiently.
The eloquence of
the orators.
count of their fluency of speech.
quence
est
viri.
violently thou stingest.
minds.
orator,
oratore populus regltur.
O dolores, quam gravlter
Vir patienter tolerat dolores.
bitis.
Oratorem praedicamus ob facundiam.
the orator nioves our
Orators are extolled on
orators,
how
noble
(ab) the orators.
is
ac-
your elo-
THIRD DECLENSION.
$22.
31
22. Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension.

Preliminary Remark. The following paradigms present the forms
of the tliree classes of adjectives of the thiid Dec. vvitli oner, two and
Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, 5, x, ^nd parthree endings.
(Present Participles only) in
ticiples
G.
715,
as: amans, loving, G.
ntis,
For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec.

duo and ambo, see 33.
amantis.
etc.,
unus, ullus,
Singular.
sharp.
(m.)
(n.)
(f.)
N. and V.
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
acris
acris
acris
acri
acri
Dat.
acri
Ace.
acrera acrem acre
Abl.
acri
suavis
suavis
suavi
acri
acri
greater.
(m. &f.)
(n.)
delightful.
(ni.&f.)
(n.)
suave
major
majus,
suavis
suavi
majuris
majuri
majoris
n)ajori
suavem suave
majorem majus
suavi
majore
suavi
majore
Plural.
N.V.&Ac.
Genitive
D. &Abl.
majores
majora
suavia
acrium acrium acrium suavium suaviuin majurum majGrum
acribus acribus acribus suavibus suavibus majurlbus majuribus.
acres
acres
suaves
acria
Singular.
&
&
Norn.
Vc c.
Genitive
Dat.
Abl
audax {m.f.
Ace.
audacem
In like
audacis
audaci
manner
(m./.),
odoris acris
campus
audax
(n.)
(n.)
audacium
audacium
audacibus
audaces
audacibus
audacia.
decline
odor acer, sharp odor,
campi
Plural.
audaces (m.f.) audacia
n.) bold
icater,
[fieid,
vir major, greater
acetum
acre,
green pratum
viridis,
silvae viridis
sharp vin-
aceti acris
green silva
viridis,
viridis
aqua acris, sAarp

aquae acris
[^g^'>'i
green
[meadow^
viride,
[wood, prati viridis
man, femina major, greater corpus majus, greater

feminae majoris [?ome7i corporis majoris [body,
viri maj(3ris
miles audax, bold sol- leaena audax, bold lion- animal audax, bold an[ess, animalis audacis [imal.
militis audacis
[dicr. leaenae audacis
Remark. For the Abl. Sing, in i and e, the Nom. Plur. in

and the Gen. Plur. in ium and um, see 36.
IX. Words
Alacer,
to he
learned
cris, ere, lively, litterae,
spirited.
and Exercises for
arum,/,
discipulus,
grsi\\s, e, severe, serious,
fundamentum,
e,
immortalis,
omnis,
plur.
mortal.
e,
all.
i, r)i.
scholar,
i,
foundation.
immortal, avis, is,/, bird.
e, each, the
whole,
and
a,
translation.
virtus, iitis,/. viiiue.
vox, ocis,/. voice.
tiire.
fortis, e, brave.
mortaHs,
litera-
ia
homo,
Inis,
hostis,
is,
n.
cousto 1. 1 consist in, of.

haheo 2. I have.
incumbo 3. (with in and
the ace.) / apply my-
m. man.
self to.
m. enemy.
non, not.
iDdustnn,B.e,f. industry, mos, 6ns, m. custom.

pietas, atis, /. piety.
ne
('with
not.
the
Imper.)
32
FOURTH DECLENSION.
Miles
forti
animo pugnare
debet.
Siiavi
[^23.
avium voce delectamur.
Discipuli laus constat bonis moribus et acri industrla.
meiitum omnium virtutum.
Pietasest funda-
non vincuntur doloribus gravibus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animo in litteras incumbere debet Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales
Nouns
ings
Viri fortes
Fourth Declension.
23.
of the fourth Dec. have in the
us and w, of these the
first is
For
feminine gender.
last of the
Nom.
the
two endand the
of the masculine
the exceptions, see 41.
Case-Endings.
Sing.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
us; JVeut.
us us
or
ui or a
um;
us;
Plur.
us;
u
u
u
ua
ibus
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Mut
uum
Gen.
Abl.
Nom.
ua
ua
us;
us;
Abl.
ibiis
Paradigms.
Plural.
Singular.
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
A.
corniid
fvuctus [m.), fruit.
cornw.
fructM5
fractuum
cornitum
frucnhiis
cornt&M5
fruct.w5
corniid
fructits
coruus or u
cornw
cornw
cornw
fructM5
cornwcl
fructM
cornii
fructlbus
cornlbus.
fructui or
ii
frucium
The
(n.),
horn.
fructiis
and Abl. Plur. have the endarcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a
birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), the
oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f.), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), catFicus (f ), us, afgtree, forms
tle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit.
the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. ficis.
Rem. 2. The word domus (f ) a house, is declined as follows
Rem.
1.
followîng
ing ubus for "ibus : acus

joint, limb, partus (m.), a
words
(f.),
in the Dat.
needle,
Sing. N. V.
Gen.
domws
domiis
domimm and domdrwm
Dat.
domul
Dat.
Ace.
domum
Ace.
domt6w5
domo5 rarely domiis
Abl.
domo
Abl.
domlbiLS
The form domi

thus
Plur.N. V.
Gen.
domiXs
is
used only in the meaning at home, at
domi meae, domi
tuae,
domi
the
house
alienae, ai my, thy^ another's house.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
23.]
X. Words
to he
33
and Exercises for
learned
translation.
arriarus, a, um, hitter.

iiidu\geo2. 1 give myself
Luctus, us, m. grief.
gratiis, a, um, agreeahle,
lusus, us, m. sport.
vp to.
fraDgo 3. / hreak, hreak
sensus, us, m. sense,
grateful.
praetlitus, a, um, (with
down.
feeling.
animal.
Ab\.) endowed with.
succumho S. I sink unhesiia, ae.
um, how
der.
vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a,
Abl.
vi)
power, force,
might,
libenter,
great.
puerilis, e, childish.
voluj)tas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens,
genus,
eris, n.
kind.
ime ;
subst. suaxlter, adv. pleasantly,
vehementer, adv.
vio-
lenily.
Lusus pueris gratus
est.
Genera lusus suntvaria.
Vjr gravis evitat lusum puerilem.
dulgent lusui.
viter
tis,
a wise man.
gender, evito 1. I avoid.
ipa.1'0 ^
I provide.
lire.
adv. with de-
light.
animos puerorum delectas
Vir
foriis
Bestiae habent sensus acres.
doloris.
hominibus paratis
lusus,
quam
sua-
Sensus sunt
Pueri delectantur lusu.
Vis sensuum est magna.
acres.
Pueri libenter in-
non succumbit sensibus
sensus, quantas voluptates
Animalia sunt praedita sensibus.
The power of grief is great. The

The wise man endures grief
patiently.
O grief, how violently thou tormentest the minds of men
The wise man is not broken down by (abl.) grief The sports of children are agreeable. There are various kinds of sport. The boys give
themselves up to sports with delight. The serious man avoids childish sports.
O sports, how pleasantly you delight the minds of boys
The
brave
feeling of pain is bitter.
man
does not sink under grief
In
(abl.)
sports the boys are delighted.
XL
Words
to be
learned
and Exercises for
Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy.

genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our.
tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your,
validus, a,
der.
um,
strong,
vigor, oris, m. power.
horribilis, e, frightful,
fulmen,
terribllis, e, terrible.
Inis, n.
light-
supplex,
ning.
robur, oris, n. strength.
multus,
a,
icis,
suppliant
subst. the suppliant,
um, much, mdlco
1.
translation.
/ resound.
I waver.
permoveo 2. / move.
resono
1.
vacillo
1.
antecedo 3. I precede.
extimesco 3. 1 fear.
flecto 3. / bend.
procu mbo 3. Ifall down.
in (with
indicate.
in,
.j^cc.
and
Abl.)
upon.
many.
Tonitru
terriblle
animos hominura permovet.
(tonitru) est horribilis.
timescunt tonitru.
Fulmen
tonitru,
antecedit tonitru.
quam
Fremitus tonitrus
Multi homines ex-
horribilis est fremitus tuus.
Do-
FIFTH DECLENSION.
34
mus
[^
24.
Genua virorjjm sunt vallda. Vigor genuum indiMagna vis est genibus. Suppllces procumbunt in
ne vacillate! In genibus est magna vis.
resonat tonitru.
cat robur corporis.
genua.
genua,
The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength

The knee has great power (= to the knee there is great
power). The suppliant bends the knee. O knee, waver not
In the
knee is great power.
The thunder is terrible. The noise of the
of body.
thunder
sounds with
to he
Vmxis, ns, f. pine.
pu ella,
ae,y!
how
thunder,
learned
cingo
insignis,
e,
remarkable,
aediflco
1.
rex, regis, m. king.
lie
um,
/stY.
/ gird, sur-
3.
round.
timid.
contremisco
3.
1 tremble,
quake.
build.
saepe, adv. often.
by.
venator, oris, m. hunter, contorqueo

a,
translation.
sedeo2.
pingo 3. I paint ; acu

hahlto 1. I dwell.
ipingo, I embroider.
adjaceo 2. (with Dat.) /
rmn.
7n./s^.
continuus,
urn, de-
um,
soror, oris,/, sister.

7n.
a,
re-
thunders).
a,
frater, tris, m. brother,
is,
(=
The house
thy noise.
strudive.
g-iVZ.
timldus,
piscis,
is
and Exercises for
perniciosus,
sagitta, ae./. arrow.
imber, bris,
terrible
thunderings
(abl.) frightful
Xn. Words
Fear thou
Lightnings precede the thunders.
frightful.
is
not the thunder.
con-
2.
hurl,
sub (with
Abl.), under.
shoot,
tinuous.
Aestate sub quercubus et in speciibus libenter sedemus.

gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus.
Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artilbus contremiscunt.

ciibus sagittas contorquent.
adjacet
trae
lacus.
domuum (domorum)
Domos
tiniii.
is
We
houses.
houses.
My
My
brothers
Many arrows
Frater aediflcat
urbe.
in
In the lake are fishes.

I
tremble
sisters
sit
The king dwells in a beautiThe height of the house

The king has many and beau-
dwell in beautiful houses.
in all
[my] limbs.
embroider.
in the
Many
great lake lies by our
houses are built in the city
garden under oaks, and
my
sisters in grottos.
are shot by bows.
All nouns of the
and
Venatores ar-
altitudo est insignis.
regis cingunt multae pinus.
remarkable.
tiful
re-
Domui nosdomum. Magnus numerus est

Domlbus perniciosi sunt imbres con-
Domus
Oaks and pines surround our house.

ful house.
Hortus
Puellae acubus pingunt.
24. Fifth Declension.

fifth
declension end in the
are oi xhe feminine gender.
Nom.
in es
FIFTH DECLENSION.
$24.
35
Masculine are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day ; yet

when it signifies a definite day, a day fixed
upon or appointed, as dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also,
when it signifies length of time, as: dies perexigua, a very short space;
still, in both these meanings it is sometimes used as masculine.
Exceptions
dies in the Sing, is feminine

:
Case-Endings and Paradigms.

day.
affair, thing.
S.
PL
N. es
G.ei
es
S. res,
dies,
rei
rerum
diei
ebus
lei
rebiis
diei
diebus
es
rem
res
diem
dies
es
res
res
dies
dies
ebus
re
rebus
die
diebvs.
erum
D. ei
A. em
V. es
A. e
dies
res
PI.
PI.
d'lerum
Rem. 1. The e in ei, the ending of the Gen. and Dat. is short when
a consonant stands before it, as rei, fidei but long when a vowel
stands before it, as diei, faciei.
:
all the cases of the Sing, and Plur.

declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat.
and Abl. Plur., these cases being siipphed by the corresponding cases
of synonymous nouns of the other declensions.
Rem.
all
Only
2.
res
and
the other nouns of the
Xin.
dies
TVbrds to be learned
certus, a,
life.
i,
n.
cius,
um, certain.
um, uncer-
consola- incertus, a,
conditio, onis, /.
con- dubius,
oris, n. time.
Spes incerta
Homines
debemus
facile
a,
humanus,
dition, state.
et
dubia
vanus,
est.
a,
fortunate.
amittere in aerumnis vitae.
magna
Spem
rebus adveris.
I overwhelm.
I refresh.
Ne
hominum.
temporum non
in animis
spes, dulci solatioanimos mis-
Spe vana saepe falllmur.

Conditio rerum humanarum
Res humanae
Re-
est dubia.
extimescite res adversas.
humanae, quam saepe animos hominum

afflictatui
1.
feliciorum
erorum hominum recreas!
non
feli-
more
um, doubtful. amitto 3. / lose.

um, human. oppono 3. / oppose.
facile, adv. easily.
um, vain.
Vis spei est
bus adversis opponite virtutem.
oris,
a,
indulgent spei vanae.
sunt incertae et dubiae.
n.,
afflicto 1.
recreo
tain.
tion.
translation.
um, ad- dulcis, e, sweet.

adversae, felicior, m. and/,
adversity.
ae,/.
tempus,
a,
verse; res
trouble.
vita,
and Exercises for
adversus,
Spes, ei,fhope.
aerumna, aef. hardship,
solatium,
form
fifth
fallltis
Animus
res
sapientis
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.
36
XrV.
Fides,
JVords to he learned
rarus,
e\,f.Jidelitij.
ae, /. friend- sereiius,
amicitia,
tutus, a,
ship.
exemphim, ],n. example, verus,
and
servo
avolo
/ owe.
conquiesco 3. Ifndsai-
a, uiri, ^rue.
ver, eris, n. spring.
succedo
iucoiTuptus,
Examples of
now
are
are to
our
The
safety.
now
men
swiftly
delighted.
To
lowery.
agreeable.
you
fly
Mid-day
away!
is
life.
the fidelity of
true friend preserves [his] fidelity
we
find satisfaction.
men
The days
The arrival of the bright days of spring

Lowery days follow bright days.
We
O ye
eagerly await the bright days of spring.
how
modo, now
now.
expect,
thou providest for unfortunate
fidelity,
In the fidelity of friends
bright,
all
1.
true fidelity of friendship are rare.
adversity.
haven
safe
modo
of fi'iends refreshes our minds in the hardships of
we owe
our friends
etiam, conj. also.
call togeth-
await.
fidelity
also in
er.
corrupted.
The
I follow.
3.
cito, adv. swiftly.
cupide, adv. eagerly.

1.
um, un- exspecto
a,
van-
ish.
adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco

portus, us, m. haven.
2.
isfaction.
Ify away,
1.
1 preserve.
1.
debeo
salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad.
fare.
25.
Exercises for translation.
um, rare.
a, um, bright,
um, safe.
a,
[^
In
(abl.)
On
bright.
beautiful days of spring,
the bright days of spring
(abl.)
we
are
a certain day, the soldiers
of the city are called together.
1.
1)
2)
25.
Comparison of Adjectives and Participles.
There are three decrees of quality
The positive, as:

The comparative.,
the
man
as
the father
qumn fi I
the son (pater est doct-ior

3)
all
is
learned (vir est doctus)
more learned than
is
us)
The superlative, as Cicero was the most learned of

Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omniam Roman:
the
orum).
2.
The
Latin,
superlative, in
is
used
also
general, a verij high degree of a quality, as
to
express in
pater tuus est
doct-issimus, thy father is very learned.

3.
For indicating
the comparative
Latin language has the following forms

a)
For the comparative
b) For the superlative
lor,
and
superlative, the
Masc. and Fem.,
lus,
issimus, issvna, issimum.
neuter;
$25.]
4.
These endings are joined
37
which
directly to the stem,
may
be found, in all cases, by removing, in words of the

second Declension, the Nominative-ending us^ and in those
of the third, the Genitive-ending
Comp.
Laet-us, joyfid
doct-us, learned
pudic-us, bashful, modest

imbecill-us,/ee&Ze
lev-is, light
fertil-is, fertile
dives (G.
divlt-is), rich
prudens (G. prude nt-is),

prudent
amaiis (G. amant-is),
loving
felix (G. felic-is),
5.
happy
is^
as
laet-ior, ius
Sup.
Iaet-mi7ni/,s, a,
AocX-ior
pii die-tor
imbecill-ior
lev-ior
fertil-ior
divit-ror
prudent-ior
amant-2or
felic-ior
um
doct-issimus
imd'ic-issimus
imheciW-issimiis
\ev-issimus
feni]-issimus
divh-issimus
ynudent-issimus
amant-issimus
fellc-issimus
Adjectives in er have the ending rimus,
um
a,
in the
superlative, as
miser (G.
niiser-i), a,
um
[unhappy] celer (G. celer-is),
miser-n/nw5,
e, [swifl]
is,
celer-ior, ius
miser-ior, ius
a,
um
um
celer-n'mw5, a,
pulcher (G. pulchr-i),
a,
um
(fteawh*-
pauper (G. pauper-is),
[poor]
pauper-ior, ius
ful)
pulchr-ior, ius
pauper-rimw^,
pulcher-rimif5, a,
a,
um.
um.
So also vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius,

Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recent^ (Comp.
:
is
rarely used)
viânting)
Sup.
nuper-rimus.
6.
tive
The
six following adjectives in ilis
by adding Emus
form the superla-
to the stem, viz: faciiis, easy^ difficTlis,
difficulty similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim,
and humilis,
facll-is,
7.
loio,
C. facil-ior, ius
Compound
the comparative
by adding
slender,
as
S. facil-Zimii5, a,
um.
and volus, form

and the superlative
adjectives in d^cus ficus
by adding
entissimus, a,
maledicus, slanderous
maguificus, magnificent
benevolus, benevolent
um
entior, ius,
to the root, as
C. maledic-enffor
S. maledic-enf?55iww5
m a gni fie -enhor
mugmfic-entissimus
benevol-eniior
hcnevol-entissimus
38
But those
in dtcus
{i
long) are
compared
[25.
regularly, as
pudicus, bashful, modest, pudic-ior, pudic-issimus.

8.
Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari-
son are to be observed

bonus, good
malus, had
C. mel-ior, ius, better
S. optimus, a,
pej-or
pesslmus
magnus, great
maj-or
parvus, small
min-or
maximus
minimus
multus, much
plus (neutr.) more

plures (m.
(n.)
nequam, wicked
senex, old
juvenis,
plurimus, most
f.),plura
plurimi, most
S. nequissimus
C. nequ-ior,
wanting
wanting
sen-ior,
young
jun-ior
exierus, outward
exter-ior,
infer-ior,
superus, above
super-ior,
posterus, hind
poster-iorf
extremus, outermost
infimus and imus

supremus, and summus
postremus, hindermost
Finally, there are several adjectives of
tive is
wanting,
on
best
more
inferus, helow
9.
and
um,
which the
citer-ior, ius
citlmus, nearest
(intra, within)
inter-ior, ius
intimus, inmost
(ultra, beyond)
ulter-ior, ius
ultlmus, last
(prope, near)
prop-ior, ius
proximus, next
(citra,
this side)
posi-
e. g.
Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin language often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis
(more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most).
This
periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the terminational comparative and superlative.
Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative
form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, inviclissimus.
On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form,
as: diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus; proclivis, sloping,
maxime proclivis especially, nearly all in His, llis,

maxime agiHs.
Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational comparison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as;
idoneus. Jit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus; ]n\\s, pious, affectionate;
inclined, proclivior,
dlis, bllis,
as
agilis, nimble, agilior,
perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary

all in, icus,
Imus, Inus, ivu^, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as
b) nearly
lubrlcus,
slippery; legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus,
harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribun d u s, c(?/in^;

c)
several of no particular class, as: almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur,
tame, claudus, lame, compos, powerful, impos, impotent of, cui-vus, bent,
25.]
39
gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, memor, mindmirus, ivonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude,
ferus, mild,
ful
of,
some, which, on account of their signification, admit of

those which denote a mafe7*iaZ; those compounded
with per, prae (except praeclarus) and suh, as permagnus, vei-y great,
praedives, very rich, subdifficllis, somewhat difficult; those having the
diminutive form, as parvulus, tiny, vetCdus, oldish.
etc.
finally,
no degrees;
e. g.
XV. Words
to be
Beneficentia, ae,/. he-
the
simulatio, 6ms,
moon.
natura, ae,/. nature.
f pre-
sapientia, ae,y. wisdom,
sol, solis,
sonitus, us, m. sound.
Inis, f.
m. sun.
accommodatus,
suited
swal-
secundus,
a,
um,/ai;or-
a,
res secundae,
prosperity.
um,
amabllis,
e,
amiable.
velox, ocis, swift.

nihil, indecL, nothing,
to.
garrulus,
low.
a,
um, mu-
a,
nificent.
able;
tence.
odium, i, n. hatred.
amor, oris, m. love.
hirundo,
translation.
munificus,
ratio, 6nis,y. reason.
7ieficence.
luna, ae,
and Exercises for
learned
lux, lucis,/. light.
um,
chatter-
quam,
conj., than.
ing, loquacious,
liberalitas, atis, f. liberality.
quam beneficentia. Nihil

quam sonitus. Nihil est
Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundlnes.
melius, quam sapientia.
Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus
saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum
Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium.
vita saepe est miserrima.
Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra luna minor
est, quam terra.
Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius,
est amabilius,
quam
virtus.
Lux
est velocior,
XVI. Words
Patria,
to be
ae, /. native
country.
an ape.
Syracusae, arum, /.
simia, ae,/.
adulatio, onis,
f fatte-
m. a crow.
malum, i, n. evil.
murus, i, m. a wall.
Homerus, i, m. Homer,
Lacedaemonius, i, m.
a Lacedemonian
beneftcus,
a,
urn, 6ene/*-
icent.
um, Greek.
um, his, her,
similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a,
suus,
larity.
valetudo, Inis,/ health.
a,
its.
virgo,
inis, /.
a young
woman.
black.
a,
quented.
brevis, e, short.
crus, uris, n. shin, leg.
beatus,
grum,
celeber, bris, bre, fre-
ship.
um,
happy.
labor, oris, m. labor.
Omnium
translation.
afiinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra,
Syracuse.
),
and Exercises Jor
ry.
poeta, ae, m. a poet.
corvus,
learned
beatissimus est sapiens.
peaceful,
simplex,
valeo
2.
icis, simple.
am
strong,
3.
/ despise.
avail.
contemno
Homerus omnium Graecorum
CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS.
40
poetarum
est veterrimus.
maxima
cusae
et
Adulatio est pessimum malum.
pulcherrima erat
morum, quam
26.
Urbs Syra-
omnium Graecarum urbium.
simi homines sunt maledicentissimi.
Pes-
In amicitia plus valet similitude
afRnitas.
is better than virtue.

God is the greatest, best and wisest
The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The
horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much
frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The
king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women
should (= must) be very modest. The ape is very much like man.
The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friendThe Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift.
ship.
Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great.
The life of man is very short. The richest are often the most wretched.
The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The
customs of men are very unhke. The king is very munificent. The
worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised
by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The
garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The
Nothing
of all.
walls of the city are very low.
Most men love
CHAPTER
their native countiy.
V.
Of the Adverb.
1.
26.
Classification
and Formation of Adverbs.
The common endings
of adverbs ( 6, 4.) are e and er

from adjectives of the second declenare formed by annexing e to the root of the adjective,
{iter); those derived
sion,
as: clams, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pulchr-i),
pulchr-e.
Only bene
(well)
(badly), from mains have a short
from bonus, and male
e.
Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declenby adding er to the stem of those in ans
and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as
2.
sion are formed,
um, clear, renowned

um, (G. liber-i), /ree
clar-us, a,
clar-e
liber, a,
liber-e
COMPARISON OF ADVEEBS.
$27.
pulcher, chra,
chrum
pulchr-e
(G. pulchr-i)
prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing
amans
prudent-er
amant-er
(G. amant-is), loving
fortis (G. fort-is), brave
Audax
41
fort-iter
(G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-iter).
Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there
3.
are a
number which have
the termination of neuter adjec-
tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as
multum,
much, plurimum, most, solum and tantum, only, facile, easily,

difficile (and difficulter), luith difficulty, recens, recently
tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo,
immediately, cxehYO, fre-
quently, fslso, falsely, subito, suddenly, iperpetuo, continually.

4.
itus,
There are
still
from heaven,
other adverbial terminations, as: coel-
penitus, deeply, entirely; sensiin, by de-
grees, passfm, everyivhere
by flocks,
catervaîm, by troops, gregaîm,
etc.
27.
Comparison of Adverbs.
Adverbs derived from adjectives use
for the comparative,
the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives
from which they are derived, and in the superlative change

us of the superlative of their adjectives into
laet-e, joyfully
Comp.
doct-e, learnedly
laet-iW
Sup.
e,
as
laet-issime,
doct-ius
doct-issime
most joyfully
lev-ius
ley-issime
fe\ic-ius
feVic-issime
magn'ific-entissime
simil-iter, alike
magmfic-entius
smnl-ius
ben-e, well
mel-ius better
optlme, best
mal-e, badly
pejus
pessime.
lev-iter, lightly
felic-Iter,
happily
magniflc-e, magnificently
simW-llme
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
42
CHAPTER
Of the Pronoun
28.
I.
[^28.
VI.
(Comp.
6, 5).
Personal Pronouns,
Substantive Personal Pronouns.
a.
Singular.
Nom.
ego,/
tu,
thou
Gen.
mei, of me
mlhi, to me
tui,
of
Dat.
sui,
trbi, to thee
Abl.
me, me
me, hy me
Nom.
nos,
Gen.
Ace.
of us
nostrum, of among
us
nobis, to us
nos, us
Abl.
nobis, by us.
Ace.
wanting
thee
self etc.
te, thee
te,
of himself herhimself etc.
sibi, to
by thee
himself etc.
se, by himself etc.
se,
Plural.
vos,
nostri,
Dat.
Rem.
The
we
1.
cum
of you
vestrum, of among
all
(with),
sui,
of themselves
you
vobis to you
vos,
themselves
sibi, io
you
se, themselves
vobls, 6^ you.
The Voc. of
preposition
wanting
you
vestri,
se, &3/ themselves.
the pronouns, if used,
which governs the
Abl.,
is
is
like the Nom.

joined to me, te,
mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum,
etc.,
thus
thee,
with
one''s
with me, with
self with us, with you.
Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns,

the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with
the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as egomet, te:
to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself

met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet
sese.
For the difference
se is doubled to render it more emphatic
of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see 94.
;
b.
Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive
Pronouns.
Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen.
of Substantive-personal pronouns.
sessive,
of an individual of the
From
They
are called pos-
because they represent an objective as the possession
mei comes mens,

tui
sui
nostri
vestri
first,
mea,
second or third person.
meum,
my. (For the Voc. mi see

17.
tuum, thy.
suum, his, her,
noster, nostra, nostrum, our.
tuus,
tua,
suus,
sua,
vester, vestra, vestrum, your.
its.
Rem.
1.)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
28.]
Remark
For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte

suopte manu, with Ms (own, very)
For the same reason also, met
joined to the obUque cases of suus, as suismet capitibus.
3.
joined to the Abl. Sing, of suus, as

hand, suopte gladio (with his sword).
is
(see
Rem.
43
2) is
XVII. Words
to he
and Exercises for
learned
translation.
/ lahor.
/ relate.
voco 1. / call.
[er. canto 1. / sing.
cept, principle.
doleo 2. I grieve.
praeceptor,6ris, mimc^- clamo 1. I cry.
tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / disco 3. / learn.
ludo 3. I play.
ling, pursuit.
command, govern.
imperium, i, n. com- attente, adv. attentively.
Veritas, aus,yi truth.
gratus, a, um, agreeable.
inter, praep. (with Acc.]f
mand, dominion.
iratus, a, um, offended,
between, among.
Magister,
tri,
praeceptum,
m, teacher, aequahs,
n.
i,
e.
pre- sahitaris,
laboro
equal.
narro
e. salutai-y.
1.
1.
angry.
Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., ego, tu, etc.,
when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them,
hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the i)ossessive
are used only
pronouns, meus, tuus,
me amat
frater
Ego
(not
meu^
meus me
canto, tu clamas, amicus
fratres laborant.
docemus, vos,
Nos
etc., e. g.
frater
Ego
fleo, tu
Ego
sibi
maximum imperium
XVIII. Words
Modus,
manner.
i,
to be
ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit.
Ego
a fault.
dimico
feris,
vos, boni
puer
discipuli,
Iratus
and Exercises for

a,
um,
1.
next,
translation.
obrepo
3.
(with
dat.)
creap up, steal upon.
par, aris, equal.

n.
salio, tu
;
Imnon est apud se. TractaVeritas semper mihi grata est.
learned
m. measure, proxlmus,
i,
saltatis,
Nos, praeceptores,
Virtutes inter se aequales sunt.

est.
litterarum nobis salutaris est.
vitium,
Nos narramus, vos
pingunt.
legitis, fratres
attente auditis praecepta nostra.
tio
vocat.
Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus
dormit.
perare
amat).
rides, frater dolet.
discipuli, discitis.
scribimus, vos
frater diligens est, iwwspiger; but:
1fight.
acriter, adv. spiritedly.
m. citizen.
discordo l. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace),
parentes, ium, m. pariance with.
through.
rents.
porto 1. / bear, carry.
propter, praep. (with
caput, rtis, n. head.
faveo 2. Ifavor.
ace), on account of.
cantus, us, n. song.
splendeo 2. I shine.
de, praep. {with abl), of
redltus, us, m. return.
expeto 3. / strive to ohconcerning, over, at.
civis, is,
tain.
Vitia nobis virtutum

vetis nobis.
est.
Tu me
nomine obrepunt.
amas, ego
te
amo.
Virtus splendet per se semper.
Nos favemus
Mihi mea
vobis, vos fa-
vita, tibi,
Cantus nos delectat.
tua cara
Parentes
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
44
[^28.
O mi fili, semper mihi pare Frater me et te

Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus prop-
a nobis diliguntur.
amat.
ter sese
Suapte natura virtus expetitur.
colitLir.
Tu tecum
de patris reditu gaudemus.
Deus tecum
nat.
cum
Gives de suismet
Nos vobiscum
Sapiens omnia sua secum portat.
capitibus dimicant.
Oratio tua tecum pug-
pugnas.
Saepe animus secum discordat.
est.
Hostes nobis-
acriter pugnant.
We
er paints.
you
play,
instruct thee,
scholar
mind
their right
I write,
write, the
We
thou readest, the broth-
learn, the sisters embroider.
The enemies
precepts.
you
sing,
the teacher, teach; thou, the scholar, learnest.
I,
weep, you laugh, the brothers grieve.
not in
We
thou dancest, the brother labors.
I relate,
friends call.
thou,
fight
spiritedly with you.
(=
God
by themselves).
the teacher,
I,
attentively
my
Angry [men]
are
good scholar, hearest

with
us.
son and
my
is
You
re-
joice with us at the return of [oin*] father.
my
I carry all
me
always obey
pursuit of literature
is
us.
Our
Men
love themselves.
Virtue
Our
XIX. Words
me
in (abl.) like
i.
n.
long-
ing, desire.
conservatrix,
a,
um,
in-
icis,
benignus,
m. judge.
a,
um,
kind,
I favor thee,
immemor,
mindful
um, wonder- potens,
a,
um,
faith-
insiplens, ntis, unwise,
ango
memor,
ntis,
erful, not
teneo
oris,
2.
3.
powerfid,
of.
impotens,
absens, ntis, absent.
un-
oris,
of.
ntis,
master
less.
f.
preserver.
equal) manner.
dear to us.
is
ful, extraordinary.
-perfidus, a,
icis,
(=
beautiful in (per) itself
industrius,
mirus,
ae,/. anger.
The
always agreeable to
is
dustrious, diligent.
desiderium,
to us,
cern.
judex,
is
native country
to be
con-
care,
Truth
salutary to me.
parents love thee and
thou favorest me.
ira,
daughter,
You love us, we love you. Our life is dear

Bad men are always at variance with themselves.
yours to you.
Gura, ae, /.
O my
with myself.
[secrets]
noi ôt-
master
of.
hold, possess.
1 trouble.
mindful
of
Omnis natura
desiderium urbis,
meorum
Pater vehementer tua sui
cura
ces
et tui
me
sui.
me tenet
memoria
Ira est impotens sui.
him).
sui (preserver
est conservatrix
of herself).
delectatur (by thy
Omnes homines
etc.).
remembrance of
Sapiens semper potens sui
angit (concern for you).
Mirum
(longing after the city,
est.
Vestri
sunt benigni judi-
Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy rememAmicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens rnagno
us).
brance of
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
$29.
desiderio tenetur mei, et
memores.
nostri
tui,
mi
frater, et vestri,
45
Amici sunt
o sorores.
Plurimi nostrum te
Multi vestrum mihi placent.
valde diligunt.
The absent
[man]
(= of us).
father has a great concern /or us
The
not master of himself.
is
faithless friend is
The unwise
unmindful of
Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee

The most of you, my scholars, are diligent.
me.
(== of thee) troubles me.
The most of
us love [our] native country.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
29. II.
Singular.
Nom.
IS,
Gen.
ejus,
ea, id, he, she, it
same
the
i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very
same
of him,
same
Dat.
ei, to
Ace.
eum, eam,
Abl.
eo, ea,
him, her,
her,
it
it;
same
to the
the
of
him, her,
it ;
the
eo, hy him, her,
it ;
hy
id,
same
th
ejus-dem, of the very same

to the very same
eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the
very same
eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the
ei-dem,
same.
very same.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
eae, ea, they
ii,
the
ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the
same
eorum, earum, eorum, of them

of the same
iis (seldom eis), to them; to
the same
eos, eas, ea, them ; the same
very same
eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorundem, of the very same
iis-dem (eis-dem),
eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem,
(seldom
iis
eis),
hy them
by
iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very
the same.
Remark.
1.
the
same
very
Abl.
very
the
to
same
same.
The pronoun
is,
ea,
id
may be
1) the
same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen.
son.
Dat., to him, to her, to
e. g.
filius
it.
eorum or earum,
Ace. him,
translated as follows
e.
her, it
their son, Dat.
to
g.
;
filius ejus, his
Plur.
Nom.
or her
they.
them. Ace. the7n
Gen.
3) in
connection with a noun this, e. g. eum regem, this kinfs;

4) he, she,
(who).
In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sai and suns in
meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the
:
it
sentence.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
46
[^29.
Singular.
Norn.
iste, ista, istud, this, that
Gen.
istlus,
Dat.
istI, to this, to
Ace.
istum, islam, istud, this, that

isto, ista, ist(3, by this, by that.
Abl.
of
this,
of that
illi
that
iltl,
us, of that
to that
ilium, illam, illud, that
illo, ilia, illo,
Plural (after the
N.
N.
isti,
G. istorum, arum, orum

a; G. illorum, arum, orum;
ae, a;
ae,
illi,
iUe, ilia, illud, that
by that.
Dec.)
II.
D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a;

D. and Abl. illis
A. illos, as, a.
Singular.
Nom.
hic, haec, hoc, this
ipse, ipsa,
Gen.
hujus, of this
huic, to this
hunc, banc, hoc, this
hoc, hac, hoc, by this.
ipsius
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
ipsum, self
jpsi
ipsum, ipsam, ipsum

ipso, ipsa, ipso.
Plural.
N. hi,hae,/iaec; G. horum,harum,horum; D. and Abl. his; A.hos, has,/jaef;

N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a.
;
Remark
2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to inhicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the
demonstrative power
From
following forms occur most frequently hujusce, hosce, hisce.
these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have hiccine, haeccme, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c.
Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the folSing. N. istic, istaec, istuc illic, illaec, illuc Ace. islowing forms
tunc, istanc, istuc illunc, illanc, illuc Abl. istoc, istac, istoc illoc, iliac,
PI. N. and Ace. Neut istaec, illaec.
illoc
crease
its
The
student
idem equus,
may
the
decline
very same horse,
eadem
idem
ejusdem ranae, ejusdem
rana, the very same frog,
vittum, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi,

vitii;
ista femlna, this woman, istud nomen,

feminae, istius nomlnis
man,
iste vir, this

viri, istius
this
name, istius
hic puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept,
hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti
ille
sensus, that feeling,
illius
Rem.
sensus,
3.
Hic,
ilia
illius rei, illius
Jiaec, hoc,
res, that thing, illud cornu,
cornus
refers to
that
an object in the presence of the one speak-
ing, which pertains to the one spealdng or which he calls attention to
an object in
horn,
(u).
iste,
of the one addressed or which

pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies
remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hic, haec, hoc.
ista, istud refers to
the presence
DEMONSTRATIVE PPwONOUNS.
^29.]
XX. Words
Diligentia, ae, /.
to he
and Exercises for
learned
dux, uc\s,m. leader, gen-
dili-
gence, exactness.
47
translation,
mendax,
eral.
lying,
acis,
liar.
Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / blunt, enarum,/, a letter.

Xenophon.
feeble.
memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, inis, n. poem,
firmo 1. / make firm,
schola, ae,/ a school,
addictus, a, um^ devoted
strengthen.
sententia, ae,/ opinion,
to.
vito ]
/ avoid.
fidus, a, um, faithful.
view.
placeo 2. I please,
scr'iptor, 6ns, m. ivriter. saevus, a, um, fierce,
displlceo 2. I displease.
auctoritas, atis, / aucruel.
faveo 2. I am favorable
ignavia, ae,/. indolence.
litterae,
elegans, ntis, elegant.
thority.
tarditas,
atis,
slow-
iners,
ness, indolence.
Xenophon
Amicum
parent.
viro
Illi
omnes
ejus
me
movent.
toritas est
maxima.
vitupero;
illi
Hujus
amicus
to be
n. deed.
oraculurn,
Caesar,
n. desert.
i,
aris,
imperator,
n. oracle.
learned
oris,
est vir
suavis-
libenter
tuum praceptum.
est saevissi-
Ista vestra auc-
o])timus.
a,
um, hostile
m. gen-
virtus, utis,/ bravery.
work.
translation.
tracto
um,
1.
I pursue.
obsideo 2. / besiege.
studeo 2. I strive.
fido 3.
difFido.
nosco
subst. enemy.
seditiosus, a,
I trust.
/ distrust.
3.
am
acquaint-
ed with, know.
sedi-
agnosco3. [understand.
tious.
e,
wonder- resisto
3. Iresist.
sentio 4.
ful.
laudabllis, e,praisewor-
eris, n.
milites
Hoc bellum
and Exercises for
m. Caesar, admirabllis,
eral.
opus,
illam vita,
discipuli diligentiang. laudo, ilJius tarditatem
inimicus,
i,
schola est gratissima, huic molestissima.
pey.
i,
lego,
carmen valde
Memoria teneo praeclarum
est, ille iners.
Iste tuus
XXI. Words
meritum,
believe, trust.
Haec carmina
est istud
displlcet.
ilia
Tortuna, ae, f. fortune, clarus, a, um, clear, reAlexander, dri, m. Alexnowned.

ander.
Delpbicus, a um, DelPompeius, i, m. Pomphic.
factum,
libros libenter
Fratris
Huic duci
Praeclarum
favent.
Hie puer industrms
praeceptum.
illud
litterae graviter
mihi placet,
sententia
mum.
scriptor
addictissimus sum.
ei
homini mendaci ne crede.
Isti
3.
Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat
id.
Hae
sima sunt.
Haec
elegantissimus
est
lege
hunc expete.
to.
awkward, credo
inactive.
fidum babeo;
mihi placet
ertis,
/ feel,
think,
judge.
expugno
1.
capture.
quia, conj. because.
Multi homines de iisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sentiunt.

sipiens
eidem sententiae modo
ditiosi milites resistunt.
[f>^-
pro, praep. (with abl.)
thy.
fidit,
Animus
modo
difFidit.
ipse se movet.
In-
Ipsi imperatori se-
Virtus est per se ipsa
48
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
laudabilis.
Saepe
animal se ipsum
Praeclarum
ipsi.
nihil est
Xenophon
is
quam nosmet
Nosce
te ip-
sibi ipsi diffidit
a very elegant writer, I read Piim with very great de-
The
light (libentissime).
The
Omne
sibi ipse.
praeceptum oraculi Delphlci
est illud
Mendax saepe
sum.
homini ioimicius, quam
Carior nobis esse debet patria,
diligit.
brother and his friend are very dear to me.
teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with
abl.) their desert.
We
perceive
God from
We
his works.
honor [our]
parents, because their deserts to [de with abl.) us are very great.
enemies besiege the

This book
pleases.
and
city
strive to capture
read with delight.
I praise the industry
Alexander are extolled by

very renowned generals
this
This
The king himself
is
poem
pleases
(ab) all writers.
was more favorable than

was wonderful.
leader
army.
of the
Thou
of (per) themselves praiseworthy.
(=
30.
to
dost not always
The
father
literature).
Man
and
The
loves himself.
[Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than thou
Understand yourselves.
dis-
to that, fortune
son pursue the very same literary studies

are
me, that
The deeds of that great

Caesar and Pompey were
judge the very same concerning the very same thing.
virtues
The
it.
of this scholar.
the bravery of this and that [one]
the
30.
thyself.
Liars often distrust themselves.
in. Relative Pronouns.
IV. Interrogative Pronouns.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
quis (m. &y^), quid, ivho ? what ?

cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ?
quod, who^ which

cujus, whose, of whom, of which
qui, quae,
cui, to whom? to whaf^

cui, to whom, to which
quem, quam, quod, whom, which quem, quam, quid, ivhom ? whaf?
quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which quo, qua, quo, by ivhom, by what ?
Plural.
Nom. 'qui,
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
quae, quae, who, which
quorum,
quarum,
whose, of whom, of which
quibus, to whom, to which
quos, quas, quae, whom, which
quibus, by whom, by which.
quorum,
qui, quae, quae, who'?
whaf?
quorum,
quorum
quarum,
of ivhom'? of what?
quibus, to whom ? to what ?
quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what?
quibus, by ivhom? by what?
ivhose'?
Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for
which quicum is often used.
Rem. 2. In quisquis{quaequae rare), quicquid{whoeYer, whatever) hoth.
pronouns are declined, as quoquo, quibusquibus, e. g. quoquo mode
:
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
30.]
res se habet, in whatever

ever
On
it is ;
way
soever, whatsoever) cunque
Rem.
So
quicquid id
itself;
est,
what-
barely annexed to the diiferent cases of
is
G. cujuscunque, etc.
used
Quis, quid, are
3.
has
the contrary, in quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque (which-
qui, quae, quod, as
scribitur
the thing
49
substantively, as
Ace, as
also in the
quis
quid
scribit ?
The remaining forms
quid agis?
do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively but qui, quae,
quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quem vides ? whom do you
see ? quem hominem vides ? what man do you see ?
For the purpose of
strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mentioned interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out then%
quidnam agis ? what do you do then ? quinam homo clamat ? quaenam.
mulier venit ? quodnam genus est ? and so through all the cases.
;
XXII. Words
to he
learned
probus,
Civitas, atis,/. state.
a,
and Exercises for
um,
um,
upright,
translation.
honoro
1 honor.
1.
gero 3. I carry on.

mors, riis,
mitis, e^ mild.
death.
succurro 3. I assist.
immaturus, a, um, wn- euro 1. (with ace) / exaudio 4. I listen to.
sanctus,
lex, egis,/. law.
a,
sacred,
care for, look out for.
timely.
um, just.
maleficus, a, um, em7
devasto 1. / lay
Justus, a,
guberno
subst. evil-doer.
ardenter,
ardently,,
ac?i;.
eagerly.
ivaste.
/ govern,
1.
rule.
Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet.

jus imperium mite et justum
est,
omnes
Felix est rex,
cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt.
amant.
rex, qui civitatem
mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant.
bonum, quod ardenter expetimus.

praeceptis regltur.
Hostis,
Regem,.
quem omnes
nostram gubernas, honora bonos
terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos

est
Regi, cu-
cives libenter parent.
Beati sunt
quocum bellum
Acerba
et
immatura
Non semper
quorum
ii,
geritur,
cives
cives,
est illud"
vita virtutis
terram nostram de-
vastat.
The
kings
who
govern the
states,
ought to look out
The
kings,
whose government
welfare of the citizens.

just, all citizens
obey with
sacred, are obeyed
are loved by
all
by
all
the citizens.
the citizens.
the good citizens, frighten the
upright
The
delight.
kings,
kings, to
The
who
evil, assist
The enemies, with whom you
whom
for (ace.) theis
mild and
the laws are
kings are fortunate, whoi
govern our
states,
honor
the wretched, listen to the
carry on war, lay waste our
land.
XXIII. Words
to he
learned
Luscinia, ae, /. night- peccatum,

ingale.
and Exercises for

i,
n.5in,/aMZ<. honestus, a,
opinio, onis, /. opinion.
translation.
ous.
um,viitu-
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
so
[$31.
mdu]geo '2, 1 am indul/ //im^ q/*.

gent to.
/ torment.
repugn o 1. I am repug- ago 3. I drive, do, treat.
greeabUj ungrateful,
dico 3. I say, tell.
nant to.
utilis, e, useful.
ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. / have; me quaero 3. I seek.
habeo, / have myself, cur, why.
take a walk.
falgus, a, um,/aZ5C.
ingi-atus,
um,
a,
me
coglto
1.
disa- excrucio
Quid agis, mi amice? Quis scribit has litteras?

Quid ago ? cur me excrucio ? Quae amicitia est inter
ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dulCujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ?
cior est, quam Homerus ?
Quis
Quid
vocat?
cogltas
Quibus peccatis
Quicquid
est
facillime
indulgemus
honestum, idem
est utile.
Quicquid
vides, currit
Quoquo modo res sese habet, ego sententiam meam

Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est.
tempore.
do.
What
sayest
thou?
Who
is
that
With whom does thy
friend go to
walk
book readest thou
To whom
ever manner the thing has
31.
is
we
woman?
that
Whom seekest thou ? What
dost thou write this letter
itself,
V.
man? Who
?
cum
defen-
In what-
praise thy view.
Indefinite Pronouns.
1) quis, qua, quid, an?/ one,
Ace. quern, quam, quid.
Nom.
any thing (substantively),

PI. qui, quae, qua
the re;
maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui.^

qui, quae, quod, any one, any thing, (adjectivequae., quod;
ly), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod;
2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substantively).
Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid, Nom. PL aliqui,
ae, a;
aliqui, aliqua (aliquae
adjectively).
very seldom), aliquod, (used
PI. aliqui, ae, a;
3) quispiam,
quaepiam, quidpiam, any one, some one,

some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from
a larger number), used substantively
quispiam, quaepiam,
quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc.
4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one,
any thing, used substantively ; quisquam, (quaequam rare),
any
thing,
quodquam, used adjectively, G. cujusquam, etc.;

noun is used principally in negative sentences
this
pro-
5) acquis, ecqua, ecquod, ivhether any one ? any thing ?
CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS.
32.]
51
used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively,

G. eccujus, etc.
6) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, a certain one^ a certain
thing-^ used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used
adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc.
7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque,
(as adj.) each one, each, G. cujusque, etc. unusquisque,
unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst), and unumquodque,
(as adj.)y each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; quivis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any
one, any thing- you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis,
;
etc.
quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (as subst.),
(as adj.),
any one, any thing you please,
and quodlibet
G. eu-
indifferently,
juslTbet, etc.
8) alius, alter, idlus, nullus, neuter, see in
XXIV.
JVords to be learned
and Exercises for
<>
33,
Graecia, ae,/. Greece.
dignltaLS^ atis^ f. dignity
impendeo
mens,
inhaereo
locus,
i,
m. a place,
tis,
f. understand-
ing, intellect.
sit-
augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, ae, f. justice.

gaecalum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future.
an
terror, oris,
I threaten,
I inhere.
2.
2.
adimo3. I take away.

I give.
idcirco, adv. on this ac-
jus, uris, n. wliai is just, tribuo 3.
nation.
years,
5.
translation.
pecun ia,
ae,/. mone^/.
Rem.
age.
m.
insltus, a,
um,
inborn,
count.
quasi, adv. as
if,
terror.
Si mortem timemus, semper allqui terror nobis impendet. Si cuipiam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est. Graecia parvum
quendam locum Europae tenet. Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi
quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo-
norum
que.
habitat deus.
Justitia jus unicuique tribilit
Cuique nostrum amor
32.
pro dignitate cujus-
vitae est insltus.
Correlative Pronouns,
Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pronouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to
each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms.
Thus
e. g.
OF THE NUMERAL.
52
Demonstrat.
InterroDfative.
qvidihs,
of what
kind?
quantus, ho20
great ?
tantus,
quot,* hoio
tot,* 50
so
Relative.
Tndef. Relative.
qualiscunque, 0/
whatever ki.nd
kind as
quantus,
as
great
^
aliquantus,
somewhat
great
32.
qusd'isôf what
Indefinite.
of such
a kind ^ such
ta.l\s^
quantuscunque,
however great
great
many?
Words
to he
n. the good,
i,
Aristides,
many
some
ever
and Exercises for
learned
permultus,
des.
a,
um,
e,
soleo
quod,
Quot sunt homines,
nera reperiuntur.
Quales sunt duces,
Ne contemne homines
omnes
/ exist, am.
sunt, totidem
oratorum geQualis est
sunt,
tales solent
miseros, qualescunque sunt.

sunt, incerta
omnes vitam amant.
hoc,
imitatores prin-
tales sunt milites.
bona, quantacunque
fortunae
Quotquot homines
tores,
quod permulti
conj. because, that.
Quales in republica sunt principes,
Tex, talis est grex.
et
illud,
I sin, commit
lam accustomed.
Non tantum malum est
sunt sententiae.
quantum
Quot genera orationum
<Jipum exsistunt.
esse cives.
tot
principes,
1.
2.
first,
[faidt.
exsisto 3.
perishable.
tor.
poris
translation.
very pecco
much, many.
imitator, oris, m. imita- fragilis,
quod peccant
many.
prince.
the state.
grex, egis, m. a herd.
or
quotquot,* how-
respublica, reipublicae, princeps, Ipis, m.
m. Aristi-
is.
quotunque*,
as
quot,*
aliquot,*
totidem,*jw5
so many
XXV.
Boniim,
many
Cor-
ac fragilia sunt.
Quotcunque sunt
scrip-
Aristidis justitiam praedlcant.
CHAPTER
Vn.
Of the Numeral.
^ 33.
Classification
Numerals
( 6,
6)
and Tabular View of the Numerals.

according to their meaning,
divided into the following classes

a)
may be
Cardinals^
which answer the question, hoiv many?
quot
one^ two, etc.
as
All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as
aliquot hominibus
tot homines,
liornines sunt ? tot hominum numerus
quot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video,
omnes boni sunt.
quot
OP THE NUMERAL.
33.]
53
Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks

but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while
5 and 6, pp. 56, 57)
from 200 to 900 they are declined like the plural of adjectives of three
endings in i, ae, a. For milk see Rem. 4. p. 56.
;
b)
Ordinals, which answer the question, ivhich in order ?

which in a series? quotus? as: first, second, etc.
They are all declined like adjectives of three endings
in us,
a, urn.
c) Distributives,
which answer the question, hoiv many
many
at a time ? ho\u
a-piece ? quoteni
as
one by
one, tivo by tiuo, etc.
d)
Numeral adverbs, which answer
many
Rem.
mum
2.
times ? quoties
place in order ? as
e)
derived from the ordinals ; viz. priwhich iterum is generally used setertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what
secundo
vei-y rare),
how
the question,
as, once, twice, etc.
The numeral adverbs
(rarely prinio),
cundum is
(for
in the first place, second place, etc.
Multiplicatives,

They end in plex and are declined
fold ? quotuplex.
third Dec. as:
after the
duplex
(for all genders), î;o
fold, double, G. duplicis.

f)

They end in plus, pla,
?
duplus, a, um, tivice as great, (as something
Proportionals,
times as great ? quotuplus
plum, as
else taken as a unit of measure).
All these classes of numerals, except the last two,

are merely
numeral adjectives and but
little
which
used in com-
parison with the others, are exhibited in parallel columns

in the following table.
5*
NUMERALS.
[5
33.
TABLE OF
many
Cardinal (how
?)
unus, a, um, one

2. duo, ae, o, two
3.
tres, ia, three
tertius, third
4.
quattuor, four
quartus, /ourf/i
5.
qu'mque, five
(\\x\nius, fifth
6.
sex, six
7.
septem, seven
8.
octo, eight
9.
novem, nine
sextus, sixth
Septimus, seventh
octavus, eighth
nonus, ninth
?)
decimus, tenth
undecimus, eleventh
duodecimus, twelfth
decern, ten
undecim, eleven
12. duodecim, twelve
13. tredecim, thirteen
14. q uatt uor deci m , fourteen
15. qu'mdec] m, fifteen
10.
11.
um) decimus
tertius (a,
(a,
um)
quartus decimus^fourteenth
quintus declmas, fifteenth
sextus decimus, sixteenth
16.
17.
sedecim, sixteen
septendecim, seventeen
18.
19.
duodeviginti, eighteen
undeviginti, nineteen
Septimus decimus, seventeenth

duode vicesimus, eighteenth
undevicesimus, nineteenth
20.
viginti, twenty
vicesimus, twentieth
21.
22.
28.
29.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un. unus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um)
alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)*
duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d.
90.
99.
100.
101.
102.
200.
300.
400.
500.
600.
700.
800.
900.
1000.
2000.
100,000.
1,000 000.
2,000 000.
'
Ordinal (what one in order

primus, a, um^ first
secundus, second
1.
duodetricesimus
undetricesimus
diiodetriginta
undetriginta
triginta
tricesimus
quadraginta
quinquaginta
sexaginta
septuaginta
quadragesimus
quinquagesimus
sexagesitnus
septuagesimus
octogesimus
nonagesimus
undecentesimus
octoginla
nonaginta
undecentum.
centum
centum
centum
unus
et
(a,
um)
or c. un.
centesimus
c. (a,um) et primus (a,um)or
um)
et duo (ae, o) or c. d.
ducenti, ae, a
c. (a,
trecenti
tiecentesimus
quadringentesimus
quingentesimus
sexcentesimus
septingentesimus
octingentesimus
nongentesimus
quadringenti
quingenti
sexcenti
septingenti
octingenti
nongenti
mille
duo milTa
3000
centum milia
decies centum
vicies centum
Or vicesimus
(a,
um)
tria milia, etc.
milia
milia.
et alter (a,
um).
et alter (a,
um)
c.pr.
or c.ait.
ducentesimus
millesimus
millesimus ; 3000 ter m. etc.
centies millesimus
decies centies millesimus
vicies centies millesimus.
bis
NUMERALS.
U3.]
5S
NUMERALS.
"
Distribu.
(how many
at a time
?)
singuli, ae, a,' one at a time

bini, ae, a, two at a time
terni, three at a time
quaterni,/oMr at a time
quini,^rc at a time
seni, six at a time
septeni, seven at a time
octoni, eight at a time
noveni, nine at a time
deni, ten at a time
undeni, eleven at a tivie
duodeni, twelve at a time
terni deni, thirteen at a time
quaterni den\, fourteen at a time
quini deni,_^/itecn at a time
seni deni, sixteen at a time
septeni, deni, seventeen at a time
daodeviceni, eighteen at a time
undeviceni, nineteen at a time
Adverbial (how
many
times
?)
semel, once
1.
bis, twice
II.
ter, thrice
III.
qnaier, four times

quinquies^??e times
sexies, six times
septies, seven times
octles, eight times
novles, nine times
IV.
V.
decies, ten tijnes
X.
undecies, eleven times

duodecies, twelve times
terdecies or tredecies
quatterdecies
quindecies
sedecies
septiesdecies
VI.
vu.
VIII.
IX.
XL
XII.
Xlll.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVll.
duodevicies
undevicies
XVIII.
viceni, twenty at a time

viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a)
viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a)
vicies, twenty times

vicies semel or semel et vicies
vicies bis
XX.
duodetriceni
undetriceni
duodetricies
undetricies
triceni
tricies
XXX.
quadrageni
quinquageni
sexageni
septuageni
octogeni
nonageni
undecenteni
quadragies
quinquagies
XL.
sexagies
septuagies
octogies
nonagies
undecenties
LX.
centeni
centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a)
centeni (ae, a) bini (ae, a)
duceni
centTes
centies semel
centies bis
ducenties
trecenties
c.
triceni
quadringeni
quingeni
sexceni
quadringenties
quingenties
sexcenties
septingenties
XIX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
L.
LXX.
LXXX.
xc.
IC.
CL
ClI.
cc.
ccc.
CD.
D.
DC.
octingenties
DCC.
DCCC.
nongeni
nongenties
DCCCC.
singula milia
bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc.
millies
bis millies; 3000 ter m., etc.
centies millies
decies centies millies
M. or do.
I1M;I1IM.
septingeni
octingeni
centena milia
decies centena milia
vicies centena milia
Slngulus, a,
um
is
vicies centies millies.
not used in the Singular.
ccc1do3.
CCCCl330a.
NUMERALS.
56
[^
33.
Remarks.
1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 enter as one of the
components, are expressed in a subtradive form, as 38, duodequadraginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus,
48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde:
sexagesimus, etc.
2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number
is placed first without et, as
Sedecim but from 20 to 100, either the
smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the laiêr without
;
as
et,
23
tres et viginti
tertius et
or viginti tres
vicesimus or vicesimus
tertius.
compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands,

the smaller number follows either with or without et, as
In
3.
or centum tres,
103 centum et tres
centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius.
If, however, such a number contains a unit and a
placed last without et, as
ten,
the unit
is
or quadringenti octoginta sex,

486 quadringenti et octoginta sex
quadringentesimus et octogesimus
'
or quadringentesimus
sextus
octo-
gesimus sextus.
a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as dux cum
but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand),
is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the
Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum.
5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, urn, and er, a, um
form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in Ims* and their Dat. Sing.
4. Mille,
mille militibus
mi:
unus, 7dlus, nullus,
solus, totus, alius,
alter, neuter,
uter,
and the compounds of uter, as

E.
g. solus, a,
um, G.
soltus,
D.
soli.
uterque, alteruter
Alms
has aliud in the neuter
In the compounds:
declined and que, cunque,
utriusque, utrlv'is, utnimciinetc. are joined to the different cases, as
que utraWhet. In alteruter (one of the two), commonly only uter is debut sometimes
clined and alter is placed before it without change
and
in the
Gen.
alius (for aliius),
in
Dat. alu.
uterque, utervis, utercunque, uterllbet, uter
is
both
alter
and
commonly:
occasionally
*
So
uter are declined, thus

alteruter,
alterutra,
alter uter, altera utra,
also alterius, not (as
is
G. alterutrius,
alterum utrum, G. alterius utrius.
alterutrum,
inferred from the poets) alterius.
:
;
NUMERALS.
33.]
Alius,
an-
aliud,
alia,
totus, a,
other
erum,
alter, era,
the
one
er
tra,
unus,
a,
trum, nei^^-
utrunAlhet,
um,
whoever,
whichever [you ip\ease
of
of
the two.
uterque, utraque,
utercunque,
utrumque, eac^q/**^
utracun-
two, both.
whoever, whichever, of
the two.
no.
6.
uterlibet, utralibet,
um, no one; que, utrumcunque,
a,
solus, a,
um, the whole,

um, any one.
um, one.
the two'?
of the two.
nullus,
a,
uter, tra, trum, which
or the other of two.
neuter,
uWus,
57
alone.
The numerals:
duo, two, ambo, both and
tres, three,
are declined
as follows
Nom. and
V.
Gen.
D. and Abl.
Ace.
duo
duae,
duo, tivo
N.
tres, three
duorum, duarum, duorum

dvdbus, duobus
duo and duos, duas, duo
tres,
So
Like
duobus,
arabo, ae,
tribu^
o, both.
tria
PI.
XXVI. Words
learned
to be
tria
trium
tria
is
of mille
and Exercises for

pono
declined the
:
milia.
translation.
1place, arrange.
sepono 3. Hay aside.
jam, adv. already, now.
nux, ucis,/. nut.
in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from
Carolus, i, m. Charles.
memoiy.
readiness.
codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait,
paulisper, adv. a little.
recte, adv. correctly.
ing tablet.
await.
thalerus, i, m. dollar.
respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv. then, therecerasum, i, n. cherry.
responsio, onis, /. anupon.
Hora, ae,/. hour.

summa, ae,y*. sum.
annus, i, m. year.
calculus, i, m. a pebble,
mensis,
malum,
denique, adv. finally.

siver.
ad do 3. I add to.
porro, adv. besides.
attendo 3. I give atten- turn, adv. then.
pirum,
i,
i,
is,
hebdomas,
n. apple.
n. pear.
prunum, i, n. plum.
exemplum, i, n. exam-
m. month.
3.
adis,/. week,
tion.
pie.
Pater.
Si habes
Attende, mi
decem mala,
fill
tria
Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc
pruna,
unum
pirum, sex cerasa
duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem
quinque mala, novera pruna, sedecim
pira,
decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim
pira, octo
exemplum
;
et his ad-
deinde
cerasa;
undecim cerasa; tum duopira,
quattuordecim cerasa
porro viglnti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim

cerasa
denique quattuor et viginti mala,
unum
et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt
quot pira
quot cerasa
responsio est in promtu.
Carolus.
Sunt
et viginti pruna,
Exspecta paulisper, mi pater
tria et
spetuaginta mala
tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira;
duo
mala? quot pruna
novem
unum
.^
Jam
et sep-
et septuaginta
NUMERALS.
56
33.
[$
Jam sepone codcillos et memoriter

menses habet unus annus?
C. Duodecim.
P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot
dies habet unus annus ?
C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque.
P. Quot
P. Recte, mi Carole
cerasa.
mihi responde
horas habet unus dies?
Quattuor et
P. Quot horas habet unus
Octo miha septingentas sexaginta.
ponis, quanta
summa
P. Si tresnuces quater
Duodecim.
C.
exsistit ?
P. Quot dies habent
viginti.
C. Mille nonaginta quinque.
tres anni ?
annus?
Qiiot
P. Si quinque calcu-
los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis
milia ducenti octoginta quinque.

milia trecentos quinquaginta
tum
Duodeviginti
P. Si septingenta quadraginta
duo thaleros
bis ponis
tria
Decies cen-
milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor.
my
Give attention,
Father.
following
(=
this)
son
write
upon your
writing-tablet the
example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears,
12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16

cherries; then
10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries;
then 24
apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums,
36 pears, 34 cherries
48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher-
finally,
how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many
Charles.
Wait a little, my father alpears ? how many cherries ?
ries:
ready
is
There are 146 apples, 142 plums,
the answer in readiness.
154 pears, 158 cherries.
XXVII. Words
to he
Incola, ae, m. inhahi-
Correctly,
Father,
my
Charles
and Exercises for
learned
(natu) younger.
tant.
victoria, ae,/. victory.
pretium,
i,
assentator, oris, m.Jlat-
fi-
a,
a,
irrumpo
um, known, vix, adv. scarcely.

um, wn/aif^ de (with abl.) of^ concerning.
natus, a,
um, lorn;
ex [with
abl.) from.
pedes, iUs, m. footman,
post Christum na-
post (with
pars, tis,/. part, side.
turn, after the birth
et
societas, atis,/ alliance.
exercitus, us, m. army,
Quota hora
quotus,
est ?
Decima.
3.
a,
of
[what ?
Christ.
ma- ago
iiSitua,us,m. birth;
/ make an
3.
irruption.
ful.
eques,itis, m. horseman,
/ am in
nunc, adv. now.
confidence in.
moderator, oris, m. g-or- infidus,

ernor.
habeo, / have
cognitus,
terer.
ago,
the year.
fides, ei, /. Jidelity
dem
n. value.
translation.
annum
jor(natu)oZ<fer, minor
um, what one.
drive,
et,
ace.) q/?er.
both
and.
neque, and not ; neque

neque, neither nor.
pass;
Annus, quo nunc vivimus,
est
millesl-
mus
octingentesimus quadrageslmus tertius post Christum natum.
Pater
meus
agit
annum quartum
et
sexagesimum
(or
sexagesimum
59
PREPOSITIONS.
34.]
quartun); mater octavum et quinquagesimum (or quinquageslmum oc-
tavum);
major natu
fraier
tricesimum
tertiiim et
(or tricesimiim ter-
tium); frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum (or tricesimum alter-
um)
soror major duodetricesimum
Duo
sunt mille milites.
The enemy makes an
10,000 soldiers.
soror minor vicesimum.
urbem
milia hostium
irruption
into
In urbe
obsldent.
our country
thousand soldiers defend the
city.
(=
with
land),
28,000 footmen
and 13,000 horsemen defend the country.
(= is passing his seventy-fifth

my mother in her sixty-second my older brother in his fortyfirst
my younger brother in his thirty-ninth my older sister in her
thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth.
What hour
How old art thou? (= what year art thou
is it? the eleventh hour.
passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year).
My
year)
father is in [his] seventy-ffth year

;
Aliud
placet (one thing pleases one and another another), aliud
alii
alii displicet.
Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortisslmi.
est vitium
omnibus credere,
et
Unius
habet.
fidi
quam multorum
pretii (has
hominis
vita
{in)
trust to neither of the two, neither to the
flatterer.
fidem
value),
sapienti vera vis virtutis est
Soli
omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos

Amicus mens habet duo filios et duas filias.
ex
valde diligo.
[man].
ulli
more
Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant.
cognita.
We
hominis amicitia habet plus
infidorum socielas.
Utrumque
Perf Idus homo vix
et nulli.
Nullius
;
ambo
wicked [man] nor the
The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise
God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to
walk with
two sons and
[his]
friends are as
it
were
(quasi)
two daughters.
[his]
one soul in two bodies.
Two faithful
Two thousand
soldiers (gen.) defend the city.
CHAPTER
34.
1.
Ad,
to,
Table of the Prepositions.
Prepositions governing the Accusative.

unto, according
to, for, at.
apud,
VIII.
count
at, by.
juxta, nejct
penes,
to, by.
prope, near
propter, near hy^ on ac-
by.
loith (in
er of
some
ante, before.
post, behind, after.
of.
the
pow- secundum,
according
one).
ob, before, on account
of.
afer, alongj
to.
versus, towards.
60
PREPOSITIONS.
adversus and adver-
on
to,
ultra,
contrary, against.
per, through.
side.
inter, between, among.,
erga, towards, [around,
circum,
on this side.
extra, heyond, without.
on that side, infra, beneath, below.
beyond, on that supra, over, above.
trans, ovtr,
contra, contrary
circa,
34.
cis, citra,
sum, against.
the
[$
about,
praeier, hard by, besides,
intra, within.
Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions

ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad [in) and versus, as: in Italiam
versus, ad Oceanum versus, towards Italy, towards the Ocean.
But with
names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards
Rome.
2.
Prepositions governing the Ablative.
A, ab, abs, yrom,

de,
down from,
from,
of,
away
-pro, before,
concerning, coram,
cum,
out of, from.
sine, without.
of.
clam, without the know-
for.
in
before,
presence
over.
G, ex,
reason
\)rae, before,by
by.
ledge
the
tenus,
of.
of.
up
Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs

Tenus is placed after the
most frequently before t.
forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see 28. Rem. 1. and
3.
to.
ivith.
rarely used,
is
Abl.
30.
For the
Rem.
1.
Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the

question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the
question, whither?)
upon
In, c. abl. in, at, by,

into,
c.
super, over, concerning
ace.
with
upon, against, towards.
sub, under.
ace. in
answer
(generally
to both ques-
tions).
subter, beneath, (generally with ace.

in
XXVIII. Words
to be
learned
Ripa, ae,/. feanL

via, ae,y! way.
castra, orum, n. camp,
video
2.
agger, eris, m. mound,
duco
3.
and
answer
ibertas, atis,/. yree</om.
altus, a,
um, high,
/ see.
/ lead.
Promiscuous examples from

live in the
our borders.
sit
In the
enemy.
fields;
with delight under oaks.
Iflee.
/ drive, repel.
munio 4. Ifortify.
fugio
walls.
3.
Declensions.
the land.
bloom various herbs.
The enemies
out,
pello 3.
all the
(in)
1 pour
3.
discharge.
The
The enemies make an
water and upon
spiritedly against (in) the
effundo
deep.
pes, edis, m.foot.
Frogs
to both questions).
flee
In
soldiers fight
irruption into
(abl.)
summer we
(=
among) the
within
Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters.
Orators
GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
^35.]
61
The earth moves (= is

extol on account of {ah) ûency of speech.
moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. Supphants
Eloquence adorns those with (penes)
fall down upon the knees.
we
whom
has
tue
The
camp.
Above
river
the city
magnificent house
is
soldiers fight be-
discharged over the banks.
is
beneath (subter)
all [things]
?
The
Live thou according to nature.
it is.
fore (pro) the
itself
Who
Virtue
peaceful without vir-
is
Below our garden a very
a very high oak.
is built.
The army marches

the soldiers against the
(iter
city.
towards Rome. The general leads

Near by the walls of the city, the enernies
facit)
mound around the city.

The citizens fight
The enemies flee
spiritedly for the freedom of their native country.
On account of virtue men are esteemed. The eneover the river.
mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents
towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (conOn this side of the city a camp is fortified
tra) the precepts of virtue.
fortify the
Our
The enemies
camp.
by (ab) the enemies.

citizens
build a high
enemies very
soldiers fight with the
spiritedly.
Frogs live within and without the water.
were joyful concerning
way, which leads from the
(de) the victory of
city
up
our garden,
to
Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger
(=
with himself).
same,
is
Often
a very beautiful garden.
Between the
before (ante) our
feet.
beautiful fields.
The enemies
wise [man]
ful besides the
is
Before (ante) our house are
flee
is
The
very beautiful.
not in his right
mind
many pines, behind
we do
city
All the
our soldiers.
the
not see that which
is
and our garden are very
through the
city.
Who
is
peace-
SECOND COURSE.
35.
Greek Nouns of the First Declension.
Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the

the ending,
Fern., as
and
these differs from the Latin

the Plur. they are the same.
es IVIasc.
first
The
Dec, only
Nom.
declension of
in the Sing. ; in
!!
GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
62
[35.
Paradigms,
Feminine.
Masculine.
Sing. N. crambe", cabbage
G.
D.
A.
V.
A.
Aeneds, jEneas Anchises, Anchises

Anchisae
Aeneae
Anchisae
Aeneae
crambe^, of cabbage
to cabbage
cramben, cabbage
cabbage
crambe,
cranibae,
crambe, by cabbage.
XXIX. Words
to be
learned
Aeneam
Anchise"n
Aened
Anchise"
Aened.
Anchise".
and Exercises for
cometes, ae, m. comet,

planetes, ae, m. planet.
Boreas, Epaminondas,
ae,/. cunning.
Gorgias, Pythagoras,
ae, /. (female)
Orestes, Pylades, ae,
m. are proper names
ae,/. kitchen.
translation.
Aloe, es,f the aloe.

Circe, es,/. Circe.
erraticus, a,
astutia,
tener, era,
coqiia,
cook
culina,
celebro
1.
abstineo
enim, ienc?er.
I celebrate.
(with
2.
abl.)
/ abstain from.
and remain as in strideo 2. / whistle.
antepono 3. I prefer.
Latin.
crinitus, a,um, with long coquo 3. / cook.
gloria, ae,/. renown.
ae,/ history.
ae,/ star.
historia,
Btella,
um, wan-
dering.
nauta, ae, m. sailor.
pie, adv. tenderly piously.
hair.
Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba.
Cramben coqua in culina coquit. O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua
Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae
O Borea, quam venautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae.
hementer
strides
Cometes
ratlca.
proedicamus.
Oresten
Epaminonda, quanta
amatur ab Aena.
quam
Borea vexantur nautae.
est Stella crinita.
pie amaris
Pythagorae
ab Aenea
Planetes est Stella er-
Pyladen ob amicitiam
et
est tua
sapientia
gloria
praedicatur.
Epaminondam
Anchises pie
Anchises,
Pelopidam omnes
et
^criptores celebrant.
Cabbage
a bitter
is
tender.
herb.
We
The herb of cabbage

prefer
O Circe, how by (abl.) thy cunning

We abstain from the bitter aloe.
eloquence.
tenderly.
we
tender.
The
aloe
thou deceivest the minds of
Gorgias had
The cunning of Circe was

Pythagoras
is
is
the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe.
extol
great.
on account of
[erat
with
dat.)
men
great
JEneas loves Anchises
wisdom.
[his]
Ores-
Concerning (de)
and Pylades, how great was your friendship
Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history
tes
relates.
GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.
^36.]
Of the Gender of the Second
36.
63
Declension.
Rule.
Us, er and ir are masculine,
But U7n is of the neuter kind.
Exceptions.
towns and trees
These are feminine in use.
Isles, lands,
in us.
Also alvus, colus, humus,

Vannus, periodus and carhasus,
Dipthongus too and dialedus.
The
neuter has but three in us:
Virus, vulgus, peldgus.
Alvus,
periodus, \,f. period.

carbasus, \,f. linen.
f. belly,
i,
colus, i,/. distaff.
humiis,
i,
ground, dipthongus,
f.
i.
virus,
pelagus,
Remark. The following

( 13.) for
Bosporus
trees in
countries,
as
oleaster,
coni-
(a poetic
sea.
are masculine contrary to the general rule
i,
tri,
and mountains
tries, cities
the
towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus,
plurals in
also
er,
n.
i,
word)
dialectus, i,f. dialect.
corn fan.
i.f.
n.
i,
mon people.
/. diph-
thong.
earth.
vannus,
n. juice, poison.
i,
vulgiis,
as
wUd
Delphorum
Delphi,
Besides,
olive tree.
urn (on), G.
in
i,
all
also names of
names of coun-
and plurals
in a,
G. orum.
are neuter, as: Latium, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (orum.)
XXX.
Words
to he
Lingua, ae, /. tongue,

language.
a wood.
silva, ae,/.
c'lhus,
i,
m. food.
learned
ipvcus,
\,
and

ignavus,
pear-tree.
prunus, i, ^Zwrn-iree.
ulmus, i, an elm.
avidus,
urn,
a,
um, iWoZcnf,
a,
lazy, cowardly.
ligneus,
(with
urn, ivooden,
a,
of wood.
ê^-) g^^^dy.
longus, a, um, long.
i. Egijpt.
Delos (island), fruglfer, era,erum,/rm7- maturus, a, um, ripe,
Aegyptus,
Delus,
i,
Rhodus,
i,
BJiodes (an
populus,
i,
cerasus,
i,
heech-tree.
malus,
j,
Vulgus
silvis
cherry-tree.
apple-tree.
posita est.
apoplar.
fagus,
i,
early.
ful.
composltus,
island).
est stultum.
a,
um, com- procerus,
a,
rotundus,
a,
posed.
fecundus,
um, pro-
a,
humidus,
a,
um,
Diphthongus
Populi sunt procerae.
sunt ulmi et fagi altae.
stultus, a,
compesco
ductive.
moist.
est longa.
um, slim.
um, round.
um, foolish.
3.
check,
curb.
Periodus bene com-
Ignavi populi facile vincuntur.
Vanni sunt
ligneae.
In
In horto nostro
'

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
64
magnus
37.
[^
numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum
est
et
prunorum.
In our garden are
and many
trees
Diphthongs are
ceived.
poplar
is
slim.
many apple-trees, many plumThe foolish people (vulgus) are easily delong.
The periods are well composed. The
many
cherry-ti'ees,
pear-trees.
cowardly people (populus)
our garden are many slim poplars.

Matura
cerasa, mala, pira,
Humus humida
lus est clara.
The
pruna sunt
Coli
dulcia.
Alvus
varias plantas gignit.
easily conquered.
is
corn-fan
is
In
of wood.
Virus est perniciosum.

est
ciborum
avida.
De-
Dialecti sunt variae.
Carbasus
One language has many
dialects.
sunt rotundae.
est tenera.
Avoid the pernicious poison.
The
linen
is beautiful.
Egj'pt
is
productive.
These
apples, cherries,
plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars.
Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is
Check the gi-eedy appetite (= belly).
productive.
37.
Remarks on
Case-endings of the
the several
Third
Declension.^
1.
Gen. Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen.
the termination
instead of
Neocli, Carneadi, etc.
toteli,
is^
as
Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris-
Some Greek nouns
only of the feminine gender) as
in o (but
Argo, Sappho, echo,
lo,
have us in the genitive as echus from echo^ Argus from

Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed
with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -5ne.)
:
Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecuterminations in Latin, viz., Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em, or in (yn), en
for im, idem, em ; Voc.
y (from Nom. is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare).
Plur. Nom. Neut. e (from Nom. Sing. 6s)
Gen. on for um (rare and only
poetic)
Dat. si, sin for dibus, tibus, ibus (rare and only poetic)
Ace. a^for
es.
Thus: Gen. Sing. Palldd-os (from Pallas), Pan-os (from Pan), Tkety-os
(from Tlutys)
Ace. Plutona (from Pluto), Lycorida (from Lycoris), basin
(basis), Parin (Paris), Tlietyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide.
Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. ChalybOn (Chalybs) ;
Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad]s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Scnonas (Senones), Cydopas
(Cyclops.)
The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as haseos for basis is not
classical, and from Nom. -evs only poetic, as
Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Peleus, Pelei).
Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace.
Puna, aethcra, Zeuxin, po6'sin,
in a, in, yn^ en is very rare in good prose, as
Soplwden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden
period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as
Senonas, Aliohrocras. Caes.
Kuhner's Lamer Latin Grammar.
*
liar
",
$37.]
Acc. Sing-.
2.
The Ace. has
amussis,/. a
First, invariably in
hoarseness.
rsiVis, f.
rwZe.
buris,/. a plough-tail,
sinapis,/. mustard.
cannabis,/
sitis,/. thirst.
he7np.
nouns in
in the following
G.is, the ending im (for em).
65
tuss'is, f.
is
a cough.
\is,f. force, power,
abun-
dance, multitude.
Second, commonly in
febris,/.
pelvis,/,
puppis,/.
a fever.
a basin.
the stern
ship.
restis,/.
of a securis,/! an axe.
turris,/. a tower.
rope.
Also in the following names of rivers
Albis, the Elbe,
Athesis, the Adig-e^ Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris,
Ta-
mesis, the Tha7nes^ Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi-
Weser (all Masc. according to 13) and finally,

Greek nouns in is Gen. u, as basis, /. (a pedestal),
basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as Paris, Parim.
3. Vac. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a
vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as O Pericle but
surgis, the
in
also Pericles,
seus^
G.
Socrate also Socrates,
The same
Pari also Paris.
aw^fs, as
Atla
is
Perseu also Per-
true of those in as
others in as, but with a different form of
the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative.
Abl. Sing.
4.
nouns
riably
z,
/,
But those
G.
dlis, ar,
am
in ar, G-
G. ans, as mari, anima-
have
e,
as
nectar (nec-
nectar e.
tar),
Exceptions
Caere, have
b) In
vim^
5.
or
has the ending
calcari
vis,
e in most
and indeed inva-
has the ending
ablative
it
In neuters in'e,
a)
k',
The
but in a few
e in
sal (salt), far,
and the names of towns in e, as
nouns in
{5
which always have im in the Acc. as
m. a
in
is
G.
is
have
oftener than
together:
a
ignis, m.fire.
pelvis,/,
clavis,/. a key.
navis,/. a ship.
puppis,/. the
febris,/. a fever.
neptis,
civis,
Praneste,
vi.
The following nouns
land
the ablative.
citizen.
daughter.
6*
basin.
stern.
grand- securis,/ an axe.

turris,/. a tower.
e,
CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIED DECLENSION.
66
Rem.
era]
Also the names of rivers enumerated in No.
1.
2.
[^37.
have in gen-
i.
6.
dlis,
In the
Nom.
Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in
ar G. dris have ia instead of
a,
as
e, al,
G.
maria, animalia,
calcaria.
7.
In the Gen. Plur, the following have imn instead of urn
a)
Neuters in
e, al^
lium, calcarium.
has
place^
G.
dlis^ ar^
Lar, lar
am, as
marium, anima-
a household-god^ the fire-
Larum and Larium
b) Paris j/llables in es
bium, and in er
venter, the belly
offspring, strues,
and commonly,
c)
G.
(lar-is),
and
imber, rain,
is,
as
linter,
navium
a boat,
(navis),
nu-
uter, leather bag;
but, canis, a dog, panis, bread, proles,
an
a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth,
apis,
a bee, volucris, a bird, have
Monosyllables in
um;
and x with a consonant preceding
mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes,

opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following
[faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium.
lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium
Strix, a horned oivl, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a lead
er) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has nucum, and so of others with a vowel before the x;
d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an
r ox n preceding them, as cohors, a cohort, cohortium,
cliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; commonly 3lso, parentium (psucens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens),
them, as
poiuer, has
of
ly,
men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; finalalways, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural
luise
; on the contrary, pes, pedum ;

most part gentile nouns (national denominadtis, Is, itis, as:
Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis,
compedes), of fetters
e)
For
the
tions) in ds,
Samnitium.
So
also nostras, optimas pendtes, as
nostra-
tium, finally, civitas, a state, civitatium.

8.
In the Dat. and Abl. Plur. Greek neuters in
mat-is
more commonly than
of po'ematibus.
mat-ibus,
e. g.
ma have
poematis, instead
37.]
67
Concerning the case-endings of adjectives^ the followmay be given

a) The AbL Sing-, of all adjectives, even when used as
nouns, has the ending ^, as am, factli, pari (from par),
natdli from natalis (viz. dies),
fellcij memori (see 22.)
hirth-day, Aprlli from Aprilis (viz. mensis), April, Decembri
from December.
9.
ing rules
Exceptions. The Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a

young man, aedilis, edile, and the adjectives in is used as proper names,
as
Martialis, Martiale
The
2)
following adjectives of one ending
caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives,
compos,
impubes,
deses, Idis,
ing
idle.
3) Comparatives, as
Compounds of
4)
sospes,
Itis,
superstes,
eris, beardless,
paitlceps, ipis, partak-
Otis, impotent.
ipis, chief.
foreign, a pauper, eris, poor.
powerful, pubes, evis, gt-own up.
Otis,
possessed of
impos,
Itis,
princeps,
[guest,
itis, rich,
hospes,
cicur, uris, tame.
safe, secure,
surviv-
Itis,
ing.
of.
major, majus (greater) majore
corpus, color
and
pes,
as
bicorpor (having two
bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), 6i-
pede
5) Adjectives
of one ending used as nouns, as
infans, a child, Pertinax,

6) Participles in ns
{,
as
Clemens, Felix, Abl.
have as participles
e,
sapiens, a wise man,
but as adjectives, generally
a blooming
florente rosa, the rose blooming, in forenti rosa, in
b)
The
tives
and
Norn. Ace. and Voc. Plur. Neut, have in adjecparticiples, the
ending ium, as
cium
( 22.),
Remark.
Gen. Plur.
homines.
rose,
ending
ia,
acria, facilia, felicia,
hebetia,
ium (from
had the Ace.
Exceptions. Vetus,
acrium, facilium,
feli-
hebes).
In the strictly classical period,
in ium,
and the Gen. Plur. the
all
Plur. Masc.
adjectives
and Fern,
which have the

is, as
omnis
in
veterum and all comparatives, as:

complures, vei-y many,
several, has complura and ia (Gen. always, complurium).
Besides, the
following have um in Gen.
celer, swift, censors, partaking of, degener,
degenerate, dives, rich, ino})s, helpless, memor, immemor, supi)]ex, supold,
has
Vetera,
majora, majorum (but plus, plur a has plurium);
pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching.
in ceps
and /ex, as: anceps,
artlfex, skilful, artist, artiflcum
Abl., as
To
these
may
be added compounds
two-fold, double, uncertain, G. PI. ancipltum,
pauper, pauperum.
finally, all
which have only
in the
68
XXXI. Words
The words
Fama,
learned a?id Exercises for translation.
to he
ae, /. report, re-
fimdamentum,
n.
i,
exascio
foundation.
i,
m.
wheel-wright.
funambulus,
qu'ies, etis,
1.
1 hew (rough-
ly.)
lignum, i, n. ivood.
a cos, otis,/ whet-stone,
ae,/. statue.
carpentarius.
37.
introduced on the three preceding pagesj are omitted,
noun.
statiia,
[$
levo
1 lighten.
1. / sofen,
1.
mitigo
f quiet.
miti-
gate.
m. rope- durus, a, um, hard.

navlgo 1. I navigate.
argenteus, a, um, o/siZ- opûgno ]. I assault.
i,
dancer.
I sharpen.
3. I expel.
faber lignarius, carpen- dono 1. I present.
incedo 3. I walk upon.
edolo 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek.
ter.
folium, i, n. leaf.
sero 3. I sow.
fashion.
laurus, i,/. laurel.
lignum
exasciat.
dura ulmo edolat.
Agricola burim
Funambuli per
Seciirim
ferream cote acuimus.
arum vocamus
basim.
Apes petunt
we
of lo were related by (ab)
n.)
The
ter according to (ad)
axe with a
skilful
Milites
Per Mbim,
oppugnant
Fundamentum
delightful.
many
2.) fitting
(aptus, a,
statu-
poets.
The wanderings
By (abl.) the echo
um) remedies (remedium,
The statue
The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpenrule.
The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp
soldiers defend spiritedly the
has a solid pedestal.
serit.
Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever,
are often deceived.
thou must apply (adhlbeo

i,
sindpim.
very
v^êre
Pater matri pel-
restim incedunt.
altam turrim.
The poems of Sappho
Vis
Carpentarius hurim e
Tamesim, Visurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant.
(error, oris)
magna.
Agricola c a n n a b
regit.
Febrim quiete mitigamus.
Folia lauri tusssim levant.
est
Faber lignarius ad amussim
est.
Hi pueri ad ravim clamant.
vim argenteam donat.
3.
Argus navis fama
fallit.
Sitim tolerare difficile
expellit.
acuo
um, of iron, expello
ferreus, a,
Echus vox saepe homines

vim
[iron,
ver, silver.
faber, bri, m. artisan.
hand.
high tower.
Soldiers must endure hunger (fames,
is)
and
thirst patiently.
XXXII. Words
to be
Porta, ae,/. gate.
learned
onus,
tvagoedi-d, ixef. tragedy, nectar, aris,
humerus,
i,7n.
gubernator,
shoulder,
oris,
n.
incito 1.
nectar, laboro
a,
um,
sharp.
dignus,a, um,(witha6Z.)
m. watchman,
m.
salt.
admiratio. onis,/. ac/miration.
(drink for the gods).
m. pi- acutus,
lot.
vigil. His,
sal, alis,
and
eris, n. load.
1.
I urge
on.
(witha6.)/5i{/^
/r (from something),
prospecto 1. / look
forth.
3. / drive away.
um, cold.
claudo 3. / close.
summus, a, um, /ag-/ie5<. occludo 3. I lock.
mordax, acis, biting.
conspergo 3. / sprinkle.
worthy, deserving
frigldus, a,
of.
abigo
$37.]
Socrdte,
quam
Sophocle, tragoediae
quantum onus liumeris
Clavi porta clauditur,
iiTUinpunt.
tur.
Acuta
Ex
securi faber lignarius
Force expels force by
lignum
v^âter.
(=
upon the
stern,
wood
With
In a
(plur.).
With
XXXIII. Words
man.
ingenium,
civil
i,
(abl.) fire
n. genius,
oris,
The
Exercises for translation,

procuro 1. Ifurnish,
perago 3. / carry
publicus,
aestimo
m. tra-
civile) citizen
lock the gate.
and
learned
a,
um,
/
1.
through, perform.
perstringo 3. / graze,
public.
docllis, e, teachable.
cis,/. wares.
mercator,
who sits
we split
and sword.
tant.
i,
a sharp axe
we
relative to
pilot,
war (bellum
an iron key
(abl.)
hiems, emis,/. winter,

m. a Ro- longinquus, a, um, dis-
intellect.
merx,
(abl.)
m. sport.
Romauus,
The
(quum)
from cold
aetas, atis,/. age.
to he
Satlra, ae,/. satire.
ama-
are oftener
When
O Socrates, your deserts
Pericles,
enemies lay waste the country with
i,
force.
Athenians were very great.
fights against citizen.
Indus,
Fasti abigi-
The customs of men
governs the ship.
(diffindo 3.) the
JVec-
urbem
civi patria
sufferest) fi-om (abl.) a fever, abstain
Atla,
exasciat.
(abl.) force.
Themistocles,
(de) the city of the
bono
In puppi sedet gubernator.
improved by admonition and example than by

thou art suffering
vi in
Fehri laborat fater.
prospectant.
vigiles
turri
alta
Hostes
cibos.
Igni coquimus cibos.
canes mordaces.
CaZcdri incitamus equos.
portas!
tuis
tua sapientia
admiratione dignae sunt.
Sale conspergimus
tare delectantur dii.
mus
summa
tuae
humano
generi
erat
salutaris
69
value, es-
satirize.
veho 3. / carry, bring.

sperno 3. I spurn.
sed, conj. but.
teem.
der, merchant.
Avus cum
vehit.
nepti ambulat.
Discipuli in schola
Mercator navi raerces in longinquas terras
non genere, sed bonis morlbus,

Hostes
genio, et acri industria aestimantur.
XXXIV. Words
to be
learned
and
celeri
Autumnus, i,m. aufwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. granc^son. juventus,

coelum,
i,
initium,
i,
gaudium,
n. the sky.
n.
i,
beginning.
n. joy.
monumentum,
1,
n.
parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis,

senilis,
ents.
m. a month.
mensis,
is,
munus,
eris, n.
service,
monument.
office, present.
negotium, i,n, business, geltdus, a, um, cold.
oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, unwise.
light.
doclli in-
pede fugiunt.
utis,/. youth,
e,
e,
youthful,
advanced,
aetas senilis, old age.

exliilaro 1.
exhilarate,
delight.
saevio 4.
I rage.
70
37.
Mense Martio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sepmense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civitas laeta est.
Mense Aprlli eoelum modo serenum est, modo triste.
Mense Jôvembri gelidae procellae saeviunt. Juvenlli aetate alacriore
temhri autumni,
animo
Romanorura
curantur.
A jnvene
XXXV.
quam
negotia peragiraus,
difficilia
scripiore,
Words
learned
to be
kind-
n.
censors,
ness, favor.
consilium,
studium,
i,
i,
exsors,
effort,
A
age.
tis
(c.
bona praecepta disclmus.
Felice ftllci fortuna
bellum
gen.),
infimi homines tractantur.
gen.),
perttnax, acis, obstinate.

dispar,
aris,
unequal,
different.
domo
1.
tracto
1.
Quicquid
geritur.
(c.
/ tame.
I treat.
atque, and ; 2) as.
in.
tis
tis
destitute of, without.
gen.),
(c.
translation.
expers,
re-
[humblest.
destitute of, without.
study, zeal.
sapiente
um,
a,
sharing
n. counsel.
n.
ludi publici pro-
and Exercises for
infimus, a, um, lowest,

c\emens, us, mild.
modesty.
i,
Juvendle, satlrarum
Ab aedile
saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur.
acceptus,
Culpa, ae,/ guilt.
immodestia, ae, f. imcdved.
beneficium,
senlli.
vitia perstringuntiir.
agis, sapienti consilio
Clemente dementi animo
Pertindce pertindci studio urbs defendi-
tur.
The
delighted. by (ab) the little grand-son and the

Old age ought to be honored by the young
man. A good boy, on (abl.) his birth day, is delighted by (abl.) presents from (ab) his parents. When the state is ruled by (ab) a wise
grand-father
is
neat grand-daughter.
king,
it is
By
happy.
(ab) a
wise
man
virtue
is
loved.
Virtus amatur ab homlne rationis participe, contemnitur ab
rationis experti.
discipulo beneficii accepti memori colitur.
acceptorum immemori.
laborum nostrorum
que ab humlli
tractant.
et
Magiii
amico gaudemus.
Abstlne amico beneficiorum
Gaudemus amico omnis culpae
consorti.
paupere
viri digni
Virtus pari studio

Discipuli
colltur.
a.
hospite
colltur.
exsorti
et
princlpe et divite, at-
dispdri
studio litteras
sunt gloria vitae suae superstite.
Hospes ab
homine
Praeceptor a
viro virtutis cdmpote deus pie colltur.
Et
De
sospite
in impubere, et in
pubere aetate displlcet immodestia.
XXXVI. Words
to he
learned
and Exercises for
translation.
Yenna, ae, f. featJier.

emolumeutum, i. n.wse,
nWg-e (of mountain),
campus, i, wj. />/am.
saxum, i, n. rock.
advantage.
detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. wine,
jury, disadvantage.
jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter.
37.]
amms,
locuples, etis
is
rupes, is,/, rock.
agmen,
uiis,
petulans,
band,
n.
swarm.
discolor,
oris,
party-
Saxa sunt
sunt.
occupo
sion
take posses-
stretch,
ex-
tend.
of.
Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent.
retia tendit.
Onera sunt
praecipitia.
gravla.
Pira praecocia noii sunt dulcia.
Disparia sunt
animalia.
(keep).
ten do 3.
ture.
etis, obtuse, dull,
Venator
alo 3. / nourish, support
praecox, ocis, prima-
colored, variegated.
hebes,
in-
cipitis,
clined, steep.
n. net, toil.
is,
2. (ab) / have
an aversion to.
provideo 2. Iforesee.
abhorreo
licen-
ntis,
praeceps,
inis, n.
I redound.
1.
volito 1. IJiy around.
tious.
Jlock.
examen,
rete,
redundo
abl.),
(c.
ivealthy, rich.
river.
71
hominum
Horrea frumentis
Cervus
Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam
celeria
Vetera.
ad homines redundant.
bestiis
diis ?
locupletia
equus sunt
Haec vina sunt
studia.
Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a
et
Complura [compluria] sunt
genera avium.
Good
scholars
keep the precepts of
By
thoughtful (memor) minds.
with
(abl.)
(ab) rational (rationis particeps)
men,
[their]
teachers
irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed.
The
men
their
are adorned
by
(abl.)
renown surviving
leads over (per) steep rocks (saxura).
The
virtues of grpat
life.
The way
monu-
ancient (vetus)
ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration.
In the
blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded
The
life
life
of good and wise
men
us.
has more and greater joys than the
of the wicked and unwise.
Plurimarum avium pennae sunt
discolores.
Rupium juga
magnum canum numerum
hostis
Multorum
juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatam animi futura provident. Nubes
magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus
Multa apum examlna per campos volltant. Multa agmlna volUest.
crum in silvis sunt.
occupat.
Venatores
XXXVII. Words
to be
learned
and Exercises for
Gallia, ae,/. Gaul.
pax, acis, /.
tenebrae, arum,/. c?ar^-
regio, onis,/. region.
fruges, u m,
/ fruit.
gens, gentis,/ people.

imj)robitas, atis,/. wickedness.
viator, oris,
conscius,
um
(c.
gen.), conscious of.

inscius, a,
(c. gen.),
um
unac-
of,
quainted with.
consultus,
?n. traveller.
a,
translation.
ignorant
jêace.
via, ae,/. ivay.
ness.
ars, artis,/. art.
alunt.
a,
um
(c.
gen ),acquainted with.

cupidus,a,
um
(c. gen.),
desirous.
gnarus,
a,
um,
(c.
72
acquainted
gen.)'
gen.), versed in, skil-
with.
urn,
a,
plenus,
(c.
gen.), unacquainted
a,
um
a,
pauci, ae
peritus,
a,
a,
um
a,
um, weak.
gen.), zealous;
a few.
dious
um,
sum
I pursue
(c.
pro-
rudis, e (c. gen.), rwrfe,
ignorant
studiosus,
infirmus,
(c. gen.),
full.
vrith.
(c. gen.),
37.
ductive.
ful.
ignarus,
fertilis,
(c.
stu-
remeo
of.
I return.
1.
que (always attached to

a word), and.
(c. gen.),
earnestly.
Divites majorum
Bonus discipulus litfrugum hominumque fertilis
Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cupidi.
opum
avidi sunt.
Haec
regio faucium plena
terarum artlumque est studiosus.
Sapientium et bonorum homlnuin anlmi nullius improbitatis sunt
est.
Samnitlum gens
conscii.
rum
Gallia
est.
ignari sunt.
belli perita
pacisque artium rudes sunt.
Marius
belli
JVostratlum pauci littera-
erat.
Civitatium fundamenta infirma sunt,
Arpinatmm
artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat.
civitate auctorltas
magna
est, si juris
cives belli
si
cives erant Marius et Cicero
Optimatlum in
atque eloquentiae consult! sunt.
JVoctium tenebrae viatorlbus viae insciis perniciosae sunt.
There are many (complures) kinds of
month
November
[of]
(gen.)
In
dogs.
(abl.)
the
great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven-
Upon (in) the Thames, the

titia) return from our regions to warmer.
Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small
boats.
The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively
genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to (in) the
study of literature and the arts. The fame of Marius and Cicero,
citizens
of Arpinum (Arpinas) was different.
XXXVIII. Words
to he
mm, f
Capra, ae,/g-ofl<.
SieAes,
custodia, ae, /. guardianship.
celeritas, atis,
misericovdia, ae,f pity,
consuetude,
arum,
nundinae,
/.
(in
swift-
inis, /.
practice, intercourse,
children
cacumen, mis,
culmen, Inis, n.
relation
to their
fortitude, Inis,/. brave-
parents).
parentes, ium,
idoneus,
n. fate, for-
is,
m.
Achilles.
scure.
um, Ro-
a,
tti.
a,
um,
immense.
prudens, ntis, wise, intelligent
ed
pr-
a, um., fitted.
obscurus,
tune.
top.
top.
[ents.
consWium,!, n. measure,
Achilles,
n.
ry.
faturn,
i,
Romanus,
man.
ingens, ntis, very greats
ness.
orum, m.
market, fair.
liberi,
house.
ob-
; c.
gen. vers-
in.
frequento
nidifico
1.
1.
Ifrequent.
/ make a
nest.
tego
3.
I cover.
minus, adv.
less.
37.]
73
Caprae montium caciimina petunt. Multi corvi nidificant in altarum

Vocum multa genera sunt. Glirium magnus est
arcium culmiulbiis.
Strigium vox inIngens murium numerus in horreis est.

Rornanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus
Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. Compedium far
praedicatur.
nunierus.
grata
est.
rearum onus grave
Pedum
est.
Pe-
celeritate Achilles insignis erat.
natium custodiae aedes committuntur.

Y{om\Y\um
]\\vis
prudentium
Alacnum
civitas regitur.
consiliis
disci-
pulorum ingenia ad litterarum studia sunt idonea. Celebrium urblum

Celerum equorum crura
nundlnae a multis hominlbus frequentantur.
sunt tenera,
era
Amicorum
laboris nostri consortum consueludlne delecta-
Hominum omnis amicorum consuetudlnis exsortu?n* fortuna
mur.
Supplicum preces exaudi.
inum
artificam
teguntur.
The
Urbs plena
Andpitum fatorum
castles
via est obscura.
fortunes.
The way
friendship of
men
i)
are a great
The works of
(arx).
Hom-
hominum.
On
captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters.
Human
worthy of admiration.
good.
est locupletum
the
life is full
number of ancient
ancient
in
(consors)
Great presents from (gen.) the
(ad)
(vetus-
(vetus) artists
are
of (gen.) uncertain (anceps)
The
leads over (per) the ridge of steep rocks.
sharing
missunt.
Praecipitum montium juga nublbus
opera laudamus.
the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus,

tus)
misericordia nostra digni
patres
Degenertim, filiorum
est.
our
all
toils
a very great
is
rich, often delight
our minds less
than small presents from (gen.) the poor.
XXXIX.
Words
to he
learned
and
arum,/, nc/ies. levltas, atis,/, levity.

Centaurus, i, m. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock.
immoderatus,a, um, in-
donum,
optabilis, e, desirable.
Divitiae,
i,n. gift, present,
sors, rtis,/.
oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus,

announcement.
phic.
certamen, inis, n. con- moderatus,
test,
lot.
a,
um, Del- vigeo
2.
/ am
strongs
active, vigorous.
a,
um,
tern-
perate.
fight.
temperate,
CicUrum elephantorum ars magna

multa a poetis narrantur certamlna.
ut, as,
even as,
ita, so,
thus.
est.
Bicorporum
Centaurorum
Discolorum pavonum pennae pul-
Hominum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puerorum impuherum levltas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationis
particlpum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immoderaHominum gloriae suae superstitum sors non est optabilis. Pu~
ta est.
berum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentiorum hominum consilio pachrae sunt.
Or exsortlum
is
doubtful.
MASCULINE.
74
Plurium hominum anlmi
rere debemus.
divitias
magis,
38.
quam virtutem
Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio ab-
expetunt.
Poemdtis delectamur.
horrent.
Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob-
scuris aenigmdtis.
Who
not delighted by (abl.) the
is
ber of
men
cepts
of wise
Many
surviving their fame
and virtuous
is
(=
Obey,
(praedico) happy the
of those
life
sharing in
the pre-
men
As we pronounce
we
friendship, so
de-
The announcements of
of those destitute of friendship.
life
O boys,
of virtue, compos)
possessed
of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope.
plore the
The num-
poems of Horace?
very great.
the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas.
Determination of Gender according
to the
endings.
Of
38. Masculine.
Rem.
( 18.
Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus,

dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os
Er :
4)
altus,
nouns
the masculine gender are the
and imparisyllables
agg-er altus, a
a high
high
4.)
the
:
mound ;
o, or, os, er,
lion; 2) Or:
pulcher, a beautiful Jiower ;
magnanimous
fl-os
5)
in
in es.
Es
in imparisyllables
pari-es
wall.
Exceptions.
1)0:
1)0;
Femxnine are echo, cdro,

Also nouns in do, go, lo
:
Cardo,
;
But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo,

Margo too, and ordo, ligo,
Together with concretes in To.
Rem.
as
1.
actio,
The feminines
an
Inis,
m. a hinge.
caro, carn'is, f, Jlesh.

echo, echus,y*. reverheration, echo.
harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook.

m. a hoe ; mattock.
margo, in is, m. a margin, edge.
ordo, Inis, m. order, series, rank.
ligo, onis,
in io are either abstract or collective nouns,
action, legio, onis,
a legion, natio, onis, a nation
still
some
have acquired a concrete meaning, as regio, aregion, (originally, a directing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as scipio, a staff,
papilio, a hutterjly, pugio, a dagger.
:
2)
Or:
Of the feminine gender

Barely, arbor, arboris
The
neuter has but four in or
Marmor, aequor,
Or:
2)
is,
ador, cor.
Ador, orisn.
aequor,
spelt.
oris, n.
level
surface, (es-
pecially of the sea).

arbor, oris,/ a
tree.
cor, cordis, n. the heart.
marmor,
oris, n. marble.
:;
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
38.
Os:
3)
Of
Cos,
os,
Only these two
6s, a bone, and
os, the face,
These are of the
cos
Os:
3)
the feminine are in
and
Otis, /.
75
flint-stone, whetstone.
dos, Otis, /. dowry, portion.
dos,
neuter class.
OS, ossis, n.
OS, oris,
the
n.
bone,
ossa, ium).
{pi.
countenance, brow,
mouth.
The
neuter
4) Er:
has many
Ver, cadaver,
iter, tuber,
Cicer, piper, siser, uber.
Zingiber, papdver, suber,

Acer,
march.
siler, verber, spinther.
But only feminine
Er:
4)
Acer, eris, n. a maple-tree.

cadaver, eris, n. a corpse.
cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea.
iter, itineris, n. a way, journey,
in, er,
linter, tris,/.
is linter.
papaver,
boat, skiff.
eris, n.
a poppy.
piper, eris, n. pepper.

siler, eris, n. the willow.
Es
5j
imparisyllable
Imparisyllables in
\res,
m).
carrot (but pi. sise-
spinther, eris, n. a bracelet.
es.
suber, eris, n. the cork-tree.
Give but one as neuter : aes

But as feminine we have merces,
Quies, requles
siser, eris, n.
tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump.
uber,
and compes.
eris, n.
a dug, udder.
ver, eris, n. the spring.
Also, seges, teges, merges.
verber,
(commonly
plur. verbera,)
n. stripes, blows.
zingiber, eris, n. ginger.

5) Imparisyllables in
Aes,
merges,
aeris, n. brass.
com\)es, edis,
f fetters,
itis,/.
quies, etis,
merces, edis, /. recom- requles,

pense.
em),
es.
sheaf,
etis (ace.
seges, etis,/. a crop.

teges, etis, /.
quiet.
a maf.
requi-
f rest, relaxation.
Remark
2. Contrary to the general rule ( 10.), some names of cities

remain masculine, as Croto also, those in as, G. antis, as Taras,
Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those
antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as
in
in vs, G. untis, as
XL. Words
Assyria,
Selinus, untis.
to be
ae,/ Assyria.
senator, oris, m. senator.
a staff.
onis,/ a legion.
imago, Inis, image.
scipio, onis, m.
legio,
n. badge.
insigne,
is,
caput,
Itis,
n.
head,
chief city.
aeternus,
a, uxn,eternal.
learned
and
amoenus.
wm, pleas
I,
eburneus,
of
ivory, ivory.
reglus,
existlmo
gard
ant.
urn, royal.
a,
resonus,
a,
um,
rever-
berating.
superbus,
1.
I judge,
judico
1.
gard
as.
nomino
I judge,
1.
habeo2. I
um, proud,
magnificent.
maneo
2.
re-
call.
have, regard
as.
a,
re-
as.
/ remain.
76'
MASCULINE.
38.
(Comp. 84,89.5.)
Echo resona ab Horatio
Pavo vocatnr superbus.

tur.
Hirundiiiem vocamus garmlam.
manet
Babylon,
aeterna.
The peacock we
call
chief city
bo3^s,
vacca, ae,y.
fluvius,
i,
m. river.
vitulus,
i,
m.
The bravery of
vitulinus, a,
on is,/, nation.
m. a ram-
a,
um,
Croton.
spacious,
oris,
m. honor,
post of honor.
proceres,
conspicuus,
a,
um,
con-
spicuous.
um, m.
chief extremus, a,
men.
is
a, urn, /nn.
um, mod-
a,
est.
opulentus,
um, pow-
a,
er/ul, rich.
pallldus,
um,
a,
pale,
livid.
sapldus,
extended, liberal.
part.
honos,
legions
translation.
modestus,
Car-
inis, f.
onis, m.
amplus,
Roman
firm us,
[thage.
Jiy.
um, of calf. Croto,
eris,
the
regard the or-
very pleasant.
is
and Exercises for
learned
natio,
Carthago,
calf.
echo
a royal badge.
papilio, onis, m. butter-
coiv.
the reverberating
The citizens
we regard as
ivory staff
origo, inis,/. origin.
hattle.
agger,
calls
proud.
call
The
This region
to he
naval
navalis,
Horace
Babylon, the
a bad practice
XLI. Words
Pugna
judicamus amoenas.
Swallows are called loquacious.
of Assyria, writers
extolled by (ab) writers.
pleiias
saiictus.
proud.
der of senators as sacred.
Avoid,
Scipio eburneus in-
exsistit perniciosa.
Regiones montium
Senatorum ordo existimatur

the image of the voice.
Mala
caput Assyriae, nominatur superba.
consuetudo saepe hominibus

signe regium habetur.
imago voca-
vocis
Legionuni Romaiiarum gloria
'
um,
a,
sapid.
ruber, bra, brum, red.

hostilis, e, hostile.
um,
outer-
effundo,
I pour forth.
most, last.
Croto erat clams.
Carthago opulenta
erat.
Caro vitulina tenera
est.
Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia origiuem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur.
Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles
naves petuntur.
Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri.
Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton.

call
Carthage powerful.
Upon
(in)
The
Roman
the remotest margin of the river there are
hinges of the door are iron.
The
origin of the
The
nation
many
variegated butterfly
Writers
is
obscure.
trees.
is
The
beautiful.
grappling hooks are of iron.
Multae procerae arbores in
silva sunt.
Proceres
honorum
dignitate
Marmor est splendidum.

Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum
est.
Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream.
conspicui sunt.
Filia a
Sorores fratribus carae sunt.
parentibus ampla dote donatur.
Durum
est 6s.
Juvenis 6s
38.]
modestum
liberis cara est.
bem aggerem
High
vitulo turgida
The
corpse
my
father.
The udder of
the
cow
A high rampart is built by (ab) the ene-
are praised, the bad are censured.
delight
we
heart
take a walk in
On
a liberal dowry.
(in)
pond
the
the spring over (per) the extended
Splendid marble adorns the palace
The
Whetstones are hard.
house) of the king.
the daughter
is
(abl.)
surface of the pleasant plains.
minds.
Zingiber est
The good customs of men
men
(=
pallida.
red.
The bones are hard. The
The goose is cackling (= loqua-
The
city.
countenances of
With
Cadavera sunt
lintres in fluvio
Hostes circa ur-
are various.
mies around the
cious).
pale.
is
Multae
ubera praebet.
surround the house of
trees
swollen.
est.
Garriili sunt anseres.
altum exstruunt.
Vacca
sapidum.
is
Ver nobis gratum
esse debet.
Mater
sunt.
77
The
parents present
pleasant spring exhilarates our
in (gen.) our garden, are
many and
beauti-
ful boats.
XLII. Words
Camelus,
m. camd.
i,
condimentum,
i,
domesticus,
fessus, a,
i,
n.
um,
a,
do-
paries, etis, m. wall, (of
wearied,
a,
um, hon-
a,
um,
turnaL
celebritas, atis, /. con-
pretiosus,
dous,
noc-
excolo
Sorores
meae
3.
inflict
spinthera
Silera sunt utilia.
a um, pre-
costly.
infligo
course, multitude.
dulce.
covered
crudelis, e, cruel.
orable.
nocturnus,
house).
um,
with hair, hairy.
um,
member, honestus,
translation.
pilosus, a,
mestic, private.
n.
seasoning.
membrum,
and Exercises for
learned
to he
aurea habent.
Iter est
Camelus habet tubera
3.
/ cultivate.
(with dat.) I
upon.
longum.
pilosa.
Papavera rubra sunt pulchra.
Siser est
Subera sunt
Cicera parva
dura.
Piper est acre.
sunt.
Acera sunt dura.
fligit.
Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolltur, sed in luce vitae
Crudelis
homo equo dura
verbera fusti in-
hominum
celebritate.
Aera varia sunt. Campi segete laeta ornanCompedes durae sunt. Laborum requles grata est. Quiete nocturna hominum fessa membra recreantur. Merces laborum honesta
et
tur.
existimatur.
The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings
(plur.)
The walls of this house are high. The brass is splendid.
The carrot is sweet. The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are
round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard.
My sister has a golden bracelet. Long is the way through precepts,
short and effectual through examples. The red poppy is beautiful.
The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regard as
of food
7#
FEMININE.
78
Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men.
honorable.
Sleep
fetters press tender feet.
from
[^39.
an agreeable (gratus,
is
The hump of the camel is hairy.

The willow is
(gen.) cares.
the plains of the extended country.
Rem.
syllables ( 18.
Examples.
1)
As:
utis,
nouns
are
in
G.
as^ is, aus, us,
it
and pari-
4.) in es.
aest-a5 callda, a
pulchra, a beautiful bird
G.
Joyful crops adorn

useful.
39. Feminine.
Of the feminine gender

utis Orudis, x, those in s
Iron
um) relaxation
a,
Aus
3)
\-aus
warm summer; 2) Is: av-is

magna, great praise ; 4) Us,
udis: juvent-it5(utis) \aeta, joyful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron
anvil, pal-its, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single head
X:
pecus, pecoris (cattle); 5)
lu-x
clara, clear light; 6)
sonant before it hie-ms aspera, rough winter

nub-e5 nigra, black cloud.
:
7)
Es
.S"
of cattle, but
with a con-
in parisyllables
EXCEPTIO^N^S.
l)As:
l)As:
Three are masculine in as:
As, addmas and elephas.
as, assis,
And
elephas, antis, m.
one
is
Adamas,
neuter namely, vas.
m. a diamond.
m. an as (a coin),
antis,
phantus,
i,
vas, as is, n.
2)75:
2) Is
Amnis,
is,
axis,
m. an
Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis,
callis, is,
and
Sanguis, unguis,
Fasds,
is,
canalis,
candlis,
m. a
river.
axletree.
m. a foot-path, path.
is,
m. canal^ water-course.
cassis, generally plur. casses,
ium,
[cabbage.
m. hunter^s net.
caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk,
glis, anndlis.
axis, funis, ensis,
Fastis, vectis, vermis, mensis,

Postis, follis, cucHmis,
cinis, eris, m. ashes.
Cassis, callis,
collis, is,
collis,
Sentis, caulis, pollis.
cucumis,
eris,
m. a cu-
cumber.
ensis,
fascis,
finis,
m. a sword.
is,
is,
is,
m. a bundle.
m. the end;
plur. borders,
territo-
follis, is,
funis,
crinis,
is,
m. bellows.
m. a rope, cable.
fustis, is,
m. a club.
is,
m. a hill.
m. hair.
glis, iris,
m. a dormouse,
pulvis, eris, m. du^t.
ignis,
m.fire.
sanguis, inis, m. blood.
is,
m. a stone.
mensis, is, m. a month.
lapis, idis,
orbis,
is,
panis,
is,
piscis,
ry.
ele-
vessel, vase.
Masculine are these in is

Panis, piscis, crinis, finis,
Orbis, amnis
(commonly
m.) elephant.
])o\\\b,
is,
m. a
circle.
les,
m. a fish.
claiv.
m. a post.
m. a bramble,
a thorn bush.
unguis,
Ims, m. fine fiour

is,
is,
generally plur. sen-
m. bread.
(Nom. wanting).
postis,
sentis,
vectis,
is,
is,
m. a nail,
m. a
lever,
bolt.
vermis,
is,
m. worm.
^39.1
79
Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cliain are mostly Masc. but sometimes Feminine.
S)X:
3)Z:
Apex,
Masculine there are in x,

Fornix, onyx and cdlix,
bom by X,
icis,
m. a
tuft, summit.
m. the silk-worm.
m. a cup.
ycis,
Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx,
calix, Icis,
Tradux, bomhyx, also sorix ;
calyx, ycis, m. a bud,
Add
most in ex,
Grex, apex, codex, and murex,
caudex,
Gaudex, frutex,
coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo.

codex, Icis, m. a book.
to these
Sorex, vervex
in ax
All Greek nouns, except climax.

frutex, Icis, m.
pollex, Icis, m. thumb.
pulex,
crowd.
Icis,
Icis,
m. a flea.
branch.
vanx,
m. field-
icis,
m, a varix.
ver vex, ecis, m. a wether.
mouse.
Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the
general rule
4)
Icis,
m. a pur- sorex,
pie fish, purple.
Remark.
icis, m.
a kind of owl.
tradux, ucis, m. a vine-
sorix or sourix,
the onyx,
oryx, ygis,m. the gazelle.
grex, egis, m. a flock,
murex,
fornix, Icis, m. arch, vault.
a shrub, onyx, ychis, m.
plur. a thicket.
tree.
climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax.
pollex, pulex,
and then
shell.
m. trunk of a
Icis,
Es
of the /eminme gender.
( 13.) is
parisyllable
Es
4)
Masculine parisyllables in es.

Are only two: pdlumbes and
ve-
parisyllable
palumbes,
is,
vepres,
m. a bramble.
is,
m. wood-pigeon.
pres.
5)
aS*
5) 5" with
it.
Masculine are in ons and ens,

Fons, mons, pons, dens, confliiens,
bidens,
Bidens, tridens, occidens,
confluens,
Rudens,
Two
dens,
torrens, oriens ;
and ybs.
Hydrops and chalybs.
tis,
a consonant' before
fons,
tis,
tis,
it.
m. a hoe, mattock.
chalybs, ybis, m.
in ops
mons,
tis,
tis,
m. a
steel.
m, a confluence.
tooth.
m. a fountain.
hydrops, opis, m. dropsy.
m. a moun-
sun-rise, the east, east-
em
tain.
countries.
torrens
(scil
torrent,
amnis), a
impetuous
(sc. sol), tis, pons, tis, m. a bridge,

stream.
m. sun-set, the west, rudens, (sc. funis), tis tridens, tis, m. a
western countries.
m. a rope, cable.
oriens (sc. sol), tis, m.
occidens,
XLIII. Words
Nummus,
aurum,
Albis,
i,
is,
i,
to he
m. money.
learned
Tiberis,
is,
and Exercises for

m. Tiber.
n. gold.
anas, atis,/. a duck.
m. Elbe.
cassis, iA\s,f. helmet.
Venus,
trident.
translation.
eris,/. Venus.
angustus,
a,
um, na
row, contracted.
80
FEMININE,
flavus, a,
um,
yellow^
occultus, a,
Jiaxen.
latus, a,
um,
gesto
con-
um,
limpldus,
a,
Anas timida
fecundas.
sordldus,
hroad.
um,
clea?'.
est.
a,
um, foul.
Veritas auro digna est.
Tiberis est flavus.
perator auream cassidem gestat.
Amnis
Callis est angustus.
I roll ; volvor,
3.
lam
hear,
1 grow.
rolled, roll.
Albis latus habet ripas
Vas
est.
As Romanus
est
aureum.
Multae aves pulchre canunt.
est limpidus.
ImVena-
In patris horto multi cucume-
tor in alto colle occultos casses tendit.
res crescunt.
3.
Aprilis sacer est Veneri.
Adamas durissimus
parvus est nummus.
volvo
sacer, cra,crum, sacred.
/ carryy
1.
cresco
cealed.
39.
Amnis
altus
multos
alit
pisces.
Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur.
Validi sunt portarum postes.
Vectis est ferreus.
The Elbe is broad. The wôrm is small. These paths are very
narrow^.
Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong
posts.
The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden
The cucumbers in the
neck-chain. This river is broad and deep.
garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers
are clear.
These cucumbers are
ripe.
These
hills
are
very high.
Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread.
The helmet of the general is o/ goZc? (= golden). These vases are
very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron
(=
iron).
Old age is strong, youth weak.
These pools are very deep.
XLIV. Words
to be
Bibliotheca, ae,/. libra-
Anvils are of iron
iron).
Apollo,
inis,
m. Apollo,
Juno, onis,/ Juno.
ry.
(=
triticeus,
a,
um, of
wheat, wheaten.
universus, a, um, the

whole.
um, dense.
asper, era, erum, rowg-^.
excelsus, a, um, lofty,
ecclesia, ae,/. church.
coWustvol. I illuminate.
ferus, a, um, wild.
India, ae,/ India.
frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in
rosa, ae,/. rose.
pieces.
muslcus, i, m. musician, igneus, a, um, fiery.
excito 1. / excite, raise,
Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- lapideus, a, um, of
converto 3. / turn
stone.
vius.
around.
[forth,
sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat.
evomo 3. / emit, belch
rapldus, a, urn, j-apid.
branch.
tango 3. I touch.
solum, i, n. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted.
chorda, ae,/. chord.
ovis, is,/, sheep.
columba, ae,/. dove.
densus,
a,
Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles
Sentes asperi sunt.
Torquis est aureus.
ensem ferreum gestat.
Scrobis est altus.
Panis triticeus est dulcis.
orbis sole collustratur.
Universus terrarum
Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet.
Oc-
39.]
Lapldes sunt
cultus est caiialis.
Follis est plenus
excitatur.
monte
alto
Funis tortus
Mors omnium malorum
Cau-
Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit.
Apollini flavos crines tribuunt.
summa
Terra circum axem suum
cer-
Poetae
multi sarmentorura fasces portantur.
silvis
les teneri sunt.
in
Fiistis est durus.
venti.
Hosies in fines nostros irrumpunt.
est.
tus finis est.
magnus
Ignis
duri.
81
celeritate converti-
tur.
The
The sword
Man
is
is
This bread
The ropes
month
June
[of]
is
The end
The sun
are twisted.
The
minates the whole circle of the world.
The enemies
Vesuvius, fiery
given to Apollo by (ab) the poets.
(plur.) is
good, that bad.
is
From
soldiers defend our borders against (contra)
Flaxen hair
the enemies.
Axle-trees are round.
tender.
is
Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes.
The
uncertain.
tender sheep are torn in
has red blood.
This cabbage
sharp.
ashes are belched forth.
of life
The
teeth of the lion are sharp.
pieces by (ab) the lions.
illu-
The
clubs are hard.
The bellows are full of wind (gen.).

The canals are concealed.
very pleasant.
raised a great fire in the city.
High stones surround

(laureatus, a, um),
Bundles [of twigs] hound with laurel
that way.
with the Romans, were a badge of a victorious
(victor, oris) general.
Nox
est nigra.
Leges sunt
Murex est
inserimus.
Varices sanguinis pleni sunt.
pretiosus.
Oryges sunt
cus docto polilce tangit chordas.

pulcherrimus.
est.
The cups
wine
are full of
the plains are
many
are very useful.
branches are tender.
The
The
My
Musi-
Onyx
est
est.
Calix
nights are dark
(=
black).
The
Onyxes
varix
is
many books. On
The shrubs are leafy.
father has
flocks of (gen.) sheep.
are
full
very beautiful.
of blood
Purple-fishes are very costly.
Husband-men have many wethers.

um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor,
very timid.
sus, a,
Rosae calyx pulcher
The
(gen.)
In the church are high arches.
worms
velocissimi.
vini.
Just laws are salutary to the state.

(in)
petunt
In bibliotheca regis mag-
Alti sunt ecclesiae fornlces.
nus optimorum codicum numerus

plenus
sorlces
Traduces teneros solo
In India sunt multi bombyces.
avidi sorlces.
Magnus avium grex

Timldos
Verveces opimi sunt.
petit frutlces frondosos.
est
In excelso montis apioe est
justae.
Pullces molesti vexant columbam.
turris alta.
is
very swift.
flocks of (gen.) sheep.
Silk-
Vine-
Field-mice are
The depressed (presoris) to the Romans.
trunks of trees are full of branches {== branchy,

gazelle
(gen.).
The wealthy husbandmen
rairvosus, a,
nourish
um).
many
::
;
:
NEUTER.
82
[^
Nubes sunt nigrae.

Palumbes sunt timidi.
Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte
torrentem pons lipideus ducit.
Durus
dentes habent.
Omnes
est chalybs.
The
Vepres sunt densi.

est.
Super rapidum
ferae bestiae duros et acutos
Multi uautae ab extremo oiiente
ad extremum occidentem navlgant.
magnum
40.
Rudentes
torti
Neptunus
sunt.
tridentem gestat.
is black.
The wood-pigeon is timid. The cable is
Dense brambles surround the clear fountain. This bridge
of stone. Many wares are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from
cloud
twisted.
is
the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west
to the remotest east
Torrents are rapid.

tains are
upon
The teeth of wild beasts are hard and

The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear
that high mountain.
Of the
is
neuter gender are nouns in
G. em,
foun-
very hard.
40. Neuter.
uty us,
Steel
sharp.
e, c,
<2,
l^
en^ ar, ur,
oris, uris.
Examples: 1) ^: poem- pulchi'um, beautiful poem ; 2) E: marmagnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in
lac tepidum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine
this letter, as
4) Ly fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned
name; 6) Ar : calc-or acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) magnum, great strength ; 8) Ut : caput humanum, a human head ; 9) Us
c
gen-US
(eris)
clarum, a renowned race.
Exceptions
From the neuter are rejected,

By the masculine accepted,
Furfur, uris, m. bran.
Two
lien,
With
in
I :
sol
and
sal,
lepus, oris, m.
hare.
enis, m. (ancient
form
for
splen\ the spleen.
four in en
Ren, splen, pecten, lien.

Masculine too are three in ur
Furfur, turtur and vultur
mus,
Add to
sal, is,
these two words in us
Lepus, leporis and mus.

Byit feminine there is in
Barely the single word
uris,
pecten,
ren,
commonly
sol, is,
us,
tellus.
m. mouse.
m. comb.
inis,
m. salt,
m. sun.
plur. renes, kidney.
wit.
splen, enis, m. spleen.

tellus. Oris,/, the earth.
turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove.
vultur,
iiris,
m. a vulture.
to the general rule ( 13.) the names of cities in

Praeneste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur also, robur,
Remark. Contrary
e
remain
neuter, as:
oris, live-oak.
GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION.
41.]
XLV. Words
Liber, bri, m. hook.
and
learned
to be
83
fulgur, uris, n.
pavidus,
light-
a, uni, shy,
um, fiery red.

um, Attic.
mollis, e, soft.
ry, jest.
dentatus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw
Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate.
through.
lector, oris, m. reader.
ning.
lepor, oris, m. pleasant-
rutllus, a,
Atticus, a,
ioc6sus,a.,um, facetious.
nibal.
Sol igneus
Calcaria sunt acuta.
Sal est sapid us.
est.
poetae comici
Romanorum
humldi
sunt.
Pecten est dentatus.
nomen
est clarum.
Furfur
Fulgur
est.
Renes
Hannibalis
est rutilum.
Vultures saevi
triticeus est mollissimus.
Juveuum corpora
unguibus dilacerant turtures pavldos.
Timldos
Sales Plauti,
Splen tener
sunt, valde jocosi.
sunt valida.
lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris.
Mures parvi saepe valldos muros perrodunt.
The
to turtle-doves.
circle
is)
many
for
extolled
is
by
is
illuminates the
are toothed.
Us of the fourth
And u
foods) for season-
Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons
Of the gender of the Fourth
41.
(=
Vultures are destructive
The warm sun
swift.
Combs
of the earth.
dishes
writers.
Mice are very small.

Hares are very
are very shy.
whole
(=
sapid salt serves
Attic wit (plur.)
ing.
Declension.
masctdine,
is
of the neuter kind
But feminine
there are in us
Tribus, acus, porticvs^
Domus, idus and

Tribus, us, /. fn6e, com-
pany.
acus, us,/, needle.
XL VI.
us, old
idus,
Words
to be
man.
the Ides
learned
piter (abl. Jove).
marmoreus,
um, of certo
a,
translation.
urbanus,
a,
um, of
the
city.
marble, marble.
rustlcus, a,
May, July and Oct.,

but 13th of the other months),
manus, us,/, hand.
and Exercises for
Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju-
mother-in-
law.
uum,/.
(15th day of March,
nurus, us, daughter-inlaw.

socrus, us,
house,
palace.
porticus, us, f. portico.
Anus,
viamis.
domus, us,/
\.
aut, or
um, of
the
er
I contend.
aut
aut, eith-
or.
country.
Magnificam
regis
domum
amplae
Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae.
marmoreae ornant
porticus.
In silva sunt multae
vetustae
et
GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION.
84
[$41.
Anus sunt garrulae. Socrlbus carae sunt nurus

acum perita manu regit. Cum rusticis tribu-
et altae quercus.
Puella acutam
bonae.
bus certant urbanae.
The
of the king
magnificent palace
and marble
pines.
The
The
adorned with
is
(abl.)
royal palaces are surrounded by
of the royal palace
portico
The king
guard our houses.

palace.
The
porticos.
1^
spacious
Dogs
very magnificent.
is
high
(abl.)
building (== builds) a very magnificent
Ides are sacred to Jupiter.
Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions.
XL VII.
Words
Aqulla, ae,y!
to be
efl'^Ze.
jecur, jecoris
arum,/.snares,
insidiae,
ambush.
or jeci-
[cury.
71655.
tis,
Mercurius,
i,
m. Mer-
senex,
rustlcus,
m. farmer,
man,
i.
seat.
senis,
old,
sene
[abl.
senes, senum,
rustic.
i.
n.
meadow.
supellex,
bos, bovis,
pi. boves,
c.
cow;
ox,
boum, bo-
ace.
ahl.vi-,
pi.
vires, powers, virium,

etc.).
clausus,
old
utensils [abl. -e. gen.
a,
um,
(c.
a,
um,
ready.
viridis, e, green.
compleo 2. If11.
tumeo 2. 1 swell.
pasco
pi. -ium).
\\m,sliut up.
abl.), contented.
promtus,
etc.).
ectilis,
a,
contentus,
pi.
household furniture,
bills, is, /. &i7e.
(forms only
vim and
e).
m. Mars.
sedes, is,/,
translation.
power, force., qunn-
tity,
pectus, oris, n. breast.
wayward- Mars,
tiousness,
y\s.,f.
noris, n. liver.
nix,nivis,/sno?<;(abl.
petulantia, ae, /. licen-
pratum,
and Exercises for
learned
3.
I pasture.
bus or bubus.
Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus.
copiam supellectilium.
Hieme
valde displicet petulantia.
coelum, terrae
Rustic!
maria reguntur.
et
multos
boum
greges
Multi homines aliud clausum

lingua.
Divites
magnam
terra nivibus
habent
In sene
Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus.
completur.
Jove
Jecinora saepe tument bile amara.
alunt.
Agricolae
bobus agros
in pectore habent, aliud
arant.
promtum
Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae,
alter
in
dies
Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris,
Septimus dies
Solis.
The powers of
the lion are great.
To
Jupiter the eagle
is
sacred.
There are various kinds of house-furniture (pi.). Keep, O boys, in (abl.)

memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs)
In the months
please in the boy, the young man and the old man.
November and December

(gen.) rain (plur.)
the clouds discharge a great quantity
and snow.
In the liver
is
the seat of anger.
(vis)
of
Lions
CLASSES OF VERBS.
H2.]
Upon
prepare snares for cows.
85;
meadows
the green
(in)
are pastured
a great herd of (gen.) cows.
XL VIII.
Words
Praenriium,i, n.
principium,
i,
learned
to be
reifjor^^.
n. begin-
':
and Exercises for

\aivo 1.
casus, us, m. Jail,
immineo2. I threaten.
ca-
eligo 3. 1 choose.
lamity, chance.
i,
n.
bond,
consensus, us, m. agree-
quotidie, adv. daily.
autem,
ment.
chain.
hebdomas, adis,/. tweeL arduus,
a,
urn, rfi/î^<.
appello
1.
I call.
vitiositas, atis,/. vice.
Iwash.
voluntas, atis,/. m^Z.
ninfc.
vincuhim,
translation.
an
conj. but.
(in questions), or.
Manus manum lavat. Honos

Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis
Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nul-
Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur.
praemium
virtutis
immlnet.
lum
est.
est certius amicitiae
liorum et voluiitatum
vinculum,
Duae sunt
quam consensus
vitae viae
et
virtutis
societas consiet vitiositatis
alterutram eligere debes, o puer!
Firm (= certahi) friends are seen

two ways of life, of virtue and of
are
is
troublesome and
the other (alter)
which way
is
difficult,
[that]
There
an uncertain thing.
;
the
way
but leads to a peaceful
of the one
life
the
(alter)
way of
easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched
(utra via
of virtue, or
in
vice
= which of
of vice
the
life
two ways) dost thou choose, [that]
THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER
I.
Of the Verb.
42.
Classes of verbs,
a) Active verbs, or the
floreo
form expressing
2.).
activity, as
laudo,
those active verbs which take an object in the accu-
sative, are called transitive,
as
laudo piierum
active verbs are called intransitive, as

(alicui),
b)
( 6,
gaudeo (de aliqua
floreo,
all
other
dormio, pareo
re).
Passive verbs, or the form ex^re^^mg passivity or the
receiving of an action.
8
MODES.
TENSES.
86
c)
INFINITIVE, ETC.
[^$43,44,45.
Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but
the active signification.
Tenses of the Verb.
43.
I love
I have loved
Imperfect, am-a-bam, / loved^ loas loving-^
Pluperfect, am-a-veram, I had loved;
Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love^
Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have loved.
Present, am-o,
1)
I.
Perfect, am-a-vi,
2)
3)
II.
4)
III. 5)
6)
Remark. The
creavit,
(God has
rating, as
first
case
historical or narrative tenses
way
a) like
created the earth)
Romulus Roman
it is
and the two Futures are called
Pres., the Perf.
pal tenses, the others

is used in a two-fold
called the
Perf
b) like the
princi-
Perf. in Latin,
deus mundnm
English hnperf in nar-
the English Perf as

;
condidit,
(Romulus
huilt
Rome).
In the
considered as belonging
historical, and belongs to the
and
the Perf
present,
to the principal tenses, in the last
The
is
historical tenses.
I.
The
reality, as
Indicative,
:
The
II.
Modes of the Verb.

which expresses a fact, phenomenon^
44.
the rose blooms, bloomed,
ivill
bloom
Subjunctive, which expresses what
supposed, conceived
of,
as
he
may
is
imagined,
come, he might come not-
withstanding ;
III.
of the
The
toill,
Imperative, which
is
used in direct expressions
as: hear thou, teach thou.
Gerund and Gerundive.
45. Infinitive, Participle, Supine,
Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms

a)
The
which is of an intermediate nature between the verb and the noun, as cupio te adspicere, I desire to see thee (comp. cupio adspectum tui, /
Infinitive,
desire a sight of thee)

b)
The
c)
form of an adjective, as puer scribens (the boy

tvriting), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ;
The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of
the
Participle,
which presents
:
the idea of the verb in
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.
H4^6, 47.]
the verb in the form of a
noun
87
in either the
Ace.
venatum duco, / take the dogs

hunting,) or, res est jucunda auditu., the
or Abl. case, as: canes

to
hunt
thing
d)
is
(to
pleasant to hear (in the hearing)
The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb

under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the
cases, as
Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite,
Gen. ars scribendi, the art of wi'iting^ or to ivrite, Dat..
:
scribendo aptus est^fit for luriting, or to write, Ace.

wilh a preposition, inter scribendum, while luritingy
Abl. scribendo exerceor,
I am
exercised by
(in, etc.)
ivriting ;
e)
The Gerundive
(or Part. Fut.
Pass.),
which presents
the idea of the verb in an adjective form, precisely as

the
Gerund
presents
it
in a
substantive form, as:
epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be ivritten,
so throusfh
o
Remark. The
all
and
the cases.
Indicative, Subjunctive
and Imperative are
called the-
they always refer to a definite subject;

the Inf. Part. Sup. Ger. and Gerundive, on the contraiy, are called the
indefinite verb, because these forms, on account of their meaning, do
not admit of such a reference.
Jinite or definite
verb, because
46. Persons
and Numbers of the
Verb.
The verb
has, like the noun, two numbers. Sing, and

and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur.,
as
I, thou, he (she, it) and ive, you, they, which are expressed by the endings, as: ^Qx\h-imus, lue write.
Plur.,
:
Remark. Those verbs which

are called Impersonal verbs, as
are used only in the third person Sing.,

pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders.
47. Conjugation.
Conjugation
is
the inflection of a verb according to
Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice.
its
The Latin
language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished according to the ending of the Inf. as follows
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
88
I.
Conj.:
11.
"
III.
"
IV.
"
Rem.
are, as;
am-are, to love,
[H8.
Characteristic: a
ere,
"
mon-ere,
"
ere,
"
reg-ere, to govern,
"
îre,
"
aud-ire, to hear.
"
ô
admonish,
i.
In psirsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom

himself to observe the following order a) the jjerson, b) the number, c)
the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from what verb, g) the meaning.
E. g.
1.
What
kind of a verbal form
Rem.
Airiatis is Sec.
nmdtis'^
is
the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb
amo,
aniavi,
Pers Plur. of
amatum, amare,
to love.
Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which

is tlie ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its
modifications, and the inflection-ending which varies to express the
number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the characteristic to which the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and
sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the characteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics.
2.
48. Formation, of the Tenses.
In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from
which, by adding different endings,
all
the remaining forms
are derived, viz.

I
Ind. Pres. Act.

I.
II.
III.
2) Ind. Perfect
amo
amavi
moneo
monui
rego
rexi
IV. audio
A.
From
audivi
the
Act
3) Supine.
4) Infinitive Act.
amatum
monitum
amare
rectum
auditum
regere
Indicative Present Active
amo
m on ere
audire.
moneo
rego, capio
(I
take); audio, as the stem, are derived:

a) Indicative Present Passive
h)
amor; moneor;
regor, capior; audior;
Subjunctive Present Active and from this Subj. Pres. Pass.
moneam
regam, capiam
audiam
amer ; monear;
amem;
regar, ca-
piar; audiar;
c)
Fut. Active and Passive:
regar
(eris, etc.),
regam
capiar;
{es,
audiar;
et, etc.),
capiam
amafoo
moneio
audiam;
amaior;
moneftor
d) Indicative Imperfect Active
6am, capie6am
and Passive
audiefeam;
amaftam
amabar; monetar;
mone&am ;
rege-
regeJar, capieftar
au6\ebar
e)
Participle
dicrw;
Present Active
amans ; monerw ;
regerw, capiens
au-
rORMATION OF THE TENSES.
48.]
f) Gerundive and Gerund : amandus, amandum

duSj capiendu^
B.
Infinitive Active
monendus ; regen-
audiendv^.
89
amare
monere
regere, capere
audire, as stem,
are derived:
a) Imperative Active
Passive,
re
regere, capere
6) Infinitive
From
rege, cape
form with the
audire
Infin.
audi
Act
and Imperat,
amare
mone-
and IV. Conj.
II.
amart, moneri,
Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi;
III.
Subjunct. Imperf. Act.
audirem;
capere?n,-
mone
in
Present Pass, of I,
audin; the
c)
ama
which agrees
and Passive
amarem ; monerem ; reg^rem,
amarer; monerer;
amavi
the Perfect Active:
regerer; caperer; audircr.
monui
rexi, cepi; audivi, as
stem, are derived

a) Subjunctive Perfect Active
amaverim ; rnonuerim
rexerim,
ce-
pmi; audivmm;
amaveram; monueram; rexeram, ce-
Pluperfect Active:
6) Indicative
\ieram; anddveram;
c)
Future Perfect
d) Infin.
c)
amavero
Perf Act.:
monuero
ainavisse
Subjunctive Pluperfect Active
cepissem
rexero, cepero
monuisse
audivero
audimsc;
amavissem ; monuissem ; rexissem,
audirmem.
D. From the Supine : amatum
monitum
rectum, captum
as a stem, are derived

a) Partic. Perf. Pass.
b) Part.
rexisse, cepisse;
Fut. Act.
amatus
amaturiis
8*
monitus
rectus, captus
moniturus
recturus
auditum,
auditus
auditiirus.
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.
90
Conjugation of the Auxiliary
49.
Verb,
[H9.
sum,
fui,
esse, to be.
This verb
is
extensively
employed in forming
the tenses
of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to

the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of
Thus
the verb.
e.
g.
amav and eram,
so
you have
amoiV-istis,
posed of the stem amav and
estis
(you
are),
loved, is
com-
amav-^ram, of
by amamatus sum, I have
loved, etc.
Subjunctive.
Indicative
Present,
su-m,
am
si-m, / ma,y be
sl-s, thou mayest be
sit, he, she, it may be
es, thou art

es-t, /ie, she, it is
su-mus, we are
es-tis, you are
may
sl-mus, we
sl-tis,
su-nt, they are
be
you maij be
si-nt, they
may
be.
Imperfect.
es-se-m, I might be
es-se-s, thou mightest be
er-a-m, Iicas
er-a-s, thou loast
er-a-t, he, she,
it
was
er-a-mus, we were
er-a-tis,
yoa were
were
er-a-nt, they
es-se-t, he, she,
it
might be
es-se-mus, we might be
es-se-tts,
you might be
might be.
es-se-nt, they
Perfect.
/ have been
fu-isti, thou hast been
fu-it, he, she, it has been
fu-Imus, ?oe have been
fd-istis, yoa have been
fu-erunt (ere), they have been
fu-T,
may
have been
mayest have been
fu-erl-t, he, she, it may have been.
fu-eri-mus, we may have been
fu-eri-tis, you may have been
fu-eri-nt, they may have been.
fu-eri-tn, 7
fu-eri-s, thou
Pluperfect.
fu-era-m, I had been

fu-era-s, thou hadst been
fu-era I, he, she, it had been
fu-era-mus, we had been
fu-era-lTs, you had been
fu-era-nt, they had been
fu-isse-m, J might have been

fu-isse-s, thoa mightest have been
fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been
fu-i?se-inus, roe might have been
fu-isse-tis, you might have been
fu-isse-nt, they might have been.
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.
49.]
91
Future Indicative.*
we
shall be
/ shall be
er-i-s, thou wilt be
er-i-mus,
er-i-t, he, she, it will be
er-u-nt, they will be.
er-o,
you
er-i-tis,
will be
Future Perfect Indicative.*

fii-eri-mus, ice shall have been
fu-ero, / shall have been

fu-erl-s, thou wilt have been
fu-eri-t, he, she, it will have been
fu-eri-tis,
you
icill
have been
fu-eri-nt, they tcill have been.
Imperative.
2.
2.
3.
thou
es-to, thou shouldest be
es-to, he should be
es, be
2.
este, be ye
2.
es-tote,
3.
su-ntb, they should be.
you should be
Infinitive.
Present
esse, to be
fuisse, to have been
futurus, a, urn esse, to will be, (that something) will be.
first of these forms is not used in English.
Perfect
Future
The
Participle,
only: absent, absent, from flftsum
Present
Future
*
The
futurus, a,
um, one who (what)
Subj. of the Fut.
is
icill, is
See Rem.
wanting.
pruesens, present, {rom praes-
= praesto sum.
sum
to be, also, future.
about
the following table of paradigms.
1 to
Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where

pro-d-esse,
a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as
pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem.
Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz.
forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would be, and the corresponding Infin. /ore in:
stead
offnturum
XL IX.
Absum,
I
am
esse.
Words
to be
learned
abesse, prosum,
abfai,
absent, removed
from.
and Exercises for

prod-
proftii,
esse,
/ am
benefit,
(see
dat.) to
fui,
be
Rem.
1).
esse, (c. ]}ngna, ae,f. fighi, battle.
in,
present arma,
at (something).
praesum,
before,
attend
oratio,
orum,
n.
onis,
/.
fui, esse,
lam
preside
over, magistratus, us,
to.
silium domi.
arms.
locis adest.
Contemnuntur
longe, adv. far.

peregve, adv. abroad.
quamdiu, adv. and

how long; so
long
dum,
m.mg--
{as)
as.
magistracy.
qui nee
sibi,
conj. while.
nisi, conj. unless.
quum,
Parvi pretii sunt foris

ii,
conj.
speech, ubi, adv. where.
discourse.
istrate,
Deus omnibus
foris, adv. without.
useful, heri, adv. yesterday,
adsum, affiii, adesse, concilio 1. / MwVe.

I am present.
fera, ae,/. wild beast.
intersum,
translation.
nee
conj.
arma,
alteri
when,
as.
nisi est
prosunt.
con-
Ut
THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.
93
magistratibus leges,
populo praesunt magistratus.
ita
neque
conciliant inter se homines,
Ego
ferai-um.
[H9.
laetus sum, tu tristris es.
Ratio et oratio
absumus a natura
ulla re longius
Si sorte vestra contenti
estis,
beati estis.
Dum
ego, tu et
Quum
erant.
Quamdlu
tuus
amicus in schola
tu et frater tuus
domi nostrae
Quamdiu
erat.
tristis
erdmiis, sorores nostrae
domi nostrae
tu et Carolus heri
tu
erdtis,
in horto
ego peregre eram.
erdtis,
tu laetus eras, sed frater
pater oierdtis, ego et frater tristes
et
erdmiLS.
Cur
Quia cum patre peregre fui. QuamSex menses abfuimus. Cur milpugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi
quum domi tuae eram ?
nostri
ites
heri fueras,
I
am
was
wast
abfuistis?
and thou
to
Wherefore are you sad ? We

lot, thou art happy.
While
me.
If thou art contented with thy
in the school,
at
fuisti ?
domo
useful to thee,
are joyful.
I
non
heri in schola
dlu tu et pater tuus
home,
my
sister
was abroad.
was
As
the garden.
in
Why
yesterday thou
were (perf you not

)
in the school
we were (perf) abroad. How long hast thou been

absent from (abl.) home? Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent.
Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While
we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While
you and Charles were in our house yesterday, we were abroad.
yesterday
because
Words
L.
to he
Desum, defui, deesse,

I am wanting.
obsum,
fui,
1.
no-body, nuper, adv.
(luis),
lately.
repente, adv. suddenly.
take pos- aegrotus, a,
avarus,
hefore.
postea, adv. afterwards.
no one.
session of, seize.
translation.
gtn- antea, adv.
eraiion.
against, injure.
occiipo
and Exercises for
aetas, atis, /. cê,
am nemo
esse,
learned
a,
um,
um,
propterea, adv. for this
sick.
avari-
reason.
[hie. quo
eo (with compacious.
periculum, i, n. danger.
invictus, a, um, inm'native), the
so much
praedium, i, n./arm.
the.
tis,
adolescens,
m. atrox, ocis, terrible,
young man,
Quamdlu
laetitia
Pugna
youth.
bloody.
felix eris, multi tibi
fuerat,
quum
erunt amici.
repente ingens terror
fuit atrocissima,
tissimi fuerant.
civitas in
summa
occupat.
propterea quod utriusque exercitus milites for-
Ante belH initium
aetate
multi oratores magni
postfia
defuerunt
Ante
nuper per duo menses
Tota
omnium animos
tres
et
in
clari
urbe fueramus.
fuerunt, et
annos apud amicum
fueratis.
Haec
res
non
Demosthenis
antea fuerant, nee

fui, in
cujus praedio
profuit nobis, sed ob-
49.]
Quo minus
fuit.
sorte
mea
compos
mortem
erit,
semper
minora studia
erit.
Quamdi'u
fueris, tales hi in te
studiosi fuerlmus, etiam post
vii'tutis
beati erimus.
So long
you
as
shall
injured me, but benefited.
So long
we
as
shall
The
be fortunate, you will not Avant friends.
My
upright always benefit the upright.
men
erat poetis, eo
semper beatus
Qualis in alios
contentus ero, felix ero.
Si in hac vita
erunt.
Romanes
honoris apud
Si quis virtutis
fuerunt.
93
If
men
enemies (immicus) have not
will be virtuous, they will be happy.
be contented with our
lot,
we
shall be happy.
If
always shall have been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not
them.
fail
Rule or Syntax.
In questions, to which the asker expects an answer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word
upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistlne heri in
schola
wast thou in school yesterday
Erasne
sapiens
in
erit,
schola, quum
quum pauper
heri
grotusne
nuper
fuisti ?
Non
Cur
Eram.
Laetusne, an
erit.
non
heri in schola
Deeritne
tibi
hominum
laus, si
Miserne
tristis
es?
Ae-
fuisti ?
Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram.
in horto nostro ?
bus fueris
domi tuae eram
erit?
Unusne, an plures sunt mundi
Fuerasne
semper pro-
Were you
in school, as*
we were
at
your house yesterday?
(= we were). Will the wise be unhappy,

(= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us
which he was (perf
dangers.
was
Aristides
[as]
young man.
if
Yes
they shall be poor?
No
same in old-age,
Pelopidas was in (perf.) all
is
in (perf) the battle
the very
of Salamis (pugna Salami-
Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us.
nia).
Yesterday
was
(perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad.
avaricious in the abundance of
all
things, will be very poor.
The
Thou,
thy father and thy mother have benefited us much (multum). We,
you and your feister were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your
house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes
(= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the
Were
school.
We
it).
Our
our soldiers
were (perf) not
in
the battle?
home
we
shall
No (=
they were not in
yesterday, but abroad.
soul after death will be immortal.
tented with our fortune,

*
at
as we shall be conWhere had you been
So long
be happy.
For the reason of vising as in this and many other places in these exerwhere when would seem to be required, see Synt. liO, 1, 1. Tr.
cises,

THE AUXILIARY VERB
94
yesterday, as I
was
your house
at
We
Slim.
had been abroad.
(=
as thou hadst been fortunate, ^ôm hadst Aarf
many
The more modest thou
friends.
agreeable thou wilt be to men.
49.
So long
there were to thee)
shalt be, so
much
more
the
If I shall benefit others, they [also]
will benefit me.
As
fit
have been to
(quails) I shall
will be to
me.
If
we
shall
If thou, in this
us.
life,
with
iin
ace.) others, so (talis) they
have benefited others, they
bene-
[also] will
have zealously pursued
shalt
virtue,
thou
shalt also, after death, be happy.
Words
LI.
learned
to be
and
Cogito 1. I think, reflect nescius, a, um, igno- attentus, a, um, aitenrant; non sum neupon.
tive.
scius, I know perpraeteritus, a, um.jocwf.
dublto 1. I doubt.
pondero
eras, adv. to-morrow.

fedly well.
parsimonia, ae, f. fru- parum, adv. too little.
1. /if)erg-/i,con-
sider.
provideo
c. dat.
intelllgo
2.
I foresee
go-Hty.
mens,
look out for.
/ under-
3.
3.
4.
/ run
of plane, adv. wholly.

ne
quidem, not in-
deed, not even.
tum,
come.
over.
/ do not
knotv.
then.
non solum
victor, oris, m. conquer-
Rule of Syntax.
sentence
state
mind.
scio 4. / know.
nescio
/.
vectigal, alls, n. tax, in-
stand.
repeto
pr'nis, adv. previously.
tis,
sed etiam,
not merely, but also.
or.
In questions which
depend upon a foregoing

always used, as: Narra
{indirect questions), the subjunctive*' is
In indirect questions
mihi, ubi /item, relate to me, where thou hast been.
the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dublto, laetusne sis, I doubt,
whether thou art joyfj.1.
Non sum
nescius,
semper futiir us
fuisses, et
animus
sis.
qua mente
Non
quantum quisque
prosit,
prosint.
quam magnun)
utile
quidem
est
valetudo quamdiu affutura

essetis, et
uh'i fuissetis.
futuri simus.
sis,
et
nos
Prae gaudio, ubi sim,
nescio.
parsimonia.
Non,
pond era.
Quo
vectigal
sit
sed quanti pretii quisqiie
ammo futurus sit, nescio.
Saepe ne
nunc
et prius in
esses, et
intelUgunt homines,
quisque
tu
semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse

Deus non est nescius, qua mente qnisque sit. Cogita,
tum
nescit.
quantum nobis exempla bona
Non
tu et piius in nosfueris, et
eram nescius, qua mente
Incertus eram, profuturusne
scire,
sint,
jVan-o
sit,
quid futurum
incertimi
tibi,
et
ubi
sit.
est.
\\er'\
Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri
tibi essem.
Pecunia, honores,
Incertus eram, et ubi
fuerimus, et ubi eras

in
pugna laude
digni.
* As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in Englisli as in

Latin, the Subj. must often be tmnslated into Enolish by the forms of the
Tr.
Indie, as will be seen in the following examples.
49.]
95
pugna
Diibium
erat,
civesne nostri, an hostes in
Dubium
erat,
profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ohfuisset.
What
ilia
victores fuissent,
but what will

is and yesterday was (perf.), we know
we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is unknew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us
to-day
be to-morrow,
certain.
(= were
you then were, and had been previously, and always would be
about to
be).
the state, both

certain,
I rejoice,
when
now and
before,
think,
and
how much you have
still
will benefit
[it].
benefited
It
was un-
where the enemies were and had been, and where they would
be.
Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus

cipuli
Homines mortis memores
Parum provident
sunto.
Attenti este, dis-
Contenti estote sorte vestra
multi tempori futuro, sed plane in
diem
vivunt.
Vir
prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterlta mente repetit
et futura
ex
praeterltis providet.
Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the
mind
(plur.),
body
(plur.),
Man
should be in the school.
but also with the
should be mindful of
death.
In school, you should be attentive,
contented with
(abl.)
precepts of virtue.
thy lot!
Men
scholars
Thou
shouldest be
should always be mindful of the
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
96
[$50.
AC
50.
Of
The
Preliminary Remark.
1.
A mo,
I.
following paradigms need not

11.
a.me-s,
e long.
moneo, I admonish moncdw, I may ad.

thou mayest mones,thou admon- moneds, thou mayI
may
love
love
ama-f, he, she, it ame-?, he, she, it
may love
loves
a.md-mus, we love amc-wu5, we may
love
you may
3.me-tis,
dLxnd-tis^ you love
love
ame-nt, they may
ama-nf, they love
est
ishest
monef, he, she,
it
admonishes
monemws, we
monish
moneî^, you
monish
ad-
they
ad-
monenf,
admonish
moned^, he, she,
it
may admonish
monedmus, we may
admonish
ad- monedii^,
you may
admonish
monen^ they may

admonish.
monish
love.
II.
Imperfect.
II.
Present.
I.
ame-m,
love
ama-5, thou lovest
be
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
all
Monô, monwt, monifwm, monere.

Characteristic
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
amo,
amare.
a long.
avi^ a-matum,
Characteiistic
the four regular
Imperfect
might monebam^ I admon- monercm I might

admonish
ished, was ad.
love
monebas^ thou ad moneres, thou
amtt has, thou lov- amd-res, thou
mi gh test ad
a
monishedst, was
mightestlove
edst, wast loving
amd-&am, I loved,
was loving
ama-rcTTi,
a.md-bdt, he, she,
a.md-ret, he, she,
loved,
it
was loving
it
might love
a.md-bdmus, we lov- aind-remfe, we

might love
ed, were loving
ama-6aî5, you lov- dund-retis, you
might love
ed, were loving
a.md-bant, they lov- amd-renf, they
might love.
ed, were loving
III.
Future
monebat, he, she, it monere^, he, she, it

might admonish
admonished, was a.
monebdinus.,
ad-
monc^dîs, you ad-
moneremw5, we
might admonish
moneretisi you
might admonish
monished, were a.
monebaniy they ad- monerent, they
might admonish.
monished,were a.
III.
(Indicative).'^
we
monished,werea.
Future (Indicative).
amonish
moneiis, thou wilt admonish
monebit, he, she, it will admonish
monebimus, we shall admonish
monebiti^, you will admonish
moncfcrt, I shall
ama-6o, I shall love

ama-6?s, thou wilt love
ama-î^, he, she, it will love
ama-i?r/m5, we shall love
a.md-bitis, you will love
a.md-bunt^ they will love.
monebunt., they will admonish.
IV. Perfect.
have ad- monuerim, I may
have admonished
monished
have loved
thou monuisli, thou hast monueris, thou
amd-(7;e)ri5,
mayest have ad.
admonished
mayest have 1.
IV. Perfect.
ama-i5i, I
have
lov- dLmd-{ve)r1.m, I
ed
BLmd-{in)sti,
thou
hast loved
a.md-vit^ he, she,
has loved
it
may monui,
amd-(re)rtf,he, she
i
may have
1.
monuit, he, she, it mnxmeri'., he, she,

it may have ad.
has admonished
a.md-{ve)rimus, we monMt?n5,we have monuerlmus, we

may have ad,
admonished
may have loved
monuerltis, you
you
aimd-{vi)stls, you amd-(ce)rt<i5, you monuistis,
may have ad.
have admonished
may have loved
have loved
monuerint^ they
a.md-{ve)runt{vere) a.md-{ve)rint, they monuerunt (ere),
may have ad.
they have ad.
may have loved.
they have loved
dimd-vlinusj
have loved
we
ACTIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
50.]
97
TIVE.
Conjugations.
learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow.
Rego,
111.
rexi, rectum, regere.
Characteristic
Indicative
I
IV. Audio, audivi, auditum, audjre.
short.
Characteristic
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
rego, I govern
hear
long.
Subjunctive.
Present.
1.
regam,! maygovern audzo,
audidw,
may hear
regis, thou govern- rega^, thou mayest audi5,

thou hearest audids, thou mayest
govern
est hear
regit, he,
she, it regdi, he, she, it a.ndit, he, she, it aiudmt,
he, she, it
governs,
may govern
regimw^, we govern regdmus, we
may hear
a.ndidmus, we
hear
hears
may
a.\idimus,
you
may
a.uditis,
they
govern.
may
dindiunt,
we hear
govern
regitis,
you govern
regcltis,
you hear
govern
regunt, they govern regant,
II.
legebam,
may
hear.
II.
Imperfect.
ight a.udiebam, I heard, audircm,
ed, was gov.

govern
was hearing
regebas, thou gov- regere5,thou might- audicâ5,thou heard
ernedst, wast g.
est govern
est, wast hearing
xegebat, he, she, it regeret, he, she, it audiebat, he, she, it
governed, was g.
might govern
heard, was h.
regebdmus, we gov- regeremus, we
Siudiebdmus, we
erned, were gov.
might govern
heard, were h.
xegebdtis, you gov- regeretis,
audiebdtis,
you
you
erned, were gov.
might govern
heard, were h.
legebant, they gov- regerent,
audiebant,
they
they
erned, were gov.
might govern.
heard, were h.
III. Future (Indicative).^
regdm, I shall govern
rege5, thou wilt govern
veget, he, she, it will govern
regemus, we shall govern
'xegetts, you will govern
may
you may
hear
they hear diudiant, they
Imperfect.
govern- regerem,
dLudidtis,
might
hear
audtres,
thou
mighesthear
audiret, he, she,
it
might hear
audirevms, we
might hear
audlretis,
you
might hear
audirent,
they
miorht hear.
III. Future (Indicative).^

audidm, I shall hear
audiC5, thou wilt hear
audiet, he, she, it will hear
and ie7nus, we shall hear
audietis,
regent, they will govern.
you
will
hear
aadient, they will hear.
IV. Perfect.
IV. Perfect.
have govern- rexerim, I may
audivi, (audu')
audi(v)erim, 1 may
ed
have governed
have heard
have heard
Texisti, thou hast rexeris, thou mayaudl(vi)sti, thou
audi(v)eris, thou
governed
est have govern.
hast heard
mayest have h.
rexi, I
rexit,
he,
she,
it
rexerit, he, she,
it
audivit, he, she,
has governed
may have gov.
has heard
rexunus, we have rexerimus, we may audivimus,
we
governed
have governed
have heard
you have
governed
rexisti.s,
xexeritis,
you may
have governed
rexericnt (ere), they rexerint, they
have governed
may
have governed.
audi(vi)stis,
you
have heard
audi(v)ent, he, she,

it
may have
h.
we
may have heard
audi(v)erimus,
audi(v)erUis,
you
may have
heard
erunt (ere),\audi(v)erint, they
audi (v)
they have heard]
may have
heard.
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
98
I.
Amo,
dimavi, a.matum, a.mare.
Characteristic
had
ama-(ve)rdm,
loved
a,md-{ve)rds,
thou a.md-{vi)sses, thou

mightest have 1.
ama-(^;^)55em,
might have loved
a.md-{ve)rdt,he,she, a.md- {vi)s set, he, she,

it
had loved
it
a.md-{ve) ramus,
had loved
you
Simd-{ve)rdtis,
might have
1.
dLmd-(vijssemus, we
might have loved
we
dixn.d-{vi)sse:tis,
had loved
V. Pluperfect.
inor\7ieram, I had monuissem,! might
admonished
have admonished
monwera^, thou
monuisses, thou
hadst admonished
mightest have ad.
monuerat, he, she, monuisset, he, she,
it had admonish.
it might have ad.
monuerdmus, we monuissemus, we
had admonished
might have ad.
you Taonuerdds, you

had admonished
monuissetis,
had loved
might have loved
they
you
might have
might have loved
a.md-{ve)rant, they diU\d-{vi)ssent, they xnonuerajit,
monuissent,
had admonished
ad.
they
might have
ad.
VI. Future Perfect.^

shall have loved
thou wilt have loved
ama-(^'e)r^^, he, she, it will have loved
dimd-(ve)rimus, we shall have loved
a.md-(ve)ritis, you will have loved
ama-(re)rm, they will have loved.
dimd-{ve)rd,
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
V. Pluperfect.
hadst loved
Mone.o, xiionui, momtum, monere.

Characteristic e long.
II.
lono-.
Su BJUNCTIVE.
In DICATIVE.
LUO.
diva.d-{ve.)rts,
monuero,
have admonished
I shall
monueris, thou wilt have admonished

moiiuerit, he, she, it will have admon.
monuerimus, we shall have admonished
monueritis, you will have admonished
monuerint, they will have admonished

Imperative.
Imperative.
ama, love thou
mone, admonish thou
ama-fo, thou shouldest love

a.md-to, he, she, it should love
a.md-te, love ye
a.md-tote, you should love
dimd-nto, they should love.
moneô, thou shouldest admonish

moneto, he, she, it should admonish
monefe, admonish ye
monetote, you should admonish
moneTiô, they should admonish.
Supine.
Supine.
1)
amd-iwm, in order
2)
ama-fw, to love, be loved.
momtum,
in order to admonish
2) xxionitu, to admonish, be admon.
to love
1)
Infinitive.
Pres.
ama-re, to love
Pres.
Perf
&md-(vi)sse, to have loved
Perf
Fut.
amd-turus,
a,
um,
esse, to will
Fut.
love,* (that one) will love.

Participle.
Pres.
Fut.
ama-ns, loving
dLind-turus,
a,
um,
Participle.
Pres.
intending, Fut.
wishing, about to love.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
a.ma-nduvi est, one (we) must

Qxna.-ndi, of loving, or to love
a.ma-ndo, to loving, or to love
a.ma-ndtan (e. g. ad),\ov\ng
dima-ndo, by loving.
monens, admonishing
moniturus, a, um, intending,
wishing, about to admonish.
Gerund.
Gerund.
Nom.
moncre, to admonish
monuisse, to have admonished
moniturus, a, um, esse, to will
admonish, (that one) will ad.
1.
N. monendum est, one (we) must ad.

G. moncndi, of admonishing, or to ad.
D. moncndo, to admonishing, or to ad.
A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing
A. monendo, by admonishing.
amaturus, moniturusi
^) The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically
rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or ama') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive.
turus, etc.,essem, I would love.
:
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS.
^50.]
111.
IV. Audio, audt?;i, audiiww, audire.
Rego, rexi, rectum, regere.

Characteristic
Characteristic
short.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
99
long.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
V. Pluperfect.
V. Pluperfect.
vexissem, I might a.\xdi(v)eravi, I had a.udi{vi)ssem, I

rexeram, I had
might have h.
have governed
heard
governed
audz(r)era5, thou ai[xdi(vi)sses, thou
rexerus, thou hadst rexisses, thou
niightest have g.
mightest have h.
hadst heard
governed
rexerat, he, she,
lexisset, he, she,
it
rexerdmus,
it
3iudi(c)erat, he,she, audi (vi)s set, he, she,
might have gov.
had governed
we had
rexissemus,
governed
vexerdtis, you had
governed
rexerant, they had
governed
we
might have gov.
you
might have gov
vexissetis,
vexissent, they
j
it
had heard
dindi{v)erdtis,
we
you
you
h.
they
a.udi(vi)ssent,
might have
had heard
we
h.
aindi(vi)ssetis,
might have
dindi{v)erant, they
h.
have governed
have governed
have governed.
shall
have heard
thou wilt have heard
a.u.dilv)erit, he, she, it will have heard
d,v\dilv)erimus, we shall have heard
a.udi{v)eritis, you will have heard
a.\idi(v)erint, they will have heard.
diudi(v)ero, I shall
ai\di{v)eris,
Imperative.
Imperative.^
regc, govern thou
audt, hear thou

audiio, thou shouldst hear
audito, he, she, it should hear
thou shouldest govern

legUo, he, she, it should govern
regito,
regite,
might have
had heard
rexeritus, you will

rexerint, they will
might have h.
a.u.di(vi)ssemus,
had heard
might have gov,
rexero, I shall have governed

texeris, thou wilt have governed
rexerit, he, she, it will have governed
rexerimus,
it
we
a.udi{v)erdmus,
govern ye
audlic, hear ye
regUote, you should govern

regunto, they should govern.
Siuditote,
you should hear
a.udiuuto, they should hear.
Supine.
Szipine.
rectum, in order to govern

2) rectu, to govern, be governed.
diudltum, in order to hear

2) audfiM, to hear, be heard.
1)
Infinitive.
Pres.
regere, to govern
have governed
Perf
rexisse, to
Fut.
recturus, a, um esse, to will

govern,* (that one) will gov.
Pres.
Fut.
regens, governing
recturus, a, um, intending,
Pres.
audire, to hear
Perf.
Fut.
a.udi(vi)sse, to
Pres.
Fat.
diwdiens,
audlturus, a,
esse, to will
hear,^ (that one) will hear.
Participle.
Participle.
wishing, about to govern.
G.
D.
A.
A.
^)
um, intending,
wishing, about to hear.
Gerund.
one (we) must gov.

regcndi, of governing, or to govern
regendo, to governing, or to govern
regendum (e. g. ad), governing
regendo, by governing.
est,
These four imperatives without
CO, duco,
facio, fero.
love) but uses
'*)
hearing
Siuditurus, a,
Gerund.
N. regendum
have heard
um
N.
G.
D.
A.
A.
diadicndum
est,
audjewrfo, to hearing, or to hear

undiendum (e. g. ad), hearing.
a.\xdiendo,
are to be noted
by hearing.
die,
The English language has no
in its stead the Inf. Present.
one (we) must hear
3.udiendi, of hearing, or to hear
duc,fac,fer, from:
Infin.
Future
d.
(to will
PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
100
amor,
am
amer, I
loved
loved
I.
may
you
are
amemmi, you may monemini, you
be loved
amantur, they are amentur, they
loved
be loved..
may
are
are
II. Imperfect.
might be monebar, I was adloved

monished
a.mdbaris (e), thou amdreris(e) thou
monebdris{e), thou
wast loved
mightest be 1.
wast admonished
a.mdbdtur., he, she. amdretur, he, she. monebdtur, he, she.
it was loved
it might be loved
it was admon.
dLindbdmur., we
amdrernur, we
monebdmur, we
were loved
might be loved
were admonished
a.mdbdmini, you
amdreminl, you
monebdmini, you
were loved
might be loved
were admonished
a.mdbantur., they
amdrentur, they
monebantur, they
were loved
might be loved.
were admonished
ama6ar,
amdrer,
loved
III.
monedmur, we may
be admonished
monedmini, you
may be admon.
moneiitur, they are moneantur, they

admonished
may be admon.
Imperfect.
II.
admonished
loved
was
Present.
moneor, I am ad- monear, I may be

monished
admonished
moneris, thou art m.onedris{e) ihou
mayest be ad.
admonished
monetur, he, she, monedtur, he, she,
it is admonished
it may be ad.
be
amdri5, thou art ameris(e), thou

mayest be loved
loved
ama^wr, he, she, it ametur, he, she, it
may be loved
is loved
Simdmur^ we are amemur, we may monemur, we
loved
be loved
admonished
B.indmini,
PAS
51.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
I.
51
II.
1.
Indicative.
[^
Future.
monerer, I might
be admonished
monere7-i5(e), thou
mightest be ad.
moneretur, he, she,
it might be ad.
moneremur, we
might be ad.
moneremini, you
might be ad.
monerentur, they
might be ad.
III. Future.
amdbor, I shall be loved

amdberis (e), thou wilt be loved
amdbUur., he, she, it will be loved
SLmabimur, we shall be loved
arndbintijii, you will be loved
nmdbuntur, they will be loved.
be admonished
wilt be admonished
monebiiur, he, she, it will be admon.
monebimur, we shall be admonished
monSbinnni, you will be admonished
monebuntur, they will be admonished.
moriebdr,
1 shall
mone ber'is(e), thou
IV. Perfect.
'
a) Indicative.
amattis.
a,
um
amati,
ae.
sum, I have been loved

es, thou hast been loved
est, he, she, it has been loved
sumus, we have been loved
estis, you have been loved
sunt, they have been loved.
monitus, sum, I have been admonished

a.
es, thou hast been admonished
um est, he, she, it has been ad.
moniti. sumus, we have been admon.
ae.
estis, you have been admon.
a
sunt, they have been admon.
b) Subjunctive.
amatus, Sim,
a,
um
amati.
ae,
may have been
loved
thou mayest have been

it may have been
simus, we may have been 1.
sltis, you may have been 1.
sint, they may have been 1.
sis,
1.
sit,he, she,
1.
monitus, sim, I may have been admon

a,
sis, thou mayest have been ad
um 5i/!,he,she, it may have been a
moniti. simus, we may have been ad.
ae,
sitis,
sint,
you may have been

may have been
they
ad.
ad.
51.]
101
SIVE.
IV.
III.
Subjunctive
Indicative.
Present.
I.
legor, I
am govern-
regar,
ed
thou
governed
is
may
thou
mayest be gov.
regdttir, he, she, it
it
may
governed
regimur, we
governed
be governed
are regdmur,
we may
be governed
are regdmini, you
governed
be governed
regunhir., they are reganiwr, they
regvmini,
you
governed
audt^M?-, he, she,
was gov
he, she,
it may be heard
diudidmur, we may
be heard
duudidtur,
Siudimini,
may
be heard
sMdiuntur., they are a.\idiantur, they
heard
may be heard.
you
are a.ndidmini,
you
may
heard
11. Imperfect.
regebar, I
it
heard
audimur, we are
heard
is
may
be governed.
am
heard audiar, I may be

heard
a.udiris, thou art a.ndidris(e) thou
heard
mayest be heard
be audior,
art regdris{e).,
regitur, he, she,
Present.
1.
governed
legeris,
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
11. Imperfect.
might be audieiar,
governed
heard
was
audlrer, 1 might be
heard
thou regere7-is(e), thou a,udiebdris(e)^ thou audirer?!5(e), thou
wast governed
mightest be gov.
wast heard
mightest be heard
regerer, I
erned
Tegebdris(e),
regebdtur, he, she, regeretur, he, she, audiebdlur., he, she, audlrciwr, he, she,
it was governed
it might be gov.
it was heard
it might be heard
regebdmur,we were vegeremvr, we

governed
might be gov.
regebdmmi, you
vegeremini, you
were governed
might be gov.
diVidiebdmur,
Tegehantur, they
dLudlebantur,
111.
you
Q.adiebd7nini,
were heard
regerentur, they
might be gov.
were governed
we
were heard
'
they
might be heard.
were heard
Future.
audtrcmwr, we
might be heard
audtremim, you
might be heard
diudlrentur., they
III.
Future.
regar, 1 shall be goveined
audia?-, 1 shall be
legeris(e), thou wilt be governed

regetur, he, she, it will be governed
regejaur, we shall be governed
audiert5(e), thou wilt be heard

audicZwr, he, she, it will be heard
audje?wr, we shall be heard
audi'emmi, you will be heard
audtc?i<u?-, they will be heard.
regem'inl, you will be governed

regentur, they will be governed.
heard
IV. Perfect.
i)
rectus,
a,
um
recti,
ae,
Indicative.
sum, I have been governed

auditus, sum., I have been heard
65, thou hast been governed
a,
65, thou hast been heard
est., he, she, it has been govern'd
um est., he, she, it has been heard
sumi/s, we have been govern'd auditi, sumus., we have been heard
estis, you have been governed
ae,
estis., you have been heard
sunt^ they have been governed
sunt, they have been heard.
b) Subjunctive.
rectus,
a,
um
recti,
ae.
sim,
s<5,
may have been govern'd
thou mayest have been
sU^ he, she,
it
g.
may have been
g.
we may have been g.

you may have been ff.
slmus,
sitis.1
sint,
they
may have
been^g.
9*-
may have been heard

thou mayest have been h.
sit, he, she, it may have been h.
simus, we may have been h.
sitis, you may have been h.
sint, they may have been h.
auditus, sim, 1
a,
um
auditi,
ae.
sis,
102
[^51.
V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.
bad been loved

monitus, eram, I had been admonished
eras, thou hadst been loved
eras, thou hadst been ad.
a.
erdt, he, she, it had been loved
um erat, he, she, it had been ad.
erdmus, we had been loved
moniti. eramus, we had been ad.
erdtis, you had been loved
eratis, you had been ad.
ae,
erant, tliey had been loved.
a
erant, they had been ad.
amatus, erdm,
a,
urn
amati,
ae,
b) Subjunctive.
amatus, essem, I might have been loved monitus, essem, I might have been ad.
a,
esses, thou mightesthave been
esses, thou mightest have been
^,
loved
admonished
esset, he, she, it, might have
urn
um esset, he, she, it might have
been loved
been admonished
amati, essevius, we might have been moniti, essemus, we might have been
loved
admonished
ae,
essetis, you might have been 1.
essetis,yoa mighthavebeen ad.
ae,
a
essent, they might have been 1.
a
cssenl,\hej might have been ad.
VI. FutMre Perfect, {Indicative).
amatus, ero,
a,
um
amati.
ae.
I shall
have been loved
thou
loved
eris,
wilt
have
been
a,
eris,
thou wilt have been ad-
monished
erit, he, she, it will
have been
loved
erimus,
loved
eritis,
monitus, ero, I shall have been admonished
um
erit,
he, she,
it
will
have been
admonished
we
shall
have been
moniti,
you
will
have been
ae,
loved
erunt, they will
have
been
loved.
shall
Imperative.
Im-perative.
amare, be thou loved

amdfor, thou shouldest be loved
amaJdr, he, she, it should be loved
amamirtl, be ye loved
amdmindr, you should be loved
amanior, they should be loved.
we
have been admonished

eritis, you will have been admonished
erunt, they will have been admonished.
erimus,
monere, be thou admonished

vaonetor, thou shouldst be admonished
mor\e,tor, he, she, it should be adm'd
monemini, be ye admonished
moneminor you should be admonished
monentor, they should be admonished.
,
Infinitive.
Infinitive.
Pres. amdrl, to be loved

Pres. monm, to be admonished
Perf. amdW5, d, um esse, to have been Perf. monitus, a, um esse, to have been
admonished
loved
Fut. aindtum irl,^ to will be loved,
(that one) will be loved.
Participle.
Fid, monitum iri,^ to will be admonished, (that one) will be admonished.

Participle.
Perf. amatus, a, um, loved

Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished
Put. amandus, a, um, what should be Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be
loved.
admonished.
')
amatura, monitum, rectum, auditu m are Su Dines and hence cannot be de-
^51.
V. Pluperfect.
Indicative.
a)
had been governed

auditus, eram, I had been heard
hadstbeen governed
a,
eras, thou hadst been heard
erat, he, she, it had been g.
um erat, he, she, it had been heard
eramus, we had been governed auditi, eramus, we had been heard
eratis, you had been governed
ae.
eratis, you had been heard
erant, they had been governed
erant, they had been heard.
a
rectus, cram,
a,
um
recti,
ae.
103
eras, thou
b) Subjunctive.
might have been g.

auditus, essem, 1 might have been heard
esses, thou niighiest have been
esses, thou mightest have been
a,
governed
heard
esset, he, she, it might have
um esset, he, she, it might have
been governed
been heard
essemus, we might have been auditi, essemus, we might have been
governed
heard
essetis, you might have been g.
ae.
essetis, you might have beenh.
e55en, they might have beeng.
essent, they might have been h.
a
rectus, essem, I
a,
um
recti,
ae,
VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative).

rectus, ero, 1
a,
um
shall
have been gov- auditus,
erned
thou wilt have been governed
erit,
he, she,
eris,
thou wilt have been heard
it
will
have been
um
erit,
he, she,
have been
auditi.
ae.
it
will
have been
heard
we
erimus,
have been heard
a.
eris,
governed
recti.
ero, I shall
shall
governed
you will have been governed
erunt, they will have been
eritis,
we
erimus,
shall
have been
heard
ae.
you
eritis,
will
have
been
heard
a
governed.
erunt,
they
will
have been
heard.
Imperative.
Imperative.
regere, be thou governed

regtfor, thou shouldst be governed
Tegitor, he, she, it should be governed
audire, be thou heard

auditor, thou shouldst be heard
auditor, he, she, it should be heard
regindni, be ye governed
regv/rdnor, you should be governed
xeguntor, they should be governed.
audimini, be ye heard
diudlminor, you should be heard
audiuntor, they should be heard.
Infinitive.
Pres. regi, to be
Pejf. rectus, a,
um
governed
Fut rectum
Infinitive.
governed
iri,^
Prcs. andiri, to be heard

esse, to have been Perf. auditus, a, um esse, to have been
to \v\l\
heard
be governed. Fut. audilum iri,^ to will be heard.
(that one) will be heard.
(that one) will be governed.

Participle.
Perf. rectus, a, um, governed

Fut. regf.ndus, a, um, what should
be governed.
dined.
Participle.
a, um heard
andiendus, a, uvi, what should
be heard.
Perf auditus,
Fut.
That the English language ha 5 no
Inf. Fut.
has already been stated.
VERBS IN
104
to
OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
Third Conjugation.
52. Inflection of verbs in lo of the
ACTIVE,
Infill,
PASSIVE,
capere, to take.
[52.
Infin. capi.
|
Suhjunct.
Indicative.
cap-i-am cap-i-or
cap-Is, cap-it
cap-i-as
cap-imus, capitis
Subjunct.
Indicative.
cap-i-o
cap-eris,
cap-i-ar
cap-Uur
cap-i-aris
cap-imur, cap-imini
etc.
etc.
cap-i-untur.
cap-r-unt.
t4^
a,
cap-i-ebam
cap-erem cap-i-ebar
cap-erer
cap-i-am,
cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc.
-i-es, etc.
cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-iminl,
cap-e, cap-Uo, cap-ite, cap-itote,
cap-iminor, cap-i-untor.
cap-i-uuto.
Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap-i-endus
Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus
Supine
Words
LII.
Decerto
1.
elaboro
1.
{in c.
to be
abl.)
navo
1.
1.
learned
and
JSxercises
(c. dat.)
erum,/ree.
occupy myself with.

tion.
I. I number.
aptus, a, nm, fitted.
opera, ae,/ toil, labor, placidus, a, um, gentle.
numero
somnus,
i,
m.
vehemens,
sleep.
/ deliver.
tis,
potissimum,
timor, oris, m.fear.

cupiditas, atis,/ desire,
/ pursue some-
for translation.
interitus, us, m. destruc-
vex\\x\s,\,m.wind.
into, enter.
libero
cap-turn, cap-tu.
ram navo
contend.
/ labor (zealously).
flo 1. / blow, wave.
intro 1. (c. ace.) / go
liber, era,
violent.
adv.
es-
pecially.
quomodo, in what man-
passion,
ner, how.
thing ardently; ope-
A) Active of the first Conjugation.
Quum milites urbem intrabant, omnes

Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens
flabat.
Quamdiu
Quomodo
Ad
is
ego domi litteris operam

somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis.
imperabit, qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat?
libero
nos
placidus
quas res aptissimi erimus, in
diu eris
felix,
erant.
per altas quercus
tu in horto ambulabas,
Dum
navabam.
cives timoris pleni
ventus
iis
potissimum elaborabimus.
mulCbs amicos numerabis.
Quam-
Bonos semper laudabo,
105
FIRST CONJUGATION.
50.
improbos semper vituperabo.

patriam ab mterlm
Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites,
Si viitutem amabis, omiies boni te
liberabitis.
amabunt.
Words
LIII.
Comparo
learned
to be
acquire.
conjugo
I join
1.
ruri, in the
Ea
1.
Vivunt
rus, into
ace.
est
expected),
the
quam
similitudo
tanquam
qui ex corporum vinculis,
Quum
omnium civium animos
me
narraveras, vehementer
semper beatus
nos tractabunt.
erit
occupabat.
Narratio,
Quum
responsio
Ut
Si perpetuo in hac
Quum
Quum ego
Acriter
quam mihi nuper

exercitus
animum
hostilis
virtu tibus
sit
animus,
num
hi
ita
dubia
virtutum servaveritis, etiam
vita
hostes agros devastaverint,
eritis.
ipsam oppugnabunt.
Si
virtu-
Cur per
homines tractaverimus,
alios
Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis
in altera vita beati
conjugavit.
intraverant, ingens
delectaverat.
eris.
pos-
evolaverunt.
Quia semper
urbem
milites
urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus.

ornaveris,
it
Praeceptores meos semper amavi.
vigilasti ?
contra hostes pugnavimus.

terror
morum
carcere,
magnam vobis laudem comparastis.
praecepta observastis,
totem noctem
is
sible that ?
Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo.

tis
as.
if,
num, (an interrogative

word used when a
negative answer is
country.
jucundissima amicitia,
ii,
country,
rure,/rom the country,
/ ask.
/ observe.
adhuc, adv. still, [ally.

perpetuo, adv. continu-
tanquam, as
tive.
rus, ruris, n. country
1.
um, pleas-
a,
ant, agreeable.
narratio, onis,/. narra-
escape.
translation.
jucundus,
career, eris, m. prison,
to-
devoco 1. / call down.

migro 1. / migrate.
emlgro 1. I move out.
evolo \. I fly out from,
observo
ae, f. phi-
losopJiy.
gether, unite.
interrogo
and Exercises for
/ prepare, philosophia,
1.
urbem
rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe
eris.
LIV. Words
Recito
revoco
caussa,
1.
to be
/ read to.
/ recall.
abl. caussa
with gen.,
on account
of.
m.
[man.
m. a Ger-
Frenchman.
Germanus,
i,
How many
called)
n.
i,
capi-
i,
translation.
scelus,
eris, n.
quaestus, us, m. gain.
ment.
diligenter, adv. diligent-
crime.
m.
is,
an Athenian.
approbatio, onis,
probation,
ly, carefully.
fortiter, adv. bravely.
ap-
studiose, adv. zealously.
[tation.
ostentatio, 6nis,y. osten-
has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed
from crimes
offence,
punishment, 2)
(any severe) punishAtheniensis,
sophista, ae, m. sophist.
Francogallus,
and Exercises for
tal
cause;
ae, /.
learned
supplicium,
The Germans have fought
(=
re-
bravely against the
ACTIVE VOICE.
1-06
(=
French
So long as we frequented
Frenchmen).
The Athenians
sued literature diligently.
school,
pur-
who
To-morrow we
called those sophists,
pursued philosophy.
for the sake of ostentation or gain
we
50.
So long as you shall be

number many friends. The more any one (quis)
The more
shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be.
zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more
will celebrate the birth-day of our father.
fortunate,
you
will
When
agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers.
be in danger, the citizens will
shall
native country
[their]
fight spiritedly against the ene-
mies.
As
were entering the
have
Because thou hast always kept the precepts
of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise.
my
We
thou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee.
always loved our teachers.
city, all
the citizens were
full
As
the hostile ar-
of (gen.)
You
fear.
When we shall have migrawill still be in the city.

When the hostile army
have fought spiritedly against the enemies.

ted into the country, you
shall
have laid waste the
If you shall
fields, it will assault the city itself
have adorned [your] souls with
virtues,
you
will always
be happy.
As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens
had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep
refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied
The whole day
yourselves with literature.
my
When
friend.
dition of the citizens will be very wretched.
observed the precepts of
be wanting
jfi-iend,
as
to
have eagerly expected
the enemies shall have assaulted the
me.
virtue, the
my
the concarefully
approbation of the good will never
Scarcely hadst thou read to
he entered (perf )
city,
If I shall have
house (ace).
me
the letter of the
If thou shalt pursue
lit-
erature diligently, I shall praise thee.
LV. Words
Opto
to be
/ wish.
persano 1. / curt per1.
redamo
mihi
and
1.
1.
/ demand.
/
love in re-
turn.
rogo I, I entreat, ask.

supero 1. I surpass,
ious.
it
happens.
conscientia, ae, /. consciousness, conscience,
cura, ae,/. care; curae
faUe.
opera, ae,/. pains
advan-
stat'io,
onis, f. post.
alis, n. living
op- animal,
eram do, I take pains,

occupy myself ivith.
condiscipulus, i, m./fi-
being.
rectus,
cognitio, onis, /. knoiv-
a,
um,
right
conscientia recta, a
good
low-student.
conscience.
persaepe, adv. very often.
ut (with Subj.), that, in
ledge.
honestas,
utilitas, atis, /.
tage.
me(\lcus,\,m. physician,
overcome.
evenit, 4.
'Exercises for translation.
/ am anx-
est,
fcxbula, ae, f.
focily.
postulo
learned
atis,
rightness.
f.
up-
order that.
106.
See Synt.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
50.]
Persaepe evenit, ut
cum
Omnes
genter operam navent.
hil
magis mihi curae
ut
me
vii-ibus
quam
elaborate, ut litteras diligenter
adhlbet, ut aegrotum persanet.
animum
ut
virtutibus
imperavit, ut milites stationes siias servarent.
animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus.
animum
urbem ab
Every
living being looks to
You
you acquire
Heri ambulabam, ut
all
may
demand,
state
this
preserve
you
love
[my] powers, in order that
The laws of
(sibi).
it
my
We
parents.
ought always so to
in return.
live, that
we may
of
I
should
that the citizens
me
thou wouldst relate to
I entreat thee, that
itself.
teachers might
pursue literature very zealously, in order that
Quamquam ut
for yourselves the praise
we may
love us, in order that
labored (peif ) with

praise me.
agit), that
(id
this
the good.
my
erat,
interitu servaret.
to take pains, that
fable.
te,
Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut
exhilararem.
You ought
obey them
Ni-
Amo
ornem.
diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae
tristem
litteris dili-
Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diiigentia
redames.
Dux
est,
filii
debemus, ut in omni re rectam con-
omnem curam
Medicus
superes.
parentes optant, ut
Ita vivere
Omnibus
scientiam servemus.
tractetis.
Vide, ne pecces
honestate certet.
utilltas
contra virtutis praecepta.
107
may
the
delight
observe the pre-
cepts of virtue.
We
fought very spiritedly, in order that
country from destruction.

that
You were more
we might
save our native
anxious for nothing, than
you might adorn [your] souls with virtues. The general com(perf ), that the army might enter the city (ace). So long as I
manded
labored with
frequented the school,
adorn [my] mind with
(abl.)
LVI. Words
to be
Accelero 1. 1 hasten.
advento 1. / approach,
castigo
1.
reprove,
punish.
colloco
learned
perturbo
1. (in
aliqua re)
[my] powers, that
iJirow in-
1.
might
literature.
and Exercises for

1.
translation.
scholastica, scholastic
instruction.
to confusion.
specto
arrive.
all
Imowledge of
the
behold, con-
template.
multitodo, inis,/. multitude.
1 lay waste.
vasto
1.
mitto
3. /senc?, dispatch,
[tacking.
o])pugnatio, onis, /. aiortus, us, m. rising.
risus, us, m. laugh.

I place, bestow (upon uva, ae,/. grape.
something).
argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. predpitately.
[lously.
congregol. I assemble.
tents [o^ a hook).
religiose, adv. scrupudelibero 1. / deliberate, aiixilium, i, n. aid.
institutio, onis, f. in- ubi, whejx ; when, so
explico 1. / explain.
institutio
(as) soon as.
str action ;
gusto 1. I taste, relish.
Rule of Syntax. The conjunction
quin, with the
meaning that, takes
ACTIVE VOICE.
108
the subjunctive after
See Syntax
Non
est, it is
107, 3.
dubium, quin
est
pugnaturi
non dubito, / do not doubt, nemo dubitat, nobody

not doubt/id, and quis dubitat? who doubts'?
non
doubts, dubiiim
[50.
Quis
sint.
cives, ubi patria in periculo futura
sit,
fortlter
dubitat, quin e scholastica iustitutipne pulcherri-
mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bonorum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum raigraturi sint. Non dubiNon dubitabam, quin vos
to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint.
patriam a servitute libera turi
noster
tat,
omnes
labores et
quin Hannibal contra
tabrtis,
Cui dubium
essetis.
aerumnas
quin exercitus
erat,
Quis dubi-
facile toleraturus esset ?
Romanos
fortissimo pugnaverit
quin ego vos semper amaverim.
Quis
Non
dubitat, quin
dubi-
bonos sem-
Non est dubium,

?
Non dubito, quin lit-
per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus

quin in omni vitae conditione fidem
maximam operam
teris
servaritis.
Nemo
navaris.
dubitabat, quin hostes
Nemini civium dubium
expugnavissent.
Nemo
acerrime pugnavissetis.
erat,
dubitabat, quin
collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus.
Quum
nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror

occupavisset.
Nemo
urbem
quin pro patriae libertate
omnem operam
hostes
in eo
urbem oppug-
omnium civium animos

Ne-
dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses.
mini eorum qui aderant, dubium
erat,
quin recte de
illius
libri
argu-
mento judicavissem.
It is
doubtful to no one of those
(de) the character of that
who
doubts, that the enemies have taken the
from scholastic instruction the
Who
the young.
Nobody doubted,
city,
advantages
(=
not doubtful, that

fruits)
shall deliver the land
to
?
fight bravely.
Who
doubts, that you have raised
army
will
has thrown
Romans
redound
from servitude
all
It
is
endure
all
the toils
and
not doubtful, that the
attacking of
No
one of (gen.)
the citizens into confusion.
us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies.

the
Nobody
correctly.
It is
doubts, that our
hardships of war patiently.

the
we
city.
that all citizens, so soon as their native country should
Nobody
fairest
doubts, that
be in danger, would
a laugh
are present, that concerning
man, thou hast judged
No
one of
doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against
Who
doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this

we might overcome the enemy ? W^ho doubts, that I have
Nobody doubted, that we had always praised
always loved thee ?
them
(se).
(in eo), that
the good, [but] had always censured the bad.
have kept
my word (=
fidelity) ?
occupied thyself earnestly with

that
Who
Nobody doubted,
literature.
you had always kept the precepts of
doubts, that I
that thou hadst
To no one was
virtue.
it
doubtful,
ACTIVE VOICE.
50.]
Diligenter cura,
mi amice, valetudmem tuam

Ne praepropere de
Ne diiblta de animorum immortalitate
Per!
rebus judicate, o pueri

petiio servato,
mi
109
conscientiam rectam
fili,
Discipulus amato prae-
Omnes
Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos!
ceptores.
homines amanto deima.
Look out
men and
things,
boy
the immortality of the soul (plur.)!
Thou
ers.
You
praise
shoLildest
should always,
my
Judge not precipitateDoubt ye not concerning
your health
carefully, friends, for
concerning
ly
Scholars should love their teach-
the upright, [but] reprove the wicked.
good conscience.
sons, preserve a
(Comp. Synt.
97.)
Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habitatum.
urbem
Legati in
nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum

cives sui ex Italia
tes
Hannibalem invictum
Hosrevocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum.
pacem postulatum
legatos ad nos mittunt.
Ingens
ventavit agros nostros vastatum.
Exercitus hostilis ad-
hominum
multitudo in
urbem
congregatur ludos publicos spectatum.
Uva immatura
est
Multa sunt dura
peracerba gustatu.
Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu.
facilis
Pira dulcia sunt gustatu.
est toleratu.
The
toleratu.
non
Sitis
soldiers hastened (perf. ), in order to
relieve the
city
from
The ambassadors assembled themselves

(= were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The
hostile army approached, in order to assault the city.
To-morrow my
the siege of the enemies.
parents will go (== migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell
through the summer.
[there]
A ripe
grape
is
sweet to
This thing
behold.
LVII Words
Duro
1.
is
to he
endure, con-
1.
/ reproach
[one] for.
investigo
learned
1.
I trace
out,
mico 1. I glitter.
obtempero 1. io6e?/.
sudo 1. / sweat.
supplico 1. I implore.
sun
mid Exercises for
beautiful to
is
i,
n.
i,
cir-
n. duty, ser-
loss,
m.
orna-
ment.
alienus, a,
exiguus,
odiosus,
vice.
calamitas, atis, /.
translation.
ornatus, us,
cumstance, particular,
officium,
investigate.
rising of the
avaritia, ae,/. avarice.
momentum,
tinue.
exprobro
The
taste.
easy to explain.
a,
a,
teter, tra,
nm, foreign,
um, little.
um, odious.
trum,/owZ.
coelestis, e, heavenly.
misfortune.
praesertim,
actio, onis,/. adion.
portio, onis,/. drinking,
adv.
espe-
dally.
drink.
Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat,
10
Coelum plenum
est stel-
FIRST CONJUGATION.
110
Nullum vitium
larum micantium.
tetrius
[^50.
quam
est,
tim in principibus rem publicam gubernantibus.
haec nostra ut exigua
hominum
minima contemmmus.
et
Ex
exprobrantium.
officia
aquae potio perniciosissima
avaritia, praeser-
Cogitantes coelestia,
Odiosum
non
Vir bonus viro bono
est.
est
genus
labore sudanti frigidae
(after)
supplicanti
succurrit.
Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare
debemus.
Sapiens bona
sibi
comparare studet perpetuo duratura.
unum locum
congregantur.
urbem congregatur ludos
publlcos spec-
Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in
hominum
Ingens
multitudo in
tatura.
How
great
wisdom of God who
the
is
whole world! The larks sing as

love God, when he does not observe
The power of
virtue.
the souls of
men
The
(=
(=
it
fairest
{=
illuminates
assaulting) the city.
The
intending to assault) the
(=
citizens) recalled
to deliver) his native country
governing) the
Man
flying).
does not
not observing) the precepts of
ornaments.
adorns
it
How great
illuminating) the
(=
adorning)
are the bene-
whole earth
the enemies, who were assaulting
citizens fought spiritedly with
citizens
(=
virtue is very great, since
with the
of the sun, since
fits
(=
(=
governs
they Jiy
army came up in order to

The invincible Hannibal, his
assault
hostile
city.
from
might
Italy, that he
deliver
fellow-
(=
about
from the enemies.
Rule of Syntax. The Gerund takes the same case as its verb.
Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated
In the
by
/ {thou,
etc.
he)
must, ought, should,
but without
the
should (comp, Synt.
De animorum
randum
we
must, ought, should,
one [we) must, ought,
98.).
e patria in alienas terras
Propter
migrandum
genter nobis est elaborandum, ut in
dum
they)
immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum.
est virtutis praeceptis.
observemus.
[you,
of the agent by
Dat.
Quis
dubitat,
est.
belli
Obtempe-
calamitates multis civibus
Si beati esse studemus,
omni actione
virtutis
dili-
praecepta
quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan-
sit.
LVIII. Words
Avoco
to be
learned
and Exercises for
translation.
I call away.
fortem), / show my- occasio, onis, /. occadiiuciicol. I distinguish.
se?/" (brave).
sion.
nato 1. I swim.
teneo 2. I hold, under- planities, ei,y! flain.
[lectics.
idoneus, a, um, suited.
praebeo, 2. / afford;
stand.
praebeo me (e. g. dialectlca, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. wisely.
l.
Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases
of the Infinitive the Ace, however, can be used only in connection
with a preposition. Comp. Synt. 98.
;
PASSIVE VOICE.
$51.]
Nom.
JVatdre est utile,
swimming
Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, I
Ill
is useful.
am skilful in swimming,
or to swim; natanof swimming or to swim is useful. Ars

civitatern gubernandi, the art of governing a state is difficult.
di ars utilis est, the art
Dat. JVatando
homo
aptus
est,
man
is fitted to
swimming, or
to
swim.
Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but ad natandum homo aptus est, man is fitted for sivimming or to swim.
:
Abl. JVatando corporis vires exercentur, hy swimming the powers of the

body are exercised.
Navigare utihssimum
falsa dijudicandi.
Haec
apta
planities
est
Boni
difficillima.
Principes civitatis
Dialectica est ars vera ac
pugnando.
Ego
fratrem
aptum se praebet ad natanPauci homines idonei sunt ad aliis imperandum. Virtus homavocat a peccando. Acriter pugnando milites urbem ab interitu
natare doceo, gaudeoque, quod
tuum
dum.
ines
sed ars navigandi est
debent civitatem gubernandi.
esse
periti
est,
sunt htteras diligenter tractandi.
discipuli cupidi
tarn
liberaverunt.
To
art
govern a
state,
very
is
difficult
ning.
Thy
lect is
nourished by
brother
LIX. Words
Crucio
J.
is
learned
to be
and Exercises for
1.
ace.
B.)
Quum
ti
of decus,
n. confia-
delectabare (delectabaris).
Quamdiu
tamdiu homines
virtutis
Maleflci post
tractaverltis, ita
adv.
kindly,
benevolently.
hodie, adv. to-day.
f oblivion,
oris, n. honor.
mlsere, adv. ivretchedly,

in a wretched way.
Passive of the First Conjugation.
occupabantur.
obscurabatur.
translation.
benevole,
disease.
urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur,
terrore
erunt.
6ms,
ohWv'io,
(with
sin-
intel-
lent, slothful.
1.
1.
The human
person and abl. of efFCisus, a, um, imrething), / deprive of.

strained.
poena, ae, /. punish- piger, gra, grum, indo-
I torment.
please.
spolio
few understand the
thinking.
(abl.)
I improve.
ment.
/ announce.
morbus, i, m.
obscuro 1. / obscure.
probo- 1. / approve ; incendium i,
gration.
prober (c. dat.) I
nuntio
[only] a
very skilful in (gen.) riding.
cruciatus, us, m. torture.
emendo
Avoid thou every occasion of
of governing a state wisely.
ab
iis
venmus, a parentibus
Dum
omnium civium animi
Quum
pugna atrocissima
erat, sol
virtus decore et dignitate sua
compotes etiam
mortem
ingen-
ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando
Si
nostris pulchris
summis
nubibus
spoliabitur,
cruciatibus beati
Ut alios
operam nava-
poenis castigabuntur.
justis
tractabimini.
in
non
litteris
diligenter
munerlbus donabimur.
Quo
re-

FIUST CONJUGATION.
112
urbs ab hostibus expugnata
omnes
erat,
ciyes acerbissimo dolore cru-
Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt,
ciabantui'.
Quum
praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor.
virtutis
ligiosius
[$51.
magna ad
vos
laus redundabit.
As
yesterday thou wast with me, I
pains, but to-day I

love)
ed
men, thou
men
happy,
am
wilt
(abl.)
If thou lovest
violent
(=
shalt
The remembrance of renownno oblivion. The wise will even then be
be loved by them.
obscured by
is
when
was tormented by
delivered from them.
(abl.)
they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains.
While we delighted ourselves (= were delighted) in (abl.) song (Gerund), you delighted yourselves in the dance (Gerund). The more
scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the
more
As
you please God.
will
the victory of our
ed, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij
army was announc-
through the whole
the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at
same time three
(=
Christmas
conflagrations
good parents you
be presented with
will
(fut.
perf
all
thou wast delighted by
LX. Words
Iform.
oppose,
(abl.)
to he
am a
hindrance.
As thou
reporto
i.
1.
turhed, apprehensive.
expleo 2. Ifulfil.
prohlbeo 2. I prevent.
metuo
3.
learned
much
also please
the
If
God.
more kindly
enteredst the house (ace.)
and Exercises for
translation.
metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,^ cowardice.

otium, i, n. ease.
sion,Jear.
officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/ weakin the way.
[tinue.
ness.
pergo 3. / go on, con- timiditas, atis,/. timidiimpedio 4. I prevent.
ty.
hindrance
mento
ness.
est,
hindrance.
/ apprehend, constanda,
Jear.
beautiful presents.
the arrival of thy father.
I prepare.
/ hear off.
solliclto 1. I disturb.
sollicltus, a, um, dis- impedimentum,
-prsiepîo
(abl.)
good men, thou wilt
be treated by them.
1.
the very
Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow
kindly I shall have treated others, so
shall I also
Conformo
obsto 1. /
raised.
As
city.
the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your
thou shalt please
The more
were
(abl.)
i,
n.
divinus, a,
um,
divine.
impedi- immanis, e, cruel.

it
is a terrestris, e, earthly.
temere, adv. inconsid-
ae, f.Jirm-
erately,
without rea-
son.
Rule of Syntax.
The conjunction quomlnus with the Subj. stands

verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be
translated into English by ihat.^
(Comp. Synt. 107, 2.).
after the
* Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corresponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it. Tr.
PASSIVE VOICE.
$51.]
Levitas
animi
impedimento
piieris
miiltis
mores emeiideiitur
quominus
liostilis
quominus eorum
Mili-
Unius
exercitus superaretur.
ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab
immanibus
mi-
militibus
Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus
sere vexarentur.
Infirinltas vocis et timiditas
res divinae a nobis curentur.
pedit,
est,
ingenia litterarum studio conformentur.
et
tLim ignavia obstabat,
quominus laude dignus
oratori officiunt,
113
quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis
animi saepe
Senectus non im-
judicetur.
tractentur.
Timidi-
saepe impedit, quominus animus noster contra pericula, quae nobis
tas
imminent, praeparetur.
Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hindered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firmness of the general alone prevents the citizens fi-om being annoyed by
Already has levity been an hindrance to many

manners should be improved and their minds be formed
the cruel soldiers.

boys, that their
by
The cowardice of
the study of literature.
the soldiers hindered,
army should be overcome.
that the hostile
Rule or Syntax.
After the words and phrases which express /ear

is to be translated by that, and ut with
or apprehension, ne with the Subj.

the Subj. by that not.
(Corap. Synt.
106, 3.).
Me-
Piger discipulus semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur.

tuo,
ne a
tibus reportetur.
non
Si
morbo
tam
ne ab
est periculum,
giose expletis
ut
Timeo, ut
te vituperer.
was
contra hostem dimicare pergimus,
superemur.
Sollicltus eram,
in apprehension that I should

I
Si ofRcia vestra
Vehemens cura animos
liberaremini.
hended, that
ab exercitu nostro de hos-
ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini.
ab hostibus vexaremur.
I
fortiter
lis
victoria
should be disturbed in
ne in
semper
nostros sollicitabat, ne
otio turbarer.
be censured by thee.
my
ease.
The
soldiers
apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne

violent apprehension
noyed by
the" enemies.
Why
= not)
to fight
fear, that
it
appre-
were in
off.
we may be
A
an-
did they apprehend, that they should

If thou hast
always
do not fear that thou mayest not please (probor)
army continues
(
care) disturbs our minds, that
delivered from sickness?
not be
duties,
(=
reli-
In metu eramus,
fulfilled
all.
so bravely against the enemies, there
may be overcome by them.
thy
If our
is
no
Indolent scholars always
We
were in apNot without reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that you would
be annoyed by the enemies.
fear, that
they shall be punished by [their] teachers.
prehension, that
we
should be accounted ungratefid by you.
10*
114
FIRST CONJUGATION.
LXI. Words
Contammo
1.
to be
con-
taminate.
exoro
1.
I prevail upon
flagitium,
1.
sceleratus,
I trans- prodltor, 6ris,m.

splendor,
gress.
multo
1 punish.
1. I mark, brand,
occo 1. / hairow.
reparo 1. / repair,
Si industrius
civitas,
mi
sin piger, vituperator
Be
Ne
[=
upon by
Si quid
Precibus nosiris exorare, o
fault (fut.
(abl.)
father
O my
perf ) allow yourselves
Thou
will be
observed.
The
If thou transgressest
fields,
shouldst be punished.
(=
to &e
If
but
if
you are
Virtue should always be sacredly
the right time, should be ploughed
at
(fut.
Thou,
you
be ye) cen-
shouldest not be contaminated with
censured.
harrowed.
boys, delight
the study of literature.
If you are diligent, you will be praised
you
indolent,
my
entreaty,
sured with equanimity!

foul deeds.
Exoramlni, o mei parentes
contaminammor
be delighted) in
have committed a
Pro-
Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia
animo vituperare
flagitiis
prevailed
yourselves
et occator
Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor
*
!
if.
Si leges civitatis
Ager justo tempore arator
puer, delectare litterarum studio

!
sin, conj. but
citizen-
of
ship.
laudator
es,
ness.
atis, /. citizen-
ship, right
multaminor
peccaveris, aequo
judex
sancte, adv. sacredly,

sanctitas, atis,/. sacrecZ-
ditores patriae civitate spoliantor
notaminor
m. splen-
oris,
um,
a,
wicked.
traitor.
dor.
noto
migraveritis,
equanimity.
foul
n.
i,
deed.
ace.
1. c.
a, am, equal;
aequus animus,
aequus,
ignominia, ae, J. ignominy.
by entreaty.
migro
[^51.
and
perf) the laws of the state, thou
wicked
citizen, shouldst
be branded
with ignominy!
LXII. Words
Adaequo
appropinquo
proach.
exstirpo
to be
1.
externiino
/
1.
sêro
expel.
Ifound.
labefacto 1. / shake.
efForesco
muto
1.
ruo
I rule,
reign.
offen-
-permc'ies, ei, f. destruc-
3.
Iflourish,
quam
i.
um,
distin-
jam pridem,
adv. long
since.
ae,/ boyhood,
n, the
a,
guished, excellent.
/ rush.
solum,
Melior est certa pax,
eximius,
T dismiss.
3.
pueritia,
change.
1.
dimitto
3.
atis,/. hu-
manity.
I happen.
3.
1.
/ cJiange, ex-
translation.
humamtas,
tion.
accldo
fundo
regno
and Exercises for
ded.
extirpate.
learned
I hope.
/ ap- violo 1. I violate.
succenseo 2. 1 am
]. /ZeueZ.
interdlu, adv. by day.
ground.
sperata victoria.
Terra mutata non
PASSIVE VOICE.
51.]
Multa in hac
mutat mores.
115
non
vita accidunt
eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes,

tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt.
The
friendship formed
disturbed by
pected
(=
(abl.)
in
(=
ob
prima pueritia a paren-
(= united) between good

(= no thing). Dangers,
and wise [men]
is
which were not ex-
not expected) by us, discompose our minds more (magis)
having been censm-ed) on account of a
the censurer
{=
Omnes
dimittit mJlites
nothing
than dangers which were long since expected.

ed
exspectata.
Dux
dolores patienter tolerati minus acerbi sunt.
(= the
the walls having
one censurmg).
been leveled)
they are obscured
(=
thou art censur-
be not offended at
After the walls had been leveled
to the
ground by the enemies, they
By day we do
are repaired by the citizens.
When
fault,
not see the
stai's,
hecause
they having been obscured) by the splendor of the
sun.
(Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100,
4, b).
Regnante Xerxei), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam

Inter bonos viros et
portaverunt.
deum
re-
amicitia est, conciliante natu-
Appropinquante hieme^), multae aves mitiores regiones petunt.
ral).
Regibus exterminatis^), Roman! liberam rempublicam fundaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores hominum non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis'''), vita nostra
Recuperata pace^), artes efflorescunt.
beata
erit.
While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous.

While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Augustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest.
When
a just king administers the state, the laws also are just.
When
the
swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches.

After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf.) the
city.
When
the state
is
the sacredness of the laws
was
flagration
ui,
restrain.
the city
is
violated, the
foundation of
had been taken, an immense con-
raised.
LXIII. Words
Coerceo,
When
shaken.
Itum
2.
to be
learned
/ deleo,
and Exercises for

etum
evi,
2.
translation.
pareo, ui
2.
I obey,
am
obedient, follow.
destroy.
1) While Xerxes reigned, or

under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since nature forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or on the approach of
winter. *) After peace is restored, or: on the restoration of peace. ^) After
the kings had been expelled, or after tlie expulsion of the kings. ^) When
the country has been exchanged, or after an exchange of countries.
When the divine laws are sacredly observed.
:
''')
PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.
116
pateo,
I stand
2.
lii
instruo,
upon.
to
/ am
valeo, ui, itiim 2.
xi,
spiracy.
aditus, us, m. approach.
3. to
acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2)
nctum
ctum
tenuis, e, thin.
corona, ae,/. garland,
quoad,
fere, adv. almost.
mem-
ae,/.
oculus,
conj. so
probe adv.
hrane.
3, to
excello, ui 3. to be dis-
line-of-hattle.
I thirst.
membrana,
3.
detect.
/ hunger.
4.
sitio 4.
surround.
detego
conjuratio, onis,/. con-
3.
write.
turn 3. to consume.
to
ptum
scribo, psi,
strong, well.
uctum
furnish, to arrange.
absumo, sumpsi, sump- esurio

cingo, nxi,
uxi,
[^50.
m. eye.
incendiura, i, n. confla-
long as.
excellently,
properly.
1,
gration.
C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations.

a) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Active of
Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudlo.

Laudat,
exercet,
ducit,
duels, erudis.
Laudabam, exercebam,
erudit.
duces,
exercebis,
gebam, tu scribebas,
Hostes aciem
Laudabit,
erudles.
Gaudebara, quod tu
ducebam,
Laudebat,
Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudlam.
exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat.
erudiet.
Conjugations.
all the
exerces,
Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas.
erudiebam.
Laudabis,
Laudas,
et pater
et frater legebat.
exercebit,
tuus valebatis.
Dum
ducet,
ego pin-
Milites nostri castra muniebant.
insti'uebant.
Dum nos
Quum hostes
Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis.
legebamus, vos scribebatis
et sorores
urbem
cingebant, cives earn custodiebant.
rjostram obsidione
placebas,
Dum
displicebas.
aliis
acu pingebant.
Omnes
boni legibus divinis semper parebunt.
vives.
Dum
tu dormies, ego te custodiam.
We
praise,
you
praised,
we
lead,
we
exercise,
you
We
they instruct.
Quoad vives, bene

honorem nulla
Virtutis
Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit.
oblivio delebit.
exercise,
Tibi
tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam.
lead,
They
instruct.
we
praised,
you exercised, you
we
exercised,
led,
You
instruct.
praise,
you
praise, they exercise, they lead,
we
led,
you instructed.
we
instructed.
They
You
praised, they
We will praise, we will exercise,

You will praise, you will exercise, you
They will praise, they will exercise, they
exercised, they led, they instructed.
we
we
will lead,
will lead,
you
will instruct.
will instruct.
will lead, they will instruct.
While we wrote, you
read,
We
rejoiced, that (quod) thou
While the enemies were arranging the

fortified the
camp.
The
wast well.
and the brothers painted.

line-of-battle,
our soldiers
teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars
ACTIVE VOICE.
50.]
obeyed
While
their (eorum) precepts.
ing,
and the
city
with a blockade,
shall live,
you
we guarded
While you
you displeased.
will live
singing, thou wast learn-
enemy surrounded our
the
You
it.
slept,
well.
was
While
embroidering.
sister
117
pleased yourselves, others
we guarded
While you
So long as you
you.
shall sleep,
we
will guard
you.
b) Indicative Perfect Active of all

Laudavi, exercui,
duxi,
Laudavit,
erudi(vi)sti.
artibus floruit.
Lauda(vi)sti,
erudivi.
exercuit,
the Conjugations.
duxit,
Hostes aciem instruxerunt.
Laudo
sitierunt et esurierunt.
studio probe exercuistis.
Multas
litteras
duxisti,
Graecia omnibus
Milites per
quod mentes
vos,
exercuisti,
erudivit.
totum diem
vestras in litterarum
hodie scripslmus.
Natura
membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates militum

coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domus vestrae
parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis?
Cur tacuistis.? Bellum
oculos tenuissimis
urbis nostrae opes absumpsit.
Incendium totam
fere
Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit.
urbem absumpsit.
We
have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instructYou have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have
instructed.
They have praised, they have exercised, they have led,
they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before
(ante) the city.
The Greeks were (perf.) distinguished by (abl.)
ed.
the glory of [their] arts and literature.
hast exercised thy

written the
letter.
We
soldiers.
Why
er,
1.
to he
Iflytogeth-
hasten together.
specto
1.
behold, have
to he
2.
educo,
xi,
lead out.
ctum
3.
The wars have consumed our
olui,
metuo, ui
ultum
3.
to
4.
temerltas, atis,/ inconsiderateness, rashness.
3. to
diu, adv. long time.
fear.
ectum
3.
vix, adv. scarcely.
priusquam
to neglect.
disentan-
gle, get ready.
quam)
.
[or
prius,
conj.
sooner
than.
/ end, conclude, simulatque, conj. so

obedio 4. / obey.
[as) soon as.
finio 4.
3. to despise.
Wherefore hast
excolo,
on one's guard, expedio
contemno,mpsi,mptum
had
clothed) the walls of thy house with gar-
negligo, exi,
cautum
restrained the passions of the
to cultivate.
in view.
caveo, cavi,
(=
hast thou been silent
LXIV. Words
Convolo
praise thee, that (quod) thou
the study of literatui-e.
have carried on a very bloody war.
thou adorned and hung

lands
mind properly in
The general has
118
c) Indicative Pluperfect Active
of all
Haec
eriidi(v)erat.
Lauda(ve)ras,
Lauda(ve)rat5 exercuerat, duxerat
civltas diii floruerat, quia
quum
instruxerat,
50.
the Conjugations.
Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, duxerara, erudi(v)eram.

exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras.
Vix Caesar aciem
semper legibus paruerat.

unum locum convola-
hostes in
Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper eorum prae-
verunt.
Tu
ceptis obedieratis.
non coercueras.
tuam
Vix
nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem
Incendium totam
milltes nostri castra muniverant,
fere
quum
m-bem absumpserat.
Caesar aciem
instruxit.
We
had praised, we had exercised, we had led, we had instructed.

You had praised, you had exercised, you had led, you had instructed.
They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instructed.
Why
hadst thou been silent
Scarcely had the enemies arrang-
ed the liue of battle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the
The war had consumed
camp.
Thou
the resources of our state.
hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre-
You had
cepts.
injured that [man]
gi'eatly,
because you had not res-
trained your rashness.

d) Indicative
Future Perfect Active of all
Lauda(ve)ro, exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ei'o.

ris,
duxeris, erudi(v)eris.
the Conjugations.
Lauda(ve)ris, exercue-
Lauda{ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit
Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, aditus in coelum vobis

Divites
eritis, si divitias
contempserltis.
negotia nostra finiermius.

eritis.
Simulatque
litteras
castra muniverint, ad
We
we
shall
shall
cised,
will
have
led,
you
If thou shalt have
thou wilt be loved by

despised riches.
my
business
all.
Not sooner
(plur.).
will
milltes
shall
have
have
led,
They
will
have
they will have
obeyed (parere) the precepts of
Thou
led,
will have exer-
have instructed.
virtue,
wilt be rich, if thou shalt have
shall I sleep, than I shall
have concluded
If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou
So soon as I shall have written the letter, I will go

So soon as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the
wilt be peaceful.
to walk.
quam
se expedient.
praised, they will have exercised, they will

instructed.
patebit,
Quum
scripserlmus, ambulabimus.
we shall have exercised, we

You will have praised, you
have praised,
non
prius dormiemus,
Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati
pugnam
have instructed.
you
Non
general will lead them out of the camp.
ACTIVE VOICE.
$50.]
119
Suhjundive Present and Imperfect Active of
e)
Curo, ut pueri mores
mentem
animum
Conjugations.
excolain,
Curo, ut pueri mores emendes, corpus exerceas,
erudlam.
mentem
excolas,
all the
emendem, corpus exerceam, animuin
Curo, ut praeceptor pueri mores
erudias.
animum
emendet, corpus exerceat,
excolat,
mentem
Cura-
erudiat.
bam, ut pueri mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excolerem, mentem erudirem.
exerceres,
tor pueri
animum
Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus
mentem
excoleres,
Curabam,
erudires.
ut praecep-
mores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, men-
Non
tem
erudiret.
vos,
ne parentium praecepta
Lacedaemoniorum
Moneo
dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis.
Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis
negligatis.
leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem.
Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret.

Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne
dux
milites e castris educat.
We
look out [for
we may improve
that
this],
the
manners of the
boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] in-
We
tellects.
look out [for
this], that
you may improve the manners of
the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their]
We
intellects.
look out [for
this], that
manners of the boys, exercise
We
instruct [their] intellects.
looked out
prove the manners of the boys, exercise

minds, instruct
the teachers
[their] intellects.
We
minds, instruct
[for this], that
looked out
[their] intellects.
that the teachers might improve
we might
im-
that
[for this],
you
[their] bodies, cul-
We looked
out [for this],
manners of the boys, exercise
the
minds, instruct
[their] bodies, cultivate [their]
the
[their] bodies, cultivate [their]
might improve the manners of the boys, exercise

tivate [their]
may improve
cultivate [their] minds,
[their] bodies,
[their] intellects.
doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me.
admonish
thee, that
Be on
The laws of the
thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents.
your guard,
bo}',
how (=
Lacedemonians had
bors.
We
that, ne)
this in view, that they
feared, that (ne)
we might
(ne) the
enemies might injure
silent.
Why
did
thou chatterest.
you
us.
We
fear, that (ne)
might instruct youth in
displease you.
We
feared, that (ne)
we might be
la-
feared, that
you might be
silent ?
The
ene-
mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the
camp.
I fear, that (ne) I
(ne) thou
may displease
mayest displease us
you.
Why dost thou
fear, that
120
LXV. Words
to be
learned
and Exercises for
[^50.
translation.
Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gi-a, grum, sick

puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio 4. / render pli(of the mind),
adspicio,
turn
spexi,
look
3, to
spec-
ant, abate.
nuntius,
at.
i,
gnavlter, adv. zealously.
unde, adv. whence.
m. news.
comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, onis,/. con3. to burn up.

solation.
corrlgo,
exi,
ectum
longinquitas,
3.
improve.
to correct,
atis,
/.
length, distance.
f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of
all the
Con-
jugations.
Nemo
dubrtat,
monuerim,
bitat,
quin ego
puemm
semper bene educa(ve)rim,benev61e
diligenter correxerim, gnavlter custodi(v)erim.
Nemo
quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris,
genter
correxeris, gnaviter
puerum semper bene
Nemo
rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit.
bene educa(vi)ssem,
Nemo
custodi(v)eris.
educa(ve)rit, benevole
gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem.
Nemo
dubltat, quin pater
monuerit. diligenter cor-
dubitabat, quin
monuissem,
benevole
dudili-
puerum semper
dilligenter
dubitabat, quin
correxissem,
puerum semper bene
educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter custodi(vi)sses.

ca(vi)sset,
Nemo
dubitabat, quin pater
puerum semper bene edu-
benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi-
(vi)sset.
Nescio, cur tacueritis.
Metulmus, ne hostes urbem combusserint.
Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici

dubito, quin
puniverltis.
dux temeritatem militum

Narrate
nobis,
animum
coercuerit.
quid parentes
leniverltis.
Nescio, cur
scripserint.
Non
puerum
Nescimus,
unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri praeHostes timent, ne dux milites e
cepta mea memoria custodierint.
Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes
castris eduxerit.
urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea

memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus
sis.
Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coerciturus sit. Nemo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubitabam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non
dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses.
Nobody
doubts, that
we have
always brought up the boys well, have
kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealously
guarded them.
Nobody
doubts, that you have always brought
up
the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected
ACTIVE VOICE.
$50.]
121
Nobody
them, have zealously guarded them.
doubts, that the teachers
have always brought up the boys well, have kindly admonished them,
Nobody
have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them.

doubted, that
we had
monished them, had

them.
well,
always brought up the boys well, had kindly ad-
had zealously guarded

you had always brought up the boys
had kindly admonished them, had carefully corrected them, had
carefully corrected them,
Nobody doubted,
fully corrected
We
know
Nobody doubted,
them.
zealously guarded
ways brought up
that
the boys well,
that the
why
thou hast been
the city.
(abl.)
know
not,
my
precepts in
the enemies had surrounded the city with
(abl.)
not,
soldiers
We
city
from the
feared, that
I
doubted
doubted not, that the
We
general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers.
enemies would surround the
remembrance.
a blockade.
(abl.)
wouldst bring up the boy well.
not, that length
know
the father has
v/hence the enemies have heard the news.
The enemies feared, that the general had led out the
camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent.
that the
not, that the
We
me what
Relate to
doubt not, that the boy has kept
not, that thou
what consolation
doubted
general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers.
thou hast punished the boy.
the
I feared, that (ne)
silent.
Relate to me, by
thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend.
written.
al-
them, had zealously guarded them.
not,
enemy had burned
why
parents had
had kindly admonished them, had care-
doUbted
with a blockade.
not,
doubt
of time will abate thy suffering.
g) Imperative
and Supine
Active of all the Conjugations.
Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi.
Laudato, exerceto,
scribito, obedito.
Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos excolito,
mentes erudito
Tacete, pueri
Liberi parentibus obediunto.
temnlto
Cupiditates coercitote
gistrorum tuorum!
tra hostes
semper
te
mecum
rogatum, ut
Vox
garrite, pueri
Immana
con-
Puer, ne contemnito praecepta ma-
Educ
nos,
dux, con-
Uva matura
Haec regio
ambiiles.
dul-
pul-
lusciniae est suavis auditu.
You
Praise ye, exercise, write, obey.
should praise, exercise, write,
Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should ex-
ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their]

[their] intellects.
boy!
Ne
spectato,
Cupiditates difficiles sunt coercitu.
chra est adspectu.
obey.
Disce, puer
Die, quid pater scripserit.
Venio
cis est gustatu.
Coelestia
The boy
Be
silent,
should
11
boy
Learn,
minds, should instruct
boys
obey the precepts of
[his]
Do
not chatter,
teachers.
You
PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.
122
human
should always regard heavenly, [but] despise
O
We come, in order (Supine)
general, the soldiers against the enemies.
you would go
to ask yon, that
gent to
taste.
These regions are
Infinitive Active
Exercitus pugnans urbem
intravii.
urbem oppugnaturi,
dendi acerrimus
est.
of all
the
Animus,
se
Conjugations.
non
videns, alia
Ars navigandi
debemus.
ditates coercere
urbem
The
Sapientia
est
The
sault the city.
Strive,
We
to assault the city.
The
hear what the friend has written thee.
chatter
to
hear
(=
chatto as-
come wishing
of WTiting
art
thinking and learning, the intellect (mens)
opportunity
(=
of hearing)
is
is
is
to
very
nourished.
rarer than the opportunity
of seeing).
(Concerning the Ace. with the
Infin.,
comp. Synt.
deum mundum gubernare (we know
Credo,
pleases thee).
meum
consilium
tibi
that
(I
105.)
God governs
believe that
virtutis praeceptis paruisse
meum
esse.
Gives sperant, milites
Quis nes-
I believe, that
Constat, Ciceronem
Spero, vos
Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse.
urbem
the
plan
Credlmus, ducem temeritatem mil-
probaturos esse.
itum coerciturum
"?
Credo, te dormisse.
conjurationem Catillnae detexisse.
my
Audlmus, hostes ante urbem
Audivi, milites nostros acerrime pugnasse.
Socratem semper
I believe, that
placere
Credo, fratrem pingere.
castra munire.
consilium
defending) themselves
boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please.
The enemies came wishing
By
(=
Boys, who
The enemies come wishing
tering) in school, are troublesome.
world).
Mi-
Souls, not seeing themselves,
who defend
soldiers,
bravely against the enemies, are ])raised.
Scim.us,
vi-
est
Cupi-
Liberi parentes suos colere debent.
soldiers fighting entered the city.
(=
Sensus
Obediendum
vivendi.
ars
Venio auditu-
cincturi.
utilissima est.
custodu-e debent.
see other [things].
difficult.
Hostes,
Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student.
praeceptis virtutis.
cit,
city is difficult to guard.
Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione
ra laudat.
pun-
to restrain.
Sapiens bona semper placitu-
castra muniverunt.
rus, quid pater scripserit.
to see
difficult
Miles, se foititer contra hostes defendens, laudatur.
cernit.
The
was
The
at.
Lead,
An unripe grape is
us.
the soldiers
beautiful to look
Gerund and
h) Participle,
lites
walk with
to
The rashness of
50.
Thou
[things].
Say, what thou hast written.
shouldst restrain the passions.
[^
Omnes
custodituros esse.
thou approvest
the father wi-ites.
my
I
plan.
know,
believe, that the
that
boy
you obey me.

sleeps.
The
PASSIVE VOICE.
^51.]
123
my
brother relates to me, that thou hast approved
plan.
that the general has restrained the rashness of the soldiers.
have
We
that the father has written.
lieve,
fortified
camp
fight spiritedly.
before the
have heard, that the enemies
I believe, that the
city.
soldiers
plan will please thee.
I hope, that the
We hear,
We be-
All
wîll
Romans
hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline.
hope,
that I shall soon hear this news.
LXVI. Words
Despero
augeo,
ctum
xi,
to be
2.
2.
vivo,
[fll.
etum 2. to
exi, ectum 3.
oppleo, evi,
nctum
ctum
i,
extemplo,
pur-
adv.
imme-
diaiely.
strenue, adv. vigorously.
postquam,
culty.
conj.
after
that.
um, sudden.
and Future Passive of
Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudlor.

Laudatur,
n.
translation.
naturalis, e, wa/wroZ.
3. to live.
difficultas, atis, /. diffi-
Indicative Present, Imperfect
diris.
3.
pose.
subitus, a,
to discover.
i)
x'l,
/ frighten propositum,
from.
consplcio,
and Exercises for
to join, connect.
to
increase, enrich.
deterreo
learned
jungo, nxi,
despair.
all the
Conjugations.
Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru-
exercetur, ducltur, eruditur.
Laudabai', exercebar,
Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare.
ducebar, erudiebar.
Laudabatur, exercebatur, diicebatur, erudiebatur.
Laudabor, exerce-
Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere.
bor, ducar, erudiar.
Lau-
dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur.
We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed.

You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed.
They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed.
We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we v/ere instructed.
You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were
They were praised, they were exercised, they were led,
instructed.
they were instructed.
We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we
shall be led, Mê shall be instructed.
You will be praised, you will be
exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed.
They will be praised, they will
Quum
be exercised, they will be
led,
exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium
in litteris
cognitione augentur.
Quum
subito periculo terremur,
Quoad
extemplo de salute nostra desperare.

Graeci et Latini
vixeris,
Quum
they will be instructed.
scriptores in
ab omnibus
diligere.
scholis
Virtutis
litteris
legentur.
non debemus
honos suus
Si semper
honos nulla oblivione
erit,
bene
delebltur.
urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur.
124
When
you are exercised
ed by
in literature,
knowledge of many useful
the
(abl.)
(abl.)
[4
51.
your souls are enriched by
things.
When
thou art frighten-
a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of
The Greek and
thy safety.
Latin writers are read in the schools.
always have lived well, you will be esteemed by
you
shall
city
which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended
If
The
all.
spiritedly
by
the citizens.
k) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Passive of
all the
Conjugations.
Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar,
dil-
Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco-
igenter erudlar.
Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer-
lare, diligenter erudiare.
ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur.
Pater curabat, ut ego
bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer.
Curabam,
ut
bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere,
Curabam, ut
igenter erudirere.
dil-
tuus bene educaretur, strenue
filius
exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur.
Our
father looks out [for this], that
we may
be well brought up,
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed.
exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed.
manners of
[for this], that the
Your
you may be well brought up, vigorously
father looks out [for this], that
Parents look out
[their] children (liberi)
may be
improved,
[their]
bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated,
[their]
understandings carefully instructed.
this], that
we might
Your
ly cultivated, carefully instructed.

that
manners of
exercised, [their]
Quis
studiis
father looked out [for this],
nescit,
minds
quam
augeantur?
Lacedaemoniorum
[their]
bodies
fructibus animi
in litterarum
nostri
cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere-
Curae mihi
leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur
est,
ut a te diligar.
Cives metuunt, ne castra ab
urbem muniantur.
doubt not, that the soul
in the study
cul-
this], that
cultivated, [their] understandings instructed.
praeclaris
Omnes
hostibus ante
parents looked out [for
Tiraemus, ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca-
tur.
juventus.
The
children might be improved,
[their]
tur.
out [for
you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly
tivated, carefully instructed.
the
Our father looked
be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper-
of
literature.
quered by the enemies.
may be
We
enriched with
feared, that our
(abl.)
excellent fruit
army might be con-
All citizens fear, that the city
rounded by the enemies with
(abl.)
a blockade.
We
may be
sur-
look out [for
PASSIVE VOICE.
$51.]
125
youth may be instructed in (abl.) labors. We ai'e anxwe may be esteemed by you. The citizens apprehended,
camp might be fortified by the enemies before the city.
this], that the
ious, that
that a
Indicative
1)
and Subjunctive
Passive of
Perfect, Pluperfect
ob fortitudinem a duce laudati
Milites
Perfect
Pueri in litterarum
sunt.
Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta
studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt.
Ocdli tenuissimis membranis a natura
est.
and Future
Conjugations.
all the
railitum a duce fortissimo coercltae sunt.
Cupiditates
sunt.
vestiti
Tria bella atrocissima gesta
Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat,

omnium civium domus coronis et floribus vestitae et ornatae erant.
Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere
instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt.
Non eris
sunt inter
dives, nisi divitiae a te
Non
contemptae erunt.
prius dormiemus,
quam
munita, erunt, milites se ad
naturah quadam societate

hostibus combustae sunt.
duce e
castris in
have been tormented by
(abl.)
mies have been frightened by

been soothed by
(abl.)
quum
tibi
a sorore scriptum
lenitus
all.
sudden
The
our consolation.
The
fear.
sick
the boys have been (subj.) punished by you.
know
had been frightened by
not what
fear, that (ne) the city
mind of
my
We
(abl.) the
The
sol-
know^ not, w^hy
apprehended,
that,
sudden danger.
we
I will
go
city.
to walk.
will get ready for battle.
by the conflagration, many houses had been
So
I
We feared, that,
consumed. We fear, that
doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee.
cities
en-
man
the friend has
before (ante) the gates of the
business (plur.) shall be concluded
soon as the enemies shall be seen,
many
The
upright
may have been written you by the sister. We

may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The
enemies were discovered (perf

After
Die
sit.
doubt not, that the passions
been led out of the camp by the general.
(ne) the soldiers
ab
milites a
territi sint.
of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general.

diers have
ui'bes
Die, cur puer
sit.
the most pungent pains.
(abl.)
has been loved and esteemed by
erant,
Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus
Die mihi, quid
Metuo, ne milites sublto periculo
sit.
Multae
sunt.
Vix hostes conspecti
non
Beati
Simulac castra
Labor voluptasque
expedient.
qua consolatione aeger amici animus
punitus
I
pugnam
inter se juncta
aciem educti sunt.
obsidione cincta esset.

nobis,
negotia vestra finita erunt.
cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercltae erunt.
eritis, nisi
have been burned up by the enemies.

11*
126
m)
and
Imperative, Infinitive
51.
Participle Passive of all the Conjugations.
puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe
erudire
excolere, diligenter
puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor,
diligenter eruditor
Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe ex-
Ne rerum difficultatibus a
Ne vincimmi cupiditatibus.
proposito deterremini
in litterarum studiis
Bonus
Leges divlnae ne contemnuntor.
Temeritas ratione coercetor.
bi puniuntor,
animo castigare.
Deus pie colitor
Si quid peccaveris, aequo
colitor, diligenter eruditor.
Impro-
puer, strenue exercere
Boni
discipulus studet laudari.
disci-
Sapientes semper ratione
puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis.

regi student.
Bonus
Puer, bene
discipulus litterarum cognitione erudirl studet.
educatus, omnibus placet.
Hostes
Homo eruditus non
obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur.
sed etiam
Urbs,
solum
sibi,
Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe
prodest.
aliis
in castris manent.
terrlti
excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt.
Scimus,
ante
mundum
urbem muniri.
tum non
Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone de-
Speramus, vos rerum
tectam esse.
Audimus, castra ab hostibus
a deo gubernari.
difficultatibus a proposito deterri-
iri.
boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti-
vated, carefully instructed!
boys,
you should be
brought up,
wêll
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed
Boys
should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated,

carefully instructed.
If
you
thy purpose by
reason.
(abl.)
Be thou
literature.
Good
(=
Be ye guided by (abl.)
The divine law
(abl.)
reason.
{=
to
to
be praised.
seeks, always to be governed
Well-brought-up boys please
remains in the camp.

(abl.)
many
Cities
evils.
themselves, but others also.
all.
The
encompassed by
Instructed
The boy
The good
be exercised) in the study of
scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the
annoyed by
anything
be ye exercised) vigorously in the
scholars seek
exercise himself
The wise [man]
Good
literature.
to
fault in
not frightened from
The impious [man] should be punished.
boys, exercise yourselves
scholar seeks
Be thou
the difficulty of the thing.
passions should be restrained by
study of literature
son.
have committed a
not overcome by the passions.
should not be despised.
The
shall
be reproved with equanimity.
(quid),
is to
men
by
(abl.) rea-
knowledge of
frightened
(abl.)
enemy
a blockade are
benefit not merely
be brought up well,
to
be
vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully instructed.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
5052.]
127
We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies

We hope, that the conspiracy will be detected. We
before the
city.
believe that
we
have not been frightened from our purpose.
LXVII. Words
2.
duco,
lie,
machinatio,
3.
ctum
3.
diuturnus,
to
onis, /.
(as
a,
artifice.
um, long
continued,
2) to believe, to
account
he in
translation.
machination,
xi,
lead
gether.
jaceo, ui 2. to
captum
to take,
hold to-
to
and Zeroises for
capio, cepi,
Careo2.(c. abl.)/iânf.
cohaereo, haesi, hae-
sum
learned
to be
some-
um,
nefarius, a,
execra-
ble.
thing).
a low state.
permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, /. a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm.
cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much.
sum 2. to last.
earn caussam,/or this eo, adv. on this account.
torpeo, ui 2. to he torpid,
nam,
reason.
inactive.
conj.for.
D) Exercises to the Second Conjugation in particular.

of the Second Conjugation.
a) Active
(Concerning the conjunction quod
Multa sunt admirabilia, sed
mundus
me
magis,
Synt.
quam quod
deterruit a proposlto, quod civium nefariorum contra
quod tuum
nisi
108.)
stabilis est
ita
Non ea res
me machinaNon vitupero
atque tam praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum.
Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus
tiones timebam.
te,
nihil
(that), see
quod
tibi
consilium
maxime
placuit sibi, ducunt.
diuturnum bellum jacebant.
placet;
valetis.
nam
plurimi nihil rectum,
Vehementer dolebdmus, quod

Laudo te, quod meiitem tuam
litterae
ob
in littera-
rum studio tam probe exercuisti.

Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt.
Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quorainus nefaria
consilia contra
quod
tibi ipsi
rempublicam caperent. Ob
Ingens in urbe
placebas.
Haec
Bimos se praebuerant.
igtiavia torpebatis.
non coercueras.
I rejoice, that
Tu
he has displeased
thing has frightened
We
displicebas,
fortis-
diu floruerat, quod sem-
deterrueratis a proposlto
meo, quod
nobis ea re nocueras, quod temeritatem

tibi
thou and thy father were well.
(eo)
opinion.
aliis
quod milites
tuam
placueram.
thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teach-
I rejoiced, that
caussam
Gaudebant parentes, quod ego
ers.
courage.
civitas ed caussa
Eo me
per legibus paruerat.
earn
laetitia erat,
us,
me
rejoice,
On
this
account
because he pleased himself too much.
from
that
my
you have maintained
praise you, that
This
purpose, that thou hast wanted

(tenere)
all
well your
you had always obeyed the precepts of
SECOND CONJUGATION.
128
We
your parents.
scholars in school.
The
grieve, that
1.
ui,
my
have grieved, that
we have
Words
itum
to be
learned
persuadeo,
to
1.
52.
The
diligent
counsel has displeased
We
not obeyed the precepts of our parents.
/ appease.
Placo
shown themselves
teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts.
L XVIII.
veto,
50
grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher.
father rejoices, that [his] sons has always
thee.
(c.
and
si,
sum
nervus,
2.
persuade^
dat.), to
convince.
forbid.
m.
i,
nerve^
sinue.
impius,
a,
um, impious.
pigritia, ae,
audeo, ausus sum,
slothful- nullus, a, um, no one
audere, to dare.
ness.
nullus non, every one.
emineo, ui 2. to he emi- prudentia, ae, /. pru- praesens, ntis, present.
nent.
dence, wisdom.
nunquam, adv. never.
jubeo, jussi, jussum 2.
satis, adv. enough.
command.
to bid,
Legi divinae
et
humanae omnes
tibi
Si ignavia torpebltis, praeclaris rebus
adrtus patebit.
non placebimus.
Si virtute carebimus, bonis
eminebltis.
secundum naturara
parebunt, qui
Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum
vivere studebunt.
tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via
nunquam
vacillabitis.
magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis
Quo plui-a beneficia parentibus

mos in eos habere debebimus.
praebuerint, victoria
non
good men.
Si milites nostri fortes se in
have obeyed the precepts of
If thou shalt have
wilt please all the good.

tion to
my
shown
If
thyself an upright man, thou
and consola-
enemies, they will restrain their anger against me.
Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum
Ut oculus,
exercento!
sic
Nulli
et
non ad nocendum
est appellata.
vehementer
Lex
satis
est recta ratio in
debent.
et placuisse, et
Parete, pueri
virium
Persuadeto
est.
Acerrimus ex
Prudentia ex providen-
jubendo
tibi,
Metus
magni mali
alia cernit.
aegritudo est opinio
nostris sensibus est sensus videndi.
parentibus parere
non temere credere!

Pueri mentes litteris
animus, se non videns,
magni mali impendentis,
praesentis.
do
the same.
will not please
If I shall have afforded refuge
Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere
omnibus
pugna
the study of litera(abl.)
you
virtue,
Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae,
est opinio
quis
erit dubia.
The more we shall have exercised our minds in

much the more shall we be delighted by
shall not
Quo
delectabltur.
iis
nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores ani-
ture, so
you
nunquam
Si cupidita-
et
vetando.
Liberi
tuum consilium mihi
semper placiturum esse
50
SECOND CONJUGATION.
52.]
129
See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothfulness,

Be silent, boys
you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy
parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in literature.
The impious should not dare to appease the anger of God by
!
The
presents.
LXIX. Words
Concito
to he
/ raist.
1.
ctum
2.
exercitatio,
2.
torment, tor-
impetus, us, m. attack.
2.
obitus, us, m. departure,
am,
death.
concordia, ae,/. Aarmo-
um, /ormer.
pristlnus, a,
diligens,
ny.
misceo, miscui,mistum
onis, /.
exercise, practice.
seditio, onis,/! sedition.
visum
videor, /
vidi,
to see
inform.
rtum
seen, seem.
edoceo, cui,
to instruct,
and
rsi,
ture.
video,
move.
2. to
learned
to twist,
1.
is
ever to please, never to displease.
torqueo,
/ complain.
reputo 1. / consider.
commoneo 2. / remind,
commoveo, ovi, otum
ejulo
Youth
citizens feared the threatening danger.
(= about)
thing, destined
tis,
diligent.
discordia, ae,/. discord,
contmuo, adv. forthwith
orrn\xtiim,tomix,dis-
fuga, ae, f. fight.
sedulo, adv. busily.
turb.
moeror,
mirif ice, adv. wonder-
perterreo
2. to frighten,
oris,
m. grief,
crudelitas, atis,/. crvl-
put in fear.
fully.
quoque,
ty.
con;. aZso.
b) Passive of the Second Conjugation.
(Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when,
Quum
Quum
docemur, tacere debemus.
ceatur, civium
Synt.
concordiam omnibus modis servare debemus.
schola diligens
bus habeare
as), see
eris,
dubitabisne, quin
Quum nobiscum
110. 1.)
optdmus, ne respublica mis-
Qiium in
bonus discipulus a praeceptori-
quam
reputamus, quantis et
praeclaris
fructibus anirai nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta-
Quum magnorum
mur.
gloria nos
virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem
Quum
quoque digni habeamur.
consilio coercebdtur, tota civltas laeta erat.

divL
militum crudelitas ducis

Litterae,
quum ob bellum
jacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur.
Quum
hostes
opplebantur.
meum
urbem oppugnaverant, omnes
Quum
acerbissimae
perfugium ac solatium in
tristissimo
te
calamitatis
cives
nuntio
maximo
collocatum esse existimdbam.
omne
Quum
de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter commovebdre animo,
etiam nos moerore opplebdmur.
Quum
de culpa nostra a parentibus
commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat.

atque
timore
terrebar,
litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus
Quum
splendor augebltur.
milites nostri de hostium adventu edocebuntur,
artes
Quum
pugnandi ardorefagrd^
bunt.
Ne
turn
quidem
ejuldbo,
quum
acerbissimis doloribus torquebor.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
130
Quum
[^
hostium impetu perterrehimini, urbi nostrae
magnum
50
52.
periculum
imminehit.
Quum milites seditionem concitassent, ducis consilio et virtute coerciti

Quum hostes territi essent et jam in fngam se darent, dux eos
monuit, ut pristinae virtutis memores essent.
Quum exercitus de hostium adventu edoceretur, continue summo pugnandi ardore Jlagrdvit.
Ne turn quidem e/wZdm, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer.
sunt
When
thou art taught, thou oughtest to be
silent.
The wise [man]
When good scholars are exercised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great
pains thou art tortured, I am deeply (= violently) moved (commoveo).
When you consider by (= with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how
is
when he
happy, even
great (quantus) toils

for
your good
When
tortured.
and cares have been bestowed by your parents
welfare);
you ought
to
be moved by
(abl.) gratitude.
how actively I am exercised in the Latin language,

As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis-
thou shalt see
thou wilt
fortune,
As
(=
is
rejoice.
we
placed (colloco) our whole hope in {in with
abl.)
our friends.
enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque)

of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the arrival of the enemies, you were not frightened.
As I read the life of
Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tortured with severe pains, I was filled with pity.
As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom
and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city.
As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were
put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we
exulted (perf).
As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by
the difl&culty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same. As I
was moved (subj.) within (animus) by the sad news of the death of my
fi-iend, thy pity was very agreeable to me.
As thou seemedst (subj.
to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much.
When the army shall be informed of the arrival of the enemies, it
Wise men will be
will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.).
happy, even if tortured by the bitterest pains. When we shall be put in
the
fear
by the attack of the enemies, great danger will threaten our
city.
If thou shalt be virtuous (== partaking of virtue), thou wilt not even
then complain,
Ne rerum
when
difficultatibus a proposito deterrere
impetu perterremini!
Milites,
thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains.
ne hostium
Milites,
puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis!
ne inani timore oppleminor!
Leges
civitatis
ne discordia
50
THIRD CONJUGATION.
52.]
civium miscentor
131
Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta-
verunt.
Be ye
not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficuhy of the
Soldiers,
thing.
enemies
is
The
known,
ened
you should not be put in fear by the attack of the
evil passions
(= increased)
should be restrained by the reason.
by exercise.
LXX, Words
to he
sugo,
live.
ctum
confligo, xi,
and
learned
Verso 1. /iwrn; versor, surgo,

turn
/ turn myself, fnd
myself
It
powers of the body and of the soul are strength-
that all the
surrexi, surrec-
perversltas, atis,/. perverseness.
3. to arise.
ctum
xi,
pravltas,
to
3.
suck, suck out.
3.
/. per-
atis,
verseness, unckedness.
ponium, i, n. eatable paene, adv. nearly, alIfight.

decerpo, psi, ptum 3.
most.
fruit; -plur. fruit.
pavor, oris, m. fright, proVmus, adv. forthwith.
to pluck off.
pergo, perrexi, perrectrepidation.
statim, adv. immediateturn 3. to go, con-
lac, etis, n. milk,
tinue.
nutrix, icis, /. nurse.
ly.
ut, conj.
E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation

a) Active
of
cem
primum
omni continuo
locum
quam amicum
Ubi
Ut nostri
convolaverunt.
poma
accedere
in
Simulac
litteras
scripsi,
cum
tibi,
fratre
ambuldvi.
Post-
quid pater mihi scripserit.
Ut swrexistis, statim ad negotia vestra
decerpserimus, edemus.
1.
1.
alllcio, exi,
draw
errorem suxisse
dehetis.
to be
I search out,
to,
learned atid Exercises for translation.

elicio, ui,
draw
examine.
propulso
nutricis
lacte
instruxit,
hortum duxero, dicam
LXXI. Words
^xp]6ro
summa opinionum
omnes hostes in unum

cum hostibus conflixerunt, magnus eos
Postquam Caesar aciem
occupdvit pavor.
Simulatque lu-
te perreximus.
pravitate et in
cum
perversitate versamur, ut paene
videamur.
simulac, see Synt.
nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter per-
Ut surreximus, protlnus ad
adspexwnus, in
ut, uhi,
110, 2.)
Hostes, uhi
in particular.
Conjugation.
the Tliird
(Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam,
iurhaverunt.
just as, as.
I repel.
ectum 3.
allure
coquo,
to
but,
itum
S. to
xi,
ctum
3.
cepi,
to
ceptum
se reci-
pere, to betake one's

self back.
cook.
ningo, xi
recipio,
3. to receive,
out, elicit.
3. to
snow.
restinguo, nxi,
nctum
THIRD CONJUGATION.
132
extinguish,
to
3.
put coeno, ae,f. a meal.
relinquo, liqui, lictum
pluviosus, a,
antequam,
tude.
tempestas, atis,/. liieaf^-
3. to leave behind, de-
er,
sert.
um,
rmni/.
conj.
before
that, ere, before,
storm.
(Concerning the particles of time
priusquam and antequam, see Synt.
Priusquam animum tuum soUicitudlne angas

sit, quod te angat et cruciet.
a)
52.
beate, adv. peacefully.
sollicitudo, inis,y! solid-
Old.
50
[^
et crudes, explo-
rare debes, quid
Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes
b)
potentissima
sumpsit,
et
in
litterae
Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes
civitate nostra floruerunt.
Jhfitequam
fuit.
tempestas
ninxit,
fuit
ab-
valde
pluviosa.
c)
Non
edetis,
te
quam coqua coenam
Non prius
coxerit.
urbem
urbem
LXXII. Words
ctum
xi,
draw together.
demo, mpsi, mptum,
to be
3.
to describe,
stringo, inxi,
3.
point out.
ictum
touch upon,
3.
to
draw (a sword).
ae,f abundance
coipia,
m. a con-
gladius,
i,
a,
e,
(Concerning the
particles of time
ego scribebam, tu legebas,
Homines, dum
mus mathematicus, dum

tius,
legit,
until
as,
conj. so [as)
long
until that,
until,
even until that.
known,
re-
tamdiu, adv. so long as.
duw, quod, donee, see Synt.

et frater ludebat.
docent,
Quoad
discunt.
in pulvere figuras
conjurati gladios strinxeraiit.

ciiixerat.
Dum
Dum
vives,
Dum
dux aciem
110. 4, 5.)
nos canebd-
omnibus
Archimedes,
geometricas
Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt.
totam urbem
quoad,
um,
mus, vos disoebatis, et sorores pingebant.

gratus vives.
until,
as,
that.
geometrical.
nobllis,
conj. while, so (as)
long
m. sword.
geometricus,
long
even until.
dum,
mathematicus, i, m.
mathematidan.
[as]
until that,
until,
as,
i,
translation.
donee, conj. so
nowned.
plur. troops.
Dum
and Exercises for
ae, f. figure,
conjuratus,
dngerent.
exstruxissent.
spirator.
ptum
describo, psi,
to
3.
away.
se
hostes combussissent.
form.
to
to take
learned
figura,
quam
domum
obsidione
eam
priusquam
liberaverunt,
Dies obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem
Contraho,
relinquent,
illi
elicuerit.
Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam
d)
te
res-
Non prius
Exercitus noster non prius
allexerint.
quam hostes ad pugnam
Milites nostri
cupiditatum ardorem
dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris.
ad misericordiam
recipiet,
omnium
beate vivetis, antequam
Non
tinxentis.
tuis
nobilissi-
describit atten-
consul
litteras
instrHit, hostis
Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae
THIRD CONJUGATION.
5052.]
conjurationem
Exspectamus, dwn nobis
detexisset.
dicdtis,
dum dux
Milites cupide expectabant,
tes scripserint.
133
quid paren-
se e castris con-
Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam sentenTamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicituduiem tibi dernp-
tra hostes educeret.
tiam
elicuisti.
sero.
While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paintWhile we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers
were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with
So long as I live, I shall be mind{navo operam c. dat.) literature.
ful of this kindness.
While the general arranged the army in order of
ing.
enemies had drawn together
battle, the
we
Wait, until
[their] forces.
all
what the father has written. The general waited, until

the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until
thou saidst to me what the father had written.
As soon as I had arisen (perf I went (perf.) immediately to you.
you,
tell
),
After Caesar had led out (perf) the soldiers, the enemies arranged
army
[their]
will take a
to
As soon as we shall have written, we

As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest
in order of battle.
walk with you.
go (accedere) forthwith
drawn together (perf
Thou
Before the enemies had

had captured (perf) the city.
thy business.
to
their troops, Caesar
wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the
ardor of
all
moved (=
You
passions.
My
spised riches.
will not be rich, before
you
allured, cdlicere) thee to
Our
sympathy.
have de-
shall
friend will not leave thee, before he
shall
have
soldiers will not
betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to
we
battle.
Before
ought
to inquire
[it]
enemies were repelled

order of
and torment our mind with
trouble
what
may
be,
(perf), before they
Night overtook (perf)
battle.
we
The
army in
solicitude,
which vexes and troubles
us.
had arranged the
us, before
we had
extinguished
the conflagration.
L XXIII.
Separo
1.
Words
to he
separate,
divide.
do
well.
circumspicio,
spectum
m.
3.
to
look
around, regard.
eri,
sermo, onis, m. converaffabilitas, atis, /. affability.
ousness.
atis,//acu%;
plur. means.
m. evening.
12
um,
a,
i.
secret
n.
secret
ceteri, ae, a, the rest.
perfectus,
a,
um,
per-
feet.
comltas, atis,/. courtefacultas,
translation.
arcanus,
arcanum,
sation, speech.
spexi,
maledico 3. (c. dat.)

I reproach.
praedico 3. Iforetell.
vesper,
and Exercises for

oris,
framer.
benefacio, feci, factum

3. to
learned
fabricator,
ai\te,
adv. before, rather.
quantopere, adv.
much.
how
simpliciter, adv. simply,
THIRD CONJUGATION.
134
Nimium ne crede colori

buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas
ne praedic futura
strenue litteras discitote
mos hominum
nem
Ne
dicenti,
scripserit.
52.
mendacibus
attendito
Difficile dictu est,
Die, quid patri scrip-
credite
Mendaci homini, ne
Venio
credere solemus.
Pueri,
Princlpes civita-
quantopere conciliet ani-
comltas afFabilltasque sermonis.
verum quidem
amicus mihi
et bibas
Puer in schola
concordiae consulunto
tis
Fac, ut ante circumspicias, qui-
stulte,
50
Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae
Ignis iirbem absumpsit.

maledixit.
seris
quid
dicturus,
tibi
Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi-
separavit a ceteris animalibus,
quam
Ex
dicendi facultate.
cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas.
Optimus
dis-
est orator, qui di-
et docet, et delectat, et permovet.

Mores pueroludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo
cogitando alitur. Tamdlu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum
cendo animos nostros
rum
et
se inter
Scisne, patrem scrpisisse
est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere.
Quis
na
scit,
se
ad vesperum esse victurum ?
Speramus, nos vobis arca-
elicituros esse.
Eat and drink thou, moderately.
Do
thee.
Trust ye not too
Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn
be attentive in school.
It is
literature.
order to
tell
(subj.) us.
when
to believe,
they
tell
We
the truth (part).
come
wishing to
By
diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for
LXXIV. Words
ursi,
how bravely
we are not
it),
Lying men
(=
tell)
thee,
ursum
to be
learned
3.
2.
to
mola
frangere, to grind.
to press, oppress.
them-
and teachers.
and Exercises for
break
in
what our brothers have written
selves the approbation of [their] parents
Urgeo,
to color.
The boys should
incredible to say (Sup. in
our soldiers have fought with the enemies.
even accustomed
much
Tell me, w^hat the father has v^ritten
thou well to try friends.
translation.
wanting
c.
dat. to
neglect.
conjungo, nxi, nctum frigo, xi, ctum 3. to mola, ae,/. mi7Z. [lance.
vigilantia, ae, f. vigi3. to join {together).
roast, parch.
expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. gladiator, oris, m. fencer, gladiator.
3. to paint out, draw.
to engrave.
novus, a, um, new.
fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to
to form, feign.
frango, fregi, fractum
profecto, adv. surely.
anoint.
desum,
fui,
esse, to he
quoniam,
conj. because.
b) Passive of the Third Conjugation.

(Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia,
see Synt.
quoniam, (heca-use)
(he
,
111.)
lii)
Quia semper
e virtutis
praeceptis
vixisti,
ab omnibus
diligeris.
Ci-
50
ves
THIRD CONJUGATION.
52.]
summa
sumptae
ad novam.
vigilantia
omnes eorum
inopia urgebantur, quia
Quoniam de hac
erant.
re satis
dictum
Cicero pater patriae appellatus

conjuratio Catilinae
135
detecta
facultates bello ab-
quod ejus
est,
Omnes
est.
jam accedamus
est,
consilio et
cives angebantur,
quia metuebaut, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur.
Multae fabulae a poetis
Apud Homerum omnia

Omnibus
descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur.
animo quasi insculptum
in
fecto laudanda,
cum
quae conjuncta
Cave, ne fallare
Non
Si ceditis, metuo, ne vincamlni.
Quum
noster,
quoad bonus dux
temnemini,
dum
a duce e castris
Timebamus, ne exercitus
quam
ut a te dillgar.
dubito, quin fortiter a militibus
omnibus
vives,
ei praeerit,
non
diligere.
Exercitus
Ab omnibus
vincetur.
Quamdiu
ofSciis vestris deerltis.
si
milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa-
Quoad honeste
yor occupavit.
quae
urbs obsidione cingebatur, mag-
Nihil magis mihi curae est,
noster vinceretur.
Omnia suntprocum vitiis (sc.
deum.
esse
Milites cuplde exspectant,
contra hostes educantur.
defendamur.
est,
virtute sunt, et,
Quoad
conjuncta sunt), vituperanda.
no metu angebamur.
Gladiatores uncti decertabant.
sunt.
fictae
ita
con-
tu aberis, ego de te an-
Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur.

Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur.
Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta
gar et cruciabor.
erunt, a nobis edentur.
Take
reason.
care
(=
be on thy guard), that thou
nothing than that

that
we
be deceived.
I fear that (ne) I shall
shall
we
shall
be deceived.
be esteemed by you.
be conquered.
are injured by the bad.
We
art not troubled
We
It
was
happens
often
are
If
we
until
for
give way, I fear
(accidit), that
the good
troubled, because I feared that I should
feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies.
All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered.
ed anxiously,
without
more anxious
we were
led against the enemies.
not doubt, that we should be conquered.
We wait-
The enemies
Why didst thou fear, that
So long as the
did
thou
was surrounded by a
So long as the enemies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the
war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the enemies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately,
shouldst be injured by us
city
blockade, you were oppressed with great want.
thou wast
sick,
thou wast very
to fight so bravely,
you
much
will not
long as you shall be absent,
we
troubled.
If
you
shall continue
be conquered by the enemies.
shall
So
be troubled concerning (de) you.
Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect [desum) thy duties.
Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall
THIRD CONJUGATION.
136
Homer
preside over them.
soon as the
When
army
the
we
will take a
be led out from the camp,
shall
52.
As
always be read in the schools.
will
be written,
shall
letter
50
[^
walk with you.
will fight
it
with the
enemies.
LXXV.
Words
1.
perpetrate.
praesto,
itum or
iti,
atum
1.
and
'Exercises for translation.
color,
to.
lead
3. to
obsessio, onis,/. siege,
waste.
tin go,
dat.) to
(c.
he superior
adduco
learned
1.
age,
perpetro
to be
/ man- detraho, xi, ctum 3. lucrum, i, n. gain, adto draw away, remove.
vantage.
I perform, distraho, xi, ctum 3. existimatio, onis,/. esto draw asunder,
timation, opinion.
Admlnistro
ctum
xi,
to
form.
longing.
como, compsi, comp- fortuna, ae,/ /orfwne; diversus,

turn
3. to
comb, adorn.
plur. gifts
offortune.
consumo, mpsi,mptum luxuria, ae,/ luxury.

oonveho,
xi,
ctum
want
3.
xi,
ctum
i,
b.,
nvci,
neigh-
um,
splendid.
innumerabilis,
innu-
e,
merable.
n. circuit,
tantopere, adv. so much,
course.
to destroy.
Ne
Regere ratione!
sed
nitldus, a,
curriculum,
3.
um, cîWse,
boring.
sight, providence.
together.
destruo,
finitlmus,
bring providentia, ^Q,f fore-
to bear together,
a,
different.
miseria, ae, f. misery,
consume,
3. to
deed,
n.
oris,
appetitus, us, m. desire,
ele-
gance.
move.
faclnus,
foul deed.
elegantia, ae,
to,
3.
virtutis studio
angltor,
regimmor
amice!
Animi
cives,
ne
lucri cupiditate,
appetitus ratione reguntor
Ju-
morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit Comomnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis
veuis, litterarum
busta
urbe,
rebus praeclare gestis
summam
sibi
ta virtute, vita beata nulla est.
luxuriam consumptis
Dempta omni
et distractis,
relfquam vitam miserrime agunt.
indulgeamus
sollicitudlne, laetitiae
vers geuere dicendi nitldus
et
Frumento ex
contra hostes eduxit.

vecto, cives urbis
fuit
Contemp-
comparaverunt gloriam.
Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per
comptus.
finitlmis
Isocrates in di-
Aciem instructam dux

regionibus in urbem con-
obsessionem aequis animis exspectaverunt.
contractis copiis in
unum
Caesar,
locum, hostium impetum exspectavit.
Stric-
dux milites contra hostes eduxit. Urbs, obsidione cincta,

multis mahs urgetur.
Gloria detracta, quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ?
to
gladio,
Si
bona existimatio
divitiis praestat, et
quanto gloria magis est expetenda!
Certum
Quis
est,
universum
mundum
ignorat, innumerablles
pecunia tantopere expetltur
Justitia propter sese
colenda
est.
divina providentia regiet administrari*
urbes a Romanis destructas esse
Om-
60
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
52.
137
nes sciunt, viros bonos nunquam spe mercedis adductum
iri,
ut facinus
aliquod perpetrent.
Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason.

Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the purYou should not be troubled, friends. The divine law
suit of virtue.
Parents should be honored by children.
should not be despised.
hope
that all solicitude will soon
tions of Isocrates
The
were splendid and adorned.
ora-
soldiers believed,
The
enemies would be drawn together.
that the troops of the
The
be taken away from thee.
soldiers
having been led out of the camp, fought (perf bravely with the ene)
mies.
In Homer,
painted out.
we
Who
see
all
things not described, but, as
does not know, that
unth each other (inter
se).
LXXVI. Words
to be
all
hope, that you will be led to
learned
and
it
were,
virtues are connected
the
my
views.
/ taste.
gestio 4. / demean myment ; plur. elemencontingo, tlgi, tactum
tary principles.
self, am transported.
3. to touch ; con tin- sepelio, ivi,
ultum 4. aequitas, atis, /. equity.
git, it falls to my lot.
I inter, hury.
jucunditas, atis, /. delicet 2. it is permitted.
agreeaservio 4. / serve.
lightfulness,
miniio, ui, utum 3. / di- iracundia, ae,/. irascibleness.
minish, make less.
hility, anger.
accuratus, a, um, accufastidio, 4. (c. ace.) I numerus, i, m. number
rate.
Degusto,
1.
feel disgust, spurn.
2) harmony, rhythm.
elementum,
i,
n.
grammaticus,
a,
um,
grammatical.
ele-
F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular.

Sic vive
cum
tanquam parva
hominibus, tanquam deus videat

fastidias gramraatica
debemus, ut nobis contingat vera
elemental
ut
Cave, ne
Philosophiae servire
Nullus dolor
libertas.
longinquitas temporis ininuat ac molllat.
quam
et videt.
est,
quem non
Nihil magis mihi curae
est,
obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum.
Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant.

Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non audebat.
Celeritas
equitum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad
pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus omnium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut laetitia plane gestirem.
Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram
verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus.
Nihil vos impedivimus, quominus negotia vestra
cur tantopere
laetitia gestires.
Scisne, cur
Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis.
12*
finiretis.
Nescivi,
hunc puerum puniverim?
Dicam
tibi,
cur
domum
nos-
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
1"38
tram coronis ornaverlmus
vestiverimus.
et
50
52.
Die, cur ferierltis
hunc
[$
puerum.
Placebas praeceptoribus
Vix
dieras.
Jam
st.
mos
laetitia
nostros
semper eorum praeceptis obe-
quia
summo moerore
hostis se
quum
gestieramus,
quum
hostis conspectus
repente tristissimus nuntius ani-
Quum
opplevit
totum diem
milites
ne nocte quidem quieti indulgere
vissent et esurivissent,
Quum
tuis,
milites nostri castra muuierant,
ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri
iis
siti-
licuit.
gestie-
laetitia
runt.
Nou
fastidies,
rabis.
quam
prius dormiam,
nunquam accuratam
Ne
curablmus, ut brevi
tibi
compa-
Non
sciatis.
puer!
garri,
Audite, pueri:
si
Homo
ne servito cupiditatibus
ei
praeceptoribus
vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestris praemiis ornabimlni

dito praeceptoribus
exercitus
grammatica elementa
Si
semel pbilosophiam degustavisses, toto animo
si
serviturus esses.
Quum
finivero.
linguae Latinae cognitionem
Si quid novi audiverlmus,
dubitabam, quin,
mea
negotia
ad pugnam expedlet.
castra muniverit, se
Puer obe-
urbem
Milites
custodiunto
Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus
animo philosopbiae
Quis
ii,
qui praesunt rei publicae,
non
discipulus
nescit,
semper
Ciceronem
toto
Spero, vos gi'ammatica elementa non
servisse ?
Prohibenda
esse fasiidituros.
Bonus
est.
praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet.
est ira in
legum
puniendo.
Optandum est, ut
puniendum
similes sint, quae ad
Legendi semper occasio
iracuudia, sed aequitate ducuntur.
est,
audiendi non semper.
Terca
vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus.
To good
parents, nothing
than that they
Urbs a
Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum
bus custoditor.
may
is
a source of greater care
[est
with dat),
instruct their children in (abl.) literature.
your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter!
militi-
iri.
Be on
punished the boy, be-
cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers

were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was
anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of
my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up
to
(=
Often already has length of time abated
served) philosophy.
the severest sufferings.
We
have kept
in
memory
the precepts of our
teachers.
Tell me,
whence thou hast heard
teachers have punished the boys with
hungered and
ready for
thirsted the
battle,
when
this
news.
(abl.) justice.
whole day.
doubt not, that the
The
soldiers
had
Scarcely had our soldiers got
the enemies were discovered (perf.).
As
the
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
5052,]
king entered into the
city, all
139
the citizens had adorned
(=
clothed) the
The soldiers did not doubt, that the

[their] camp.
I knew not whence thou
houses with flowers and garlands.
enemies had already
fortified
hadst heard this news.
The good
will
kept
you
abate
will
in (abl.)
will
always obey the principles of
The
thy suffering.
remembrance.
Length of time
virtue.
precepts of our teachers are always
When
be transported with joy.
you
If
we
shall
shall
have heard this news,

always have obeyed the
principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand open to us.
Serve wisdom, not the passions.

shouldst not rage against {in
c.
Do
ace.) the
should obey [your] teachers and parents.
not chatter,
enemies,
The
the principles of his teacher in remembrance.
boys.
soldier.
scholar should keep
Men
should not serve
their passions.
The
to the teacher.
Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the city.
boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome
length of time will abate thy suffering.
enemies have
guard the
We
fortified the
city.
Thou
You
camp ?
thoughtless boy
must (gerund) serve
virtue.
We
is
hope that
Hast thou heard, that the
come
difiicult
in order to (sup. in
to instruct (sup. in
um)
m).
DEPONENTS OP THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
140
[$53.
53.
Of
1.
Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortari.

Characteristic
Characteristic
a long.
hortor, I exhort
I.
horte-r
hort
may
vere-or,
ence
hortd-ri5, thou ex- hortc-ri5(e), thou

hortest.
mayest exhort
horta-iwr, he, she, hortc-iw, he, she,
t
exhorts
horta-miir,
it
we
vexe-ris,
vere-dr, I
may
rev-
erence
thou rev- vere-dn'5(e) thou
erencest
vexe-tur,
e long.
Present.
rever-
I.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
I.
four
Vereor, yexitus sum, vercri.
II.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
DEPO
the
he,
mayest rev.
she, vexe-dtur, he, she,
may exhort
it may reverence
it reverences
we may yexe-mur, we rev- \exe-dmur, we may
ex- horte-mwr,
hort
exhort
hoxid-minl^ you ex- horte-winz, you
hort
may exhort
horta-niMr,they ex- horte-nfwr, they
hort
may exhort.
reverence
erence
you rev-
vexe-mini,
you
may
reverence
vexe-nlur^ they rev- vexe-antur, they
may reverence.
erence
ence
II. Imperfect.
hortd-fcar, I exhort- hortd-rer,
vere-dwin?',
II. Imperfect.
might \exe-bar^ I reveren- vere-rcr, I might

reverence
ced, was rev.
ed, was exhorting

exhort
hortd-^drw(e), thou hortd-reris(), thou vere-//dri5(e), thou vexe-reris{e) thou
exh., wast exh.
mightest exhort reverenc'dst,wast r
mightest rev.
hortd-//dZ'Ur,he,she, hortd-rcfwr, he, she,
it
exh.,
was exh.
it
might exhort
we hortd-rcr/mr, we
exh., were exh.
might exhort
hortd-fedwrnt, you hortd-rernznt, you
exh., were exh.
might exhort
horld- bantur., they hoxidrentur^ they
exh., were exh.
might exhort.
hortd-Z/dr/iwr,
III.
Future {Indicative).
vexe-bdtur, he, she, vexe-retur, he, she,

it might rev.
it rev. was rev.
vexe-bdmur^we rev. wexe-remur, we
might reverence
were rev.
vexe-bdmini, you
were rev.
rev.
vexe-bantur, they
were
rev.
III.
rev.
Future
vexe-remini,
you
might reverence
vexe-rentur, they
might reverence.
{Indicative).'^
hortd-6dr, 1 shall exhort

hortd-êrz5(e), thou wilt exhort
hortd-î^wr, he, she, it will exhort
vexe-bor, I shall reverence

vexe-beris{e), thou wilt reverence
vexe-bitvr, he, she, it will reverence
hortd-izmwr, we shall exhort

hoxid-bimlnii^ you will exhort
hoxid-bunlur^ they will exhort.
vexe-bimur, we shall reverence

vexe-bimini, you will reverence
vexe-buntur, they will reverence.
IV
Perfect.
a) Indicative.
I have exhorted
thou hast exhorted
um
est., he, she, it has exhorted
horta-ti, sumus, we have exhorted
ae,
cstis, you have exhorted
a
sunt, they have exhorted
horta-tus, sum.,
a,
es,
verT-tus sum, I have reverenced

a,
es, thou hast reverenced
est, he, she, it has reverenced
um
veri-ti,
ae,
sumus, we have reverenced

estis, you have reverenced
sunt, they have reverenced
b) Subjunctive.
a,
sis,
may have exhorted

thou mayest have ex.
um
sit,
he, she,
horta-tus, sim, I
horta-ti,
it may have ex.

we may have exhorted
may
have exhorted
you
simus,
ae,
sUls,
sint,
they
may have exhorted.
1 may have reverenced

thou mayest have rev.
sit, he, she, it may have rev.
simits, we may have rev.
sitis^ you may have rev.
sint., they may have rev.
verT-tus, sim,
a,
urn
veri-ti,
ae,
sis,
DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
53.!
141
NENTS
Conjugations.
111.
Fungor,
^\xx\ctus
Characteristic
sum, fungi
Characteristic
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
IV. Partior, paitiiw^ sum, partzri.
e short.
fung-or,I manage
fung-a7*,l
1.
may man-
long.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
I.
Present.
parti-or, 1 divide
parti-dr,
may
di-
age
vide
part?-n5, thou di- partij-drw(e), thou
managest
mayest manage
mayest divide
videst
fung-?^wr, he, she, ûng-dtur^ he, she, parti-^wr, he, she, parti-d<M7-, he, she,
it manages
it may manage
it divides
it may divide
fung-imur, we
fung-amwr, we
partl-mur, we di. parti-dwmr, we
manage
may manage
may divide
vide
thou
fung-erij?,
thou
fung-ars(e),
fung-imini, you
manage
fung-?iwfMr, they
fung-amm, you
may manage
^yxng-antur, they
may manage.
manage
p3iYii-minij
you
di
vide
pdvii-untur, they
divide
parti-dmiTii,
you
may
divide
purti-antur, they
may
divide.
11. Imperfect.
11. Imperfect.
fung-ehar, 1 man- fung-erer, I might parti-e/'OTjldivided, partt-rcr

1 might
aged, was m.
manage
divide
was dividing
fung-c6ar/5(e),thou fung-ercrw(e) , thou partz-e/^dr<s(e),thou partl-rer?!5(e), thou
managedst,was m.
mightest manage
mightest divide
dividedst, was d.
fung-e/>a^r,he,she, f ung-ere^Mr,he, she, part?-c6df?',he,she, partl-yeiwr, he, she,
itm., was m.
it, might manage
it might divide
it divided, was d.
fung-cftamwr, we fung-ere/?iwr, we
partz-e/;dmMr, we
pa.rtl-r emtir, we
managed, were m.
might manage
divided, were d.
might divide
fan g-ebdmini, you nng-ere7nXni, you pdirii-ebdrnini, you partt-rcwzm, you
managed, were m.
might manage
divided, were d.
might divide
fnng-ehantur, they fung-erentur, they pa,rti-ebantur, they pa.Tti-rentur^ they
managed, were m.
might manage.
divided, were d.
might divide.
111.
Future {Indicative.
III.
manage
fung-eri5(e), thou wilt manage
fung-c^Mr, he, she, it will manage
fnng-eiaury we shall manage
fung-emini, you will manage
fung-dr, 1 shall
Futvre (fndicative.y
part?-dr, 1 shall divide

parti-c7-i5(e), thou wilt divide
parti-eiM?-, he, she, it will divide
parti-e?ftMr, we shall divide
parti-cmwi, you will divide
fang-entur^ they will manage.
pa,rii-cntur,
they will divide.
IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.
func-tus, sum, I have managed

a,
65, thou hast managed
um
est, he, she, it has managed
func-ti,
ae.
we have managed
you have managed
suirius,
estis,
sunt, they
a,
um
func-ti,
ae,
sis,
thou mayest have m.
may have m.
may have m.
sitis, you may have managed
sint, tiiey may have managed.
sit,
um
partl-ti,
he, she,
it
sum, I have divided

es, thou hast divided
est,
he, she,
it
has divided
sumus, we have divided

estis, you have divided
sunt, they have divided.
Subjunctive
may have managed
simus, we
a,
have managed.
b)
func-tus, sim,
partl-tus,
may have divided

thou mayest have divided
partl-tus, sim, 1
a,
sis,
um
sit,
parti-ti,
ae,
it may have d.
we may have divided
sitis, you may have divided
sint, they may have divided.
he, she,
simus,
142
[$53.
V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative,
horta-tus, eraw, I had exhorted

a,
eras, thou hadst exhorted
erdl, he, she, it had exhorted
horta-ti,
erdmus, we had exhorted
ae.
erdtis, you had exhorted
veri-tus,
a,
um
erant, they
um
erat, he, she, it
veri-ti,
had exhorted
eram, I had reverenced

eras, thou hadst reverenced
eratis,
erantj
had
rev.
we had reverenced
eramus,
ae,
you had reverenced

they had reverenced.
b) Subjunctive,
I might have exhorted
thou mightesthave ex.
um
e55e^,he,she,it might have ex.
horta-ti, essemus, we might have ex.
ae.
essetts, you might have ex.
essent, they might have ex.
horta-tus, essem,
a,
might have rev.

thou mightest have rev
e55ef,he,she,it might have rev.
essemus, we might have rev.
essetis, you might have rev
essent, they might have rev
veri-tus. essem, 1
esses,
65565,
um
veri-ti,
ae,
VI. Future Perfect (Indicativey

horta-tus. ero, I shall have exhorted
veri-tus, ero, I shall have reverenced
eris, thou wilt have exhorted
eris, thou wilt have rev.
um
erit, he, she, it will have ex.
um
erit, he, she, it will have rev.
horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex.
veri-ti,
erimus, we shall have rev.
ae,
erilis, you will have exhorted
ae.
eritis, you will have rev.
erunt, they will have ex.
erunt, they will have rev.
Imperative.
Imperative.
hortd-rc, exhort thou
hortd-tor, thou shouldest exhort
hortd-ôr, he, she, it should exhort
vere-re, reverence thou

vere-tor, thou shouldest reverence
vere-tor, he, she, it should reverence
hortd-mznl, exhort ye
hortd-wimor, you should exhort
horid-ntor, they should exhort.
vere-mtni, reverence ye
veve-minor, you should reverence
veve-ntor, they should reverence.
Infinitive.
Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort

Perf horid-tus, a, um, esse,
Infinitive.
Pres. vere-ri, to reverence

to
have Peif.
ver-itus, a,
exhorted
Fut.
um,
esse, to
have rev-
enced
hoTid-turus, a, um, esse, to will Fut. yexi-turus, a, um, esse, to will

exhort^, (that one) will exhort.
reverence^, (that onej will rev.
Participle.
Participle.
Pres. horta-w5, exhorting

Pres. xere-ns, reverencing
Perf. hortd-tus, a, um, having exhorted Perf. veri-tus, a, um, having reverenced
Fut. 1) Act. horid-turus, a, um, intend- Fut. 1) Jlct. vexl-turus, a, um, intending, wishing, about to exhort
ing, wishing, about to reverence
Fut. 2) Pass. horXn-ndus, d, um, what Fut. 2) Pa55. vexe ndus, a, um, what
should be reverenced.
should be exhorted.
Gerund.
Gerund.
one (we) mus^ ex.

horia-ndi, of exhorting, o exhort
horla-ndo, to exhorting, o exhort
hoTia-ndum (e. g. arf),exhor.ing,
to exhort
A. hoTta-ndo, by exhorting.
N. vere-ndum est, one (we) must rev

G. vere-ndi, of reverencing, to rev.
D. vexe-ndo, to reverencing, to rev.
A. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing,
to reverence
A. vere-ndo, by reverencing.
N.
G.
D.
A.
horta-ndum
est,
Supine.
Supine.
horid-tum, in order to exhort

Abl. hovid-tu, to exhort, be exiiorted.
.Sec.
I)
The Subjunctive
of both the futures
is
Mc.
Jibl.
veri-tum, in order to reverence

veri-tu,to reverence, be reverenced
wanting.
See Remark
1)
and
2) to $
50. 2) See
53.1
143
V. Pluperfect.
Indicative,
a)
managed
eras^ thou hadst managed
era<, he, she, it had managed
eramus^ we had managed
eratisy you had managed
erant, they had managed
func-tus, eram, I had

a,
um
func-ti,
ae,
partl-tus, eranij I had divided

eras, thou hadst divided
a,
um
he, she,
ei-at,
eramus,
parti-ti,
ae,
eratis,
erant,
it
we had
had divided
divided
you had divided

they had divided.
b) Subjunctive,
func-tus,
might have managed partl-tus, essem, 1 might have divided

esses, thou mightest have d.
thou mightest have m.
um
esset, he,she, it might have d
esset, he,she, it might have m
parti-ti, essemus, we might have d.
essemus, we might have m.
ae,
essetis, you might have d.
essetis, you might have m.
essent, they might have d.
essentj they might have m.
esses,
a,
um
func-ti,
ae.
VI Future
Perfect {Indicative)}
partl-tus. ero, 1 shall have divided

func-tus, ero, I shall have managed
eris, thou wilt have divided
eris, thou wilt have managed
a,
um
erit, he, she, it will have d
erit, he, she, it will have man.
partl-ti, erimus, we shall have divided
func-ti, erimus, we shall have man,
eritis, you will have divided
eritis, you will have man.
ae.
ae,
erunt, they will have divided
erunt, they will have man.
a
um
Imperative.
Imperative.
fung-ere, manage thou
fung-zôr, thou shouldest manage
fung-zfor, he, she, it should manage
f\xr\g-imini,
i'nng-lminor
manage ye
you should manage
,
fung-ttwfor, they should
manage.
thou
thou shouldest divide
pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide
partl-mzm, divide ye
partl-mmor, you should divide
pa.rti-untor, they should divide.
partz-re, divide
parti-<or,
Infinitive.
Perf.
manage
^\xnc-tus, a, um, esse,
managed
Fut.
innc-turus, a,
Infinitive.
Pres. fung-i, to
manage',
to
have
Pres. partl-ri, to divide

Perf partt-tus, a, um, esse, to have
divided
um,
esse, to will Fut.

(that one) will man.
um, esse, to will

divide^, (that one) will divide.
Tpdivti-turus, a,
Participle.
Participle.
Pres. fung-en5, managing

Perf. innc-tus, a, um, having
Pres. parti-e7i5, dividing

managed Perf. partl-^Ms, a, um, having divided
Fut. 1) .Bet. fnnc-tfirus, a, um, intend- Fut. 1) Jlct. ^d^rii-turus, a, vm,, intend
ing, wishing, about to manage
ing, wishing, about to divide
Fut. 2) Pass. ung-endus, a, um, what Fut. 2) Pass, parti-endus, a, um, what
managed.
should be
should be divided.
Gerund.
N. fying-endum est, one (we) must m
G. fnng-cndi, of managing, to manage
D. fung-endo, to managing, to manage
A. fung-endum (e. g. ad), managing
to
Gerund.
N. partz-enrfwm est, one (we) must d,
G. parii-endi, of dividing, to divide
D. Tparii-endo, to dividing, to divide
A. parti- end um, (e. g. ad.), dividing
manage
to divide
A. fnng-endo, by managing.
A.
partt-erarfo,
Supine.
Ace. func-iwm, in order to manage
Ml. iwnc-tu, to manage, be managed.
Remark
4) to $ 50.
by dividing.
Supine.
Ace. part?-<M7, in order to divide

parti-M, to divide, be divided.
ML
DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.
144
L XXVII.
Admiror
Words
to be
/ ac?mire.
learned
Conor
1.
and
[^53.
^zeroises for translation.
I attempt, ven- somnium,
n. <freawi,
i,
ture.
pulchritudo, Inis, /.
asperDor 1. I spurn.
beauty.
comitor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / interpret.
demum, adv. first, at
contemplor 1. /confemconsigno 1. I point out.
length.
plate, consider,
PART FIRST.
Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque
milites hortatus est,
tes
iit
Jam
hos-
quum repente a civibus propulsati

Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Con-
urbem oppugnare
sunt.
conati erant,
templamlnor praeclara
sunt
Dux
virtutis ?
hostium aciem pertubare conarentur.
Venio
virtutis
comitatum
te
exempla, quae in historia consignata
hortum.
in
Somnia
sunt inter-
difRcilia
pretatu.
We
The
admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue.
general ex-
horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line of
battle of the
enemies
into confusion.
have accompanied the brother
The enemies have ventured
into the garden.
to assault
the
Thou
city.
shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed
out in history.
sault the city.
ly.
Tell me,
The
I
citizens apprehended, that the
enemies might
as-
doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream right-
why
thou hast not accompanied the father into the gar-
den.
LXXVIII
Words
Fateor, fassus sum, fateri 2. to acknowledge,
learned and Exercises /or translation.
aggredior, gressus. gre-
/ keep, protect.
intueor 2. / look upon,
2.
misereor, misertus
rltus
sum,
2. (c.
geu.)to pity.
or
niisereri
poUiceor 2. 1 promise.
abator, usus sum, uti
3. (c, abl.) to abuse.
adipiscor, adeptus
sum
3. to
sum,
abl.)
fut.
awaken.
to
frui
3. (c.
enjoy (part.
fungi
functus
3.
(c.
sum,
abl.)
to
administer.
irascor, iratus
to be
angry.
labi
to
sum,
speak.
morior, mortuus sum,
mori
3.
to die (part.
fut. moriturus).
sequor,
fruiturus).
fungor,
sum,
locutus
loquor,
loqui 3.
fructus or frui-
fruor,
tus
contemplate.
3. to obtain.
sum
labor, lapsus
3. to glide, fall.
di 3. to attack.
expergiscor, peiTectus
admit.
tueor
to be
sequi
secutus
3.
(c.
sum,
ace.) to
follow.
in ops, opis, destitute.
sum
3.
audacter,
adv.
confidently.
boldly^
53.]
145
Semper miserorum homiiium miserebimur,

Fatetor, o puer, verum
Misereminorinopum! Discipuli verentor praeceptores. Non dublto, quin tuum
prasidium mihi pollicitarus sis. Cum magna voluptate intiiemur praeArtes se ipsae tuentur.
Veremini, o pueri, senectutem!
clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt.
Quis
pace
tur.
quam multi eloquentia abutantur ? Per multos annoaOmnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredian-
nescit,
fruiti
sumus.
Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedlmus.
ves,
libertatem adepti,
Tam
audacter
summa
cum amico
quos amare debetis
lum aliquando nobis
Ne
quam tecum.
loquere,
Munere tuo bene
patebit.
Gi-
lapsis.
irasciminor
iis,
viam semper sequemur, aditus in coe-
Si virtutis
Succurre
fruentur.
laetitia
fungere.
Metuo, ne
amicus moriatur.
The
rich
themselves
arts
that thou
vsîlt
v^îll
always protect themselves.
always pity the poor.
You
should pity the destitute.
(=what
teacher.
is true,)
boys!
Reverence,
we may
Many have abused
You
the enemies might attack the city.
whom thou
always managed thy
LXXIX. Words
lapsus
go
obliviscor, litus
visci 3. (c.
li-
gen. and
obsequor, secutus sum,

sequi 3. to comply
with, obey.
ficisci
You should speak

Thou shouldst not be
doubt not, that thou
and Exercises for
3.
to
depart,
proceed, march.
4. to
assent
4.
Iflatter.
2. (c.
sum
freely,
modestia, ae,yi modesty,
umbra, ae,/. shade.

commendatio, onis,
aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici.
dilabuntur.
suorum.
/.
commendation.
bestow.
vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur
ace. pers.)
it is fit.
4. to try.
/ give
/ Zie.
mensus sum,
4.
metiri 4. to measure.
decet
pertus
experior,
sum
to.
translation.
mentior
metior,
sensus
assentior,
largior 4.
sum,
ciscltur a modestia.
desire
know, how well thou hast
All
virtue.
blandior
ace.) to forget.
Quum
We
eloquence.
are fallen.
oughtest to love.
learned
to be
to ruin.
proficiscor, fectus
which
olEiice.
sum,
sum,
way of
to the
virtue,
All the citizens apprehended, that
enjoy peace.
wilt always follow the
The
good scholar will always reverence his
with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves.
angry with those,
should acknowledge the truth
Contemplate ye the noble examples of
are pointed out in history.

(opto), that
labi 3. to
doubt not,
doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection
destitute friend.
Dilabor,
boy, old age
Stulti
aliorum
Prima pueri commendatio
profi-
Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae
Gloria virtutem tanquam
13
umbra
sequitur.
146
Ne
blandire malis hominibus
bus multa bona
Puer,
Voluptas blanditiirsensibus
tuna.
omnes
finivit,
quam
tie
Omnia
ejus sententiae assensi sunt.
that
53.
Natiira homini-
metimur, non
virtute
Postquam
nostris.
for-
orator orationem
prius experiri verbis,
armis, sapientem decet.
We
doubt not, that thou wilt obey me.
me, why thy father has proceeded
Tell
mentitor
Magnos homines
largita est.
[$
by
(abl.)
men
discourse of
lie
(=
deceives
Who
We
Italy.
does not know,
how
feared,
often the
Measure men according
lies)!
to (abl.)
Always follow the way of virtue.
according to fortune.
virtue, not
never forget thee.
shall
(in)
discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to
Boys, you should not
ruin.
to
PART SECOND.
a)
LXXX.
Adulor
1.
Deponents of the First Conjugation.
Words
(c.
opitulor
recordor
acc.) IJiatter.
and Exercises for
learned
to be
or
dat.
1.
aid
/ewe?
translation.
libido. In is, y.Mnresiratn-
(generally
ed
desire, caprice.
with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event.

1 think.
ausplcor 1. I commence.
her.
libens, tis, delighted.
innocen tia, ae,/. inno- aliquando, adv. somauxilior 1. / airf.
dominor 1. 1 reign.
cence.
time.
moderor I.e. dat. Jmo^- an gor, oris, m. vexation. alUer, adv. otherwise,
arbitror
1.
erate; c. ace. govern.
Boni
non
viri
rite, adv.
cum
mundi se incolam
et
Ubi
fallit,
quum
libido
civem arbitrabatur.
Disce libens
im-
Socrates totius
quid dulcius
est,
Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur honodominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus
allter accidit,
Antonio non
silio,
dolore flagita sua recordabitur.
discere multa?
res.
ti
Homo
voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur.
probus aliquando
quam
properly.
atque homines arbitrati sunt.

Nihil
est adulatus.
rite sine dei
Attlcus poten-
immortalis ope, con-
honore auspicabere.
LXXXI. Words
Aemulor
1.
1.
1 divine,fore-
learned
imitor
1.
consector
'i.
and Exercises for
1. (c.
veneror 1. /revere.
ace.) I im- venor 1. Ihunt.
Ijest.
1.
I turn from, laetor
].
(c.
abl.)'
I pursue.
precor
Ire-
occulto
1.
rivulus,
i,
majores,
1.
/ entreat.
conceal.
m. stream.
um,
mediocris,
joice.
1.
translation.
I delay.
itate.
jocor
tell.
aversor
shun.
to be
ace.)/ cmwcXoy
emulate.
auguror
(c.
e,
ancestors.
moderate.
DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtJGATlONS.
53.]
Venerare deiim, venerare parentes.

vitia
eorum aversamini
In
pueri, venamlni lepores
silvis
Virtutes
majorum aemulamini,
venator venatur lepores
Ubi res bona tractanda
147
est,
in scholis,
ne cunctator
Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor.
Quotidie,
puer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet
Tardi
genii est, rivulos consectari, fontes
quam meorum
ketari soleo,
tuos parentes!
tibi
rerum non
officiorum conscientia.
in-
Nulla re tarn
videre.
In ira moderari
non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in

carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se au-
animo
et orationi,
guraturum esse
ea,
quae menti liumanae a deo sunt occultata.
LXXXII. Words
Adhortor
to be
/e?icoMm^6,
1.
exhort.
cohortor
exhortor
A.
and Exercises for

lie
in wail
1.
I encourage, susplcor 1. /
conjecture.
/ encour-
conspicor
sitspecl,
ingenuus,
1.
vagor I. I wander.
praecludo 3. / close.
profusus,
temperantia, ae,/.
nemo
discover,
a,
um,
7io6/e-
um, unre-
a,
strained.
fern-
non, even/ one.
excois, cordis, senseless.
perance, moderation,
[late.
um, m-
horn, dignified.
console.
see.
a,
modest.
1.
1.
translation.
immodestus,
for.
age, exhort.
consolor
learned
insidior
1. I congratu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admbdum, adv. very.

indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. amhassa- aperte, ac??;. openly.
dor.
nequicquam, adv. in
or de with abl.) lam
vain, to no effect.
dissatisfied udthsome- facetus, a, um, delicate,
gratulor
thing.
witty.
Apeite adulantem nemo non

Mei"iti nihil est tarn
inimicum,
nante, temperantiae locus
vidit, nisi
quam
est.
qui
voluptas
excors.
Aliorum miseriam con-
exempla laudare debemus viorum fortium, qui in
fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam.
profusum, nee immodestum, sed iiigenuum

venatore insidiandum est apris.
est
Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acriter
contra hostes dlmicarent, urbem oppugnavit.

solaturi
admodum
nee enim, libidine domi-
et
a<*.erl)issimis
Genus jocandi non
facetum esse debet.
Multi legati congregati sunt
m urbem
ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quem neque gloria, neque perieula excitant, nequicquam hortere timor animi aures praecludit.
Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus sis. Non dubitabam,
:
quin hujus hominis consuetudinem aversatus esses.
Non
dubito, quin,
istum adolescentem couspicatus, eontinuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum
quiddam euspieaturus
We rejoice
at
(=
our
sis.
at (abl.) the joy
own (=
vexations).
ours),
of friends in
and grieve
Be convinced
in
like
like
that thou
manner (aequae) as
manner
art dear to
at
[their]
(ac)
grief
me, but that thou
148
[$
53.
much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles.

The example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they
wilt be
might imitate him.
doubt not, that thou wilt ever
shun the bad.
[but] wilt
ber his foul deeds
Be convinced
(ace.)
that
you
itate
commence nothing
I
[man]
properly without the
exhort thee, that thou shouldst im-
good men, [but] sLmi the bad.
dissatisfied
the good,
Flatter thou not a powerful
with pain.
will
counsel [and] honor of God.
aid,
assist
doubted not, that he would sometime remem-
Relate to me,
why thou
hast been
doubted not that the enemies had
boy, thou shouldst contemplate both
with thy fortune.
lain in wait for thee.
When
thou pursuest
historj',
the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these.
In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay.
The
the destitute.
When
against the enemies.
(=
The
rich should lend aid to
soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us

desires
evil
reign (abl. abs.), there
is
no
not) place for (dat.) virtue.
b)
Deponents of the Second Conjugation.
IjXXXIII. Wb?'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation.

Confiteor, fessus sum reor, ratus sum, reri, venia, ae,/. pardon.
2. to confess.
to
sum
2.
dubito
achiowledge freely
c.
/ hesi-
inf.
entertain
scru-
c. dat. to
cure,
perf.)
rem-
edy.
itus
sum
2.
to
deserve; dealiquare,
deserve
impetro
imploro
in for
mo
nego
\.
n. pat-
cunctus,
a,
um,
all
(combined), whole.
1.
1.
1.
/ obtain.
I implore.
/ instruct.
inanis, e, empty, vain.

cito,
adv.
tius,
quicldy
more
;-
ci-
quickly,
I deny.
more easily.
ditum 3. to liberaliter, adv. freely.
deliver up, give up to. i\ondum, adv. not yet.
'
trado, didi,
of some-
thing.
aris,
tern, model.
pies.
medeor (without
to
1 .
tate,
promise.
mereor,
exemplar,
2. to think.
profiteor, fessus
malitia, ae,
wicked-
penitus, adv. thoroughly,

wholly.
ness.
Jam
est.
quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxllum imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam
nostram fassi eramus, quum liberalissime vestrum praesidi(mi nobis
Vix peccatum tuum fassus
te en'asse
eras,
quum
pater tui misertus
confessus eras,
polliciti estis.
Magna
est vis philosophiae,
nes detrahit, cupiditatibus

sidium,
quum
se
ipsae per se tuentur singulae.
merentur praeceptores,
informant.
quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudiArtes magnum nobis praebent prae-
liberal.
Praeclare de patria
quum juventutem bonarum
litterarum studiis
53.]
149
Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a supposed ground ^nd may be translated by the causal 5i?ice (seeing that,)
(Comp. Synt. 110, 1.)
or although, It is connected with the subjunctive.
Quum
philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradere
Omnes
deberaus.
miserebantur
vestri,
quum non propter
raalitiam, sed
Quum milites pericula vererentur^

confligere.
Quum is, qui verum amicum
propter fortunam in miseriis
essetis.
nou audebant cum hostibus

iutuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui talem amicum aeque
Avarus, quum in omnium rerum
ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus.
affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ?
Quum, virtutem satis in
;
se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /afedre; etiam confitebere, sapien-
tem
beatum
in cruciatibus
professurus
sis,
When we
si
confessus
eris,
non dublto, quin
fi-eely
acknowledge our
guilt,
we more easily obtain parmay have in itself
Since you have acknowledged, that virtue
don.
sufficient
of (gen.) protection for a happy
may
that the wise J^man]
you
Id
esse.
sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse.
shall
have confessed
you
(in)
confess,
will also
and when
freely acknow-
tortures
doubt not, that you will

happy in every condition of life.
this, I
ledge, that the wise [man]
is
had I acknowledged my fault

from thee. Thou hast acquired
Scarce-
to thee, as I obtained (perf )
ly
(quum) thou hast
life,
be happy lunler
pardon
inasmuch as
for thyself great praise,
pitied the destitute citizens.
Miserere nostri
Medeminor,
cives, inopiae
nostrae
Suum
Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina proCives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos =esse, rati, eos
quisque tuetor munus.

videntia dubitabit,
Venio
acrlter propulsare studuerunt.
Omnibus modis
rus.
meum
a vobis inopiae civium
escentis officium est, majores natu vereri.
republica meritum esse
Reverence,
want of
when we
The
contemplate
ised
me
true
Believe me,
thou wilt promise to

the
others.
Roman
me
Who
Adolde
Pity ye
me
Thou
shouldst cure the

Shall we,
Thinking
(part. perf.), that
to
thou hast prom-
have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the
ti>Ao
Thou must remedy
want of
est.
nescit, te praeclare
contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as
God ?
thy protection,
business.
Quis
scholar should reverence his teacher.
(=
(de) the foi-esight of
tibi pollicitu-
medendum
Spero, te mei miseiturum esse.
boy, old age
others.
praesidium
will freely acknowledge (part, fut.)
(Ger.) the
want of thy
thy protection.
friend.
It is beautiful, to
what
is
hope, that
remedy the
does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of
state ?
13*
150
DEPO]yE>TS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
C)
LXXXIV.
Words
to he
gressus
3.
gage,
reverter,
ci 3.
born,
he
to
spring from,
innascor
or
rest
i. m. comer.
philosophus, i, m. phi-
losopher.
pestis,
ul-
ace.) to
(.
nisus
is,
semen,
visum,
/. pest^
iiiis,
i,
(fe-
n. seed.
n. appearance.
detestabllis,
one.
detesta-
e,
hie.
cumulo
1 heap, load,
1.
superior, us, superior;
I continue.
conqueror,
upon; 2) ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque,
to strive after
3. to go away, depart.
however often,
persevero
niti 3. (c. abl.),
aliquid,
gr&tm, ae f. thank.
struction.
avenge one's sef on
in-
born, implanted.
nixus
inf
sum,
ulciscor, ultus
cisci 3.
he
to
3.
reveiti,
pf.
3. to
2) to make.
aiigulus,
reverti 3. to return.
to
(part,
make an
reversus,
part,
fut. nasciturus).
to
restore
agreement.
to en-
translation.
reddo, didi, ditum
myself.
pacisci 3. to
nascor. natus sum, uas-
sum,
1 endecuvor,
3.
paciscor, pactus sum,
hrace,
congredior,
nitor,
and Exercises for
learned
Complector, plexus
adnitor
sum, plecti 3. to emexert
sum, gmdi
[f 53.
1.
conj.
something.
Salus
cum
hominum non
veritate
hostibus pacii, pace
tatione complectlmur.
Ne
fi-ulti
Lacte,
solum, sed etiam fama
Deum
sunt.
et
carne multisque
ulciscimlni iuimicos vestios
aliis
Romaiii Numldis
Gives,
nititur.
diviuum animum cogirebus vesclmur.

sunt, si
polliciti
pei-severarent bello urgere Cartbaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene
cumulatam gratiam redderent.
Nemo parum
fectae perfecto functus est munere.

in
somnio contemnlmus.
blies alii philosophi

tabllis est pestis,
angulo natus
LXXXV.
mea
Words
sum,
la-
hi 3. to glide away.
enitor, nisus or
3.
Zeno, innumeraNulla tam detes-
Non sum
nixus
7o exert
uni
Sunt ingeniis nostris
cum Romanis
con-
discessit superior.
learned
and Exercises for
patior, passus sum, pati
teudo, tetendi, tentum
n.
continuance.
vicinltas, atis,
something.
encoun-
diuturnltas, atis,/.Zong-
to strive after
out
lord^
[ter.
i,
ad
stretch
Si\\i\\\\d,
m.
i,
master.
proelium,
3. (c. abl.) to retire.
3. to
translation.
stultitia, n.e,f. folly.
domluus,
3. to suffer.
excedo, cessi, cessum
elabor, lapsus
self.
mundus.
Hannibal, quotiescunque
to he
fetisci 3. to he weary,
one's
totus hie est
semper
Italia,
tired out.
niti
reverterunt.
quae non bomini ab bomine nascatur.
patria
Defetiscor, fessus sum,
sum,
Aristoteles, Theopbrastus,
nunquam domum
semtna innata virtutum.

gressus est in
diu vixit, qui virtutis per-
Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa
horhood.
neig^-
53.]
wrong,
nei'as{indecl.),n.
proprius,
one's
a,
um (c.gen.),
own, peculiar.
151
quo, adv. whiiher.
gentium, wherever in
ubicunque, adv. wherever; ubicunque.
the world,
Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam

adeptus
ubicunque
erit,
dominum
erit
non
se appellari
pertia, alia ratione
Animo
sit,
Animalia
est passus.
utentia.
Avida est pe-
gentium, a nobis diligetur.
quo tendat, non quid passura
riculi virtus, et,
Augustus
cogltat.
alia
nititur.
Qui virtutem
Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant.
sunt rationis ex-
elapso, corpus nihil valet.
Valet
Regapud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiara mortuorum.

Proprium est stultitiae, aliorum vitia
ia res est, succurrere lapsis.
cernere, oblivisci suorum.
Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus.
Irasci iis nefas est, quos amare debemus.
Amicitiae, consuetudines,
vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelliglmus, quam
Juveni parandum, seni utendum
fruendo.
utendum
LXXX VL
Words
Ingredior, gressus sum,
gredi 3.
est.
Suo
cuiqu'e judicio
est.
(c.
ace.)
to be
learned
accuso
I go
1.
and Exercises for
/ complain
of,
usitatus, a,
deflagro
pass through,
persequor, cutus sum,
sequi 3. to pursue.
used,)
1.
/ burn up
diu,
usualy
adv.
long
time
diutius, longer.
(intrans.).
vices plur. [gen.
to
um,
common,
accuse.
into, enter, enter upon,

perfungor, functus
sum, fungi 3. (c. abl.)
translation.
not
'miQxn\iGYSj;\XeY, adv. in-
temperately,
f. vicisitudes.
perexiguus,
a,
um,
without
moderation.
vei"!/
plerumque, adv. gen-
small.
erally.
All
viîsh,
reached
that they
{= having
may
reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have
reached), they complain of
The
it.
out by the long march, gave themselves up to rest
We
follow the example of the good.
Common
soldiers tired
Boys, you should
have enjoyed a long-continued
memory, remarkable
Many abuse without moderation
and new things remain longer.
Those appear to me to have lived happily, to
leisure and literature.
whom it has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom. We favor
those, who have entered upon the very same dangers which we have
peace.
passed through.
they
may
sued
(perf.)
but
it
things escape easily from the
many do not know, whence

and great joy. Alexander purFortune is not merely blind itselfj
All strive after joy, but
obtain permanent (stabllis, e)
the enemies eagerly.
generally
makes those blind
also,
whom
it
embraces.
Man
is
not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends],
so
that (ut) a
very small part
is
left
to himself.
The
condition of
152
mortals has such
from prosperity
(is)
vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs
obeys the laws not on accomit of
them, because he thinks that
He
and prosperity from adversity.
(res secundae),
who
lives the best,
53.
[^
may be most
this
but follows
fear,
In
salutaiy.
the
(abl.)
very same night in which Alexander was born, the temple of the
Ephesian (Ephesius,
um) Diana burned
LXXXVIL
Words
4. (c. abl.)
to be
I ôs-
coorior
sum,
A. to
part.
turus (not
the
fut.
oreris,
us,
attack,
(I
<o
c.
inf),
necessary.
it
prem- eo, adv.
is
animadverto,
tergum,
at-
est.
oritur,
qualecunque
Sol universis
thither, so far.
sum tamen,
ti,
conj. yet.
i,
victoria
in
n. back.
manibus
impetu
Milites, si feroci
Dum
nostris est!
animadvertat, quanta sint ea
hostem coorlmur,
adorimur,
et
praesentibus
metitur.
ita potitur,
ut
quamque jucunda.
honores eblandiare
quaedani praeloquuntur.
in
urbem oppugnare
Suo quisque metu pericula
Sapiens et praeterlta grate recordatur,
adhibenda nobis
vero saepissime.
caussam habeat a nutura necesse
exoreris'?
hostes a tergo nos aggressi sunt.
Cave, ne
first
clause)
conj. but.
mentiuntur, oratio
est,
the
its
eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam

et tamen dies oritur.
Unde tandem tam re-
multi indigni luce sunt
pente nobis
ace. et
grate, adv. gratefully.
ise.
Fions, oculi, vultus persaepe
Quicquid
m. expres-
junctive or
(after
mur; so its comS. to observe, perceive, vero
word of
pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty.
rior
/.
sion, countenance,
locutus
sum, loqui 3.
fol-
orl-
oritur,
vultus,
flattery.
praeloquor,
orturus);
Pres.
Ind.
rise
o?i-
lows the third Conj.
onis,
preparation.
/ appear,
4.
/. forehead.
tis,
praeparatio,
privatus, a, um, jorivate.

spring from, arise.
demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, oc'is, ferce.
ehlandior A. I obtain by necesse est (c. sub-
oriri
spring from,
from ;
calor, oris, w. IxftarL
/ arise^ break
4.
exorior
4.
to begin.
orior, ortus
fol-
out, hreak forth,
ordior or exordior, orordiri
fourth Conj.
periri 4. to await.
sum,
and
which
lows throughout the frons,
sus
learned
tempt),
myself of
opperior, pertus sum,
sess
up.
Deponents of the fourth Conjugation.
d)
Potior
a,
Oratores, priusquam exordiantur,
In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur,
est praeparatio
diligens.
Omnes
floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia
Dum
exercitus hostilis urbis
cives
maximo moerore
domos
opplebantur.
cives domos suas

regem opperiebantur.
privatas publicasque demoliebatur,
Quum
hostes
praedam
partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur.
inter se
Dux
mill-
^53.]
tes cohortatus est, ut
omnia experirentur,
153
qiiibus iirbem obsidione lib-
Quiuii saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingeiis pavor
erarent.
omnes
naii-
tas oncupavit.
LXXXVIII. Words
Ementior
4.
state
conserve
emetior, mensiis sum,
off,
travel through.
cite,
atis,
ridiculus, a,
ridicu-
tantus, a,
um,
so great.
consulto, odv. designed-
sight.
I fy up, has- usus,
um,
lous.
m.
us,
um,
a,
wonderful.
/.
a.U8,f. hounti-
adspectus,
translation.
prodigiosus,
preserve,
fulness.
move, ex-
to
attempt.
1.
convenience.
/ measure ubertas,
4.
niolior 4.
ad vole
1.
comiiiodttas,
falsely.
metiri
and Exercises for
learned
to be
ly.
us,
in.
fortuito, adv. hy chance.
use, want,
ten up.
Ridiculi sunt, qui,
Omne
quod
animal se ipsum
experti
ipsi
diligit ac,
conservet.
Ad hominum
tem natura
largita
est, ut
commoditates
ea,
non
sunt, id
simulatque oitum
et
decent ceteros.
est, id
agit,
ut se
usus tantam rerum uberta-
quae gignuntur, donata consulto nobis,
non fortuito nata videantur. Herodotus, multas terras emensus, multas

quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse emeniltus est, sed
Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum,
alii, ex quibus audivit.
quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et
atrocissimum bellum
civile exorsus est.
nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam

ementietur, nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis
Sapiens
falsi
tatem molietur.
Si celerlter
hostem adoriemur, non
brevi tempore urbe potituri simus.

ficiscemur.
Ne
blandire malis hominibus.
Sole oriente, profecti sumus.
est
sol
dubium, quin
ortus
erit,
pro-
opperimlni fortunam
aequalis facilis est par-
Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes
Solem oriturum cum maxima volup-
nautas ingens pavor occupavit.

tate
Ne
Numerus
Hostes advolaverunt urbe potitura.

titu.
Simulatque
aliquid
calami-
spectamus.
The sun does
not always rise and set in the very same place.
Scarcely had the
tacked
(perf.)
enemy been
them
spiritedly.
we
discovered, as
Men measure
arose (perf.) and at-
the year by (abl.) the re-
turn of the sun.
Nothing prevented you, that
you should begin your
(=
we
Three days long

the friend.
(dlligo)
many
both
Every
itself
through three days) have

living being, as soon as
and
all
its
parts.
countries, have stated falsely
it is
business.
awaited the arrival of
born
(=
sprung), loves
Many having travelled through

many wonderful things. History
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
154
relates, that Sulla arose (perf.)
began
my
(perf.) the civil
opinion.
in order
war.
suddenly against
why
Tell me,
[^
(dat.) the
Romans and
thou hast not assented to
Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried
all
(= ad with
to possess themselves
of
gerund) the city
We will not begin a new business, before that the previous

shall
have been completed.
soldiers will attack the
When
enemy.
that, if
If thou
shalt
they attacked (subj.) the
in (abl.) a short time possess themselves
fortune
soldiers
(=
Flatter ye not
lie,
lie.
rise),
nobody
Our
By joining
gerund, a
tic
The
would
54. Periplirastic
conjugation
is
will
trust
soldiers did
Await thou not
rose (abl. abs.), the
sun, on the point of rising

I
hope, that thou wilt
arise.
Conjugation.
the verb esse with the participles
new
[bu^siness]
quickly, they might
city.
sun
the
presents a splendid sight.
All believed, that a storm
enemy
of the
As
marched against the enemies.
about to
never
bad men
[means],
the canip shall be fortified, the
thee, even if {etlams'i) thou speakest (subj.) the truth.
not doubt,
54.
and with the
formed, called the periphras'
conjugation; under this the following forms are to be
noted:
1) AmatUruSj a,
um
sum, /
ivish^
intend^
am
about to
(will) love.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
amaturus sum, I am about

amaturus es,
amaturus est,
to {ivill)
[love,
amaturussim,! may be about to {will)

[love.
amaturus sis,
amaturus sit,
hortaturi sumus,i^7e are about to [will) hortaturi simus,
hortaturi estis,
[exhort,
hortaturi sunt.
ive
may
hortatuj-i sitis,
be about to
[{iviU) exhort.
hortaturi sint.
Imperfect.
moniturus eram, / would admonish,
moniturus essem, I would admonish.
Perfect.
yeritarusfm,! would have reverenced,
veriturus fuerim, I would have rev.
Pluperfect.
recturus fueram, / would have gov.
recturus fuissem, I would have gov.
Future.
functurus ero,I shall be about to manage,
wanting.
PEEIFtlRASTIC CONJUGATION.
54.]
155
Future Perfect.
auditurus fuero, I shall have been
wanting,
[about to hear.
partiturus fueris.
Inflnitwe.
amaturus
Perf. amaturus
amaturus
Fut
esse, to be about to
Pres.
fore, to
2) Amandtfs, a,
me
[ivill)
love
fuisse, to have been about to love
(that one) will be ready to love.
ivill love,
sam, I must be loved^ one must love
urn.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Pres.
amandus sum, I must be loved, amandus sim, / must be loved,

one must love me
one must love me
amandus es, thou must be loved, amandus sis, thou must beloved,
one must love thee
one must love thee
amandus
must be loved,
one must love him
hortandi sumus, uje must be exhorted, one must exhort us
hortandi estis, you must be exhorted, one must exhort you
hortandi sunt, they must be exhorted, one must exhort them.
Imperf. monendus eram, / was to be
Perf.
est, he
amandus
he
must
be loved,
must be exmust exhort them.

monendus essem, / might be to
be admonished, one might be
admonished, one was to ad-\
monish me
to admonish me
verendus fui, / should have verendus fuerim, / may have
been
one
reverenced,
have reverenced
should
I ought to
have been governed, one ought
me
persequendus ero, /
to
liortandi sint, they

horted, one
been to
may
me
Plupf regendus fueram,
Fut
sit,
one must love him

hortandi simus, we must be exhorted, one must exhort us.
hortandi sitis, you must be ex
horted, one must exhort you
have governed
shall
be
be
admonished, one
to admonish me
regendus fuissem, / might have
have been
been to be admonished, one

might have been to admonish me.
vvânting.
pursued, one ivill be under obligation to pursue me
to be
P.P. audiendus
fuero,
shall
been to be heard, one
ivill
have
vranting.
have
been under obligation to hear
me
metiendus
fueris, thou wilt
have
been to be measured, one will
have been under obligation
measure
to
thee.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
amandus esse, to be under obligation to be loved.

amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved.
amandus fore, to will be under obligation to be loved, (that one)etc.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
156
3)
Amandum
est
Comp.
love.
amandum
one must love, mihi

Synt.
P54.
I must
est,
98.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
amandum sit, one should love

amandum est, one must Jove
mihi amandum est, / must love mihi amandum sit, I should love
Pres.
hortandum
tibi
est
thou must
tibi
exhoH
timendum
illi
est, he
nobis fatendmn
est,
confess
legendum
est,
you must vobis legendmn
sit,
you should
sit,
they should
read
read
illis
thou shouldst
sit,
must fear ilH timendum sit, he shouldfear

we must nobis fatendum sit, we should
confess
vobis
hortandum
exhort
loquendum
est,
must
they
illis
loquendum
speak
puero audiendum
must hear
viro
experiendum
must
hnperf.
hoy puero
the
est,
audiendum
est, the
man
experiendum
viris
should
try
amandum
one was
erat,
boy
the
sit,
should hear
amandmn
to love
sit,
men
try.
esset, one might
be
to love
mihi
amandum
erat,
/ was
mihi
to
amandum
Per/.
amandum
one should have
fuit,
been
loved
Plupf.
amandum
fuerat, one
ought
esset,
/ might
amandum
I may have
fuerit,
to love
amandum
to
fuisset,
/ might have
been to love.
have loved
Fut.
amandum
be to love
love
one shall be
erit,
wanting.
to
love
RP.
amandum
Patria amanda
est,
'
one's native country should be loved, one should
love his native country
amanda
wanting.
one shall have
fuerit,
been to love.
;'
we
should love our native country ;'

thou shouldst read this book
milites duci adhortandi fuerunt,
the general should have incited the
patria nobis
'
est,
hie liber tibi legendus est,
'
;'
'
'
soldiers.'
Examples for
the Gen., Dat., Ace.
and
Synt.
Abl. of the Gerundive.
Comp.
99.
Ars navis gubernandae, the art of governing a ship ;'

perUus sum equorum regendorum, I am skilful in governing horses ;'
aslmus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, the ass is fitted to bearing great loads,' or, 'to bear great loads.'
'
'
'
corporis exercitationes
cise
plurimum
of the body avails
valent
much
ad valetudinem frmandam,
for confirming the health.'
'
exer-
IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION.
^55,]
animus
tractandis
litteris
excolitur,
'
by the pursuit of
157
letters the
mind
is
cultivated.'
differ from the
Catalogue of the verbs, which in the formation of their tenses,

paradigms given in 50 and 51.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
^55,
I.
The Perfect
ivith Reduplication.
Remark. The
reduplication in do, consists in repeating the first

consonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in repeating the first two con-
sonants of the stem with
hence
1.
steti
Do,
e,
and then the
Comp.
for ste-sti.
dedi, datum, dare,
dropped from the stem,
( 59, 7).
The a
to give.
short throughout, as
syllable is
5 is
spandeo, spopondi
of the stem-
dabam, dabo, darem
ex-
cept das and da.

its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllables,
circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, circumdare, to surround. Its
compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have -do, -didi,
-drtum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as: addo, addidi, additura,
So
as
addere,
2.
to
add.
Sto,
steti,
stdtum, stare, to stand
(c.
abl. to be
gained
at the expense of, cost).

Its
compounds with
monosyllabic prepositions have
stiti
in the Perf.,
but those compounded with dissyllabic

steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circumThe Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is stdsteti.
tum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and
The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as
praestdtum.
as : adsto (I stand by),
prepositions retain the
adstiti,
praestatui'us, constaturus, obstaturus, etc.
LXXXIX.
Words
to he
dare
(c. dat.
et
learned
atum
Circumdo, dedi, datum.
and Exercisesfor
ace,
or c. ace. et abl.), to
to
surround (something
with something), to
place
(something
pass, to
around something).
one^s self {brave).
consto,
iti,
atum
1. (c.
abl.) to consist of, to
gained at
pense of, cost.
he
persto,
iti,
the ex-
atum
to
persist.
praesto,
iti,
pay ;
g.
make good,
se prae stare
fortem)
to
itum and
(e.
invitus,
uber, eris,
interfector, oris, m. mur-
uable.
not hopex-
pectation.
c.
rich, val-
certo, adv. certainly.

oris,
classis, is, f. feet.
14
tis,
ing, contrary to
forum, i, n. market.
stipendium, i, n. wages.
propugnator,
champion.
um, unwil-
a,
ling.
show insperans,
derer.
1.
translation.
stand be- vestis, \s,f garment.

fore, be distinguish- conservatio, bnis,f preed ; c. dat. to surservation.
1.
m. extrinsecus, adv. without.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
158
Deus nobis
animum, quoi
dedit
guine nobis victoria

est
Multo san-
nihil est praestantius.
Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia
stetit.
hominum
qua^ nihil a deo immortali uberius, nihil praestabilius
datum
vitae
Deus
est.
corpus, ut
ii
quandam vestem, animo circumde-
Quorum
dit et vestivit extrinsecus.
praestiterunt,
patres, aut majores aliqua gloria
eodem
student plerumque
genere laudis excellere.
in
Parentes carissimos habere debemus, quod ab
Non dedit beneficium, qiii invitus profuit.

quam [ii] quibus tu salute m insperantibus
mos propugnatores
56.
nobis vita tradita
iis
Quinam magis
reddidisti
Quid
eloquentiam, a natura ad salutem
hominum
est
tui,
Gives acerri*
Ingens
libertatis se praestiterunt.
tudo oratorem in foro circumstetit.
est.
sunt
hominum
multi-
tam inhumanum, quam
et
ad conservationem da-
bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere ? Quum stipendium ex longo tempore non esset praestitum, seditio inter milites orta
tam, ad
Certo
est.
mihi fidem praestaturum
scio, te
Credo, nihil nobis
esse.
Non
obstaturum esse, quominus victoriam adipiscamur.
dubitabamus,
quin multorum vu'orum fortium morte victoria constatura

perstaturusne
cio,
Nes-
esset.
sis in sententia tua.
The Athenians gave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships.

pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than
No
anger.
Darius promised, that he v^ôuld give 1000 talents to the mur-
What
derer of Alexander.
ing,
with
(abl.) this
Socrates surpassed (perf)
dom
of (gen.) time
is
I fear, that the
all
given to each one for
Who
he should be contented.
the philosophers of antiquity in
victory will cost us
as a garment, has been placed
much
by God around
liv-
does not know, that
(dat.)
(abl.)
wis-
The body,
blood.
You
the soul.
should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado)
life to
Who
you.
pectation,
more
is
Hannibal, so long as he
all
the
Roman
generals.
not paid the soldiers

against him.
ity).
thine, than
[he], to
(=
safety) ?
thou hast restored
life
may have been
whom,
contraiy to ex-
History relates, that
in Italy, surpassed (perf. subj.)
Since the general for (ex) a long time had
[then-]
wages, a sedition arose (perf)
among them
doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word
(=
Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion
56.
II.
ui
Supine
crepu ^, crepitum.,
1.
CrepOj
2.
Cuho^ cubui,
'
Perfect
cubit U7nj
than which (soul).
itum.
crepdre^ to creak.
cubdre, to recline.
'
than which (wisdom).
fidel?
FIRST CONJUGATION.
56.]
3.
159
Domo, domui.) domitum, domdre,
tame, curb,
to
subdue.
31 ICO, micu i, Sup. wanting,
4.
micdre. to glitter
So: emico, emicui, bmlcdtum, emlcdre,

mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are.
gush forth; but,
to
di-
and plicui, pUcdtum and plicitum,

This verb is used only in compoexplico, avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to
sition, as
explain.
Cicero prefers the regular form
avi, atum.
Sono, so nil t, somtum, sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut.
plicdvi
5. Plico,
plicdre, to fold.
:
6.
sonaturus).
7.
Tono, tonui, (Sup. wanting),
8.
Veto vetui vetttum, vetdre,
ô/zare, to
XC. Words
Increpare,
percrepare,
accubare,
to be
learned
resound.
to
to recline
by;
compllcare,
gether
to sit at table.
excubare,
to
perdomare,
sub-
to
f)ld
to-
cremo
apphc,
proach,
self (to
to
ap-
to set
ap-
inis,
/.
spring.
gemitus, us, m. groan.

nutus, us, m. nod, com-
I burn up.
aduro, ussi,
to attach one's
one), to
re-
notio, onis,/. notion.
compUcatus, scaturigo,
recall.
applicare, to lean upon
translation.
verecundia, ae, /.
sped.
repllcare, to roll back,
due.
se
(to
complicated, obscure.
keep watch.
curb,
and Exercises for
ply one's
self
something).
to reproach.
thunder.
to forbid.
ustum
on fire,
up.
[3. to
to
mand.
3.
ploratus, us, m. cry.
burn passim, adv. far and
unfold.
uride.
evolvo, volvi, volutum
Quis venit
percrepuit.
Dux
Fores crepuerunt.
Tota urbs vocibiis civium de
victoria
milites
vehementer increpuit.
ex hostibus reportata exsultantium
Romani multas gentes ac

Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum,
coercere omnes cupiditates.
Ex hoc fonte
Age, cubitum discedamus
nationes armis perdomuerunt.
domltas habere hbidines,
ingentes scaturigines aquae emicuerunt.
Indorum
sapientes,
quum ad
flammam se applicaverunt, sine geniitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodi^ ad

Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui compliQuum memoriam temporum replicaveris, et
cdtam notionem evolvere.
et vitiorum muka exempla reperles.
Quum urbs expugnata
omnia passim mulierum puerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt.
Terremur, quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitlmur in vetitum. Au-
virtutum
esset,
'
at
Rhodes.
See Synt.
92.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
160
carmina
gustus
[^57.
cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam
Virgilii
vetuit.
have forbidden thee
quod)
have forbidden
forbidden
(=
go to walk, but 'precisely hecause (ob
to
[it],
thou hast striven against
The
the forbidden).
mortahty of the soul
(plur.), is
(in)
ipsum,
question concerning (de) the im-
nobly explained by Cicero in the
of the Tusculan Disputations.
id
what has been
Cicero applied
first
book
himself with
(perf.)
[his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. Three hundred soldiers kept
watch before the canip. Who does not know, that many nations and
peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy
passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live hap-
we were
Already
pily.
(pluperf ) at the table,
sitting
when suddenly a
flame gushed forth (perf of emico) from the roof

retired (discedere) to sleep
city
the doors
coming
it
we
when the whole

cries.
Thy brother
thundered (perf) yesterday in
had creaked
Scarcely had
in order to recline, sup.),
resounded (perf of joerôno) with discordant
related to me, that
As
(=
(abl.) clear
weather.
doubted not (perf) that thou wast
(subj.), I
(subj.).
57.
III.
Perfect:
ui;
1.
Fnco, fricici, fricdtum
2.
Nec'o, dvi, dtum, dre, to kill
Supine:
turn.
(t^tgIj frictum), fncdre, to
rub.
ctu m,
but
by
enecdre, to kill
eji^co,
enecui, ene-
inches, to vex to death, to
entirely exhaust.
3.
Seco, secui,
sectum,
Secdre, to
Supine:
cut (but Part. Fut.
secaturus).
IV. Perfect:
1.
Juvo, juvi,
2.
Ldvo^
(c.
to be
ace),
to
aid, assist, support.
desecare,
resecare,
to cut off.
to
cut
off,
(c.
turn.
ace), to aid, assist.
learned
and
refrlcare, to rub again,
re-
perfrlcare, to rub thor-
I bind.
coeno 1. I sup.
attingo, tigi, tactum
to touch.
peto,
Ivi,
oleum,
i,
n. oil.
principium,
renew.
itum
i,
n. hegin-
ning ; principle, in
alllgo 1.
move.
oughly.
juvdre
Idvdtum and lautum, Idvdre, to wash.
Idvi,
XCI. Words
Adjuvare
jutum,
i;
the beginning.
3.
garrulltas,
[fetch.
quacity.
3. to seek,
purus,
a,
atis, /.
um, pure.
lo-
SECOND CONJUGATION.
f58.]
summa
aqua,
solutus,a,um,wn6oMnc?.
est;
eummus,
surface of the water.
a,
um,
high-
161
vivus,
um,
a,
living,
fresh.
frustra, adv. in vain.
Vereor, ne refricuerim meis
Dubium non
est,
caturus
Tantalus
sis.
litteris
desiderium ac dolorem tuum.
quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata
summam aquam
attingens, enectus
a poetis.
Nescisne, quantopere garrulus
ecuerit
Caius Marius
quum
iste
homo me
refri-
siti fiiigitur
garriendo en-
secaretur, principio vetiiit se alligari,
nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae frumenta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra
Quis
studebis beate vivere.
Non solum
juverit ?
nescit,
fortuna, sed
quantopere Cicero patriam suam
edam
tua indiistria te in negotio tuo
non dubitamus, quin
Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit,
adjuvit.
splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam.
mis
Exercitus maxi-
itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum.
quam manus
coena,
laveris.
Ne
prius
Corpus lavaturus aquam pm-am e vivo
flumine pete.
Boys,
(bene mane),
rise right early
wash
yourselves, and,
have washed (fut perf ), proceed immediately

(iste)
man
me
has vexed
to death
to
when you
your business.
by his loquacity.
had marched (perf) the whole day, they were (perf)
This
After the soldiers

entirely exhausted
by hunger and thirst. It is known, that the gladiators of the Romans

and Greeks, rubbed (perf) their bodies thoroughly with oil. If we
shall be assisted (fut.
perf) by fortune,
victory over (de) the enemy.
It is
we
known,
bear off a splendid
shall
that
Cicero assisted (perf)
much (permultum). By (abl.) the war carried

on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus,
The farmers
a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed.
have already cut the grain. Unless the passions and desires are rehis native country very
moved,
we
strive in vain to live happily.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
58.
I.
Perfect:
ui
Snpine
twn.
Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no

which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are form-
Sup., viz. those from
ed, as: horreo, ui, to shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread,
^
pavidus, timid.
jL
Hjt
^B
^H'
1.
Arceo^
The
(Sup. wanting), arcere^ to keep from.

used as an adjective. The comwhich a of the stem passes into e, follow moneo, as
arciii,
Part,
pounds, in
coerceo,
ui,
artus, (strait), is
itum, ere, to keep together.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
162
2.
doctum,
Doceo^ docui,
[^
two ace),
docere (with
58
to
teach.
3.
m is cu
3Iisceo,
m ixtu m
i,
m istu m,
and
miscere,
to mix.
4.
Teneo, tenui,
5.
Torreo,
Perfect
11.
Censeo,
So
tentum,
Unere, to hold.
torrui^ to stitm^
ui; Supine
censui, cens u m,
bake.
torr&re^ to dry,
imi,
only
censere, to rate, judge.
compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in

Itum, as recenseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to examamine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), perceiwere (to examine
accurately, go through), which have no Sup.
its
Remark. Taedet
(it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum

but this is not used in the classical language the compound pertaedet, has in the Perf. only pertaesu7n est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levi-
est,
tatis,
whence by
later writers peiiaesus, a, urn (c. gen. or ace), disgusted.
Perfect:
III.
1.
Deleo^
2.
Flere, to weep.
3.
Nere,
4.
The compounds
evi,
Supinum:
etum.
etum, ere, to destroy.
of the obsolete plere (to
oleo (I
as
fill),
Here belongs the compound of
com-
the obsolete
grow)
Aboleo,
still
evi;
to spin.
plere.
5.
this
aholevi, abolitum, ahohre,

verb does not occur
abolish;
to
Augustan
the
after
till
period.
Finally
6.
we
have in
Cieo, civi, citii
So
lar,
also the
ciere, to stir, raise.
compounds, as
concieo,
according to the fourth Conj.
excieo,
ivi,
this class
m,
ivi,
Itum, iere or excio,
Itum, iere or percio,
ivi,
ivi,
itum,
ivi,
concio,
itum,
itum, iere, or regu-
ivi,
ire,
ire, to stir
itum,
to
ire, to excite,
arouse,
up, raise
accivi, accitum, accire, to send for, desire to come, is
percieo,
but, accio,
of the fourth
Conj. alone.
IV. Perfect:
Preliminary Remark.
The
i;
Supine:
turn.
short vowel of the stem

ste]
is
lengthened
in the Perf.
1.
Cdoeo, cdvi,
cautum,
cdvere, to
be on one's guard
163
SECOND CONJUGATION.
^58.]
(ab aliquo, against
some one)
to give security, pro-
vide.
Faveo, fdvi,
2.
(fautum
mie) favere
be
to
dat.),
(c.
favorable, to favor.
5.
fo V i, fo t u m, fdv:re, to warm, nurse,

Moveo movi mo turn, movere^ to move.
Voveo, vovi, votu m, vovere, to vow, offer.
6.
Ferveo^
7.
Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaves-
Foveo,
3.
4.
Also the following without a Supine
fervi ^nd ferbui^ fervere,
cherish.
to boil.
Cere).
S.
Conmveo, {-nivi and
good
XCII. Words
Admiscere,
to he
fo intermix,
mingle.
[occupy.
distlnere, to hold apart,
learned
pullus,
es,
breathe.
I quiet.
amplexor 1. I embrace,
].
hi
non
dignity.
sum
3. to
admirabllis est.
arum, f.
i,
testis, is,
c.
witness.
ascensus, us, m. ascent,

anxie, adv. anxiously.
ivatch-
homo,
adv. this year.
publlce,
night watches.
m. the young
(of animals), chicken.

clades, is,/, defeat.
Ciceronem Minerva omnes
maxime
si,
gallina, ae,f. a hen.

vigiliae,
sedo
and Exercises for translation.

di, sum 3. gra vitas, atis, /. gmmf^,
to seize, take.
excludo,
removeie, to remove.
dedico 1. I consecrate,
implico 1. / involve.
1.
them used in
of
deprehendo,
exclude, hatch.
sustlnere, to bear.
respiro
-nixi, neither
prose), connivere^ to close {the e?/es), wink.
on
state,
of
adv.
the
publicly^
part
at the
of the
expense
the state.
Gravttas modestiae mista
artes edocuit.
Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut miNescisne, quot labores, quot pericula,
liceat libere respirare.
quot miserias milites in itinera sustinuerint?

piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata
Si virtus te a malis cu-
Cicero, per legatos cuncta
erit.
edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant.
Quo minus
animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint
atque erroribus, eo faciHor iUis ascensus in coelum
mi
natiu-a est,
sole tostis.
dam
erit.
nee habet in se quicquam admixtum.
Horno multas uvas
esse, censuit.
torrulnius.
Quinto quoque anno
hominum
vitiis
Simplex
ani-
Vescimur uvis
Cato, Carthaglnem delen-
tota Sicilia
censa
est.
Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt

Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio
deletae.
delevit, nee unquam delebit.
Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit,
mali nihil admiscuit.
Dum
abest d
jx,
milites seditionem civerunt.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
164
Nuntiata clades majorem,

Catilina
neque
vigiliis,
tem excltam vastabat.

Cautum est legibus,
quam
[^
59.
res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit.
neque quietibus sedabatiu'

ut mortui post tertium
diem
ita
conscientia
men-
Non
sepelirentur.
semper ab hominum impm*orum consuetudine caveris.

Non ignoro, te mihi meisque semper favisse. Pulli a matribus exclusi
dubito, quill
Dubitabisne, quin
fotique anxie custodiuntur.
foverim
Me
amorem ?
sic
nunquara
Bic fovistis, ut
amplexati
illius
in
semper
manibus
Brutus
obliviscerer.
diei
bellum moverunt.
interfectores Caesaris, ingens
motis testibus, agit gratias.
summum
estis, sic
Ingratus
in te
habuistis,
Cassius,
et
est, qui, re-
Romanorum imperatores pro salute

Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico
Multi
patriae sua capita voverunt.
vota et dedicata.
Cicero
Tell me,
ed
(=
was
who
instructed (perf.)
has taught thee
by Minerva
grammar.
in (ace.) all literature.
(ace.)
If thou shalt have join-
mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please
If thou hadst
all.
abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst
now
be con-
had restrained thee from bad passions,

By the war all [things] have been conthou wouldst now be happy.
tented with thy
If virtue
lot.
founded (== mixed).

grapes this year
empire was rated
Knowest thou not, that we have dried many

Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman
(perf).
All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to
the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies.
Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful

tia.
why
Tell me,
The
thou hast wept.
It is
known,
Carthage and
cities,
that
Numan-
death of the good king has
When I shall have spun

two hours, I will take a walk. The world is filled (complere) by God
with all good [things], nothing of evil is intermixed. When thou hast
filled thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy mind well.
been lamented
(=
wept) by
all
the citizens.
Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the
general?
It
is
not [possible]
to
quiet a
mind
up by an
stirred
evil
conscience.
When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not
My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow.
delay to come.
Philip,
the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as]

for his son Alexander.
The laws have
should be buried after the third day.
king of
teacher
established, that (ut) the
know,
dead
that thou hast always
been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men.
It
was
es-
tablished (perf) by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu-
SECOND CONJUGATION,
59.]
165
ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day.
thou hast always favored
me and my
always cherished great love for
(in c. ace)
I rejoice, that (quod)
know that
me. The hen
studies.
thou hast
anxiously
An
guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed.
mense war was
murderers of Caesar.
doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved
(commovere) by the news.
Romans,
Livy
im-
by Brutus and Cassius, the
raised (perf. of moveo)
many
generals of the
offered (perf) their heads for the welfare of thek country.
same year three temples were vowed and
in the
relates, that
dedicated at the expense of the
V. Perfect
59.
state.
1.
Prandeo,
2.
Sedeo,
s e s
sum^
So the compounds with

sedeo, edi, essum, ere, to
syllabic propositions
sit
prcmdere, to breakfast.
sedere^ to
sit.
circumbut those with mono^

of the stem-syllable into t, as:
dissyllabic prepositions, as
around,
change the
assldeo assedi, assessum, assidere,
to beset
Strldeo,
Video, V
d i, visu m,
to sit by.
stridi, (Sup. wanting),
3.
4.
sum.
to 58. IV.)
p r a n di, pransu m,
edi,
Supine
i;
(Comp. Prelim. Rem.
s^nt/ere, to whiz.
videre, to see.
Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Eeduplication.

5.
m o m ord
Mordeo,
f,
m or su m,
mordere, to
bite, af-
flict.
pepe n d
6.
Pendeo,
7.
Spondeo,
8.
become responsible for.

Tondeo, totondi, tonsu m, tondere,
i,
(Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang.
spopondi, sponsum,
spondere, to proui'
ise, to
to shear, cut.
The
reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the

first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem.
Concerning spopondi, see 55. Rem.
The compounds of these
verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as

admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi,
to
hang
before,
respondeo, respondi, responsum,
toudeo, detondi, detonsum,
VI. Perfect:
1.
Augeo, auxi^
to
shave
si;
to
answer; de-
off.
Supine:
auctum, auger e,
tu?n.
to increase.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
166
59.
[^
indulsi, {indultum
2.
Indulgeo,
3.
be indulgent, to give one's self up to.

Lugeo, luxi (without Sup.) /wo-ere, to mourn, lament.
Torqueo, torsi, tortu m, torquere, to twist, torture.
4.
XCIII. Words
Extorquere,
to be
wrest
io
from.
pervidere,
contem-
to
residere, to remain he-
1.
enrich.
sjca, ae,/.
dagger.
rabies, ei,/. madness.
sicarius,
m. assassin,
rabiosus, a,
i,
toiisor, oris,
Quoad
Non
sum
ego
ulla spes in
Jam
tate dimicavi.
ille
tres
eum
me
servile.
acute,
adv.
Audistine, nos eras in horto pran-
animo meo
iri, si
resedit,
pro patriae
occupat.
Quoad
earn diligenter pervideris.
tu locutus es,
ita
et in
vel in
iis,
senatu et
Cicero narra-
responsa sunt.
filias
suas
sordido ancillarique officio regias virglnes ut tonstriculas
barbam
totondisse
est,
puer ab ore tuo pependit.
Multa a Laelio
Spopondi.
Episto-
morsus
Si quis a cane rabioso
Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere

:
liber-
locupletent eos quacunque ratione.
quam
in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute
docuisse
sharply,
acutely.
momorderunt.
Spopondistine pro amico ?
vit,
of a maid,
ancillaris, Q,
(= ut ego) non movear horum omnium

me circumsessum videtis. Multi putant, se bene-
prius de re aliqua judica,
rabies
foreign.
a fe-
menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem.
ficos in suos amicos visum
lae tuae valde
um, mad.
um, external,
a,
ferreus, qui
lacrimis, a quibus
Ne
m. barber.
ness.
Postquam prandero, ambulabo.

suros esse
exterus,
n. neck.
i,
-prohltSiS,^tis,f. upright-
harhsL, ae, f. beard.

epistola, ae,/. letter.
translation.
occasus, us, m. setting.
tear.
tonstricula, ae ,/.
male barber.
hind.
locupleto
and Exercises for
learned
lacrlma, ae,/.
collum,
plate, examine.
rare), indtdgere, to
et capillum patris.
quos nunquam vidimus,
vel,
Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam

quod majus est, in hoste etiam
diligamus.
Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed etiam
manae
reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis
tibus ac nationibus gestis
manibus
est
extorta.
Occasum atque
maxime luxerunt.
erit.
Come
to
me
mirum
in
Quo magis
modum
interltum reipublicae
we
will
Romanae
intolerabilior
o])timi quique
When we
shall
Our city has already been

The enemies have beset the
take a walk.
beset three months by the enemies.

city.
Ro-
exteris gen-
Sicario sica de
est.
indulseris dolori, eo
to day, in order to breakfast (sup.).
have breakfasted,
whole
aucta
torsit.
cum
Hast thou already seen the friend
no, but I
hope that
SECOND CONJUGATION.
60,]
shall see
him to-morrow.
dog
I fear that the
we
my
I grieve, that
will bite
So long
me.
letter
yet indeed
become responsible
has answered your
for
has afflicted thee.
as thou hast
have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de
responsible for me.
167
me, but
te).
hope
My
that
been absent,
friend has not
he will become
have heard with great pleasure, that your friend
The
letter quickly.
captives have cut
(=
sheared)
neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months.
History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf ) not only killed by Alex-
was
ander, but before also
The
tortured.
dagger from the hands of the assassin.
mind and
creased) [his] fierce
By
wicked
arts.
soldiers
was increased
[his]
I rejoice, that
(perf).
Mulgeo, mulsi,
si ;
ter
mulsum,
Supine
5.
Rideo, risi, risuwj,
r'ldere,
sua si, sua sum,
6.
Suddeo,
7.
Mdneo,
8.
Jubeo,
9.
Haereo, haesi,
j ussi, j us sum,
haesu
mdnere, to remain.
juhere, to bid,
rti,
command,
Algeo,
11.
Fulgeo, fulsi, fidgere, to
algere, to suffer
tursi, turg ere,
13.
Urgeo,
ursi,
14.
Frlgeo,
{frixi
15.
Luceo, luxi,
z<^rêre,
from
cold, freeze.
glitter, lighten.
to swell.
to press, oppress.
xaxe) frlgere, to freeze.
liicere,
to shine.
VIII. Perfect with ^diSîYe ioxm (Neuter Passives)

out a Supine.
ausus sum,
1.
Audeo,
2.
Gaudeo,
3.
Soleo,
with-
audere, to d^re.
gdvlsus sum, gaudere, to rejoice.

soli tics sum, solere, to be accustomed
something).
order.
haerere, to hang, stick.
following also without a Supine
alsi,
10.
fire.
to laugh.
suddere, to advise.
man si, mansum,
Turgeo,
to stroke.
mulgere, to milk.
ter sum, tergere, to wipe.

arsum, ardere, to burn, take
Ardeo, arsi,
The
sum.
si,
4.
12.
thou hast not been in-
Thou knowest, how very
mulsi, mulsum, mule ere,
Miilceo,
2.
Tergeo.
in-
the death of our friend.
VII. Perfect
1.
3.
(=
the discourse of the generals, the courage of the
much we have lamented

60.
emboldened
consciousness of foul deeds by
dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son.
soldiers wrested (perf.) a
Catiline
(to
do
IRREGULAR VERBS.
168
XCIV. Words
Abstergere,
wipe
to
learned
to he
remauere,
off,
oblecto
off.
affulgere, to shine
dissuade,
to
Ita
Non
tutis molestias.
excltos
Quis
est,
destin-
mak-
ing, composition.
militum animos permulsit.
confectio
libri
Non
cui
fuit,
ut
omnes
est.
absterserit senec-
abster-
Quadraginta milia librorum Alex-
dublto, quin brevi tota
semper
Legendo
permulsus
et
quam luctum omnem
prius ad te veniam,
Detersane jam est tabula
andriaei arserunt.
sit.
um,
confectio, onis,/.
carmina animus meus mirifice oblectatus
jucunda mihi hujus
sero.
a,
to fall, Jailing.
peti 3. to endure.
mitibus verbis
Virgilii
banish-
perpetior, pessus sum,
charm, soothe.
Dux
I remain
concealed.
stroke,
to
caducus,
in
ed
2.
n,
i,
ment.
1.
ui
lateo,
elucere, to shine foHh.
permulcere,
exsilium,
common.
2. to deride.
a spark.
scintilla, ae, /.
he-
I delight.
upon, convivor 1. / eat
detergere, to wipe
dissuadere,
remain
hind, remain.
dispel, remove.
deridere
and
to
[^60.
Germania
bello arsiira
Nescio, cur a te derisus
arriserit fortuna ?
sim.
Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio, non esse animos nostros mortales.
Quis
credat, cives
sibi illud stabile et
Romanorum
sit ?
pacem
gloria
omnes
cui'gus convivari
dissuasuros esse
firmum permansurum
Quis conf idit, semper
esse,
quod
fragile et
caducum
usque ad nostram memoriam remansit.

cives publice jussit.
Non
Ly-
qui jussus aliquid
facit.
Persuasum mihi est, memoriam
non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium
gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse.
facit,
miser
est,
sed qui invitus
hujus atrocissimi
belli
Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et al-
Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis
serunt.
litteris
modo
me
me
ursit,
in viro latebit scintilla ingenii,
quanta
tantis beneficiis auxisti,
est,
Pater
affulsit.
quae jam in puero eluxit
nunquam ausus sum
Quo-
Tu
De
optare.
Athenis^ optimo cuique acci-
amici tui comitate valde gavisus sum.

dere solitum
civitati
ut primo quoque tempore litteras ad se dai'em.
ut in exsilium pelleretur.
The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mind wonderThe orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of
fully.
Hast thou wiped off the table
the citizens by mild words.
already been wiped

hast removed from
[imperare,
abl.
abs.)
off.
me
all
? it
pain by thy consolation.
Under
hope, that
all
citizens, will
all
the reign
Europe
burn with a
desire, to fight (gen. of gerund) for the safety of [their] country.
'
at Alexandria.
has
give (ago) thee very great thanks, that thou
of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly
burned (perf with war.

)
See Synt.
92.
^t
Athens.
See Synt.
Who
92.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
61.]
169
knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him
why you
not,
have derided me.
have been convinced, that neither
will
The
commanded
the city, forthwith executed
manded).
the
We
it.
city.
The
command (= what had been comever stick in my mind. The re-
(=
bloody war, has remained
(gen.) this
stuck) in th&
all.
has lightened,
it
have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared
ion freely.
The
Carthaginians were accustomed
to
it
From
very much.
countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity

I
hope, that
perf pass, of juheo) to assault
(part,
The hunters have sweated and frozen. After

The soldiers have pressed the enemies
tion.
know
thou hast persisted in
thunders.
the
I fear, that this pain will
membrance of
minds of
why
general ordered the soldiers to attack the
having been
soldiers,
you dissuade
Tell me,
our souls will remain after death.

thy opinion.
(sibine).
have not dissuaded the peace, and
and modera-
speak thy opin-
(perf.)
formerly to
use elephants in war.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
61.
Perfect:
I.
in
clausum,
ClaudOy clausi,
d ox
sum;
t:
claudere, to close.
compounds au passes
In the
udere,
Supine:
si;
The stem ends
a)
\.
into m, as
includo, usi,
usum,
to include.
2.
Divido, divlsi,
3.
Laedo, lae
si,
divlsum,
lae sum,
divider e, to divide.
laedere, to hurt.
In the compounds ae passes into
i,
as
illido, isi,
isum, id6re,
to strike against.
4.
Liido,
5.
Plaudo,
So
lib si,
lusum,
also applaudo
au passes
into
o,
(I
applaud)
as : explodo,
rdsum,
osum,
6.
Rddo, rdsi,
7.
Rddo, rdsi, r
8.
Trudo, trusi,
9.
Vddo, vddere, to go
s
ludere, to play.
p la usi, plausum,
osi,
plaudere, to clap.
remaining compounds
osum, odere, to clap off, drive off.
in the
rddere, to shave, shear.
rodere, to
triisum,
;
gnaw, slander.
triidere, to thrust.
without Perf and Sup.
But the compounds have both, as

u m, evadere, to come out, escape.
To
10.
Cedo, cessi,
11.
Mitto,
ml si,
evado, e v a 3
these succeed the following
cessum,
mis sum,
15
cedere,. to
give way.
mittere, to send.
i,
e v a-
::
IRREGULAR VERBS.
170
quassum,
Quatio, (Perf. wanting,)
12.
[$
The compounds change qua
into cu
shake.
^zâê/e, to
and form the
61.
Perf., as
decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down,

b)
The stem ends
13.
Mergo, mersi,
14.
Spargo,
mer sum,
in g,
or
c,
ct
mergere, to plunge.
spar si, sp ar sum,
spargere, io scatter (sow).
Li the compounds a of the stem passes into

go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle.
Tergo, tersi,
15.
ersum,
e,
as
consper-
wipe, (kindred form
tergere, to
oftergere 60. VII. 3).
fi X i, fi xum,
16.
Figo,
17.
Flecto,
18.
Necto,
19.
Pecto,
flexi,
{plexi,)
plexum,
c) Finally, the
compounds
comprimo,
essi,
XCV. Words
concedere,
to
premere, to press.
to
fluxu m, fluere,
to flow.
and Exercises for
translation.
learned
ehdere,
concede^
imprimere,
to
join
to-
to impress.
to
c.
abl.),
io
n.
discludere, to separate,
orum,
praecordia,
Jani bis post
tibi est,
n.
magna in utramque partem,

miserint, et poenam semper ante
viritim,
mundum
ut
adv.
una-
man by
Si ridere con-
est.
deum
omnium
Si concesseris, esse
administrari.
Magna
neque timeant
sunt, ut
In
vis est conscien-
[ii],
qui nihil
oculos versari putent
Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque
participes sint
tis,
man.
animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura.

tiae, et
perpetuity.
imprudens,
Numae regnum clausum
ejus consilio
actor.
wares.
vituperatur tamen cachinnatio.
confitendum
bility,
reign,
diaphragm.
sit,
m.
perpetultas, atis,y. sta-
kingdom.
mock.
Templum
cachinnatio, onis,/. an
unrestrained laugh.
histrlo, onis,
a pound.
m. a bushel.
libra, a.e,f.
modi us, i,
regnum, i,
gether.
deludere, to deceive.
carint.
tator.
place, set.
corradere, to scrape to-
cessum
spectator, oris, m. spec-
to dash, break,
locare [in
gether, connect.
passes into i, as
press together.
copulare, to join.
connectere,
of the stem before
essum, imere,
to he
allow.
eludere
commit,
to
-plait
two following belong here.
Fluo (foTjluvo), fluxi,
Committere,
bend.
plectere, to plait
pr e s si, pres sum,
Premo,
In the
22.
to
nexui, nexum, nectere, io nnite,

pexi, pexum, pectere, to comb.
20. Flecto,
21.
f'lgere, to fix.
flexu m, Jiectere,
[ii],
com-
qui pec-
omnes omnium
Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos modios ac to-
THIRD CONJUGATION.
61.]
tldem
olei libras trecenos
amissis
Omnis
ne
Si quis imprudens te laeserit,
Gallia in tres partes divisa est.
Si vitae molii et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore
omnes
nervi virtutis
amico
me delusum
sententia ab
diffi*
iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit
ei irascere.
sustinuerunt,
Qui
divisit.
suorura, timeat necesse est, ne aliquando,
Plato duas partes animi, iram et cupiditatem,
miser.
illis, sit
locis disclusit:
nummos vimtim
quoque
bonorum
dit perpetuitati
171
elisi
esse
omnes
Cur me
erunt.
elusistis
Nescisne, a perf ido
Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas
spectatores applauserunt.
Epicuri de vita beata
omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa
Sunt multi,
est.
qui in pecunia corrasa vitae feiicitatem collocatam esse putent.
XC VI.
Words
Concludere,
confluere,
to
Jlow
emergere,
to-
rise
gether, dssemhle.
diffluere,
der,
to
extrudere,
to
from.
dispergere,
deflectere, to deviate.
dispicio,
plunge
tum
under, sink, suppress.
eyes.
tantum luctum
to kill.
nebCila, ae,/.
away,
to disperse,
to
off.
thrust
specopen tJie
spexi,
3.
exanimare
fugare, to put to Jlight.

hasta, ae, /. spear,
[dispel,
d'lscutere, to di'ive
to
exagitare, to disquiet.
thrust
down.
something.
in
one's
exsibilare, to hiss
transfigere, to transfix,
Te
work
up,
detrudere,
into.
defigere, to fix, render

firm, to turn upon
demergere,

emerge,
to
self out.
tojiow asun-
run
and
to be lear7iecl
to include,
clypeus,
i,
stimulus,
a mist.
a shield,
m. goad.
7/1.
\,
caligo, inis,/. darkness.
um,
salvus, a,
mobilis,
e,
safe.
changeable.
quondam, adv formerly.
et laboreni
detrusum
Cur
esse, graviter doleo.
amicum aegrotum e morbo evasiirum

Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole
Omnia pericula, quae urbi impendebant,
caligo discussa est.
aedibus istum extrusisti

esse.
orto,
Spero,
Marius senile corpus paludibus
ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit.
demersum
occultavit.
Animus
coelestis
ûs et in terram quasi demersus
est.
ex altissimo domicilio depres-
Leges, per longum tempus hos-
Deus immortalis sparsit anivi demersae, tandem emerserunt.

mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt,
quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superas-
tium
set
Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exani-
mari se
Quum
hostes.
fixus,
una
videret, ut
primum
dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus.
salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset,
Quum
hastam.
rogavit, essentne
quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua

Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia:
id
altissimis defixa radicibus.
Cicero
omnes suas curas
fugati
erat trans-
virtus
est
cogitationes-
IRREGULAR VERBS.
172
[^
61.
que in reipublicae salute defixit. Qui semel a veritate deflexit, ei ne

yerum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet. Non credo, te unquam de
Die, cui banc coronam nexueris. Ingens
virtutis via deflexurum esse.
hominum
multitudo in
urbem
confluxit, ludos publlcos spectatum.
The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign
f Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God,
thou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou
hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= notion)
of God,
herself.
impressed upon
is
Men, by
whom
to (dat.) the
man
will be
tune.
Plato
se).
all
men by
nature
all
parts of the world
Hast thou heard, that grain has been distributed
poor by the king

happy, even
believes,
It is
when he
that
virtuous
have
shall
(=
partaking of virtue)
lost all the gifts
of for-
anger and passion are separated from
the reason and understanding.

into four parts.
the souls of
God has connected
by the goads of conscience.

together (inter
(abl.)
crimes have been committed, are disquieted
The
general has divided
all
the troops
not doubtful, that a soft and effeminate
in a short time, enfeeble all the
powers
(=
life will,
Know-
nerves) of virtue.
est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived
me ?
Last
(=
yes-
were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou

the actors have been hissed and clapped off?
terday) evening, the actors
heard, that lately
all
Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they
may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the
soldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so
great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house.
When once (quando) a
I hope, that we shall escape the danger.
{aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men beheve, that
this has not happened by chance.
The sun has driven away the mists.
All dangers which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom
and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from
the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee.
have been placed
(=
sown) by God,
in
mortal bodies.
attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to
Immortal souls
Our
soldiers
flight.
All the
cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the republic.
know,
that thou wilt never deviate
through wickedness.
For
(dat.)
whom
lieve there is a great multitude of

to behold (sup.)
the
is
this
from the path of virtue
crown plaited?
men assembled
public games.
It is
known,
later (posterior) times, ran into (diffluere) luxury.
in the city, in
that the
be-
order
Romans of
THIRD CONJUGATION.
62.]
62.
1.
Perfect
II.
cult urn;
colui,
Colo,
Supine
ui ;
173
tum^
colere,
ttum^
to attend
sum,
cultivate,
to,
honor.
2.
c.
some
3.
4.
consului, consultum, consuLtre, to delibersome one c. dat., to consult for
Consulo,
ate
ace, to consult
one.
Occulo,
occului, occultum,
occulere^ to conceal,
Rapio, rapui, raptum, rdpere, to snatch, plunder, carry off
Compounds
rlpio,
rlpui,
reptum,
ripere, as
seize,
appropriate
5.
SerOy
6.
Tezo,
serui, sertum, serere, to join together.

texui, textum, texere, to weave.
7.
8.
9.
altum, dlere, to nourish.

Cumho, cubui, cub I turn, cumbere, to lie.
The simple verb is not used, but its compojinds,
Alo, dJui,
bere, to
10.
arrlpio,
to myself.
lie
as
discum-
down.
Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere, to knead.
fremui, fr emltum,
Fremo,
fremere^
to
murmur,
grumble.
14.
g emui, g emltum, gemere, to groan, deplore.

genui, genitum, gignere, to beget, produce.
Molo, mdlui, mo lit urn, mdlere, to grind.
Pinso, pinsui, pinsitum (and pinsum, pistum), piri'
15.
Pono,
1 1.
12.
13.
Gemo,
Gigno,
sere, to
bray, pound.
p osui, posxtum,
Pono
16.
arises
pdnere (in
c. abl.),
to place, lay.
from poslno, and posui from posivi,
Vomo, vomui, vonVitum, vomere, to vomit.
17. Frendx),
frendui, fresum
ox
fressum,
frendere, to
gnash.
18.
Meto,
Remark.
messui, messum,
The
meê/e, to
mow,
reap.
following want the Sup. sterto, stertui, stertere, to

snore, strepo, ui, ere, to rustle, sound, resound ; tr^mo, ui, ere, to tremble ; the compounds of pesco, as
compesco, compescui, compescere,
to restrain ; volo, ui, velle, to wish ; and the compounds of cdlo except
percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf! cellui
excelsus and
praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively.
:
15*
IRREGULAR VERBS.
174
XCVII. Words
Ampere,
to seize
to be
dirlpere, to plunder.
conserere,
hand.
demetere,
to-
hand
be
to
3.
to
implant.
tity,
to
place be-
fore.
i,
3. to step
n. cover,
covering,
onis,
/.
change.
migratio, onis,
/ wiigra-
tion.
caerimonia, ae,/. sane- recordatio, onis, f. re-
speak,
praepouere,
n. grave,
i,
commutatio,
gressus
Jorth.
discuss,
sepulcrum,
burial.
sew.
down,
progredior,
letdown,
sum, gred'i
to
translation.
tegumentum,
satum
suo, sui,
letfall.
ingignere,
(for
}urad'e, to swear.
to
to cut
demittere, to
disserere,
and Exercises for
or death).
life
join
to
gether, to
learned
depugnare, tofght
upon,
[$62.
religious
mony.
praetorium,
aVs tent.
i,
n.
cere-
collection.
mutus, a, um, dumb.

gener- supremus, a, um, last,
mature, adv. speedily.
In onmibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare,
consult opus
est^;
rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supremo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus
consertis, milites nostri fortitudine excelluerunt
Animus moderatur
et mo vet id corpus, cui praeposltus est.
Zeno in una virtute beatam
vitam posuit. Natura ingenuit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL
Omnibus animalibus a natura ingenlta est conservandi sui custodia.
Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero,
te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse.
Caerimonias
ubi autem consulueris, mature
sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis
praediti, non tanta cura coluiseorum mentibus, mortem non interitum esse omnia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque
vitae, quae in claris viris et femlnis dux in coelum soleret esse.
Si
ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis
sent, nisi haereret in
eris.
Dux, ne milites animum demitterent, vulnera
luit.
Ne
corporum
vel texta,
Quaerit Socrates, unde
Oratio tua totos nos ad se rapuit.
ripuerimus,
direpta est.
si
nullus fuerit in
Scipio pugnavit
patris, fortissimi ducis, alto

ille
versetur?
mundo.
occu-
cum
est,
cum
mente
jam demessuerunt, sed
Ipse Hector toto pectore tre-
cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum
illo.
Cui non locus
grata recordatione in
Agricolae frumentum non solum
Ajax multa
ar-
Hannibale, prope nato in praetorio
etiam demessum in hon-ea congesserunt.
quum
animum
Expugnata urbs ab hostibus
atque educato inter arma.
mutus, ubi altus aut doctus
muit,
sibi inflicta
peccatum deo occultum manere. Tegumenta

Quis pulchram illam vestem texuit ?
vel suta sunt.
crede, ullum
there
is
need of one's deliberating.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
63.]
Tne Romans
sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order to consult (part, fut
act) the oracle.

soldiers
were
know,
me and mine. The

hand with the enemies. The soldiers
that thou hast cared for
hand
(perf.)
to
[their] general.
God has placed
Nature has produced gold,
silver, brass, iron,
swore, that they would not desert

the soul before the body.
in short (denique) all metals for the use of

(gen. of the gerund) the
human
175
truth
race by nature.
(=
what
The
men.
true),
that thou
I rejoice,
so great zeal to literature.
is
is
desire to find
implanted in the
hast applied thyself with
doubt not, that the wise [man]
sink under the pains of the body.
will
never
If thou shalt have cultivated thy
genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to
[thy] native
Why
thou wilt always honor thy parents.
I hope, that
land.
thou would St always conceal them from
had taken
the
their goods.
of fortune
place (ace.)
city,
(abl. abs.), killed (perf)
the citizens and plundered
The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts
may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the
where we were nourished and brought up.
63.
III.
The stem
1.
me ? didst thou think, that

me ? The enemies, after they
hast thou concealed thy faults from
2.
Sl-n-o,
slvi,
Se-r-o,
s evi,
vi
of the Pres.
Li-n-o,levi, I'ltum,
3.
Perfect
is
turn.
strengthened by n or r
ZiTiere,
situm,
sdtu m,
Supine
to
besmear.
to let, permit.
5T?ie/-e,
serere, to
sow.
In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes
into
?,
as
consfiro,
consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant.
The
following have suffered a transposition of letters in the
Perf and Sap.

4.
Cer-n-o,
5.
Sper-n-o,
6.
Ster-n-o,
cr ev i, cretu m,
The Perf and Sup. occur
cernere, to
sift,
discern.
only in the compounds.
sprevi, spr etum,

strdvi, st r dtum,
spernere, to spurn.
sternere, to spread.
Finally there belong here the following in sco

7.
c r evi,
Cre-sc-o,
So
decrescere,
grow
8.
cr
accrescere, to
to decrease,
together
Nb-sc-o,
et a m,
grow
to,
crescere, to
recrescere, to
the remaining
novi, no turn,
grow.
excrescere, to grow up,

grow again, concrescere, to
increase,
compounds want
noscere, to
the Sup.
be acquainted
with'.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
176
So
63.
distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos-
internoscfire, to
cere, to become thoroughly acquainted with, praenoscere, to become
acquainted with before
agnoscere,
but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with,
to perceive,
praecognoscere,
become acquainted with
to
previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re-
view,
form the Sup.
in itum, as
cognitum.
11.
pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feed.

Qicie-sc-o^ quievi, quietum, quiescere, to rest.
Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, sciscere, to decide.
12.
Sue-sc-o,
9.
Fa-sc-o,
1 0.
XCVIII. Words
Decernere,
suetu m,
suevi,
to he
mine, to discern.
arate.
sow
inserere, to
traction,
importare,
concionari,
rangue
im-
in,
prosternere,
pros-
to
ae,
consternere,
ibi,
i,
n. butter.
substravit animo.
prosiravisti.
tunely.
Displlcet, qui se externis
vox opportune emissa.
panem butyro
moribus
Venustas
ubi
oblevit.
et
omnia longe lateque
su-
telis,
Sceleratum hominem couscientia
Die, cur consilium
cur
est,
obtrectationes et invidias
Proelio commisso,
te rogat,
messis non
Aureum montem apud Moesiam
armis, cadaveribus constrata erant.
Mater
sublto, adv. suddenly.

Ibi
Vita tua malevolorum
spretae virtutis exagltat.
adv. there.
opportune, adv. oppor-
concretum atque corporeum, deus
erat
Probus, imperator,
periorem vineis consevit.
puer!
n. as-
corporis nostri carltas.
Omne, quod
est.
cor-
butyrum,
semhly of the people:

spread messis, is,/, crop.
Inslta est nobis
satum non
um,
communis, e, common,
known by all.
hatred.
to strow.
substernere, to
a,
poreal.
envy,
f.
comitia, orum,
trate.
ness.
corporeus,
vinea, ae,/. the vine.
besmear,
to
daub.
har-
to
grudge.
venustas, atis,/. loveli-
to import.
the people.
invidia,
plant.
oblinere,
obtrectatio, onis, /. de-
subject.
secernere, to sever, sep-
be accustomed.
under, place under, to
deter-
to
suescere, to
meum
spreveris.
Audi,
oblitum oblltus sis edere.
Rem
dubiam decrevit saepe
pulchritudo corporis secreta non
non siturum
Cur desisti
Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis
(desivisti) istum librum legere ?
Epaminondas et Pelopldas jiraefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. AmiNon dubitamus, quin flumen, quod
citia nostra cum aetate accrevit.
est a valetudine.
(esse).
Galli
Cato concionatus
vinum ad
se
est,
se comitia haberi
omnino importari non
sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum
sit.
siverunt.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
63.]
XCIX. Words
to
be learned
Adsciscere, io adopt.
deponere,
assuescere,
sacra,
(c.
accustom one's
dat.) to
self, to
accustomed
he
io
on my
accus-
levare
auctore,
approve,
abl.), to
a,
um,
clear.
quotidianus,
a,
um,
de-
hleness,
prive.
daily.
futllis,
suavltas, atis,/. amia(c.
little.
amiable dispo-
sition.
caussa produce prohibentur, ludis delectantur.
ma
e,fnvolous.
paululum, adv. a
Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti,

tis
country,
urn, unre-
mitting, constant.
perstition.
(c. abl.) to relieve,
a,
dilucidus,
superstitio, 6nis,yi su-
free.
privare
from another
assiduus,
advice.
scrupulousness.
accustomed.
to
me
author,
reWgiO, 6ms, f. religion,
be
extrava'
gance.
sacred
n.
translation.
luxuries, ei,y.
alienigena, ae, foreign,
adviser;
torn one's self, to
approbare,
orum,
rites.
something).
consuescere,
and Exercises for
to lay aside,
auctor, oris, m.
(to
177
quum
tempesta-
Demosthenes sum-
voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare coDsuevit.
Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus,

Cereris sacra populus
adscivit.
Romanus
Numam
sibi ipse
populus
a Graecis adscita
maxima
Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad
religione coluit.
advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero
que curas doloresque depositurum

veris, spero, te ejus
mores perno-
Si amici rnei
esse.
te
me conquieturum omnes-
innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum. esse.
Si
luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem tuebere.

Bestiae,
fame dominante, plerumque ad
do sunt, revertuntur.
Quid
temere assentiare.
non cognitum ?
magnitudinem)
crevit,
rum
oratio
Cato,
auditu,
?
Quo
quoad
Nature has implanted
(=
is
quam quicquam approbare
futile,
quam
magnitudinis (=ad eam

Quid
conficeretur.
est
tam
sapientibus sententiis gravibus-
brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior
vixit,
virtutum laude crevit.
in
us a love for (gen.) our body.
not a crop.
end
io
We
feared, that the soldiers
(fut.
locum, ubi pastae aliquan-
Omnium
re-
natura cognita, levamur superstitione.
hast not sown, there
tam
ut viribus suis
jucundum cognitu atque

narratio est.
est
Populus Romanus eo
que verbis ornata
eum
Cave, ne incognita pro cognltis habeas iisque
prostrate) the detraction (plur.)
and envy
had prostrated
it.
It
of the wicked.
If thou hast
Tell me,
why my
Boy, hast thou eaten the bread
spread with butter by thy mother.?
mother had not spread
(plur.)
all [things].
perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy.
advice has been spurned by thee.
Where thou
Believe not, that thou wilt put an
thought (=beheved) that
has been determined by the general, to
IRREGULAR VERBS.
17$
64.
Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the
attack the enemy.
wicked, thou wilt seek
vain the intercourse of the good.
in
It is cer-
which have decreased in winter, will increase in

the spring.
I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read someNuma Pampilius was adopted (perf)
thing from (gen.) Homer daily.
by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people
adopted (perf) the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks. Cicero, de-
tain, that the rivers
prived of public
When
offices,
found satisfaction in the study of
thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with
I doubt not, that thou
have eaten down the herbs of the

the sheep to pasture
IV.
64.
(=
Perf.:
The shepherd
field.
brother,
The sheep
his preeminence.
wilt perceive
literature.
my
drives (agere)
in order to pasture, sup.).
Svpine
ivi;
ilum
the fourth
(like
Conj.).
1.
Cupio,
2. Peto,
cuplvi, cup Hum, cwêre, to

pet Ivi, p et'itum, pUere, to
something, to attack sometliing
desire, wish.
seek, strive
after
ah aliquo, to request of
some one.
3.
quae s ivi, quae sit um,
Quaero,
Li the compounds, ae passes into
i,
quaerere, to seek.
as: exquii'o,
isivi,
isitum,
irere, to examine, trace out.
4.
5.
Rudo, rudlvi and
trlvi
Tero,
rudltum, rudere, to roar.

trltum (for terltam), terere,
riidi,
for terlvi)
to
rub.
6.
The following also in esso

ar cess Ivi, arcessltum, ar cessere,
Arcesso,
7.
Capesso,
8.
Facesso, ivi,
make
9.
Hum,
Hum,
ivi.
trouble, to
Incesso,
10. Lacesso,
ivi,
Saepe homines
ere, to
vex)
itum,
res,
pax quaesita
petiveris, tria vix
deponere parati
exquisiveris
civium.
bring.
to
make
ere, to
(negotiumyce55ere, to
take one's self

ere, to
off.
attack.
provoke.
quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt.
Audistuie, ut leones rudiverint?

nisi
(Sap, wanting,)
ivi,
to
ere, to seize.
Bellum
ita
suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud,
videatur.
Quum omnem
amicorum
paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam
erant.
Erechthei
Ne
antiquitatem
judica de re prius,
filiae
Omnis Romanorum
quam
memoria
re-
earn accurate
cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita
philosophia repetita est a Graecis.
So-
THIRD CONJUGATION.
65.]
emendandis aliorum mo-
crates totam vitam atque aetatem contrivit in
Praecepta
ribus.
opes
attrivisse.
dubito,
contrita sint et
Constat, bello Punico secundo
paucis observantur.
Non
quamvis
virtutis,
Importunus
homo multa mihi
iste
fugamque
quum arma
mauos saepe consules suos ab
Scarcely had the lion roared,
The
beasts took (perf.) flight.
and asked
them
Romani
Do
was sought by
death
the
when
provoked by the enemies,
soldiers,
(perf.)
citizens.
We
of the general, that he would
many
the daughters
It is
known
of Erectheus for the
life
of
brought from the
Romans have brought
that the
As soon as the enemies

they seized their arms and fought. I
(perf)
me
daily.
friend by thy licentious jests.
was
fear,
It
is
(perf) formerly wasted
65.
V.
Perfect
a)
because troublesome
city,
that thou
known,
provoked the
hast
that the
power
(opes) of
by Hannibal.
Siipine
i ;
The stem ends
in h or
7;
turn.
.-
cepi, cap turn, cohere, to take, seize, receive.

perciCompounds
cipio,
cepi,
ceptum,- cipere, as
Capio,
pio,
I perceive^ incipio, / begin.
Rumpo, rup% rap turn, rumpere,

Scdbo, scdhij scdbere, to scratch,
to lick,
of time
:
The stem ends
actum,
Ago, egi,
So
circumagere,
have
in c,
or qu
dgere, to lead, drive, do, act,
make;
to spend.
Îgo,
egi,
round, peragere,
to drive
satagere, to have enough to do

trary,
to hresik.
and lambo, Iambi, lamberCf
want the Supine.

b)
3.
it
the consuls were
have taken myself so hastily from the
men vexed
2.
have
sacred rites from foreign nations.
attacked (perf) our soldiers,
1.
We
not judge concerning a thing, before
read, that
plough by the Romans.
Italy
religiosissime coluerunt.
the other (ceterae omnes)
all
have been sufficiently examined by thee.
shall
Legimus, Ro-
from the camp against the enemies.
(se) forth
sought peace, not war.
Nisi
Multa sacra, ab ex-
aratro arcessivisse.
terisnationibus adscita atque arcessita,
lead
sit.
capessivissent, cives
capessivernnt eosque incessiverunt.
(perf.) to fight,
negotia.
facessivit
Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam laces-
eos armis incessivissent.
wished
communia, tamen a
Hannibalem Italiae
quin nova lege civibus negotium facessitum
milites propere ex urbe facessivissent
siverunt,
179
the other
actum, igere, as
to
cairy through^
compounds on
the con-
abigo, / drive away, exigo,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
180
/ expel, (of time) Ipass,

has
coagere),
4.
fe
Fdcio,
coegi,
sublgo,
I subjugate ; cogere,
65.
compel (from
to
coadum.
fa ctwin,
i,
Concerning the Pass.
fio,
make,
fdcere, to
factus sum,
The compounds with
fieri,
do.
and
its
compounds
have in the Imper.

-flee, as: perflce; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however,
wê have calfdce.
see
5.
76.
Ico,
ictum,
lei,
icere,
prej)ositions
strike; of a league: to con-
to
clude.
j eci, j actu m,
6. Jdcio,
Compounds:
throw hack,
7.
reject,
jicio,
jdcere, to throw.
jeci,
subjicio,
ledum,,
Lego, legi,
jectum,
I throw under,
jicere,
as:
rejicio,
subject.
legere,\Q, collect, read.
elect to, perlego, / read through, praelego, I read

I read again, sublego, 1 gather from below ; the following, on the contrar}^, have in the Pres.,
ligo, as: coUigo, /
collect, (collegi, collectum, colligere), dellgo and eligo, I choose, recoUlgo, / collect again, seligo, / select ; but dillgo. Hove, intelJigo, /
understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Perf. exi, as diligo,
So, allego, /
before, relego,
dilectum, diligere.
dilexi,
S.
fraetum,
Frango, fregi,
The compounds
fringo,
frangere, io hte^^
fregi,
fraetum,
fringere, as
perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through.

9.
10.
Linquo, llqui, lie turn,.
vietum^
fitgi, fag ere,
vlci,
Viiico,
Fugio,
c)
1 1.
Emo,
emtu m,
mi,
Compounds:
mere,
The
to except
ioleîve.
li?iq-uere,
vmcere, to conquer, overcome.

to flee,
steni
has no Supine,
ends in
emere, to buy.
\mo, anere, as:
eximo, exemi, exemtum, exle remains.
but in coemo, / buy in quantities, the

d)
The stem ends
in
u or r
13.
dcUi, deiitiim, a cikVe, to sharpen.

The compounds want the Supine.
Argdo, argiii, argiitum., arûere, to accuse.
14.
ExOo, ex Hi, exiitum., exutre,
12. Aciio,
15. Induo, etc. I
16.
Imhun,
17.
Luo, lui, lixtum,
18.
Minwo,
etc. I
etc,
to
put
off.
put on, clothe.

dip in
c.
ahl. I
lucre, to
J diminish.
imbue with.
wash.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
65.]
Niio, etc. I nod, in
19.
compounds, as
20.
Ruo, rui, rut u m, mere,
21.
Spuo,
sputum,
spui,
181
adnuo, I nod
to.
rush (but Part. Fut. ruitiims).
to
spuere, io sîi.
22. StatOo, etc. I place firmly.
The compounds change
the a of the stem into
t,
as
destituo,
/ desert.
Suo, etc. I sew.
23.
24.
TriJjUo, etc. I give.
25.
Solvo,
26.
Volvo,
solvi, soliitum,
volvi, voliLtum,
Metuere
(ui), to
Words
to be
AfFicere, to affed
af-
learned
(plui),
to
rain,
sternuere
(ui),
io
translation.
spend foedus,
to
(time).
delinquere, to do something wrong, to be
league,
eris, n.
^totestas, a.t\s,f.
excerpere, to make ex-
furiosus,
a,
power.
um, mad^
tracts from.
insane.
benefactum, \,n. favor, modo, adv. only, just.
a- dominatio, onis,/. 5ii;ay.
delinquent.
throw
to
mid Exercises for
translgere,
fectus, affected.
disjicere,
volvere, io roll.
fear, pluere
want the Supine.
sneeze,
C.
solvere, io\oos,e.
sunder, scatter.
Eodem modo
Priusquam
to
opus
testate est
Unus
amicos
afFecti
consulto
quam
mature
ipsos.
f a c-
Sola virtus in sua po-
omnia praeter earn subjecta sunt fortunae dominationi.

et ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immor-
bene
anteponendus
est.
Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque
benefactorum recordatio jucundissima

ject] lege
simus, quo erga nosmet
et, ubi consulueris,
Acti labores jucundi sunt.
est.*
dies,
talitati
erga
incipias
est.
Appetitus rationi sunt sub-
Victus est Xerxes magis
naturae.
armis Graeciae.
Themistoclis,
consilio
Quid hominem octoginta anni
juvant, per iu-
Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Proquum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus expertes.
Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque
Pecuniam
ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia?
ertiam exacti?
fecto beati erimus,
si
cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen,
consolatur honestas egestatem.
runt in hostes
quod modo
hi
dum
existimatio est integra, facile
Milites, captis armis,
autem propere fugam ceperunt.
impetum
icerant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt.
philosophus in ratione vitae deliquerit, eo turpior

*
There
is
est,
need that you should consult, and
16
fece-
Hostes, foedere,
Si quid
quod artem
act.
vitao
IRREGULAR VERBS.
182
Plinius nullum librum legit,
profitetur.
ab
omni
liostibus siibacti,
transegerunt vitam.
Foedera
icta
Destituere,
to
aciem perfregerunt
and
learned
to he
dtsert,
pallium,
discrimen,
gence.
sharpen.
to
envelope,
mdulgent'm, ae,f.{ndul-
i,
n. cloak,
inis, n.
dis-
tinciion.
under gar- prosperitas, atis,y!^ro5-
effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y.
involvere,
Gives,
et disjecerunt.
gloriari, to glory.
instituere, to instruct.
to
excerperet.
recuperandae spe adempta, miseram
Milites liostium
leave behind.
exacu6re,
quem non
65.
ab hostibus fracta sunt.
Words
CI.
libertatis
[^
ment.
perity.
[posite.
m. ring.
contrarius, a, um, opsoccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal.
disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, reannulus,
involve,
redarguere,
to
respuere, to
reject.
i,
spectably.
dience.
Quis, lionesta in familia iustitutus et educatiis ingenue, non ipsa
eum
turpitudine, etiamsi
est,
qnum
stetisset
laesura
non
Num
naturam evolverunt.
unquam
tibi
aspernatae sunt et respuerunt?
civesinermes destituerunt.
presserit,
Carthago diruta
Pacis nomine
Philosophi involutam multarum rerum
bellum involutum reformido.
tibus, a corporis
ofFenditur
sit,
annos sexcentos sexaginta septem.

placebit,
Milites
Quum
quod omnium mentes
in ipso discrimine periculi
animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu-
obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque op-
omnemque
mortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque
aciem ad bona
dei et purara religionem susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii
deligenda et rejicienda contraria : tum vita nobis

credis^
improborum
prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem?
ra Herculi sanguine Centauri tinctam tunicam induit.
non solum omnes
ta gloriatus est, se
artes,
Num
erit beatissima.
Dejani-
Hippias sophis-
quibus liberales doctrinae
atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed anniiliun,
quem haberet, palmanu confecisse.
lium^ quo vestatus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua
CII.
Words
to be
and Exercises for
learned
translation.
Defio.ere, to fail.
d'lssolvere, to relax.
extenuare,
praeficere,
to set over,
persolvere, to pay.
lessen,
dem'muere,
to diminish,
emere,
diluere, to diluie,
ivea-
dig up.
severitas, atis,/. sever-
to cover up.
ity.
designare, to designate.
ken.
Homines
to
obruere,
to extenuate,
metalla terra obruta eruerunt
bis cives ita saevierunt, ut
Divina lex non scripta
est,
Milites in expugnatae ur-
omnem humanitatem
sed nata
qua non
exuisse
instituti,
viderentur.
sed imbuti su-
THIRD CONJUGATION.
65.]
Nemo
mus.
183
immanis, cujus inentem non imbuerit deorutn
est tatii
auimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbulmus. Cogitatio, omnes res humanas fraglles et caducas esse, omnes meas molesQuae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione
tias extennavit et diluit.
Pueri
opinio.
dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distributa
sunt
Divitiae,
morum
Romam
quae ad exteris naiionibus
militibus promiserat,
The
non
confluxerunt,
dux
Stipendiis, quae
disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt
persolutis, seditio concitata est.
passions ought to be subjected to the reason.
If thou shalt
have spent thy Hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the entrance to heaven will stand open to thee.
It is
hard to retain (tenere)
when thou shalt have fallen from virtue. God has set the
soul over the body.
Some doubt, ivhether the world may be made by
chance (ne whether, attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason.
It was
uncertain, whether the Romans had (subj.) conquered, or had been conquered.
Then (turn) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when
The enemies have broken (rumpere)
it shall have deserted tlie body.
friendship,
When anything has
the concluded league.
sopher,
it is
the art of
much
so
If
life.
the light of
life
the
more
any one
(quis) has taken (fut
will be taken
from
camp.
Thou
The
It is
known,
soldiers fled
that the
life,
liberty,
Romans
(perf.
The
defenceless
cit-
the very (ipse) crisis of
destroyed
because they feared
back
before that thou
The
the reason.
izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in
danger.
professes)
(abl. abs.), led his soldiers
wilt not enjoy a peaceful
shalt have subjected the passions to
(=
perf from us
Caesar, after the line-of-battle
us.
of the enemy was broken and scattered

into the
been done wrong by a philo-
base, because he teaches
Carthage.
(perf.)
of metuo), that they
which nature has

not imbued with
the belief in (gen.) God ?
Parents, who have imbued the minds of
their children with the principles of virtue and have instructed them in
should be conquered by the enemies.
hid in
(abl.)
literature,
state.
the earth, are
By
-up
by man.
metals,
Who
is
deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the
We
have weakened the wine by
reflection will
soldiers
dug
weaken
all
thy troubles.
(abl.)
water.
hope that
this
Already the powers of our
were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an
the riches, which flowed together (perf)
to
(ace.)
attack.
Rome
after
the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity

were relaxed (perf).
Since the general had not paid
two months, a
sedition
[their] wages to the soldiers for (per)

was excited (perf) in the camp. Hast thou
heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that
IRREGULAR VERBS.
184
they have broken
I believe, that I
66.
camp of
the
sufficiently disproved thy reasons.
VI. Perfect
Bupine
i ;
The stem ends
a)
1.
have
66.
After the troops were collected
it ?
general determined (perf.) to attack the
(abl. abs.), the
enemies.
(frangere)
[$
\n
d or
sum,
Cando in compounds, as accendo, ace endi, ace ens u m, aeeendere, to kindle, inflame.
:
2.
Ciido, ciidi,
3.
JSjfo, e
4.
Fendo
di,
in
cusum,
ciidere, to forge.
u m, edere, to eat.
compounds as defendo, d efe ndi, d efe n-
.9
sum,
defendere, to defend.
5.
Fodio,
fo d i, fo ssum, fodere,
6.
Fundo, fii
7.
Mando, mandi,
8.
Pando,
.9.
Prehendo,
di, fit s
to dig.
u m, /under e,
mansum,
pa ndi, p a ssum,
to pour.
mandere, to chew.
pandere, to spread.
pr ehendi, pr eh en sum,
prehendere,
to
grasp.
10.
Seandx), s c
In the
as
11.
audi,
compounds
adscendere,
ansum,
s e
:
scendo,
seandere, to mount.
scendi, scensum, scendere,
to ascend^ scale,
descendere,
Sido, s'ldi, (Sup. wanting,) sidere,\.o

In the
compounds
sidere, to sit
12.
Str'ido,
13.
Verto,
14.
F'xdo,
sido,
to descend.
^\t.
sessum,
sedi,
sidere, as
con-
down.
strldi, (Sup. wanting,)

verti, v er sum,
strldere, to hiss.
verier e, to turn.
Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive
So
fxsus sum,
conf idere,
fldere, to trust.
to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair.
b)
The stem ends
vein, vulsu m,
in
or r
veUlre, to pluck.
15.
Velio.,
16.
Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j95a//eYe, to play the lyre,
17.
Verro,
Rkmark.
verri, (Sup. wanting,)
verrere, to
sweep.
be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs,

is long in the perf.
The two following verbs form an apparent exception
when
It
is
to
short in the other parts,
Findo,^trfi, fissum, findere, to
split,
(so also
its
compounds),
THIRD CONJUGATION.
66.]
Scindo,
185
compound*).
The same is
scissum, scindere, to cut (so also its

originally took the reduplication.
scidi,
But both these verbs

true of the
compound
percello, perculi, perculsum, percellere, to strike
(from the obsolete
violently
cm.
Words
Comprehendere,
to
to he
em-
See
cellere, to impel).
learned
exedere,
and
liquefacere,
corrode.
brace.
confbdere,
diffundere,
to
enkindle,
to
procudere,
money)
disperse.
mxike
to
proftcere, to benefit.
pervehi,<o bear through,
inflame.
diffuse,
liquid.
incendere,
to stab.
effbdere, to dig out.
Rem.
Exercises far translation.
consume,
to
62, II.
to forge
(of
convey.
colonia, ae,/. colony,
to coin.
effundere, to pourforth
lacerare, to lacerate,tear.
velum,
2) throw off{the rider),

offundere, to flow a-
digerere, to dispose, di-
furor, oris, m. madness.
gainst, diffuse, spread
dat.)
(c.
to
upon,
inscribe, write
conspectus, us, m.
Tyriorum colonias paene
sig-i^f.
antiqultus, adv. anciently,
Constat,
n. sail.
vetustas, atis,^*. age.
gest.
inscribere
over.
i,
formerly.
toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse.
Quo
In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus.
utlnam
Italia
velis passis
revocatus
offusus
pervehi
liceat
Hannibal patriam defensum ex
Nihil proficiunt praecepta,
est.
quamdiu menti error
Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus.
est.
Ingens
mimmorum numerus
hoc anno procusus
meum
planeque confecit.
animum
Epigrammatis, monument
vetustate exesae erant.
Milites urbem, ab hostibus
laceravit, exedit
inscripti, litterae
oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt.

vis in
Hispania est
eifossa.
Aegritudo
est.
magna auri argentique

ducem confoderunt.
Antiquitus
Mihtes, furore capti,
Equusrepentecorruit consulemque lapsum super caput
mansos ac prope
Quo magis
tur.
liquefactos demittlmus,
virtutis
vim animo
quo
(=
efFudit.
Cibos
ut eo) facilius digeran-
et cogitatione
comprehenderlmus,
eo magis
eam admirabimur.
Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu
omnium
civium necati sunt.
Nonne
in te conversos ?
vides
omnium ora atque oculos

hominum perniciem
Multi facultatem dicendi ad
converterunt
CIV. Words
to be
Convellere,fo tear away,
learned
rescindere,
to
tear,
to
break down.
convulse.
desidere, to sink down,
transgredi, to pass over.
difiindere, to split.
mora, ae,/. delay.

nodus, i, m. a knot.
discindere,
pieces.
to
tear
in
scrupulus,
16*
and Exercises for
i.
m. anxiety.
translation.
motus, us, m. motion.
motus
terrae,
quake.
earth-
[ersoever.
quocunque, adv. whithscilicet,
adv.
doubtless.
namely,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
166
Qruocunque
vel oculis, vel
le
plena esse omnia,
dum ense
animo
[^
67.
converteris, divinae bonitatis
Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no-
intelJiges.
difidit, scilicet difflsus,
eum
a se solutum
iri.
Quum Han-
nibal Alpes transgrederetur, multa ingentis magnitiidinis saxa diffissa
Quis tibi vestern discidit ? Quid ? discissane est ? Pompeii

motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanos eloquentiam ad
summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti confisus,
sine mora hostllem exercitum adortus est.
Litterae tuae omnem
scrupulum mihi ex animo evellerunt. Est boni regis officium, quum
rempubllcam labefactatem convulsamque videt, opitulari patriae.
sunt.
terrae
The goodness of God

The sails are spread.
over
(dat.)
do).
diffused through (abl.) the
My
When we
shall
mind
is
has coined a great quantity of
consumed by
torn and
have eaten,
whole world.
has spread (oifundere) darkness
The king
the souls of men.
this year.
money
is
Superstition
we
grief (aegritu-
will take a walk.
The
city,
which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf very bravely defended
by the citizens.
Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much
gold and silver (= much of gold and silver).
By thy bravery, thou
Never has a wise [man]
hast turned all eyes and minds upon (in) thee.
)
trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always
distrusted them.
It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed
by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by
the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition.
How often has
the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.)
men
been turned
to (ad)
The enemies have broken down the bridges.

Mountains and cities have been sunk down by earthquakes.
We had
already descended from the mountain, as we heard (perf.), that you
the destruction of
were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere)
my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war
Caesar by a few words inflamed the
has shaken the state violently ?
from
soldiers for the battle.
67. VIII.
Perfect with the Reduplication.
Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those

verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is t, o, or w, in the repetition of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the
remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c.
1.
Cddo, cecldi, cdsum, cddere, to
Compounds:
cido,
fall,
casum,
cidi,
to
happen.
cldere
so:
occido,
THIRD CONJUGATION.
67.]
187
go to ruin, incido, Ifall upon and reeido, Ifall back ; the others
want the Supine, as: concldo, idi, idere, to fall together.
2.
cecldi,
Caedo,
Compounds
3.
caesu7n, caedere, to
Cdno, ce cini,
Compounds
4.
cido,
cisum,
fell,
IdW.
cidere, as
occido,
I kill.
cantum^, canere, to sing.
cino,
cucurri,
Curro,

cidi,
cinui,
cinere, as
conclno,
ui, ere.
cursum, currere, to run.
Most of its compounds are both with and without the reduplication.
5.
Disco,
So
did lei,
also
its
(Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn.
compounds, as
perdisco, perdidlci, perdiscere, to
learn thoroughly.
6.
Folio,
fefelli, falsum,fallere,
Fallit
me,
escapes me.
it
The
to deceive.
Part, falsus is
Compound:
as an adjective, /a/ê.
refello,
commonly used
(Sup. want-
refelli,
ing), refellere, to refute.

7.
Fango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten,
to bargain,
agree to on condition.
Compounds:
pingo,
^pegi,
pactum,
pingere, as:
compin-
go, to fasten together.

8.
9.
Far CO, peperci, parsum, par cere (c. dat), to spare.

Fdrio, peperi, partmn, pdrere, to bear (ova parere,
lay eggs), to acquire.
Particip.
F ut pariturus
to
(for partii,'
rus).
10.
Fello,
pepuli,
Compounds
2yiilsu7n, pelle re, to drive, repel.
pello,
pulsum,
pellere,
puli,
as
expello,
expuli, expulsum, expellere, to drive aivay.

11.
Fendo,
pependi,
ê?^5^^^, jêw^Ve, to
suspend, weigh, to
pay, compensate.
The compounds have no

appensum, appendere,
12.
Fosco,
to
reduplication, as: appendo, appendix
hang
So also its compounds, as

demand of request of
13.
to,
append.
poposci, (Sup. wanting,) ô^ceVe,

:
Fungo, pupugi, punctum,,pungere,
Compounds:
terpungo,
pungo,
to distinguish.
to
demand.
exposco, exix)posci, exposcere,
punxi,
to
to prick, harass.
punctum,
pungere, as:
in-
IRREGULAR VERBS.
188
67.
[$
Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch.
14.
Compounds:
tingo,

tigi,
attactum, attingere,
tigi,
tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at-
to touch, reach.
Tendo, tetendi, tentum ^nd tensum, tender e, to stretch,
15,
spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares).
The compounds
are without the reduplication and generally

Sup.:
tentum, as: contendo, contendi, contentum,
contendere, to draw together, exert one^s self, strive.
with the
Tundo, tutudi, tunsum, tundere, to beat, stun.
16.
Compounds:
tundo,
tusum
tudi
tundere, as: contundo,
contudi, contusum, contundere, to break in pieces, crush.
Rem. 1. The two following verbs have the reduplication

and retain it in the other tenses:
in the Pres.
compounds),
compounds).
blbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also its

sisto, stiti,
Rem.
55, n,
statum
sistere, to place, stop (so its
The compounds of
2.
dare with
monosyllabic words (comp
also belong to this class, as: addo, addidi, additum, addere,
1.)
to add.
C V. Words
Concinere,
sound
gether,
to-
to
render
to
permanent.
go
to
Et discas
oportet,
arum,
innoxius,
f.
sit,
et
Ingenuas didicisse
(eos).
Non tam
delectat.
agendo confirmes.
Male parta
amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt;

cuique
innoxium a
obtlgit,
se
parta per
Hannibalem non
Ex quo
occidit.
fefellit,
(se.
Quid casurum
id quisque teneat.
occisum
fideliter artes, emollit
utilitas,
tes gesturos esse.
rerum honor
didicisti,
fortunae viderint, devolant omnes.
Quod
est.
amicum senem
quod
ita falsi
hiemem
incertum
praesto, adv. present.
Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore
pulsae recedunt;
simulatque
um, inno-
a,
cent.
noctu, adv. by night.
meal, feast.
et,
a stringed in-
fiigus, oris, n. cold.
emollire, to soften.
tofy away.
fidl-
strument.
populari, to lay waste.
male dilabuntur.
with
back,
retire.
epulae,
pro-
n.
bus, canere, to play
restituere, to restore.
lot.
confirmare,
i,
fides, \s,f. string
view.
recedere,
fall
to
proverbium,
verb.
inspicere, to look upon,
troy.
devolare,
overthrow,
to
demolish.
to cut off, des-
obtingere,
one's
evertere,
to-
gether.
excidere,
learned ayid Exercises for translation.
to be
sing
to
esse,
mores, nee sinit esse feros
amicum, quam amici amor ipse

ferocius,
quam
consultius
tempore) peounia in honore
Silva vetus
Clitum
Alexander dolebat.
cecidit,
ferro
rem
fuit,
quam nemo
hos-
verus
cecidit.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
67.]
Epaminondas
ISO"
fidibus praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur.
Cato
pris-
scribit,
cos Romaiios in epulis cecinisse ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes
Datur cohortibus siguum cornuaqiie ac tubae con-
atque virtutes.
Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum

natum commissa, quindecim milia Romanorum in acie caesa sunt;
In pugna, ad
ciniierunt.
omnem
decern milia, sparsa fuga per
urbem
Numantiam a Scipione excisam
Constat,
quod
cum
dixi,
falsum erat
me non
cur
eversam
et
qimm
Si id,
esse.
Hostes pacem nobis-
refellisti ?
Cleomenes,
pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis oaptos restitueremus.
Lacedaemonius,
tiae,
Etruriam, diversis itineribus
petierunt.
dierum essent cum hoste pactae indu-
triginta
noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium
Dux,
indutiae.
quum urbem
expugnanda cum
exercitu,
furore capti, juraverunt se
non
urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites,
non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non
Ovorum
infantibus parsuros esse.
tamen Deli* fuerunt complures,
ovum
omnibus, publicis et
cepisset, aedificiis
privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi
ad ea defendenda,
inter se similitudo est in proverbio;
permultas gallinas alentes,
qui,
maxiraam laudem
crede, te tua virtute
C VI. Words
Compimgere,
mark.
condere,
to be
to prick,
learned
tibi
Mihi
pariturum esse.
and Exercises for
conclamare,
to
cry out
together.
to
found, pre- gthn\i\are,

to
to
goad.
erumpere,
guish.
percurrere,
to
run
to destroy, ruin.
loquacitas,
break
to
Die, a
ficiscitur
Garrulus
lo-
spurius,
a,
um,
spuri-
ous.
versary.
Admiramur
praeclaros
per summis laboribus et periculis ad

contenderunt.
atis, f.
potus, us, m. drink.
m. ad-
i,
agree-
quacity.
[forth.
Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie
machinationes contudit.
n. cellar.
i,
ahleness.
nota, ae, /. sign, mark,
adversarius,
through.
perdere,
sustain.
distin-
translatio7i.
doliarium,
festivitas, atis,y*.
sustentare, to preserve,
serve.
distinguere,
tudit.
quum
inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant.
homo
quo haec grana tunsa
magna spe civium
summam laudem
loquacilate
sint.
avaritia
omnes
illos viros,
illius
qui sem-
gloriamque
sua aures meas plane tuMetellus in
Numidiam pro-
enim magistratuum ante
id
tem-
Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae

Verres, simulac tetlgit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum
erant.
se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri.
Duae in Capitolio
pus
in
* at Delos.
See Synt.
92.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
190
aedes miiltaque
uno anno de coelo
alia aedificia
cum
quotiescunque congressus est
rum
Tu
copias pepulit
67.
Agesilaus,
tacta simt.
hostibus, multo majores adversario-
temeritatis tiiae
maximas poenas
pependisti.
Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro
pensum
meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis,
Tu
suerunt.
ex animo scrupulum
mulavitac pupugit.
pupugit,
Philosophia,
interpuncta
et
dies noctesque
paupertas momordit,
sti-
ignominia
si
Festivitatem habet narratio, distincta per-
sermonibus.
versus, qui spurii ei videbanlur, notis
Omnes
cives, belli calamitatibus confecti,
in doliariis condlta
ciae civitates,
dum
grammaticus,
Aristarehus,
Homeri
eos
quibusdam compunxit.
Ropaceni expoposcerunt.
habebant vina, pipere
melle condita,
et
Grae-
imperare singulae cupiunt, imperium omnes perdi-
Perditis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat.
derunt.
The Gauls
[their] cities
a bad
me
qui
evellistij
si
quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum pro-
si
prias cousolationes adhlbet.
mani
te-
in-
non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo-
gress!,
sonis
urbem
Milites,
esse.
way
(Gallus,
i,)
with walls.
(male),
he
have learned from the Greeks,
any one has acquired
If
will also lose
them
has turned out otherwise than (atque)
a bad way.
in
riches in
Tlje thing
had expected.
surround
to
(fut. perf.)
Alexander,
seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old njan.
Thy
friendship has always afforded
faithless
friend has deceived me.
we
me
the greatest pleasure.
my
After
sister
The
had sung (perf)
It is known, that Scipio

which stood before (ante)
our house, was (perf) felled yesterday.
Since Cleomenes had agreed
upon a truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by
night, because he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights.
We have heard, that peace has been agreed upon (= bargained) with
the enemy.
The ship having struck against a rock, made (perf of
alone (solus),
all
sang together
The
demolished (perf) Numantia.
facere)
The
(perf.).
old oak,
shipwreck.
citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar,
would
other captured
cities,
that our army,
which under
also spare theirs.

the conduct
who had
It is
of a bad general (duce malo im-
peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by
conduct of a good general,

praise.
victory gained
its
will acquire for itself
by treachery, redounds
conqueror not for praise but for disgrace.
was crushed by
already spared
not to be doubted,
the prudence of Cicero.
bravery, under the

still
(=
(etiam) greater
is)
to (dat.) the
The rashness of Catiline

The dart will be discharged
bow
has
been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere).
As
(emittere) so
much
the
more
violently, the
more (magis)
the
Caesar entered (ingredi,

(perf.) [their]
that
THIRD CONJUGATION.
68.]
ed
hands
subj.)
Why
he would spare them.
been struck.
The
Who
the captured city, the inhabitants extend-
and entreated
(ad) him,
to
191
dost thou
has struck thee
perf.)
{orare,
weep boy
because
him,
have
firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have
weakened
the attack of the forth-breaking enemies.
reached the house, when
was
it
(perf) struck
(=
Scarcely had I
touched) hy lightning
Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack.

The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of gerund).
The traitor has paid jnst punishment for his offence. As soon
(de coelo).
as the horns sounded (perf of canere),

gether.
Virtue sustains
itself,
even
all
the soldiers ran (perf) to-
if (etiamsi)
may have
lost all.
68. VIII. Lichoaiwe Verbs.
All inchoative verbs
(in
sco),
i.
e.
verbs which express a be-
coming or beginning of the idea contained
low the
it
and coincide
third Conj.
their primitives, as
in the
in the primitive, fol-
Perf.
and Sup. with
inveterasco (from invcterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, inveterascere, to
grow
old
exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere,
come inflamed,
to be
to be-
kindled
indolesco (from dolere), indolui, indolltum, indolescere, to feel
pain
revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictum, reviviscere, to come
to life
again, revive
concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concnpiscere, to desire (earnestly)
obdormisco
(from dormire), obdormlvi, obdormitum, obdor-
miscere, to fall asleep.
Remark. The
inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo,
ui,
olere, to
vary in their formation in the following way:

adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up.
exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old.
inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to grow into.
Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere, to grow old, obsolete,
Very many inchoative verbs want the
varies from its primitive, solere.
grow,
( 58, III, 4.)
Sup., as incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become warm (from caleo, ui,

Sf)me want both Perf and Sup., as ai.gesco,
rtum, ere, to be warm).
Here especially, belong the
I increase [^vom, augeo, xi, ctum, ere).
inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as
:
IRREGULAR VERBS.
192
repuerascere,
form the
to
to
Perf.
become a hoy again
which
in m*, as
is
68.
small number of these

; only a
maturesco, maturui, maturescere,
become mature.
C VII. Words
Coalesco,
lui,
grow
to
to he
lltum
learned
and
illucesco, luxi 3. to be-
3.
come light, daivn.

recrudesco, dui 3.
together, coa-
lesce.
advertere,
turn (hith-
to
er).
to
break out afresh.

consanesco, nui 3. to berescisco, ivi or ii, itum
come well.
3. to ascertain.
consenesco, nui 3. to
auditor, oris, m. hearer.
viscus, eris, n. boioels.
adulterinus,
\im,adul-
a,
terated, counterjeii.
condemnare, to con- contra, adv. on the condemn ;

capitis,
to
trary, other side.
death.
quando, adv. when.
come better, recover.
defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare,
to
Jiow
grow
old.
convalesco, lui
3. to be-
through, flow along.
out, subside.
omnem diem
Crede,
tibi
sic judices exarserunt, ut
quum
narent.
Ratio,
pientia.
Quaerltur,
dens pro bonis,

dibile
memoratu
Quum
perfecta est, nominatur rite sa-
sapiens adulterinos
id rescierit,
quam
est,
Socratis response
hominem innocentissimum condem-
adolevit atque
si
quum
supremum.
illuxisse
capitis
nummos
solnturusne
sit
Ronuiai et
facile
eos
acceperit impruIncre-
])ro bonis.
Aborigines coaluerint.
pecunia, nee adhiblta continuo ratio, quae sanet
est concupita
eam cupiditatem permanat in venas et inhaeret in visceribus illud malum. Endy mlo, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormivit, nec:
dum
Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve-
est experrectus.
Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu
tustatem obsoleverunt.
borasti
Illius oratoris
mos ad se advertebat
quod jam consamiisse
jam plane
nunc recruduit.
rapiebatque,
videbatur,
when
Scarcely had the day dawned,

gredi)
my journey. A bloody war

Romans and
(inter) the
associates with these
the soul
and
riches.
As soon
(=
perf.
age
is
vigorous (vigere),
grown old by years
(perf), that the enemies
the soldiers from the camp.
hjid coalesced into
have perceived with great pleasure from thy
hast recovered from
tiiy
long continued sickness.
In
(abl.) so great (tan-
tus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus)

gotten.
of ag-
was kindled) between
side, all is
as Caesar ascertained
(i)erf
(=
Catiline addressed (perf) his
to us)
on the other
were approaching, he led out

a short time, the minds of all
commenced
broke out
Carthaginians.
words: Our
strong (valere)
is
la-
omnium auditorum anidefervit.

Vulnus meum,
ardor animi, qui prius
The
was
letter, that
for-
thou
sedition of the
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
69,]
soldiers,
193
which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the
general, broke out afresh (perf.) during his absence (eo absente.)
Fourth Conjugation.
69.
Perfect
L
1.
Sepelio,
2.
Sdlio,
sep
el'ivi,
The compounds have
assultum,
Perfect
II.
Comperio,
Supine
silio,
turn.
sepellre, to
silui,
Supine
i ;
bury.
satire, to leap.
assilire, to leap
mp eri,
c o
Hi
sepultum,
sdlui, sal turn,
assilio, assilui,
1.
and
ivi
sultum,
as
silire,
upon.
turn.
co mp ertum,
as-
comptrxre, to
certain.
2.
^Jteperio,
ep
eri,
ep ertum,
reper'tre,
to
dis-
find,
cover.
But
aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open., uncover^ operio, rm', rtum,
rire, to cover.
3.
V eni, v
Ve7iio,
III.
1.
entum,
Perfect
{amixi and
Amicio,
ventre, to
si
Supine
amicui, both
come.
:
turn.
rare),
amictum,
ami-
aire, to clothe.
2.
fa r s
Farcio,
i,
fa rtum,
The compounds have
farclre, to stuff.
fercio,
fersi,
fertum,
fercire,.
as
refercire, to stufffull, Jill up.

3.
Fulcio,
4.
Haurio,
5.
Sancio,
fu I si, fu Itum, fulcire, to support.

hausi, haustum, haurire, to draw.
6.
sanxi, sane it urn (rare sanctum ; but sanetus,

um, as adjective, sacred), sanclre, to sanction.
Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarclre, to patch, repair, re-
7.
Sepio,
8.
Vincio,
a,
store.
-
sep si, septum,

IV. Perfect:
Sentio, s
ensi,
CVIII. Words
Consentire,
with.
êpire, to
vinxi, vinctum,
to
si;
en sum,
to be
agree
learned
17
Supine
:sum.
sentire, to feel, think,
and Exercises for
dissentire, to
dissent.
hedge around.
vincire, to bind, confine.
disagree,
suppose.
translation.
desilire, to leap
down,
transilire, to leap over.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
194
[^
69.
exhaurire, to exhaust.
dumetura,
i,
n. thicket,
coetus, us, m. assembly.
indagare,
ludibrium,
i,
n. sport.
affluenter,
to
search out.
parricidium,
d\spe]\ere,to drive asunder, disperse.
par-
n.
i,
immortaliter, adv.
ricide.
catena, ae,/. chain.
munificentia, ae,/.
curatio, 6nis,y! cure.
mu- explorator,
oris,
spy.
nijlcence.
documentum, i,w.j?roo/I
rector, oris,
hostes
sunt.
ita,
Hostes
m. a rursus, adv. again.

[nor. undique, adv. from
m. gover-
all
sides.
vixit,
improbos vin-
catenis vincti in
servitutem abducti
Imperiiim justis legibus fultum esse debet.
Rex, pace compos-
vicit.
victi
et
rerapublicam labefactatam sua virtute
tu est
im-
mortally.
Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt: Probe

xit,
adv. plenti-
fully.
rectorem ducemque desiderat.
sunt, docente natura.
Vita, si
Virtus
difficilis
inven-
Artes innumerablles repertae
undique referta bonis
Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt.
quam
fulsit.
beata dicitur.
est,
Occultae inimieitiae magis timen-
est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam

humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt,
hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel-
dae sunt,
senserit ?
lis
apertae.
Quis
specie
Dii, induti
Quo
reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt.
undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque
sensurum
mecumcon-
Spero, te
Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves-
esse.
Fama
titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit.
mum
quis affluentius voluptates
sitiet.
novos urbis muros
transiluisse.
est, ludibrio
Lycurgus
fratris
Re-
nihil lege ulla in alios
non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hippias gloriaquo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Speramus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria
omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores
sanxit, cujus
tus est, pallium,
comperit, hostes
adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit.
sepultus
Eodem
est.
loco nostra
Nebula,
Academia
Carolus Odo-
Plato Athenis* in
hora quarta sole dispulsa, aperuit diem.
memoria sepultus
est
fredus Miillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de antiquitatis disciplina
The
the
state
king.
immortaliter merltus.
shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of

Trajan alone of [gen.)
in (intra) the city [of]
Rome.
Men
nature teaching them (abl. abs.).
phy, are
filled
all
the citizens
have invented
Cicero's writings
be pronounced
(=
extolled) happy,
who
buried with-
(de)
virtue.
arts,
philoso-
The
king, thou
hast always lived up-
bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. The

are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls. Many philoso-
rightly, hast
cities
upon
up with the most excellent principles of

government by just laws.
just king has supported his

art to
is
innumerable
* at
Athens.
See Synt.
92.
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
$70.]
phers say, that the soul of
The horsemen
nature.
fought (perf) on foot

(sentire)
from
concerning
What
it.
men.
from
fornjer
hast thou
(=
sanctioned perf.) nothing con-
had not been committed before
it
As
covered (perf)
heads again.
[their]
eyes with
(abl.)
is
my
brother will
come
to-day?
cause of the sickness
the
discovered, find the ability of curing {gen.
man
the old
[their]
his time
the losses of the
they have discovered the cure, so shall we,
the cause of sorrow

[it].
all
are repaired by one victory.
(superior) losses
ascertained, that
(abl. abs.) believing that
of gerund)
and
thou hast thought
hope, that thou wilt not dissent
Just as physicians, when they have discovered
when
(ex) their horses
Peace, in a short [time], has repaired
All the
Whence
(perf.)
know not, what
has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by
Solon (Solo, onis) ordained
him).
war.
has been drawn from (ab) the divine
down
(= footmen).
my plan but
cerning parricide, because
(=
man
leaped
19S
entered (subj.) the assembly,
heads; but as he
left (subj.)
it,
God has enclosed (= hedged
all
in)
all
un-
covered (perf)
and covered the
very delicate membranes.

70.
Pos-sum,
1)
pol-ui,
Preliminary Remark. .Po55wm
posse, to be able (can).

is
composed of pot-is,
e [able),
and
the verb sum.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Indicative.
Present.
am
Subjunctive.
Perfect.
p6t-c,
pos-5i5,
\)dt-uisti
pot-wmm, I may
have been able
pot-Mem
p6t-c,
pos-rf,
pot-uif
pot-uerit
pos-5Mmw5,
pos-5lmw,
pot-uimus
pot-uerlmus
\}6t-estis,
ôs-sltis,
l)6t-uistis
ip6t-uritis
lios-sint.
l)6t-uerunt{re)
pos-swm,
pos-5m, I
be able
able (can)
l>os-sunt.
may
I have
been able
p6t-m,
])6t-uerint.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
waspos-sem, I might pot-wemm, I had pot-wmewi, I

been able
m'hthavebeena.
able (could)
be able
pot-eraw,
pot-erds, etc.
ipos-5e5, etc.
Y>6t-ueraSj etc.
pot-ero, I shall be able

pot-eris, etc.
pot-ueris, etc.
Participle.
Infinitive.
Pres. pos-5e, to be able
Perf pot-wme,
to
p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able.
have been able
The remaining
Put. wanting.
1
ipot-uisseSy etc.
Future Perfect.
pot-Mero, I shall have been able
Futuj-e.
Imperative wanting.
Part, are wanting.
196
CIX. Wbi'ds
(aliquem
Celare
quid),
to be
ali-
learned
tor.
desistere, to desist, cease,
situs, us,
inducere,
adeo,
enumtrmedltari (c. ace), to

<A{nA; (of something).
induce.
one).
enumerare,
to
lead
to
to,
so very.
Y>nm\im, adv. first.

proinde quasi,jMsf 05
i/*.
come mild, tame.
Perglte, pueri, atque in id studium, in
quo
bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae
adeo ferus
m. condition,
cuiv. so,
injuste, adv. unjustly,
mitescere (without
Perf or Sup.) /o he-
pejerare, to swear false-
Nemo
m. crea[situation.
[ate.
some
70.
translation.
effector, oris,
constitute.
from
(something
and Exercises for
constituere, to establish,
conceal
to
non mitescere
est, ut
estis,
incumblte, ut et vo-
emohmiento
esse possitis
Hoc quotidle meditare,

Quidam idciico, deum esse,
possit.
ut possis aequo animo vitam rehnquere.

non putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur proinde quasi nostram
ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus,
possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ?
:
Nihil tarn
sit
est,
difficile
et potest.
inesque celare
quin
(=
non) quaerendo investigari possit.
ut
tanquam aliquis in pectus intlmum iuspicere posSatis nobis persuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hompossimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potes-
Sic cogitandum
est,
lisne dubitare, quin
deus universum
mundum
Non
gubernet?
possu-
Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ?
mus.
Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati.
Marcel-
primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu

Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus
in hostem erumpere jussit.
posset, patriam juvare.
Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exerlus pedltes
citum contra hostes duxit.
non evenire,
gtitutae sunt, ut
dere
est,
quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel

Omnes mundi partes ita con-
neque ad usum meliores potuerint
esse, neque ad speAnte occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi-
ciem pulchriores.
satis potuit,
potuerat,
Casus
vel aliter evenire potuerit.
quum
ne occuparetur.
hostes
impetum
Vix Caesar milites e

feceruiit.
castris
multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset

mentiatur, inducere possumus
imus.
Dolorem,
si
educere
Quid enumerem artium

?
Quem,
ut
[eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter-
non potero frangere, occultabo.
Facile intelligitur,
membrorum nostrorum, nee ingenii mentisque

fortuna. Hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis, amici-
nee figuram situmque
vim
efflci potuisse
tiam esse non posse.

If
will
you earnestly apply
(fut.)
yourselves to the study of literature, you
be able to be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and
71.]
Socrates thought daily of
the state.
Canst thou
with equanimity.
come to me
to-day
are not able to doubt, that
wise can be happy, even

lere) virtue,
Why
he might be able to die
me, why thy brother
tell
not able to
is
When you contemplate the whole world, you
No.
this, that
197
we can always
The
mind (mens).
ruled by a divine
is
it
when
they are tortured.
If
we
cultivate (co-
be happy.
cannot thy brothers come to
me
to-day
do not know, why
But why could they not come yesterday ? They could

not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What
could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race,
they cannot.
and more noble than reason ? The enemies had not as yet been
draw their troops together, as Caesar made (perf an attack
upon (in) them. Who believes, that the world can have been (= may
fairer
able to
have been able to be) made by chance
71. 2)
The whole
Edo^
edi, esstim,
edere
and
esse^ to eat.
from its having forms like

those beginning with es of the verb sum, which ai-e used at the same
time with the regular form but the form es from tdo is long, from sum
irregularity of this verb, arises
short.
and
edunt
Pres. Ind,
edo, edis and es, edit and
Imperf. Subj.
ederem and essem,

ederet and esset,
ederes and esses,
ederemus and essemus, ederetis and essetis,edeTent and essent
Imperative.
Sing. 2.
2.
and
Remark. So
and
comes, etc.
3.
also
ae, /.
ede and
es Plur. 2.
editoand
esfo.
its
compounds, as
The forms
ex. Words
Symbola,
est,
to be
a con-
edimus,
comedo, / eat, consume, comedis

not given in the above table are regular.
learned
argentum
and
vivum,
quicksilver.
of money
orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n.
edere, to
common
eat
at
n.
adolescentulus,
young man,
i,
m.
familiaris, e, belonging
to the family
res fa-
miliaris, estofe.
space.
curculio, onis, m. corn-
worm.
expense.
eslis,
edite and csê.

3. edunto.
editote and csfoie.
trihution
lis
editis
perrumpere,
to
break
through.
moles, is,/, mass.
vae, interj. alas
youth.
Esse oportet, ut vivamus
non
vivere, ut
edamus.
Modice
bibite et
Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent.

Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animum planeque
este.
17*
198
Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt.
conficit.
monumenta
tustas
comestis
Quae unquam moles tarn firma fuit, quam

omnem rem familiarem luxuria
exesset.
Vae
vobis, qui
Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur
mit aetas temporum
Argentum vivum
Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve-
exest ac perrumpit vasa.
non exessent undae
72.
[$
quia consu-
solitug,
spatia.
Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age

consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that
I know not, where you ate yesterday.
(ut) I might eat with thee.
My
brother had called us in order to eat (sup.). An unripe grape is bitter
to eat
(sup. in u).
sume thy mind.
feared that the sorrow (aegritudo) would con-
Fero,
72. 3)
Alas to thee,
tuli,
who consumest
Idtum^ferre^ to bear, bring.

Present Passive.
Present Active.
Ind. feror, ferris, fertur,
Ind. fero, fers,fert,
ferlmur, ferlmlni, feruntur.
ferlmus, fertis, ferunt.

Infinitive, ferre, to bear.
Im- S. Q.fer,ferto
per.
thy whole estate
be borne.
Infinitive, ferri, to
PI. 2.ferte,fert6te S. 2. ferre, fertor PI. 2. ferimini,-nor

3.
3. ferto.
ferunto.
3. feruntor.
3. fertor.
Imperf. Subj. Passive,
Imperf Subj. Active,

ferrem, ferres, ferret,
ferrer, ferreris (e),ferretur,
ferremus, ferretis, ferrent.
ferremur, ferremini, ferrentur.
Rem. 1. The remaining forms are derived regularly from fero, tuli,
latum: Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e) Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere;
bar; Fut. firam, es, ferar, eris (e) Subj. Perf tulerim Plupf. tuleram,
tulissem Inf. Perf. tuliiê Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse Part. Ad.
Ger.
ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, utn
;
ferendum.
Rem.
2.
oblatum,
In the
same manner the compounds,
oflFerre, to offer.
tollo, sus-tuli,
From
sub-latum, tollere,
to raise, take
The Perf and Sup. are from sufFero

from which, sufFero (i. e. sub. and fero),
is to be carefully distinguished.
CXI. Words
Affero,
3. to
attuli,
bring
to be
al latum
to,
bring.
aufero, abstuli, ablatum
learned
3. to
as
offero, obtuli,
the stem of the Perf. tuli
(i.
e.
is
away, carry
sursum
fero,
derived
off.
I carry
aloft),
sustuli, sufFerre, to bear, endure,
and Exercises for
bear away, take
away.
confero, contuli, colla-
translation.
tum
3.
to
bring to-
gether, compare.
defero, detuli,
delatum
72.]
3.
down, praefero,
bring
to
elatum refero,
extuli,
efFero,
3. to hear forth, bury.
to
tuli,
decedere,
bring against ; he\-
latum
to
go
forth,
die.
cum
from
the
foundation, wholly.
qui (for quo), hoiv, by
whom, by what, etc.
Confer nostram longissimam
Quid quaeque nox,
aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur.
aut dies ferat, incertum
summam
tibi
nity.
funditus, adv.
one.
Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium.
aetatem
gigas, antis, m. giant.
3.
refer.
infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher.
make war upon
quae
3.
aeternltas, atis, /. eter-
bring back,
to
illatum,
iufero, intuli,
lum
latum
tuli,
to prefer.
offer.
199
Incumbe
est.
earn curam et cogitationem,
in
dignitatem et gloriam afferat.
Ferre laborem con-
Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quisque maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ita minime
Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus
est vir bonus.
commodis praeferre oportet.
Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre,
quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui
non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita Claris
suetudo docet.
viris defertur-et datur.
Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix relique-
Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum
rit.
vultum
domum
argenti,
quod ornamentorum
referebat, quern
Socrates
intulisse.
diis
domo
Quod
extulerat.
in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id
eundem
auri,
Verres
quod
abstulit.
Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt.
deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani

deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem
Pietate ad versus
Qui,
toUitur.
sustulerunt
generis
funditus
benevolentiaque sublata, omuis est e vita sub-
Caritate
lata jucunditas.
Bring thou aid
to the
wretched and the destitute
our longest age with eternity,

(subj.) that
virtue.
it
is
very short.
The noble
and shivered {perf
it
will
What can
boy ?
If we compare
we acknowledge
bring to us a fairer joy, than
(probus) youth bore (fero) and did

in
each
case).
I bring a present
all,
he sweated
JuUus Caesar took away (perf ) from
king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents
my
be necessary that
which
my
(gen.).
What
bringest thou,
father presents to thee.
thou not know, that Epicurus has referred
all
Dost
[things] to (ad) plea-
Pleasure is preferred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we

?
must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have
made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures
were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has
often been removed (= taken away) by exercise.
The enemies were
sure
do,
200
[U3.
SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers.
did not doubt, that you would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered
Through cruelty we are borne [on] to

war would be preferred by you
be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. Soli-
you with equanimity.
(affero)
We
the foulest crimes.

to peace.
Thou
wilt
feared, that
tude takes away the enjoyment of
pleasures.
all
be borne [away] by avarice to base gain.

brought
(subj.) that
soldiers
from the
would bring
73.
4)
aid to
Thou
When
shouldst not
news was
the
enemy approached, Caesar led

camp. The wretched [man] asked
him (sibi).
the
out (perf ) his

that
us,
we
Volo, volui, velle, to will, wish.
nolo (from ne volo), nolui nolle, to be unwilling
mdlo (from magis

(would) rather.
volo), mdlui, malle, to
choose
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
volo
nolo
malo
velim
nolim
mdlim
vis
mavis
mavult
maliinms
veils
noils
malls
velit
nollt
main
vellmus
nollmus
mallmvs
vultis
non vis
non vult
nolUmus
non vultis
mavultis
velitis
nolltis
malltis
volunt
nolunt
mahmt.
velint
nolint
molint
"s.
volebam
nolebam
malebam
wllem
nollem
mallem
4'
volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.''yeZZe5, etc nolles, etc. mallesêtcl
vult
1
*Ah
wo\umus
volam,
nolam,
es. etc.
Imperative {of volo
S.2. noli,
noHto;
3.
nolito;
es, etc.
malam,
es, etc.
and malo wanting).

nolite, nolitote;
PI. 2.
3.
nolunto.
it is
wanting.
Participle.
volens, utii5
nolens, ntis
Remark. The forms derived from

malui
of malo
the Perf are regular: volui, nolui,
voluerim, noluerim, maluerirn
Inf. voluisse, noluisse,
maluisse
Plupf. volueram, nolneram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluissem ; Fid. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are
wanting.
CXII. Words
to be
to
weary,
make weary ;
pass, to
Defatigare,
become weary.
learned
nobilitare,
and
to
make
known, renowned.
publicare, to make publie.
73.]
sectari
low
make hinding.
ace), to folpursue.
(c.
adstringere, fo bind, to
um,
serius, a,
necessitas, atis, /.
after,
201
serious.
ejusmodi, of
ne-
this sort^
of this nature.
ctssity.
Qui virtutem suam publicari vult, non virtuti laborat, sed gloriae.
Nonne poetae post mortem iiobilitari volunt? Ego non eadem volo
Benex, quae volui, adolescens.
Si vis amari, ama. Bono mentis fru-
endum
Omnia
est, si beati
esse vultis,
facere,
esse volumus.
Docllis est, qui attente vult audire.
benefacta in luce se collocari volunt.
magna saepe
simul attentum facias
Sic
oj)ortet.
quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem

haberi vellet,
ut, qualis
docllem velis
inferiore vivamus,
velimus vivere.
Praeclare So-
esse, si quis id ageret,
veram gloriam
Si quis
esset.
talis
Quem
cum
banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat
crates
Si acres ac diligentes
ex parvis.
intelligetis
adipisci
volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit.
Nolumus in conservandis bonis viris defatigari. Homines nolunt,

eundem pluribus rebus excellere. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in
serium convertere. Libero sum judicio, nulla ejusmodi adstrictus necessitate, ut mihi, velim
nolim,
quum
certa tuenda sententia.
sit
Socrates
Ego me Phidiam esse

mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an
Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam
ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis?
noluit ex carcere educi,
Quibus
Virtute in alia alius rnavult excellere.
alteri.
est, ut
nihil malint se
sit.
Vae
Malumus cum
quam bonos
esse,
Amicitiae est ea
doctrina.
maluerit, nulla
vultis
posset.
facile
vis, ut,
viros
simulatque
vobis, qui divitias,
sibi allquid,
quam
persuasum
id
rellqua facilis est
iis
quam
alteri,
virtutem sectari
virtute paucis contenti esse,
quam
ma-
sine virtute
malebat,
quam
If Mve wîsh to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves,
we do
multa habere.
Atheniensis, bonus
Aristides,
esse
videri.
Men
not labor for virtue but for glory.
[when]
old,
very same which they wished (perf [when] young.

)
be loved by others, you must also love others.
happy, thou must cultivate
Why
virtue.
walk with us ? Thou askest
do not wish the

If
you wish
to
If thou wishest to be
does not thy brother wish
why he
does not wish he does

wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business. If you wish
to take a
to undertake a great undertaking (negotium),
ere) diligent preparation.
thou not?
pres.
If
(Sub. pres.) to know.
you must make (adhibto us to-day, or (an) wilt
May you (= you
will suhj.
of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love.
it is
not,
we wish
Wilt thou come
not allowed to live as
why you
did not wish to
we
wish,
come
to
we
live as
we
us yesterday.
can.
We
know
PAETICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
202
Be thou unwilling
good men.
We
cel in several
become weary
to
in the preservation (gerund)
are unwilling, that the very
who
They,
things.
are
must defend
live in
the country, rather than in the city
to)
[whether] they will
acquire riches, rather than
Wouldst thou
Many would (=
esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo).
own judgment,
stand upon (abl.) their
certain (certus) sen-
[or] not.
choose
Timoleon chose (perf)
virtue.
of
same [man] should ex-
bound by a
timent,
it,
[n4.
to
be
The wise choose
to
rather than [upon that] of an-
Who
other.
would not rather be virtuous (= partaking of virtue,

Would you rather live in the city, than in the
we would rather live in the country.
compos), than rich?
country
74.
5)
Eo^
ttum, ire, to go.
ivi,
Ten-
Subjunctive.
Indicative. ses.
Pres.
eo, is,
Impf
l-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc.
Futur.
Perf
Plpf
F.Perf
It,
i-mus,
P. 2.
i,
earn, cos, eat,
i-bunt
l-bo, i-bis, i-bit, etc.
edmus,
edtis,
eant
l-rem, i-res, l-ret, etc.

I-turus, a,
um
sim, etc.
i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc.
i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc.
i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc.
i-vissem, i-visses, i-visset, etc.
i-vero, i-veris, i-verit, etc.
Imperative.
S. 2.
eunt
itis,
i-to, 3. i-to
i-te, i-tote,
Supine.
Participle.
Gerund,
t-tum,
Pres. i-ens,
eundum
i-tU.
Gen.
eundi
3. eunto.
eunlis.
Fut.i-turus,a,um. eundo etc.
Rem. 1. In the same manner the compounds are decHned, as exeo,

I go out, go forth, abeo, I go away, redeo, I return. So also: ven-eo,
ven-Ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-itum, ven-ire, to be soZc? (Imper. Part, and Ger.
wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep:
tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres.
ambio, ambtawi, Impf ambie&am, ambirem. Part, ambiens, G. woahientis,
Perf ambwi. Sup. ambl^wm, Part, ^mhitus (but the substantive is ambitus, us, a going around), Ger. ambienrfuw.
Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the
Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as : abii,
abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero.
Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is
used of the passive forms, as itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, itum est,
on^ has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin.
in joined to their Supines, as amatum iri. But the compounds with a
transitive 'meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as
praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by, prae:
^4.]
teriris,

itur,
îmiir,
imini,
euntur
203
praeteribar, etc.
amhior {am-
biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth
Conjugation.
CXIII. Words
to he
Adire, to come to.

circumire, to go around,
obire, to die.
to
excessus, us, m. depar-
ruin,
perish.
transire,
some-
timely.
ohvlam, adv. against, to
ture.
pass over,
to
translation.
aliquando, adv.
a hut.
time.
angustiae, arum,/, war- foede, acfo. basely, in a
row pass.
base way.
silentium, i, n. silence, intempestlve, adv. un-
surround.
go
and Exercises for
3. to die.
casa, ae, /.
interire, to decay.
perire, to
learned
emori,
praealtus,
through, away.
urn, very
a,
meet.
high, very deep.
sero, adv. late, too late.
Qui ad nos intempestiveadeunt, molesti saepe sunt. Pleraque, ante

Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus. Cor-
oculos posita, transimus.
pus mortale aliquo tempore
necesse
interire
homines summa ope

bitet,
niti decet,
ne vitam
tibus, qui e
paratum
omnes
bello
redibant, laeti
cubitum
Illud
irent.
morte sensum, neque excessu vitae
dum
Quicquid
Be on
esset, earn sibi
decay
at
Go
not know,
is
set before
our eyes,
some time; but

often great
were returning
went (perf ) to meet them.
the soldiers
exissent
rure rediero,
foede perierunt.
nunquam
viam munivisset.
is
I,
abisset, nisi,
Muros turresque
that our
go
men come
(subj.)
to
soul will decay,
(=
us.
we
and rashness.
Our body
cannot be-
Who
go) forth from huts
home from
Very
one untimely.
passed over by
spiritedly against self-confidence
how
obiit
potuit,
ambiebat.
thy guard, that thou dost not
much which
lieve.
alii clari viri
Abiit ad deos Hercules:
mare
quum
Quum
transiit temporis, perlit.
Pompeius multique
homines
inter
urbis praealtum
will
ut funditus
Augustus
creditus est.
in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere
emori.
te fata vocant.
quum
hominem,
Mihi nunquam persuaderi
et sexto aetatis anno.
statim te adibo.
quo
Si ita natura
ibant.
erat insltum priscis, esse in

deleri
sic
Romulus ad deos transisse
circumiretur.
septuagesimo
iis,
cives mili-
obviam
Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hoslium
interiret.
ex
quam nun-
Omnes
ea dormientes agerent, quae somniarent, alhgandi
esset, ut
essent, qui
animos,
Potius sero,
est audaciae temeritatique.
domum
Omnes
Quis du-
silentio transeant.
quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit?
quam, obviam eundum
Pereunt aliquando
est.
tamen saepius pereunt.
innocentes; quis neget? nocentes
the war,
all
does
As
the citizens
In the spring the swallows return to us,
204
[HS.
autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of

was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the
in the
the woods, he
soul shall have left the body,
meet our
who
parents,
are
it
will
be happy.
Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished

over
pass
orators
The men,
ivho
We
go out to
shall
returning from the country to the

in a base
way
city.
The
that appears base to speak (sup. in m).
all (plur.)
pass (part, of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire)
without fame.
75. 6)
Queo, qulvi, qmtum, quire to be able (can)

^
qiieo^ nequivi, 7iequitum,
Both these verbs are
Many
and
ne-
nequire, not to be able (cannot).
inflected throughout like eo,
ivi,
Itum,
ire, to
go.
of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good
prose, not at
all.
These forms are omitted
in the following table.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
queo
Pies.
queunt
nequeo
queam
nequls
nequit
queas
queat
nequeas
nequeat
nequimus
queamus
nequeamus
nequTtis
queatis
nequeatis
nequeunt
queant
nequeant
nequTrem
nequlbam
Impf.
nequeam
Perf.
quivi
nequlvi
qulverim
nequiverim
Plpf.
quiveram
nequlveram
quivissem
nequissem
nequivero
wanting.
F. Perf. quivero
Participle.
Infinitive.
nequiens
quivisse
Perf.
Supine
quitum, quitu {of neqveo

are w mting, or occur but rarely.
:
nequeuntis, etc.
nequivisse
it
is \vanting).
The remaining forms
^6.]
76.
Fw, factus
7)
sum, fieri,
205
become,
to
Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the
to
happen.
(See
Pass, of facio.
65,4.)
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
fl-am, f i-as, f i-at,

fl-atnus, fi-atis, flant
f I-o, f i-s, fi-t, fl-unt
Pr.
Infinitive.
Pres. fieri ;
Pf. factus, a,
Fut. factum
Imp. fi-ebam,
Fut. fl-am, fl-es, fi-et,

fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent
Prf.
P]pf factus,
a,
esse ;
or fu-
esse, or fore.
Participle.
Pres. granting.
um sum
factus, a,
turum
fi-erem, fl-eres, etc.
fi-ebas, etc.
um
iri,
Perf factus,
um eram
um
a,
Fut. faciendus
(a,
um)
must
ichat should or
be (lone.
Fut.
factus, a,
um
futurus (a, um), 7o hat icill come to pass.

All the remaining foi ms are v^ânting or occur but rarely.
ero
Prf.
Remark. The compounds
ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, reand Jio in the Pass., as: calefacio, calefeci, calefactum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, calfieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the
ficior,
fectum,
ficere, and in the Pass.
ficlo,
feci,
fectus
Act.
perflcio, perfeci, perfectum, perflcere, to accomplish, persum,
fici, as
Only a few compounds with prepositions
ficior, perfectus sum, perfici.
form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit
tain facio in the Act.
(for conftcitur),
accomplished, confieri
it is
CXIV. Words
Exulcerare,
learned
to be
<o iVn'tafe,
make worse.
to
adversus,
hold back,
cogitato, adv. ivith pre-
solem adversum nequimus.
pientes tenere nequeamus.
conforma-
hly to fate.
[times.
Die,
interdum,
adv.
some-
polite, adv. elegantly.
Decori vis ea
est,
ut ab honesto
eum
cuire.
ita
repente erumpit, ut
hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita
sese receperunt.
Quum
adhibendam
censuit.
exulcerant.
Quum
fecit, ut
Ex
fatalfter, adv.
utrum queas, an nequeas mecurn
Risus interdum
separari.
defiet.
crebro, adv. frequently,
um, oppo-
meditation.
non queat
Quum
a,
wanting,
site.
prevent,
Intueri
and
defit, it is
e\6qu\, to pronounce.
generai'e, to make.
retlnere,
dux precibus
retinere militem nequiret,
Saepe imperiti medici
vim
ea,
quaesanare nequeunt,
Demosthenes " rho" dicere
nequiret, exercitatione
planissime diceret.
inimico coglta
posse
fieri
18
amicum.
Nemo
fit
casu bonus.
Si
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
206
omnia
fato
mo
fiunt
Permultnm
est.
batione allqua animi, quae plerumque brevis
fiat,
Homo, quod crebro
injuria.
nesciat.
facti esse
Non
ita
interest,
utrum pertur-
an consuko
est,
non miratur,
videt,
generali a natura sumus, ut ad
et cogita-
eliamsi, cur
ludum
Prudentior
fis,
ternitate definita dico
quis seutiat, et
id,
Qua de
esse fataliter.
quae fierent futurave essent,
quod
contineri
fato
sentit, polite eloqui
from each
other.
Often
(inter se),
The
(=
at first
virtues are
so
(ita)
a laugh, although (quam-
There are many diseases which cannot
he effected
Fieri potest, ut recte
Say, whether you can
mosthenes could not (perf)
ae-
caussa dicebas, omnia,
that they cannot be separated
we cannot prevent
with Suhj.) wê Avould.
Nego
omni
nequeat.
cannot look upon the opposite sun.
connected and joined together
not.
jocum
accedente senectute.
esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex
vis
et
videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia
graviora atque majora.
Men
77.
Ne-
nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus.
nihil
ignavia immortalis factus
to fiat
[^
go with
(subj.)
us, or can-
be cured.
De-
pronounce "rho," but by exercise
made), that he pronounced
[it]
very plainly.
From
an enemy, [onej
becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance.
chance, all (omnis) foresight is
If all [things] happen (subj.) by
useless.
Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by
cowardice ^ Men become wiser by age.
Some philosophers were
If thou wishest to be learned, learn early.
ofl;en
uncertain, whether
all
(omniane) might happen by chance
am
con-
vinced, that nothing happens by chance.
77. Defective Verbs
i.
e.
verbs of which only a feiv forms
are used.
1)
Pres. Ind. aio,
Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent.
ais, ait
and
aiunt.
Subj. aias, aiat and aiant.
Impf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. Avholly wanting.)
Pari, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative).
;
2) Inquam, I say.
Pres.
inquam, inquis, inquit
inquimus, inquiunt.
[Subj. inquiam].
Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Suhj, wanting).

Perf. inquisti and inquit.
Fvt. inquies and inquiet.
3)
(c.
gen.
and ace),
to
remember.
Odi, odisse, to hate.

Coepi, coepisse, to
>
Memini, menmiisse
have begun.
Norn, novisse (nosse), to be acquainted with,
know.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
$77.
All four Perfects
207
and the forms derived from them are
entirely reg-
ular.
Pcrf. Ind.
me mini,
/ re- odi, I hate
memher
Subj. meminerim
coepi,
/ have
novi, I
begvn
coeperim
oderim
know
noverim
(no-
rim)
Pipf. Ind.
me mine ram, / oderam, I hated coeperam,
Subj.
noveram
meminissem
coepissem
odissem
Fut. Ind.
meminero, / odero, 1
hate
shall remem-
Frnperfit.
memento, remember thou
(no-
ram), 1 knew
had begun
remembered
novissem (nossem)
coepero, J shall novero (noro), /

have begun
shall knoio
will
ber
mementote,
wanting.
wanting.
wanting.
re-
vicmber ye
Inf. Perf.
meminisse
odisse
coepisse
novisse (nosse)
coepturus esse
coepturus, one
icho will begin
whu hates, or coeptus, begun.
has hated very
much.
osurus esse
osus, exosus,
perosus, one
wanting.
wanting.
Fut.
Particip.
wanting.
wanting.
Remark. Jôvi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am acquainted with). Instead o^ coepi., coeperam,, etc., coeptus sum, coeptus
eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass.,
as urbs aedificari coepta est, the, city has begun to be built. The same
is the case with desino.
:
CXV. Words
Abomlnari,
to be
commemorare,
tion, call to
evanesco, nui
fo
men-
mind.
hebesco (without Perf.

and Sup.). I am in3. to
insii tutu m,
i, ji.
produce.
an msfi-
i.
haruspex,
icis,
m. sooth-
um,
beautiful.
n, reproach.
a,
a,
um
um.
credu-
lous.
dum,
um,
envious.
(with
conj.
the
Subj.) provided that.

sive
sayer.
bell us, a,
credulus,
invldus, a,
probrum,
consentaneus,
operative.
tution.
3. to dis-
appear.
proferre
and
learned
comoedia, ae,/ comedy,
to execrate,
(seu),
(seu)
or
sive
whether
sive
(seu),
or, either
suitable.
sapio, ui 3. to be wise.
Rule of Syntax. When
the words of some one are quoted prehe spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the
words quoted but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted,
cisely as
aio
is
used.
Contraria ea sunt,
quorum alterum
ait
quid, alterum negat.
mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, harusplcem
quum
Cato
vidisset.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
208
Ut quimus,
Tu
este
Don
aiat,
aut neget
putat,
quando, ut
aiunt,
Minervain.
jucunde posse
vivat,
consentaneum
aisne)
tu
quum
curem, quid
id
negas
ais, sive
ego tue-
Non
protuleris
Ne=
Aio.
credimus, inqultis, vera esse, quae
mihi molestus nunquam
homo beHus ?
est
Aisne
arbores, quae aheri saeculo prosint, ut
serit
vero, inquisti,
Ain' (for
lucemque
?
ille
summum bonum
Negantia contraria sunt aientibus.
ullam, quae cognosci possit
meus, inquies, nonne

quit, cui
Sive tu hoc
dicere.
sit
Agricola
Tu
Quasi ego
vivere.
Menandri comoedia.
dicimus.
Sus, ut aiunt, docet
licet.
res occultissimas aperueris in
rem
gasne? Nego.
ait ilJe in
non
Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui hon-
illud quaeio, quid ei, qui in voluptate
bor sententiam nieam.
negabis, esse
voliiinus,
ego nego.
ais,
[^77.
Praeclare Plato
Amicus
eris.
Beatum,
in-
etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sapientiam verasque opin-
iones assequi possit.
deny
if I say,
Affirmative
(=
which thou
whether thou
not,
(=
It is delightful
Thou
country.
It is said, that
affirniist
thou wilt leave the
the thing, or deniest
[it].
affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative
They
denying) [opinions].
Rome.
If I say yes, he [also] says yes
assertest.
he also says no.
(deny),
know
city.
that,
no
that thy father set out for (ad)
said,
and becoming, says Horace,
to die
for one's
Never, says he,
hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps.
is
a friend troublesome to me.
Meminerlmus, etiam adversus infimos justitiam esse servandam.
Animus meminit
neficia
qui contuiit.
nequit,
Qui
Illud
nequicquam
semper memento
Quod
sapit.
cos, effici
num alienum
(=
Vox
dira et
Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium.

cet,
do
neque
odisse,
osuri simus.
Dimidium
neque
Invidi virtutem et bo-
irasci.
facti,
Non dubito, quin

dum metuant.
abominanda: Oderint,
Judicem neque studere cuiquam de-
Non
amare debemus,
ita
Romani regum nomen
ut
si
aliquan-
perosi sunt.
qui bene coepit, habei.
quam homines minus
Libertatis inimi-
est beneficii.
ut non) oderim.
Probos amamus, improbos odimus.
oderint.
meminero.
arma capes-
salute
Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur
oderunt.
atque oderit.
me
potest, quin
ipse sibi sapiens prodesse
semper pro ejus
oderunt eum, qui
non
Qui
tu mihi dixisti, pulchre
Memento mori.
immemor
eere parati erunt.
mali
in quern collata sunt,
is,
patriae beneficia meminerint,
Omnes
Benon commemorare,
praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura providet.
meminisse debet
Oracula evanuerunt, post-
creduli esse coeperunt.
Postquam
divitiae ho-
nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur
he
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
^78.]
bescere virtus, paupertas probro
coeptam male
Uudique
finire.
Urbs obsideri coepta
esse
Turpe
coepit.
murum
in
209
est,
rem bene
lapides conjici coepti sunt
est.
Deum colit, qui novit Nihil mihi stultius videtur, quam existimare
eum studiosum tui, quem non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sentiet se
habere divinum, tantoque munere dei semper dignum aliquid et
Quam
faciet et sentiet.
You
We
quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat.
should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received.
remember
shall
even when thou
thee,
ber the favors conferred upon us
(in nos)
remembered
men
We
did not know,
wicked.
riot
who
why he
Thou
who
Romans hated
begun
love the upright, [and] hate the
The
(is)
friend
is
name of
(perf ) the
not
It is
kings very much.
all hate.
to fortify the
well, but
Scarcely had
ended badly.
camp, when the enemies were
Already had the enemies begun
discovered.
is
We
enemies of freedom?
loves us as one about to hate us.
begun the thing
hast
the soldiers
Men
hated us.
unfortunate,
is
Who
are unmindful of favors received.
doubt not, that the wicked hate me.
that the
Him, who
teachers, a desire after (gen.)
(quin) hate (subj.) the
agreeable (gratus) to us,
known,
my
youth
often as (quotiescunque)
seized (occupare) me.
hate the men,
who does
As
are delighted.
the good principles of
those excellent
there,
we
we rememwe shall nev-
If
When we remember
er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them.
happily passed (agere),
art absent.
by our parents,
suddenly our soldiers came (perf)
to
assault the
(perf!)
city,
for (dat.) aid to the citizens,
as
êr
banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen
the
yearly.
I
know
with
my
not,
whether (ne attached
know
you
the
way ? we do
to preside over the republic,
ed with
its
laws and
ed with him), but
know
not
he should
When
it.
(oportet
any one wishes
with Suhj.) be acquaint-
Art thou personally
institutions.
pearance, de facie) acquainted with
1)
the verb) thou art acquainted
Judge not concerning a man, before you know him.
wilt love him.
Do
to
become acquainted with him, thou
friend, but if thou shall
my friend? (=
desire (opto) to
know
(== that
78. Impersonal Verbs (46.
I
I
(=
from ap-
am not acquaintmay know) him.
Rem.)
Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature.
fulgurat,
it
lightens,
{it
fulmtnat,
thunders.
18*
it
lightens,
gelat, it freezes.
grandinat,
it
hails.
210
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
illucescit,
uxit,
he-
it
covies light, day.
Rem.
puit,
it
snows.
it
vesperascit, ravit,
tonabat tonaret
through
inflected
tonare
tonuerat tonuisset
tonuisse.
other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the
have
avit.
decet, uit (c. ace.)
hecoming.
dedecet, uit
(c. ace.) it
Ubet or lubet,
uit
(one's) pity.
uit,
excites pity.
it
oportet, uit,
3) There are also
many
in a particular meaning, as
essit
quod),
[ut
is
it
or
{that).
accidit,
it
happens.
apparet, uit
it
is
evi-
dent,
conducit,
xit,
it is
igit,
it
it delights,
it is clear,
evenit, enit,
happens,
placet, uit,
expedit,
it
it is
praestat,
useful.
fefellit(me),
if 5-
capes {me).
capes {me),
it
is
interest,
known.
disgusts.
liquet, quit,
patet, uit,
ser-
it
falls juvat, juvit,
it
is
un-
it
itit,
pleases.
it
is
bet-
[capes {me).
iit
(me), ites-
re fert,retulit,t< concerns
restat,
it
remains,
sufficit, ecit, it is suffir

fuit,
it
con-
also,
dent.
superest,
cerns.
Rem. 2. These impersonals,

and tenses.
is obvious.
it
ter.
praeterit,
known.
stitit,
taedet, uit,
repents.
it
shames,
uit, it
it isJit.
viceable.
constat,
pudet,
personal verbs used as impersonal
fugit, fagir, (me), it es-
to.
dis-
it irks.
poenltet, uit,
convenit, enit,
pertains
it
is need-
it
to one's lot.
fallit,
attinet, uit,
[fid.
it
contingit,
added
it
est,
gusts.
piget, uit,
miseretur, ritum est,
pleases.
accedit,
excites
it
Conjugation,
first
pertaesum
licet, it is allowed.
miseret,
becoming.
is not
modes aud
the
all
The
it is
he-
it
tonat tonet tonuit tonuerit
2)
78.
comes evening.
rains.
These verbs may be
I.
tenses, as
ningit, xit,
[^
can be inflected in
remains.
it
all
the
modes
4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of

all verbs, especially of intransitive verbs,
and
through
all
the
modes
tenses, as
may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed,

aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit,
they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset,
they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed; Inf. in
dependent discourse: arari, {xhoX) they plough, SiYaXMm esse, (that) </iei/
Ridetur, they laugh;
have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough.
ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum
Aratur, they plough, aretur, they
araretur, they might plough
est, they
Imve corm.
^^9,
FORMATION OF WORDS.
PREPOSITION, ETC.
80.]
CHAPTER
Preposition.
79.
211
11.
Conjunction.
Interjection.
In addition to the parts of speech which have already-
1.
been treated
Of these,
there remain the
of,
the conjunction, as
co7ijunction
employed
it is
be more properly treated of
tences, will
and
interjection.
in connecting sen-
in the
Syntax, and
mere
the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a

nition
which see
for
Rem.
6.
defi-
2.
Th-e preposition, in addition to the table of prepositions
2.
and the remarks upon
given in
requires
some
34,
its
use in the Syntax
(^
93.),
Most prepositions
additional illustration here.
are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta, infra, supra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa
prepositions are used in composition, as
pono (com, con, co
= cum
composition), etc.
in
amb
{am, an) around, as
(di),
asunder, from each other, as
again), as
dis-cedo, di-spergo
Liseparable
se (aside, apart), as:
sus-cipio,
all
com-
in composition, viz
amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus
re-vertor, re-cludo
(su), up, upon, as
tive ne, as
Nearly
(circum).
interrogo, decedo,
which occur only
prepositions are those
sus
su-spicio
finally,
dis
re (back,
se-p6no;
the nega-
ne-scire.
CHAPTER m.
80.
Formation of Words.
I.
1.
Frequentatives,
action, are
2.
e.
Verbs.
verbs which express a repetition of the
formed from other verbs by adding Uare
/ drive, ag-Ito, / drive

clam-ito, I cry continually.
of the Pres., as
clara-o,
i.
I cry,
Intensives,
i.
ago,
e.
hither
to the
and
stem
thither,
verbs which express a permanence or con-
tiwuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs,

as
and
verto, verti, versura, vertere, to turn, verso, to turn hither

thither ; they follow the first Conjugation.
FORMATION OF WORDS.
212
Desideratives,
3.
by
after the thing indicated

U7'io,
as: esn-rio,
urio,
I long
80-
verbs which express a desire or striving
e.
i.
[^
I desire
to
have the ending
their primitives,
eat
(from
for supper (from coeno,
edo, edi, essum),
avi,
coenat-
atum); they follow the
fourth Conjugation.
4.
Inchoatives,
asco, esco, isco, as
cup-isco,
I desire
(from puer)
5.
verbs which express a becoming or begin-
e.
i.
which
niiig of that
their primitives
exhorr-esco,
have the endings
express,
shudder (from horreo), con-
(from cupio), repuer-SiSco,
I become a, boy again
they follow the third Conjugation.
Diminutives,
verbs which express a diminution of
e.
i.
the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending, iUo,

as
(canto) cantillo, 1 chant.
II.
Nouns
1.
Substantives.
in tor (fem. trix), are
formed from the supines of
verbs and designate êrôn^s in active relations (actors), as: victor, victrix,
Those
2.
a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum).

in io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and
like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs
from which they are formed as taking place, as laesio, an ijilaedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emending (from
:
juring (from
emendo,
avi,
Those
3.
atum).
in
o, 67iis,
are derived either from verbs or nouns,
and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as
capito
(from caput), blockhead.
Those
4.
and
mors us, a
in us (gen. us), are derived from supines,
nify mostly a completed action, an
effect,
as
sigbite
(from mordeo, momordi, morsum).
Those
5.
illus, ilia,
hortuliis,
lus,
in ulus, via,
ulam;
olas, ola,
olum
ellus, ella,
ellum;
Ulam, indicate an object as small [diminutives), as
little
little
garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox)
son, fihola,
Remark.
little
daughter, asseUus,
an
filio-
ass colt.
Tlie gender of diminutives follows the gender of their
primitives.
6.
by
Those
in etum, signify
their primitives,
thorn-thicket (from
a place abounding in that expressed
as: quercetum,
dumus, a tJwrn
an
bush).
oak-grove,
dumetum, a
FORMATION OF WORDS.
80.]
7.
:
;
Those
G. tudimis
ill
la (itia), G. lae;
edo and
ido,
G,
inis,
tds,
G.
213
tdtis
tits,
G.
tiido,
tiitis ;
express an abstract quality, as
andacia (from audax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wis-
dom;
laetitia
(from laetus),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice;
bonitas (from
ness
(from
bonus), goodness, celeritas (from celer), swift-
servus), servitude;
servitus
dulcedo
(from
cupido (from cupldus), desire.
dulcis), sweetness,
8.
fortitiido (i^tomfortis),
mdigmiwdo (from magnus), greatness;
bravery,
Gentile Nouns,
e.
i.
names o^ peoples and
Names
countries.
of countries are mostl}^ formed from the names of peoples, with

the ending
as: (Macedo, 6n-is)
ia,
On
Thracia, etc.
adjective-endings
as:
lus,
Macedonia; (Thrax,
ac-is)
names of peoples having the
anus, inus, enus, ensis (iensis), as
G.
dtis),
names of countries or
(Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; (Venusia)
Icus, idcus, alcus,

cities,
the contrary,
are formed either from
Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicnsis ;

; (Pergamus)
(Arpinum) Arplnas; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegijptide us ; (Thebae) Thebaicus.
9. Fatronymics, i. e. personal appellations derived from one's
descent.
These have the endings ides, G. idae. Fern, is (from
primitives in us and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eus)
Venuslnus
ddes or lades, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the
Dec. or in ius),B.s: (Prianuis) Priamides

des; (Tantalus)
Theseis;
Tantdlis
(Peleus) Pelides;
{Aen^dis) Aeneddes
first
(Agenor) Agenorl'
(Theseus) F.
(Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes-
tias.
III.
1.
Those
in eus, a,
iron, ligneus,
2.
Those
Adjectives.
um, are adjectives o^ material, as: ferreus,
wooden, marmoreus, of marble.
in inus, a,
um, and
7ieus, a,
um, are principally de-
rived from the names ofplayits and minerals, as

en,
of
faglnus, beech-
ivory.
3.
to
of beech, querneus, of oak, crystalllnus, of crystal; aburneus,
Those
in nu^, a,
um, emus,
a,
um, and
designations of time and place, as:
Inus, a,
um, relate
vernus, belonging to
spring; exiemus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eternal; diutrnus, of long duration.
4.
Those
in inus, a,
um,
relate, mostly, to the different kinds
FORMATION OF WORDS.
214
of aniiTwls, as
[$
80.
leporinns (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare,
caro ^nsex'mdi, goose-meat.

5.
Those
in
ilis
and
utilis, useful, docllis,
bilis,
express a capability or fitness, as
teachable
araabllis, amiable.
Those in bundus, express the idea of a present participle

populabundus, ravaging (stronger
but with more intensity, as
\}ciaxi pcypulans), mirabLindus,/k// of wonder ; those in cundus express 2. permanent quality or habit, as facundus, fluent, iracun6.
diis, passio?iate,
1.
Those
verecundns, respectful.
in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, idus express fulness,
abundance or
excess, as
arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand),
auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished
with gold), onestus,
loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuous, turbuleniVi^, full
of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass.
SYNTAX
OR THE PRINCIPLES OF SENTENCES.
81.
1.
Sentence.
Subject.
thought expressed in words,
Predicate.
called a sentence^ as
is
the rose blooms^ rosa floret; the rose is beautiful^ rosa pul-
chra
est.
The necessary parts

The subject^ i. e.
2.
a)
serted, as
The
b)
of a sentence are:
that
of
which something
is
as-
the rose, rosa
predicate,
i.
that
e.
which
asserted of the
is
subject, as: blooms, Roret] is beautifid, ipulchra. est.
The subject is a substantive, as 7'ose, rosa, or some

word or clause used substantivehj, e. g. a pronoun, an
adjective, an Infin., as I, thou, he, this, the ivise.
The sub3.
other
ject stands in the nominative.

4.
The
predicate
is
a verb, or an adjective or substantive
in connection with the verb esse,
which in
this
case
is call-
ed the copula (bond).

Rosa j?oref.
Remark. In
Rosa
pulchra
est.
Rosa/o5
est
the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb
may
form a sentence for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom

something is said, and that which is said of him, as amo, I love.
;
1.
82. Limitation of the Subject
The predicate may be

a)
By
By
limited in the following
a case of the substantive which
the object, as
b)
and Predicate.
virtutem
d)
By
By
the infinitive, as
scribere cupio
an adverb, as: bene
ways:
then called
amo
the preposition with a substantive, as
pagnamus;
c)
is
scribis.
pro patria
216
AGREEMENT.
The
2.
subject^ or object
may
[^
83.
be limited in the following
ways:
By an
a)
adjective
adjective),
(attributive
as
rosa
pulchra ;
By
b)
as
the genitive of a substantive (attribidive gen.),
hortus regis
By
c)
a substantive which stands in the same case
word which it limits, as

Macedonnm, Magnus appellatur.
as the
kind
this
Remark. The
limits in gender,
is
Alexander, rex
substantive of
said to be in apposition.
with the noun which
attributive adjective agrees
number and
This
case.
it
so even in the adjectives
is
primus, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimus, summus, medius, inJimuSy

imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of ob-
and are rendered into English by
jects
partitive phrases {Jlrst part, last
part, etc. of a thing).
Agreement.
83.
The
1.
subject in person and number;

number
and case (nominative).
in gender,
verb agrees with
the adjective
Ego
scribo
Amicus
tu scribis
Puella
num maximus
scribit.
ille
Virtus pulchra
fidus est.
magnus.
its
parva.
est.
Rosa
floret.
Rosae
Corpus caducum
Corpus caducum.
florent.
est.
Puer
Indus omnium flumi-
est.
Rem. 1. Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with

the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it
(Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective
nouns, as
pars bestiis objedi sunt.
The
2.
when
forms
rate
mon
multitudo convenerant.
substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject
only in case
only
Magna
it
for
number and case^

and hence, either has sepathe masculine and feminine, or is of the comit
agrees with
it
in gender,
signifies a person,
gender.
The same
is
the case with the substantive
in apposition.
Rosa
fuit
flos est.
regina.
devicit.
Athenae fuerunt urbs.
Tomyris,
reg'ina
Romulus
Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub
When
fuit rex.
Tomyris
Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum,
monte Parapamiso.
the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are

used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as is
Rem.
2.
AGREEMENT.
83.]
2if
generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the pluraL
Omnia humana sunt fragiiia (everything human). Futura incerta sunt
Haec sunt
(the future).
When
3,
vera, ilia falsa (this
there are
two
or
more
the verb stands in \he plural.
Multa, pauca, etc.
that).
subjects in one sentence,,
If the subjects
have the same
gender^ the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender
and stands
in the plural
but
if
they have different genders,
in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the
masculine subject in preference to Xhe feminine, but in names

oi things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural,
Caesar et Pompeius for-
Pompeius, Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt.

Terra
tissimifuerunt.
Pater et mater mihi cart
luna sunt glohosae.
Inter se contraria sunt beneftcium et injuria.
sunt.
Rem.
et
3.
When,
howêver, the subjects are connected by ant
aut, et
designed lo make one

subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the
nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be rendered prominent.
et
(as well
as also), nee
When
4.
nee, or
when
it is
subjects of different persons sxe connected, the
first
person predominates over the second and third persons,
and
the second over the third,
and the predicate stands in
the plural.
Ego
Tu
Nos
CXVI.
Our body
is
Ego, tu
et frater
scribimus.
Tu
frater scribimus.
Ego
et fratres
Vos
et fratres scribimus.
God
lie.
History
is
The
is
the creator
a good instructress.
et
et fratres scribitis.
Exercises for translation. (^ 81
mortal, our soul immortal.
the expressions often
whole world.
et
et frater scribitis.
fratres scribitis.
I.
Ego
scribimus.
et tu
scribimus.
83.)
forehead, the eyes,
and governor of the

The Scythians were
a very warlike people.
Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried

on (perf ) a war with Darius, king of the Persians. The divine is eter-
nal, the
human
and assent
Gold,
to
silver,
it
frail.
We
my
friend,
unknown for (pro) known

much [but] speak little
boy, hear
brass, iron, in short (denFque)
(gignere) for the use of
of
often hold the
inconsiderately.
have
all
are very dear to me.
The
men.
all
died within a year.
Labor and pleasure, by
ance, are united together (inter
19
se).
metals are produced
mother and the sister

Thy son and thy daughter
father, the
a (quidam) natural alli-
Arrogance, hatred and envy are
DOUBLE NOMINATIVE.
218
foreign to the
mind of
the wise.
yesterday from the journey.
We
brother play.
Life
II.
my
and
Experience
the
is
and
my
and
my
84.
brother returned (perf
brother learn, thou and thy
parents rejoice at (de) your return.
long.
is short, art is
lightfully.
[^
The
lark
Wisdom
were a treacherous people.
and the nightingale sing de-
best instructress.
is
The
Carthaginians
governess of
the
all
things.
Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of

his
wisdom.
change.
Everything earthly
The
future
is
fleeting.
Dominion
destroyed by the Romans.
The
past
we
Corinth and Charthage were
uncertain.
is
(plur.),
cannot
(perf.)
posts of honor, riches,
power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city
were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are veiy
dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a
I rejoice, that (quod)
journey. Thy brother and sister are very good.
thou and thy brother are well. We and our parents shall set out on a
journey to-morrow. Thou and thy sister remain in the city.
Double Nominative.
84.
As there are two nominatives with the copula esse^ the

nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predicate, so also the following verbs take two nominatives:
The
The
a)
b)
pear)
The
c)
verbs of becoming
verb maneo
(I
fio^
evddo, existo^ nascor ;
remain), and videor (I seem, ap-
verbs which
mean
am
called, as
appellor^
vocor, dicor, etc.
The
d)
verbs which signify,
something, as
The
e)
verbs which
something,
the like, as
I am
:
I am made,
chosen, appointed
creor, ellgor, etc.
mean
I am
considered, accounted
recognized, found as something, and
putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos-
cor, invenior, etc.
Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. Nemo docius nasdtur.

Romanorum aeterna manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero
Virtus summum honum judicanda est.
pati'iae appellatus est.
Brutus
Gloria
pater
CXVII.
I.
No
Exercises for tra7islaiion. (^84.)
one has become immortal by cowardice.
Cicero, in
the
Catiiiuian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of
CLASSES OF VERBS.
85, 8G.]
the
The
state.
born
Philosophy
eternal).
life,
the investigator (fern
is
)
is
(perf.)
the foundation of
will
remain forever
by Cicero, the guide
called
one
Pompilius was elected
justly considered
is
No
(evadere) beggars.
Numa
Piety
219
TENSES.
The renown of Roman braveiy
the virtues.
(=
become
often
rich
After Romuhis,
rich.
king by the Romans.

all
of virtue and the banisher
(=
(fern.)
leader) of
of vice, the
UnDemosthenes is
inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline.
expected
evils
appear greater than [those] expected.
justly considered the
most distinguished orator of the Greeks.
Cicero
and Anthony were elected consuls.

II.
Quintus Fabius was chosen
Men become
The
wiser by age.
are considered models of eloquence.
the law-giver of the Lacedemonians.

Aristides
renown of some
of the Persians.
will
bad poet never becomes
Lycurgus came forward (perf of
(evadere) a good [one].
highest good.
by the Romans.
Demosthenes and Cicero
general
(perf)
orations of
was
remain
Virtue
called the just

eternal.
The sun appears
is
existere) as
justly considered the
to
The
by the Athenians.
Cyrus was elected the

us smaller than
king
first
Thou
it is.
wast born good, but hast become bad.
1.
Classes of Verbs.
So.
There are two kinds of verbs,
active
and
passive.
In an active verb, the subject appears as active, as

sa floret;
puer
epistolam
^di
floret;
ro-
verbs
but the rest are called intransitive, as
sapiens meminit mortis:pater
cus iraudet adventu amici;

2.
active
are called transitive, as: puer
which take an accusative

epistolam scribit
Those
scribit.
eo in
iihi
favet;
ro-
ami-
m-bem.
In the passive the subject appears as suffering (receiv-
ing the action), as
bonus discipulus laudatur a
preceptori-
bus, malus vituperatur.

3.
Deponent verbs
are those
but an active signification, as
which have 3. passive form

dux hortatur milites
;
morior.
S6.
1.
The
Tenses of the Verb,
tenses are divided into
a) Principal
Tenses
the
two
classes
Pres.
Perf.
and Future
MODES OF THE VERB.
220
I have ivritten^
I shall have loritten;
scribo, 1 shall
scribo, Iivrite^scripsi,
write scripsero,
^
b) Historical Tenses
rative Perf.
seram,
Rem. The
Imperf. Piuperf. and the nar-
scribebam,
I had
87.]
/ ivrole, loas
luriting^ scrip-
written, scrips!, Iiorote.
narrative Perf.
called the Perf. historical
is
lated into English by the Imperf.
the proper Perf
and
is
trans-
called the Perf.
is
and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin historiPerf always expresses the action as past, and so also does the
present,
cal
Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation

tion to which
it
Hence
corresponds in time, as
to another past ac-
scribeham, quura veniebas (vene-
used in relating principal events, the Imperf.

Caesar iirbem intravit ; omnes
cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur.
ras).
the Perf
is
in relating accompanying circumstances.
CXVIIL
86.)
L God has made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal
vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies
assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill.
The city was captured by
the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted
shall
be fortunate, thou wilt number many
I shall
we
have finished
shall
this business.
be happy (beatus).
If
Even
So long
it.
friends.
as thou
In a short [time]
we shall have fulfilled our duties,

we shall have treated others,
as
will they treat us.
The
II.
book, which you sent me, I have
read through carefully.
Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans.

carried on
many wars with
the Germans,
who were
The Romans
a very brave peo-
An immense number
of men had come together into {in with

The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured
by no oblivion. After a few days I shall have returned. As thou
shalt have sown (sementem facere), [so] thou wilt reap (metere).
The
more we shall have exercised our minds by the study of literature, so
much the more we shall delight in it. If thou shalt have adorned the
ple.
ace.) the city.
soul with virtues, thou wilt be happy.

87.
1.
The
Indicative
is
Modes of
the
the Verb.
mode which
expresses /<2c^5, re-
alities.
Rosa. Jloret.
2.
The
Pater epistolam
scripsit.
Amhulaho.
mode which
employed in
Subjunctive
is
the
expressing what
is
imagined or barely conceived
is
of.
2M
MODES OF THE VERB.
87.]
The Subjunctive
a)
of the principal tenses, especially
used in principal sentences to express

a supposition or presumption, a doubting- question, an
of the Pres.,
is
We
encourag-ement, exhortation, a wish.
may
often
translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj.
Imperf.
or
by
ought, might, could,
the auxiliaries,
shoidd, loould with the Infin.
Nemo
sanus de
cus convalescat
b)
Quis de animorum immorta-
virtutis pretio dubitet
Eamus!
litate dubitet'?
us go! or:
(let
we would
go!)
Utlnam ami-
The Subjunctive
of the historical tenses
is
used in
principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite
of ivhat really
is,
or
is
not,
as
errares, thou ivouldst
err ; errasses, thou looiddst have erred;
sic
hoc
si
hoc diceres,
shouldst say this, thou ivoiddst err;
errares, if thou
dixisses,
errasses, if
thou luouldst have erred; so
thou hadst said
non
errares,
non
this,
erras-
hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one

might believe, might see) besides, the Subj. of these
tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knoivs
ses',
that
it ivill
not be realized (imperfect), or has not been
utinam amicus convalesceutinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj.

Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to
past time, as: quid facerem? (what should I have
done?)
The
3.
Imperative is used to express commands, as: scri'
be.
The two forms of the second person of the imperative
are thus distinguished the shorter forms (ama, amate) have
realized (pluperfect), as
ret !
a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) di stronger meanhence these last should be translated by should or must
;
and
are used especially in directions
Iing
Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium.
vanlor.
and
injunctions.
Collto virtutem.
Leges
abser-
Discipulus amato praeceptores.
Remark.
The
and also with the Subj. of

expressed by we (not by non), as : ne scribe ;
negative with the Imper.
encouraging and exhorting,
is
GENITIVE.
222
[^
However, instead of ne with the Imper.
ne eamus.
lufinitive are often used, as
noli, nolite
noli scribere, do not write
88.
with the
nolite garrire,
pueri
CXIX.
The view
I.
the soul (plur.)
we
should
We
we would
which happens
all
could not
doubt concerning (de) the immortality of
We
should love our native country!
bear with equanimity,

virtue
(5 87.)
of Epicurus concerning the highest good,
Why
approve.
to
us
The
The beginning (principiumjoZwr.) of
not neglect!
What
things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods!

Jallen
to the
(obtingere) of each one, this each
lot
(tenere).
would
that all
would
principles of
strive
after
virtue
one should hold
Without thy
(vereri) their teachers.
only with
II.
(abl.)
The
boys,
you should be present
Who
that
live happily (beate)
should not
now
not chatter, boys
all
!
We
We
way towards
men would honor

The
friends
virtue
that thou hadst
(quo)
as
Mayest thou
sedition of the soldiers, a
be so unhappy.
and despise the human.

the reason.
Nobody
the general would have quieted.
Do
should praise.
We would not without reason expose (ofFerre) ourselves

We should rejoice at the prosperity of others We
towards ourselves.
er!
school not
at
should not admire the beauty of
should be affected in the very same
always
Thou
Scholars should respect
betraying of his country no one
to dangers.
silent
your bodies, but also with your minds.
should believe a lying man.

the world
fast
aid, I
bad been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been
What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men.
shouldst obey [thy] parents and teachers.
all
âs
word of
been present soon-
Whither should we have
fled
should always contemplate the heavenly
Evil desires should always be restrained by
should contemj)late the illustrious
amples of virtue which are pointed out in
(illustris,
e)
ex-
history.
OF THE CASES.
88. A. The Genitive,
of
The g'enitive stdinds in answer to the question: whose?

whom ? of luhat ? and indeed, with the following words
and expressions
1.
With
misereor,
I pit//, and
the impersonals
me pudet,
pig'et, poenitetj taedet
ed
g23
i&ENITIVE.
88.]
repent
at,
and miser et^ I am ashamed
disgust"
of^
of, loathe, pity (something).
Me
Infelidum hominum misereor.
Me
Hi deiim poemtet.
Nunquam primi
miseret tui.
consi'
vltae taedet.
2. With egere and indigere, to need, loant, (which also

sometimes take the ablative), and the adjectives cuptdus^
:
avidus, studiosus.
Aegrdtus medicinae
sapiens
With the
3.
Vir
Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget.
eget.
veritatis est studiosus.
verbs
memini, reminiscor, obliviscor
admo'
with the adjectives

commoneo, commonefacio aliquem
memor, immemor ; conscius, nescius, inscius ; gnarus, igndneo,
rus
prudens, imprudens ; peritus, imperltus
consultus,
rudis.
Boni homines
Pueri, meminerint verecundiae.
voluptate reminiscuntur.
Veteris te amidtiae
praeteriti temporis
Verus aniicus amid nunquam
Cono prudens
commonefado.
cum
oblivisdtur.
rei militaris fuit.
Be-
nefidorum memores estote.
Remark
1.
Memini, reminiscor,
most always connected with the

4.
the
With many
meaning of
obliviscor are often,
and
recordor al-
accusative.
and ens, when they have

and with many verbal adjectives
participles in ans
adjectives,
in ax.
Homo gloriae
amantior domini
appetens saepe a virtutis via

est,
quam
canis
deflectit.
Quis famulus
Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax
fuit.
Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum.

5.
With
and
victing
verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, conacquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen-
itive (occasionally in Abl.).
Rem.
The punishment when
2.
sometimes
capital (caput) or
Gen. and sometimes in the Abl.

are generally put in the Ace. after ad.
in the
Miltiades proditionis
minis.
Athenienses Socratem
accusatus
6.
est
it
is
a Jine
is
Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit.
est accusatus.
Themistocles s\iSQns proditionis
when
Other punishments
damnatus.
capitis
Judex
condemnarunt.
absolvit
reum
m-
Roscius parriddii
est.
With
the adjectives
particeps, expers, consors, exsors,
GENITIVE.
224
proprius
polens, imj;otens^ compos
88.
super stes (which are also found
similis^ dissimilis^
with the dative)
[$
plenus, feritlis,
inops (which are also found with the ablative),
Homo rationis est particeps.
Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes.
Omnes
maxime
The
7.
Terra variarum herbarum plena
fortitude est.
genitive with esse signifies
or thing) in
which something
is
be translated by
cumbent on one, and the

Hie
liber
/mfm
(is
Virorum fortium
Rem.
here,
mei
est
inherent
(belongs to
Imhecilli
in).
Instead of: mei,
3.
the infinitive
is the
It
this
part, manner,
mark of some one ;
it is
in-
like.
toleranter
est,
which somewhich
which is peculiar
b) the object to
case, that
custom, characteristic, duty, sign,
lescentium
commonly expressed by
may
last genitive
which
peculiar, in
to the object is
the object (person
a)
est.
inherent, or to
is
thing belongs (possessive genitive)
something
Viri propria
Ira impottns sui est.
virtutis compotes beati sunt.
my
dolorem
sui,
tui,
brother).
animi
Petulantia
est
superstitio (belongs
est
adoto).
pati.
nostri,
meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum
vestri
est, as
est,
we must
nostrum
est,
use
parentes
amare.
8.
The
genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with
an adjective stands with
esse, in order to express the
nature
or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality)

this
Gen. or Abl.
may also,
without
esse,
be joined
to
noun
as an attributive.
The Gen.
denotes
essential,
the Abl. acddenial qualities, hence, the
the designations of measure by number, time and space are always ex-
pressed by the genitive (never
l^y
the ablative), these being essential
quahties of an object.
Vir bonus summae pietatis (or

classis mille et
summa pietate) erga deum
ducentarum navium longarum fuit.
habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem.

\\x summo ingenio (or
9.
summi
The Genitive
ingenii,)
prudentiam
est.
cum
Aristoteles,
eloquentia jimxit.
stands as an expression of the value,
with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and

as
puto, duco, aestimo,
veneo.
Of
this
Xerxis
Tarquinius fratrem
selling,
pendo, facio, habeo,emo, vendo,
kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri-
m% -parvi,
flocci,
very much,
little, etc.)
minimi,
Quanti
a sapient! viro minimi putantur.
aestimanda
est
debemus, quani virtutem.
Divitias minoris aestimare
(much, more,
tanti, quanii, niliili
(Genitive of price).
quasdam magni aestimamus, quanti
Si prata et areas
virtus
225
GENITIVE.
$88.]
emisti
hunc librum
Divitiae
Discipuli
praeceptores joZwnmi (or maximi) facere debent.
With
10.
the impersonal verb interest
(it
concerns), the
whom
person
something concerns, stands in the genitive.

Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui,
sui, nostri, vestri
med, tud, sua, nostrd, vestrd, are always
:
used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest
same
in the
sense.
HoiD much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is

a) by adoerbs, as
mog-nopere, multum, mag'is,
maxime, nihil, pariim, minime
b) by the adverbial neuters
multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum^
expressed
etc.
by
c)
the genitives
magni, pluris, parvi,
tanti,
quanti.
The thing which
interests or
concerns one,
not ex-
is
pressed by a substantive, but: a) by an infinitive; b) by

the accusative ivith
an
infinitive
by a subsidiary sen-
c)
tence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive;

d)
by an
indirect question (in the
expressions:
this, that,
what one
pressed by the accusatives

Interest
omnium, recte facere.
Jlntonium'?
Praeceptoris
teras incumbere.
magni
1
1.
quod, quid.
victum esse
refert {interest,)
interest, disclpulos
interest
The general
interested in, are ex-
id, illud,
Quid nostra
multum
Magni mea
Subj.).
is
{refert),
ut
sum mo
te
studio in
lit-
Omnium
videam.
interest feliciter vivere.
Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a
nearer definition of
Comp.
it,
as
hortus regis
(=
hortus regius).
82, 2, b.)
Rem. 4. Hence the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia,

which we render by on account oJ,fur the sake of, and with instar,
Instead of the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri med tud,
like.
ergo
sud, nostra, vesird, are used with caussd

nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on
my
and
med, tud, sudj

account, thy account, etc.).
gratid,
as
226
GENITIVE.
This attributive genitive signifies
12.
88.
a) the author or cause, as: conjuratio Catilinae
de-
siderium patriae (longing after (excited by) one's

country)
b)
X\\e
possessor, as: hortus regis;
c) the lohole,
from which a part
genitive), as
is
taken
[partitive
partes corporis.
The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides

when they signify a part of a whole, viz with com-
nouns,
paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the

neuters: multum, plus, plurium
minus,
nihil,
minimum;
tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with adverbs of quantity, as
satis
parum, and with adverbs of place
in certain connections.
Duorum
fratrum major natu.
Cicero
omnium Romanoriim
praestan-
Multum pecuniae.
Satis elo-
Romanoriim unus.
tissimus fuit orator.
quentiae.
Ubi terrarum
nowhere in
the world.
where in
all the
world ?
JVusquam terrarum,
Rem. 5. The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into

English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with,
as: memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetudo amicorum
(with).
C X X.
a.
I.
We
pity those
who
repent
(= whom
it
(^88.)
repents) of their faults.
A scholar, who loathes labor, will not make progress in literature.

Who would not be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with
their fortune.
I pity
thee
my
boy
We
should pity those, who, by
fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miseriae,
The
arum).
truth
needs not approbation.
greedy after greater riches.

(studiosus
sum) with
eager for war.
A good
literature.
The people
The
rich are often
scholar occupies himself zealously
The
ancient
(gens) of the Gauls
Germans were very

were very greedy
for
gold.
I.
one
b.
may hope [for] pardon (venia). No

The indolent [man] will some
his indolence.
Just as God pities thee, so thou shouldst
Pity thou the destitute.
Bad men are often weaned (taeThou wilt some time be ashamed of thy bad life. The
Who
repent of their
will repent
time repent
pity others.
det) of
life.
sins,
of a good deed
(actio).
GENITIVE.
$88.]
227
powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey
were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosus
sum) a quiet
line
II.
men
We
life.
was eager
men who
hate the
Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (offensa,
a.
live ha[)pily
members
who
are conscious of
Cati-
ae).
Those
The mind
no wickedness.
the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees
The Romans were very
future.
(=
ae) very familiar
plorare) the
(nescius)
skilful in
The
march of the enemies.
[its]
wretchedness
Deserters (perfuga,
war.
The
(plur.).
(perf.) spiritedly.
Remind
We
ignorant of
is
(perf.) the favors
not the wretched of his
mindful of
soldiers,
man
of
spirit
Cinna forgot
future fortune (fatum).
remember
re-
the
acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex-
which he had received of Augustus.

fought
are greedy of gold.
for a revolution (res novae).
[their]
former bravery,
should forget favors conferred (conferre),
The people of the Samnites were

The Scythians were unskilful in literature and
the arts.
The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and
were eager for praise. We liate the man despising divine and human
[but]
[those] received.
very skilful in war.
Camels endure
laws.
II.
The mind
b.
easily forgets
those
an
men who
mans were rude
(patiens
sum) hunger and
The
are unmindful of favors received.
and
in the arts
good
man
We
hate
literature.
ancient Ger-
Already the youth should
Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse,
and acquainted with war.
The wise [man]

human frailty. Caesar and Pompey v/ere two
warfare.
Foolish men forget their faults, but
is
was brave
always mindful
of
generals very skilful in

see (cernere) the faults
Pursue those things diligently in which thou
art skilful,
The
general re-
but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful.
minded
always remembers a favor.
injury, [but]
be mindful of age.
of others.
thirst.
conscious of crimes cannot be quiet.
(perf.) the soldiers
sary to remind an upright
of
[their]
man
and eloquence.
minds us of human infirmity
The
tus) in justice
former bravery.
of a favor.
(fatum) of
fate
(infirmltas).
It is
not neces-
Cicero was versed (consul-
The
many
ancient
peo])les re-
Germans
did
not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum)
thirst, cold,
sum)
III.
heat and labors.
after propriety
a.
Many men
We
(abl.)
nature, seeks (appetens
esteem a
man
loving virtue.
accuse (insimulare) themselves of a
have spoken anything cheerful

victed (perf)
Man, by
of conduct.
(=
bright) in grief!
by Cicero of a conspiracy against
Alcibiades, while absent (absens),
to
they
was con-
native
country.
death.
Brutus,
[his]
was condemned
sin, if
Catiline
GENITIVE.
228
the vindicator (vindex) of
Roman
freedom, condemned even (etiam) his
Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con-
sons to death.
The judge
sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country.
who had
solved him from injury,
The human
Alexander, not master of
Germany
his friend Clitus.
upon an
orator, to
ed
who
he,
is
speak
is
fitly,
Coelius ab-
expressly (nominatim) injured (lae-
dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena).
taking of reason.
is
88.
[his]
very fruitful of grain.
clearly (distincte)
destitute of friends.
soul
is
par-
anger, killed (perf
incumbent
It is
Wretch-
and ornately.
Fish are destitute of a voice.
Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave
Human
men.
of cares and troubles.
Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, was accused of trea-
b.
III.
life is full
The Athenians charged
son.
(insimulare) Socrates with impiety (im-
and condemned him
pietas adversus deos)
Roscius was accused of
was accused of treachery and condemned to

was absolved from capital punishment (caput).
Miltiades
parricide.
death, but afterwards
Man
Cicero charged
to death.
(coarguere) Verres v/ith the greatest avarice.
many kinds of living beings is partaking of reaThe drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens).
alone of (ex) so
son.
Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger.

Beasts are destitute of reason and speech.
The
in the highest degree (maxime).
destitute
[but]
of good orators.
is
Sicily is
peculiar to
man
of various herbs,
is full
The period of Augustus was
flowers and trees.

poets,
Bravery
earth
productive of good
very productive of
grain.
IV.
To
is
inherent in youth, providence in old age.
in (abl.) the
time of Augustus, belonged almost the
Inconsiderateness
a.
Romans,
the
whole of the then known

belongs also to
my
man
It is
soldiers.
circle
now
men.
to
our duty
to trust
eral arts
and
letters.
course.
A man
It is
and
and now
all
belongs to me,
in
the Ro-
distrust the very

It
the duty of the
mind and a
the enemies consisted of 253 ships.
wisdom
same man,
his thoughts elegantly in (abl.) dis-
of elevated soul despises riches.
(singularis)
is
It is
same
his powers, to the study of the lib-
not always a quality of the very
to express
large stature, but of a brave
markable
to
defend our country.
scholar, to apply himself with
to think correctly
What
the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant.
a sign of inconstancy,
It is
of the earth.
Great bravery was inherent
friends.
fierce
Caesar was not of

spirit.
Cato possessed
The
(= was
fleet
of
of) a re-
in all things.
IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness
is
inherent, in
men and
old
men
229
GENITIVE.
88.]
All Syria belonged to the Macedonians.
seriousness.
It is
duty of the intelligent, to guide the unintelligent by counsel.
people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent.

the duty of parents to bring
is
bent on you,
man may
esse) err,
(by
up
but no one, except
tsse) to persist in error.
the unwise,
(nisi)
now
the wise [man],
your duty,
It is
cumbent on the
Every-
wont (by
humble and poor.
the welfare of the
to trust
to
honor old age.
and now
ble stature
It
principal
men of
and small body.
an immense
etc.)
same view.
to distrust the very
It is in-
the state (optimates), to listen to the
was of hum-
Agesilaus
Boys of a quick genius and happy mem-
The
ory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature.
The
consisted of 1200 ships.
It
not the part of
is
boys, to esteem your parents and teachers.
prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts.
ancient
Germans
fleet
of Xerxes
(=
possessed
were
of,
of body, incredible bravery and familiarity
size
exercise) with war.
V.
a.
In eveiy (omnis) service,
much
we
should value the will of the giver
has thy father sold [his] garden? for just so much (tantumdem),
as (quantum) he gave for (== bought)
esteem virtue [but]
little.
interested, that
are
V. b.
you apply yourselves with
All good
much
We
(pare re) not
men
are
much
interested in this,
should value that
esteem their own
this
book
Parents are
well.
am much
zeal to the study of
all
interested, to be
We
value those
(is)
riches very
The
[but] desire another's.
lit-
loved by others.
much, which
victory
(is)
The wise [man] esteems

little,
men who
what good men judge concerning
by arms but by words.
love virtue.
despise the
Anaxagoras, his teacher,
be brought up
interested, that [their] children
erature.
We
it.
Pericles valued
For how much did you buy
very much.
much
For how
Alexander valued Hephaestion very high.
the highest.
who
is
It
incum-
incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) ia
It is
incumbent on young men,
We
is
the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the want of the destitute.
It is
(=
It
boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers
(gen.) the state, to look out for
is
children well.
[their]
the
In the
is
us.
gained
men much,
Many
little.
traders sell [their]
wares not so dearly (tantundem), as (quantum) they have bought them.
How much
has thy father bought the horse
much interested, that peace be restored.

that we be instructed by good teachers.
thou mayest soon return from (ex) the
terested, that literature flourish
(=
[for] ?
We
All citizens ara
much interested,
I am much interested, that
journey.
The state is much in-
bloom).
are
All
good
citizens should
be much interested, carefully to observe the laws.
20
230
ACCUSATIVE.
VI.
tes
Homer
a.
was
less
poets.
Socra-
Romans
surpasslast
of
Virtue has in itself sufficient assistance for a peace-
kings.
The
ful life.
of the
Tarquinius Supeibus was the
eloquence.
in (abl.)
Roman
Greek
the
all
No one
the wisest of all the Greeks,
ed Cicero
the
the oldest (vetus) of
is
^89.
honor there
so
is to literature,
much
the less studies
We
draw much pleasure from literature.

What kind
(quid) of business are you pursuing?
The scholar should be diligent
in school, not so much (tam) on account of his teachers, as on his own
there are.
We do much on account of friends, which we should not

own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like
Misfortune
mountain. Many Romans had houses like mountains.
account.
do on our
a
is
an occasion
We
for virtue.
good men.
(gen.)
Not
The memory of renowned men
should keep us fi-om wrong.
The
obscured by no oblivion.
VI. b.
Greek
Who
The
city
should strive to obtain intercourse with
the fear of punishment, but the love of virtue
passion for honor
be
will
a hard mistress.
is
Syracuse was the greatest and
of
fairest
all
the
much gold and silver.

From the reading of a
Anciently the Spaniards dug up
cities.
has sufficient joy.
lives in prosperity,
good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure.

most renowned general of the Carthaginians.
Hannibal was the
Crassus had sufficient
More disadvantage lies (est)

little (parum) prudence.
wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the
wrong. Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued
The Egyptians built
philosophy on account of gain or ostentation.
pyramids like mountains.
Plato in the estimation of Cicero (= was to
money, but too
in the
Cicero) equal
philosophers.
to (instar) all
(facere) kindly (benigne), not

virtue desires (desiderare)
happily
spent (exigere)
is
is
agreeable.
accusative
whom
what?
tatem
regit, or that luhich is
beneficent
who
for labors
and dangers.
acts
True
In-
The remembrance of time
Hannibal burned (ardere) with
89. B. Accusative.
? or
as
is
Romans.
The
1.
He
own, but on our account.
agreeable.
great hatred against the
his
no recompense
tercourse with true friends
(abl.)
on
stands in
It signifies
scribo epistulam.
answer
^passive
to
the
question,
rex civi-
object, as:
produced by an action
Hence
it
stands with
all
(effect),
transitive
verbs.
2.
The
following verbs take the accusative, although they
might seem from
their
meaning
to require
a different case,
;:
ACCUSATIVE.
89.]
and some of them
are in fact occasionally constructed with
prepositions in English
aequo and aequiparo
mulor and
231
juvo and adjuvo ;
decet
deficio
and dedecet ;
and fugio
sequor^ sector^ ae-
imitor.
Marium juvit opibus
Attlcus adolescenfem
Tempus me
deficit.
the good.)
So
Mulusfugit honum
also
Fortes fortuna adjuvat.
suis.
before the good
(flees
flees
Pedites equitem Gur-
defagio, effugio, suhterfugio.
So also adaequo. Verecundia decet puttanquam umbra sequitur. So also consequor,

Equites regem sectabantur.
So ateo consector. Quis Sullam
Virtutes majorum aemulemur!
su aequabant (kept up with).

rum.
Gloria virtutem
subsequor.
hnitetur')
Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin,
when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. or uncompounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the
;
same stem
3.
as the verb, as
The
vivere vitam.
accusative stands in answer to the questions
how long? how far? hoio ivide (broad)? hoio high? hoio
deep ? how thick ? hoio many (much) ? how great ? etc. as
;
to ivhat
(Greek, Ace),
Quaedam
bestiolae
natus (old) excessit e
vita.
Zama quinque dierum
Turris pedes ducerdos alta est
abest.
4.
unum diem vivunt. Cato annos quinque et octoginta
The
iter
ab Carthagine
Vite caput tegitur.
accusative stands in an exclamation either with or
without an interjection.
Me
miserum
5.
a)
Ofallacem
hominum spem!
double accusative stands in the following cases
With
verbs which signify
to
choose, appoint one something
something;
take,
show
to
Homines
menses Miltiddem
2.
to
make,
The
vocavit.
sibi
Ciceronem
Sapientem beatum habemus.
acerrimum propugnatorem communis
torem habuit Lysim.
caecos reddit cupiditas et
Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam
tistius se praestitit
Rem.
(name)
one's self as something ; to give,
universus populus consulem declaravit.
as
call
to account, consider as
have as something.
Julius Caesar dictaiorem se fecit.

avaritia.
imperaiorem sumpserunt.
Romani Ciceronem patrem
libertatis.
AnAthe-
Epaminondas praeceppatriae appellaverunt.
passive of these verbs has a double nominative ( 84),
pavo superbus
dicitur.
ACCUSATIVE.
232
With
b)
the verbs
interrogo
celo, doceo,
89.
oro^rogo^fla-
gito; finsiWj, posco, postulo.
i\
Ne
Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit.
Ego
JVullam rem
sententiam tuam rogo.
te
Rem.
But peto (properly
3.
/ strive
structed with ah, and quaero (properly
quid turpe amicum roga
te celo.
after), I request, entreat, is con/ seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as

:
peto a te hbrum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam.

Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction,
the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing
Cato rogatus est senremains. Cicero a Minerva omnes artes edoctus est.
tentiam..
with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing beaccusative of the person remains and is
Still
comes the nominative, and the

governed by a preposition, as
CXXI.
pecunia a
me
poscitur, flagitatur.
the duty of intelligent
It is
a.
I.
men
(^89.)
with counsel.
to assist others
honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the
It is
No
i)ad.
(abl.)
Time
It
becomes us
to follow the
often fails the orator sooner (citius) than
Fortune
Romans
people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the
bravery.
the
assists
The
bold.
soul
in
example of good men.
words
(=
the discourse).
escapes the view of the eyes.
The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the
Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and
No
200 broad.
power of
one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in
Want and contempt
discourse.
follow indolence.
dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf!)
with the Romans.
Much becomes
Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus).
a boy, which does not become a man.
most powerful
city
something
1000 paces from the
I.
the
assist
the
him with
Romans
delight
does not become men.
who
It
is
The
soldiers
8 feet broad, 10 feet deep.

(plur.) failed
(perf.)
the supremacy of Greece.
one of
The enemies,
their
What becomes
(perf) 10 years by the Greeks.
demonians held
No
has assisted us.
hands.
boys, often
our duty to assist the wretched.
Not courage, but strength
was besieged
who
in bodily powers.
love virtue.
and emulate the good.
trench 600 feet long,

escape.
sea.
followed swiftly, could not escape
should imitate those
the bad
Saguntum, the
of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed
Thebans could equal Alcibiades
whom
We
like
We
b.
Mithri-
war 40 years
Flee
made (= drew) a
Death no one can
our soldiers.
Troy
long time the Lace-
Theophrastus died
ACCUSATIVE.
89.]
In hatred against the Romans, no one
84 years old (natus).
(perf.)
233
equalled Hannibal.
II.
(=
will, made the Roman

The Romans called the supreme (summus) council
The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty
senate.
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his
a.
people his
heir.
counsel)
demands,
we behave
that {ut with Subj.)
and uprightly not only
ly
(praestai*e) ourselves religious-
in great but
should conceal nothing from [their] parents.

Metellus for peace.
dors, entreated
Children
Jugurtha, by ambassa-
The ambassadors of Darius
quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece.

the book, which
Zong 5ince (jam pridem) requested
man
The Parian marble
who
[They] are ridiculous,
of thee.
ney, which he ivns designing
were concealed from
con-
the Greeks considered precious.
Eumenes concealed from

make
to
{Suhj. periphrast.).
me by thee.
ed) by the ambassadors of
we
labor
for
all
Cicero, informed
[things],
commanded
the jour-
all,
The
greatest
(=
instruct-
(imperare) the
am-
pre tors, that they should take (deprehendere) the Allobroges by
The ambassadors demanded back of
buscade.
had been taken from the
manded of
bantur),
no money
the enemies,
citizens during (per) the truce.
enjoyed his
those, ivho
Rea-
teach others what they have not them-
selves learned (=ascertained).
affairs
Recompense
lord of the earth.
sider honorable.
(perf.)
re-
me
Give
Grain was demanded by the citizens.
ask of thee thy opinion.
son makes
We
small matters.
in
also
should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men.
all
which
Socrates de-
instruction (ejus consuetudine ute-
for his instruction.
Caesar demanded of the Edui,,

Cicero was asked his
the grain which they had promised (polliceri).
opinion in the senate.

II.
b.
Friendship
lighter (levis).
Prosperity
voice.
makes prosperity more
The resounding
is
all
the
arms of the
manded of
calls
and adversity
the image of the
makes
demandAll arms were deThe amobject.
not merely itself blind, but also generally
(efficere) [those] blind,
ed
splendid,
echo, Horace
whom
it
has embraced.
The
citizens of the captured city.
the citizens.
ask thy opinion of this
soldiers
The Romans electwe maybe

able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has
bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar.
ed Camillas dictator.
rightly
Eloquence
effects, that(wf
with Suhj.)
been concealed from men, by the divine Providence.
given thy brother the book which
Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians.

20*
have
he had requested of me.
He
The
is
>
DATIVE.
234
true friend,
who
wisdom by
Socrates.
Many youths were
conceals notliing from us.
My friend, asked by me
We
cealed nothing from me.
esteem those
ed defender (propugnator) of the

(edocere) the youth,
whom
Tarentines, involved in
(is)
(abl.)
taught
men much, who
common freedom.
he had led away
90.
[as to] his opinion, con-
Cicero showed himself the most
sider virtue the highest good.
The
[^
Catiline instructed
bad deeds.
(iUicere), in all
war with
the
con-
spirit-
Romans, requested
aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
1.
The
C. Dative.
90.
stands in answer to the
dative
questions: t(P
for luhom ? for ivhat ? for whose advan

tage ? for luhose disadvantage 1 for lohat end ?
It generally stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the
lohom ?
to luhat
prepositions to oy for are used to govern the case, or where

the relation involved
prepositions, as
is
similar to that expressed
do^ placeo,
prosum^ noceo
by these
etc., utilis^ inutilisj
aptus, idoneiis, gratus, similis, par, aequdlis, communis, etc.
Rem.
1.
Hence
verbs
transitive
all
the Dat. of the person (or thing)
remote
Do
may
who
take together with the
Ace,
shares in the action (Dat. of the
object).
donum.
tibi
cimus.
Epistolam
Non
tihi scribo.
Ratio omnibus hominibus communis
similis est.
Rem.
2, Similis
and
dissimilis are often also
sed vitae dis-
scholae,
Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum
est.
Canis lupo
est.
connected with the gen-
itive.
2.
The following
verbs take the dative in Latin, while in
English they take the accusative

maledlco, supplico,
suadeo,
Farce mihi.
nupsit Vulcano.
even children were spared).
dicimus (censure) malis.

vldet nemini.
litteris
after).
tibi
nubo, parco, benedico,
Ne
arrldeo, invideo per-
infantibus
quidem parceba-
Benedicimus (praise) bonis, male-
Donum tuum valde mihi airisit. Probus in(I am envied).

Omnibus amicis pro te
Mihi invidetur
libentissime supplicabo (entreat).
Nunquam
obtrecto, studeo,
medeor and patrocmor.
Venus
tur (not
persuadebo.
studere debent (study).
Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent.
Mihi persuadttur
(I
Omnes homines
Philosophia medetur animis.
am
persuaded).
liberlati
Pueri
student (strive
Bonus bono pairocinatur
(protects).
235
DATIVE.
90.]
3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espewith the following ah, ad, ante,cum {con), de, ex, in, inter, oh, post,
prae, pro, suh and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the
Rem.
cially
dative.
dative stands with est and sunt to express the per-
The
3.
who
son or thing
The
has or possesses something.
thing
possessed stands in the nominative as subject.

Suns mique mos
e*^
Semper
in
civitate
Multi mihi sunt
sunt, bonis invldent.
[ii],
quihus opes nuUae
libri.
Rem. 4. In nomen mihi est (I have the name, am called), the name
stands either in the dative or nominative, as nomen mihi est Carolo
:
[Carolus).
The
4.
for
is
10 hat
answer to the question

which besides, a dative oi the person
dative of the end (in
end
1),
to
commonly added, stands

a) With sum, which, in this
:
duce
With
b)
do, accipio, relinquo, deligo, mitto, venio, habeo,
etc; also
to
be rendered con-
case, is to
serve for
to,
impute
Bonum non
with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the meaning:

to.
potest esse
gloriaeque sunt.
cuiquam
malo.
Virtutes hominibus decori
Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur.
sanias venit Atticis auxilio.
Vitio
Pau-
mihi dant, quod mortem hominis
necessarii graviter fero.
CXXII.
I.
a.
{} 90.)
Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (deamong (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our
mentia) [also]
senses.
much
good man labors
did not supplicate the judges.

first
for virtue, not for fame.
Sleep
Socrates, conscious of no wickedness
like death.
Julia,
to
is
very
himself,
daughter of Augustus Caesar,
married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa,
finally
(postremum) Ti-
Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one
(quis), so many the more friends he has.
It is base, to disparage (obtrectare) the fame of a great man.
The Germans /rom childhood (ab
berius.
parvulis) earnestly
cian can cure
all
pursued labor and hardness
diseases.
Death spares no mortal.

the
(duritia).
No
physi-
The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero.

Bad men reproach the good. Neither of
two should we praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the
236
DATIVE,
The orator convinced the

The vrise [man] envies no
flatterer.
counsel.
We
b.
I.
90.
of the advantage of his
citizens
one.
not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and
live
The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws
with delight.
Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is
easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to disparage others (alter). It is a mark of an ill-disposed man, never to
They have many friends, upon whom fortune
praise a good man.
other men.
ed (studere) to those,
who preserve
upright [man] envies nobody, [but]
Scarcely any one
boys!
smile upon.
It
is
to
restrain the
of (propter)
many wicked [men]
Romans
many men.
kingdom
to the
to
Romans
to the
n.
b.
(levis)
is
Where
Myus (Myus,
imputed
mortal soul.
My
danger.
are for de-
Caesar
city,
is
left
imputed
friend
is
all
beto
besieged by the
man for
a reproach.
a present?
The
father
Xerxes, king of the Persians,

untis), a city of Asia, for a pres-
caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but]
men
aid (auxilio esse) those who
ly into
(=
for praise to the scholar.
Man
protection (praesidium).
after truth sei-ves
many
to the destruction
Bravery
Poverty should be imputed to no
gave to Themistocles
has
Attains, a king of
state.
camp.
hast thou received this book as
Industry
Man
a volcanic mountain,
for a present.
aid.
the book for a present.
the priestesses
marry a man.
destruction of
the
enemies, for
ent.
is
Caesar came to the
for praise.
me
to
Bad customs conduce
From whom
has given
To
spare one.
to
In Sicily there
hind 500 soldiers for protection

the
by the capital punishment of one
Just laws serve for safety to a
state.
Asia, gave his
wickedness of many, than on account
Riches conduce
called Aetna.
Save time,
of mortals, does fortune always
was not permitted
of body and soul.
stiiiction to, etc.)
of a
it
envied by many.
possessed a remarkable eloquence.
Cicero
a.
faculties
is
better (praestat),
(sacerdos, otis) of Vesta,
The
(conservai-e) [their] fidelity.
(ullus)
wicked man,
n.
We are attach-
Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls.
smiles.
victoiy
The
God is
called Charles.
for
little
has a mortal body, [but] an im-
ornament.
struggle
(=
effort)
not accustomed to
thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate-
won
(parere)
by treachery, does not con-
duce to the praise of the conqueror, but to [his] reproach. It is our

duty to come for aid to the wretched. Caesar chose a fit place for the
camp. Two thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were left

behind for protection to the city. The desire after dominion is imputed to Caesar for a
fault.
Modesty
is
imputed
to a
boy for
praise,
ABLATIVE.
91.]
immodesty
Contempt of money
censure.
for
91.
The
imputed
to
men
for
city.
D. Ablative.
ablative expresses
Th.Q place in ivliich something takes place (ivhere?),
1.
marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus
terra
is
Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to the besieged
praise.
as
237"
and omnis,
as
campis, totd urbe,
totis
similar expressions
and so
in
many
other
but otherwise in generally stands with
ablatives of this kind.
The
2.
and
time in or
at or ivithin
ivitJiin ivliich
Qiia node natus Alexander
Agamemno cum
flagravit.
Epaminondas
cepit urbem.
3.
The ground
whence
?) ;
hence
est,
eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de-
miiversa Giaecia vix decern annis

die
uno Graeciam
or cause
toris ars utilitate,
laetor, glorior^
excello^praesto, supero,-fldo, confldo,
non
officia
arte
deserunt mollitid animi (from).
laudatur (on account
vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur.

Salus
gaudere oportet.
Nemo
hominum non
Delicto
veritate
Guberna-
Concordia res par-
of).
dolere,
corredione
solum, sed etiam
fama
potest aut corporis ^rmttofe, aut fortunae stahilitate con-
[Fido and confido are quite as often, and diffido almost always
fjdere.
joined with the Dat)

4.
on lohat account?
g-aucleo,
laetus,fi'etus, contentus, natus, ortus, genitus-, etc.
In culpa sunt, qui
nititur.
unam
liberavit.
(ivhereby?
stands with
it
laboro, valeo^floreo^
nitor
something happens (ivhen ?
what time ?)
Contenti estote sorte vestra.
The means and
instrument, also the material (ivhere-
with? wherefrom? ivhence?).

OcuLis videmus, auribus audhnus.
Rem.
1.
cusative is
tus
sum.
Britanni
lacte et
came
vivunt.
When
a person is employed as a means or instrument, the acgenerally used with per, as per tuum patrem miseria liberaWith passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is ex:
pressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as mundus a deo creatus est.
The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum,
as: cumfralre ambuiavi.
:
o.
more
Hence
the ablative of the instrument or material stands
particularly
ABLATIVE.
238
With
a)
[$
91.
verbs oi furnishing formings instructing-^ be^
ing accustomed,
Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis
filium
summo gaudio me
litteris
erudivit (or instituit,
imbuit, instruxit).
(fill).
So
et sepsit
vestivit
Litterae tuae
affect
officio, I
also with
Pater
qfecerunt.
Milites continuo
labore assueti [assuefadi) erant.
With expressions
b)
ah undo
reo,
scaieo,
egeo and indigeo

Miserum
Delos
compleo,
ivant^ as
and
satio,
ca-
refertus^ inops, praeditus.
Quid
Germania ahundat Jiuminibus.

ipse eget consUio ?
and
of fulness^ plenty
and
affluo^
afferre
consilii potest [is],
amicorum.
est carere consuetudine
qui
Insula
referta erat divitiis.
Rem.
Egere and indigere are oflener found with the
2.
See
genitive.
88, 2.
With
c)
the impersonal opus est (there
is
need
the
of),
thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative.
But when opus
est
is
used personally, the thing
stands as subject in the nominative.

Multis non duce tantum opus
opus
Duces nobis opu^
est.
Rem.
Wlien the thing which
3.
or the
infinitive
ace.
bis commemorare.
With,
d)
Multi
tus
with the
Si quid
Vescimur
is
needed
erit,
quod
4.
is
a verb,
Nihil opus
infinitive.
te scire
opus
utor, fruor, fungor, potior
bestiis.
Dux
sed adjutore et coadore.
beneficio dei pei-verse utuntur.
est.
Rem.
est,
nobis
sunt.
est,
sit,
it is
generally the
rem
pluribus ver-
scribam.
and
vescor.
Augustus Alexandria brevi
Cicero consulatu bene fundus
Potirirerum means,
to
appropriate
poti-
est.
to one'' s self [obtain]
supreme
power.
6.
thing
The
ablative expresses that according to luhich
measured or judged of {according
is
Magnos homines
virtute metimur,
non fortwnd.
some-
to loliat?)
Quod rectum
est,
nee
magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore.

7.
Hence with
another
is
with the
the co7nparative, the object with
compared
Nom.
is
which
put in the ablative instead of quam
or Ace.
Ysiterfilio doctior est, than
the son, or pater
Patrem^^to modestiorem cognovi.
doctior est,
quam
filius
ABLATIVE.
91.]
8.
Especially
is
the ablative used to express a respect or
nearer definition (ivherein
in
what respect ?).
Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par

re valrdi,
dus
Multi sunt corpo-
fuit eloquentid.
Magnus, major, maximus
mente infirmi.
Me-
JVaiione
natu.
fuit.
9.
The
and indeed
much (7nany)1
with comparatives and superlatives.
ablative expresses the measure,
In answer to the question: hy
a)
particularly
Sol multis partibus major atque amplior

the ablatives
and quanta,
multo,
the, eo
after
Numa
But
5.
the accusative
nos te
much
tanto, so
vidi.
c)
Here belong
terra.
paullo,
by
quo
little, little,
the.
to the question:
hoiv long- before or
before the prepositions ante and post.
Pompilius annis permultis ante
sermonem de
Rem.
and
lioiu
quam
est,
by much, much, parvo,
answer
b) In
lius
/235
fuit,
quam
in the question
how long
Lae-
Pythagoras.
amicitia habuit paucis diebus post
mortem
Afi-icani.
before or after the present time ?
used with either ante, abhinc or post, as ante tres anPost paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi.
is
With
expressions of buying and selling;
and with
something
costing",
hiring, exchanging, the price,
dignius
indignus, the thing of ivhich
is
and
ivorthy or
unworthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative.
Hunc librum parvo pretio

Poenis
stetit
victoria.
invidia digna est.
Rem.
6.
emi.
Multorum sanguine
Excellentium
Veritas auro digna
Here belong
hominum
et vulneribus
virtus imitatione,
ea
non
est.
also the ablatives:
magna
(for
much,
dear),
parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the like, with
verbs of buying and selling.
Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used,
as : magni, parvi, etc. ( 88, 9).
10.
The
ablative signifies the luay
and manner
in which
something takes place.

Vir sapiens aequo animo injuriara
fert.
11. Finally, the ablative stands
with expressions of remov-
ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving.

Caesar castra
loco movit.
Hospitem
naturae nos levat suptrstitione,

excelsus omni est
liber
liberal
arcere tecto nefas est.
mortis metu.
cura et angore.
Cognitio
Robustus animus
et
240
ABLATIVE.
C XXIII.
Xerxes brought
[^91.
{k 91.)
war upon Greece by land and by sea

The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the
(mare).
second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf) the power (opes) of Italy.
I.
a.
(perf.)
Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his
much
life,
concerning the immortality of the soul
spoke (disserere,
perf.)
Xerxes was con-
(plur.).
quered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms

of Greece.
(acerbus,
a,
The minds of men are often tormented by

um) cares. We ought to grieve at faults, to
distressing
man
to glory in
[their] correction (correctio).
his faults.
Greece formerly flourished
dominion [and]
for riches.
glory.
Caesar, by his arrival,
Upon
of fortune.
(= bloomed)
in
rejoice
power
at
(opes),
Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire
trusting to (fretus) their bravery.

stability
the part of a bad
It is
humbled
(frangere, perf.) the Gauls
The wise [man] does
the goods of the
not trust to the
soul alone (solus,
a,
um)
we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention.

I. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many
The colonies of the Syrians were spread (diffundere) over alwars.
most the whole circle of the world. The Romans awaited in a suitacan
ble place the attack of the enemies.
November
In the months October and
Not from
the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees.
but from choice the upright

Navigation
In the spring the swallows re-
autumn they go away.
tui'n to us, in the
is
man
avoids
(=
Who
praised on account of the advantage.
in his ignorance
fear
wicked deeds.
flees)
would glory
Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children
and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to remuch (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman
joice so
state suffered
from two
vices, avarice
and luxury.
Aristides
Happy
tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice.

trusts
to
virtue,
their troops, desired
II.
dis-
who
[he] who rests upon riches or any other

The enemies, trusting to (fretus) the number of
to fight.
If we are contented with our lot, we
be happy (beatus).
a.
The sun
illuminates the whole earth with
defends himself with the horns, the horse with the

the teeth.
tal
he
unhappy
goods of fortune.
shall
was
is
fame.
its
light.
feet,
Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself
Cicero was expelled from
Rome
by Clodius.
The ox
the boar with
immor-
Parents,
who
have imbued the mind^ of their children with the principles of virtue,
and instructed them
in
literature,
of their children but also of the
deserve well
state.
The
(=
deserve) not only
earth, in the spring, is
ABLATIVE.
91.]
Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in
clothed with herbs and flowers.
gold and
Spain anciently abounded in lead,
silver.
God has
gold.
the world with
filled
full of {scatere) fishes.
iron, silver [and]
The
[things].
sea
is
We
all
need (egere) the aid of
The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere).

endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise
others.
Man
good
all
a misfortune (miserum), to be deprived of
It is
intercourse of friends.
(carere) the
241
is
There
general to even the bravest army.

labors, to the
captured
city.
body and the
The
to use elephants in
is
need of repose
There was need of ready aid
soul.
after
to the
Carthaginians were accustomed (perf ) formerly

war.
(=
Pronounce
extol)
him happy who en-
Use the powers which God has given thee. Whowho) wishes to obtain true renown, must perform the duties
joys good health.
ever
(=
The Numidians
of virtue.
generally êc? upon
Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had
( vesci)
(uti) a vejy
milk and venison.
hard beginning of youth
Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed
(adolescentia, ae).
himself of the whole Persian kingdom.

II. b.
We
see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose
Very high
(nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves.
mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and

often attain
more by goodness than by
force.
God has
delivered fi-om destruction by Cicero.
rich
who
are
who need
endowed with
the unfortunate are destitute

[things] with its light.
The
(carere)
The Roman
fortunate
of friends.
We
They
(indigere) our aid most.
virtue.
state
was
enclosed (sepire) and
covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes.

to aid those most,
We
ice.
The Roman
abound with
The sun
ought
are
all
friends,
fills
all
consul, AemiHus, enriched (di-
Our mind is filled (afficere) with

when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great
poets.
The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act
tare) his soldiers with great booty.
joy
rightly,
we
ception
(fallacia).
have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor de-
Any one you
the ship in (abl.) a quiet
please of the sailors can govern
sea, [but]
when
(ubi) a violent (saevus)
storm has arisen, then they have need of a

(Helota, ae) with the
pilot.
Lacedemonians, performed the
The
oflSce
Helots
of slaves.
That (is) ship performs (conficere) the course best, which has (uti)
the most skilful pilot.
Many men abuse reason. Discharge scrupulously the office
committed
joy the riches which he has.
The covetous [man] does not enThe Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex-
to thee.
ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius.

III.
a.
Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord-
21
242
ABLATIVE.
91.
ing to rank (== genus), but good manners, a teachable spirit and ac-
The wise man measures men
tive (acer) industry.
There
fortune but according to character.
than virtue.
Ireland
is
is
not according to
nothing more amiable
smaller by a half than Britain.
founded eighty-two years before Rome.
been expelled, was recalled
Cimon,
five
In the
to [his] native country.
Rome
Carthage wâs
years after he had

sixtj^-sec-
urbem condltam), the

third wâr against the Carthaginians was undertaken.
The fi*iend,
whose aiTival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and
ond year
after the founding
of the
city
will depart again after ten days.
thian vase for an
he has sold
his horse?
bought
The
it for.
grateftil
mind
of man.
immense
is
it
(post
Chrysogonus bought
(perf.)
a Corin-
For how much has thy father sold

so much (tantum), as (quantum) he
price.
for
wai' has cost
us
(stare)
unworthy of favors.
much
Vu'tue and
Receive those into friendship
whom
The wise man endures
blood.
wisdom
An
un-
are worthy
thou shalt consider
the hardships of
worthy of thy
love.
equanimity.
Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in
the study of philosophy.
The winds
life
with
purify the air from noxious vapors.
Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from

all Sicily.
Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and

mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accordNotliing is
ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men.
more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epaminondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older
Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and
than Cicero.
ni. b.
fierce
destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards.

sixth year of his age, the tenth
day
Agi'icola died in the fifty-
hefore the Calends
of September (ante
Kalendas Septembres).
My
brother,
return after two years.
The
trader sells the wares for a greater price
who
departed six days ago, will
Thou canst buy neither

They are unworthy of favors who are unThe victoiy over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of
mindful of them.
The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown.
Epirus, much.
They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man.
than he has bought them for from others.
virtue
nor wisdom for gold.
Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the

Persians,
more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled

an ally and fi-iend of the Roman people, from his
(perf.) Adherbal,
kingdom and
all [his]
possessions (fortunae).
Them istocles, a general
of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude.
CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES.
92.]
92.
Construction of the
The names
Names of
243
Cities.
and small islands)

Sing,
stand,
the
second
Dec.
of
in answer to the
first and
question where? in the genitive; but the names of cities of
the third Dec. and of the Plur. of ih^ first and second Dec,
In answer to the question,
in the ablative, without in.
ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative, and in answer to
the question, whence ? in the ablative, in each case without
1.
of cities (toivns, villages
a preposition.
Ut Romae consules,
Romae
Talis
sic Carthagine
mare Dyrrhachii
et Apolloniae constituerat.
Cono plurimum Cypri
fuit.
Curius primus
Leshi.
quotannis bini reges creabantur.
Fabricius, qualis Aristides Aihenis
vixit,
Romam
Pompeius
fuit.
Iphicrates in Thracia,
elephantos quattuor duxit.
Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium.
tam profectus
est ibique
Rhodum
Athenis et se
perpetuum exsilium
contulit.
Consul
hie-
Delphis Apollinis oraculum
Roma
egit.
Timotheus
Pompeius
Lycurgus CreAeschines
Athenas profectus
cessit
est.
Rem. Domus and rus have the same construction as the names of
home), domi meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae,
cities: rfomi (at
my
house, etc.), domum (to the house), dom.o (from the house,
ruri (not rwre), in the coimtry, rus (into, to, the country),
rure (from the country).
Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militiaeque or domi hellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war).
(at
home);
The words
2.
urbs,
in apposition with the
oppidum, caput (chief
city), in
names
answer
of
lohere ? stand in the ablative generally without
swer
cities,
as
to the question,
to the question, ivhither 7 in the accusative
m;
in an-
without in ;
in answer to the question, whence ? in the ablative without

ab.
Archias poeta Antiochlae natus
est,
celebri
quondam
Cicero profectus est Athenas, urhem celeheirimam.
urhe et copiosa.
Demaratus Conntho,
urhe amplissima, Tai-quimos fugit.
CXXIV.
I.
phy.
As long
as Cicero
was
at
( 92.)
Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso-
At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) temAt Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of
ple of Diana.
CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES.
244
The
old age.
Demaratus
up
literature flourished
from Corinth, a
city
(= bloomed)
at
Athens.
of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city
Timotheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful
of Etruria.
state,
and
arts
fled
Marius was bornând brought
betook (perf) himself to Chalcis.
(perf.)
at
Arpinum, a
city
dea to the camp.
At Alexandria, a
of Latium.
Egypt, was a renowned (eximius)
Hannibal proceeded
fi'om
city
Dio-
Carthage to Spain.
Rome, one year
three at Sparta.
at Philippi,
Au-
Plato from Athens.
gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy (Italia inferior).

lived three years at
of
Brutus proceeded to Ar-
library.
nysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf)
two
92.
[^
have
Corinth, two years at Athens,
at
My
father will return
home
to-
morrow from the countiy,

home into the country and
will pass the
When
do not trouble myself (curare) about (ace.)
what
is
friend,
am
in
my house,
and, after three days, will go again from
without (alienus, pZwr.).
he
is
(versari) as
it
When
whole summer
a friend
own
were, in his
is
in the country.
house of a
in the
house, not in anothers.
The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (condere) at home.
The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus)
and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the
country than in the city.
By good counsels, the welfare of the state
will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad.
I shall remain at
home,
my
[but]
n. In
brother will go into the country.
Spai'ta, the
at the altar
boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum)
of Diana.
re) to Molon.
Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica-
Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar-
nassus a famous
renowned men
In the times of Pericles,
(nobilis) sepulchre.
Athens.
lived at
Hannibal was born
at
many
Carthage.
Themistocles, presented witli great presents by Artaxerxes, returned

(perf) to Asia and established
The
lon, the chief city
(constituere) his abode at Magnesia.
was removed
(transferre, perf.)
from Baby-
of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt.
Dionysius,
corpse of Alexander
the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily,
to Corinth, a very
renowned
(celeber) city of Greece.
(perf.) his life at Utica, a city
of Africa.
Scipio often hurried away (evolare) from the city
Italy to Carthage.
into the country, [and] then returned to business
the
Alexander died
city.
The
the
(perf.) at
soldiers returned (perf.)
the body
first
is,
as
it
Cato took away
Hannibal was recalled from
home
joyful at the victory.
were, in a foreign house.
elephants
came
to
Rome.
from the country into
Babylon, the chief city of Assyria.
Nowhere
conveniently (commode) as at home.
The
soul in
In the time of Pyrrhus,

does one live (vivitur) so
Archimedes was
killed (perf.)
REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
93.]
at Syracuse,
a city of
house an old man.
from the
city,
Sicily,
by a Roman
the house the veiy
to
carried forth from
Ovid lived a long
93.
1.
Ab and
The superiority (virtus)

home and abroad. Socrates
same expression which he had
The
Cicero often lived in the country.
it.
Tomi, a
time (aliquamdiu) at
Remarks on
at his
(evolare) into the country
from ehains.
of Caesar had been acknowledged at
brought back
Marius died
soldier.
Laelius hastened forth
as if (tanquam)
245
the use
of Moesia, in
city
poet
exile.
of the Prepositions.
de (from, by, of) differ thus
a) of place,
ah
means, away from a place, de, down from, or away from,

b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with
the agent or doer after passive verbs, de
used with a passive
(many
poetis fictae sunt

les
by the
Lucretius de muro se dejecit.
from the forum).

fables have
Multa de
poets).
is
object,
Milites ab urhe profecti sunt.
cives discesserunt (away
on the contrary,
te
Deforo
Multae fabulae de Hercvle a
been invented concerning Hercu-
a fratre tuo audivi
(I
have heard
much
of thee from thy brother).

2.
Circum
se circum
axem
The
verbs
3.
some
used only of place (not of
is
time), as
terra
convertit.
:
pono,
loco,
colloco,
others take in with the ablative,
deflgo and
where the accusative
constituo,
seems to be required, since they express motion.

and subter are very rarely used with the ablative.
CXXV.
&uper
93.)
The Gauls were conquered (perf by Caesar. Caesar has related

much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning
the Hfe and customs of Cato.
The life and customs of Cato were
written by Cornelius Nepos.
The citizens, besieged by the enemies,
placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general.
From
whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ?
from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue
The
wise man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue.
I.
II. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties.

Three books
concerning duties were written by Cicero. Excellent precepts have
been left (tradere) us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children
21*
OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS.
246
Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast.
(puer).
Cicero, in the
first
book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks
Much
of the immortalitj' of the soul.
re)
and thoughts upon the
a peaceful
life
in vu-tue
94.
all
Let us place
Of
the use of the Pronouns.
The personal pronouns

upon them, hence,
sessive
Cicero fixed (defigere)
welfai'e of his countrj^
Nom.
when a
in the
are expressed with the verb, only

rest
(dispiita-
has been related to us by
our teacher of the braveiy of the Romans.

his cares
1.
94.
[^
pronouns also
ego^ tu, nos, vos

particular stress
The
especially in contrasts.
meus, tuus,
etc.
are used
pos-
only in this
case, or for the sake of perspicuity.
Ego
2.
Mens fi*ater
mens me
fleo, tu rides.
me amat
ter
The
(not
frater
genitives nostri
But
diligens est, tuus piger.
Fra-
sui
are
amat).
and
objective (not possessive), but
vestri, like met,
tui,
nostrum and ve strum are used
partitively.
Memoria
should distinguish
being),
e. g.
some of
or
3.
Nemo
pars
animus
4.
part of us, you,
from
sui, sibi, se
or thing), is
se diligunt.
Oravi amicum, ut
When
Infin., or
Haec
Animus
its
we
= of our, your
civitate
it,
Dux cum
ejecerunt.
Alexander,
manus
abstinuit.
militibus suis
sihi consuleret.
these reflexive pronouns stand as the subject of
with a
Part., or in
dependent clauses and
it,
to
may
refer
generally be
him, to her, to
it,
they, them, to them.
sentit, se
own
used when
to itself.
oratio sihi repugnat.
translated into English by, he, she,
by
Besides,
suus, , um, are
opposed
to the subject of the leading clause, they
him, her,
Quis
vestri.
pars nostrum^ vestrum, a part
interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se
Hannibalem sui cives e
an
nostri, vestri (a
est pars jwstri,
The pronouns
Omnia animalia
fugit.
Memini
vtstri.
vestrum, sua officia explevit.
us.
an object (person
quum
Memor sum
Twstri (of us).
nostrum haec dixit?
power).
sua vi moveri(the soul
is
Caesar exercitu per
conscious, that
se
it is
moved
comparato rempublicam
94.]
liberavit (with
an army collected by
24*7
Caesar milites adhortatus
him).
ut se sequerentur (that they should follow Mm).
est,
The oblique cases of is, ea, id, on the contrary, are

used, when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another
5.
object
ejus,
into English
Pater
eorum, and earum in this case, are translated
by
his, her, their.
ignovit {him,
ei
e.
Mater
diligit.
Caesar fortissimus
fuit
earn
his daughter
memor
but
but
erit {his, e. g.
Dux
valde amat.
dux cum
ejus facta admiramur {his
milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers

fugit).
e. g.
Pater semper ejus
Pater eum valde
friends).
or her,
his son,
g.
pater sibi ignovit, himself).
et
militibus suis
deeds).
Hos-
multas urbes exciderunt, earumque mcolas in servitutem abduxe-
tes
runt (and their inhabitants).
The pronoun
6.
al
ipse, a,
um
often stands with the person-
pronouns, either in the same case with the subject,
the subject is contrasted loith other subjects, or in
as the object,
Ego me
when
the object
ipse vitupero (/
cent, aliis
maxime
The
7.
displicent.
genitives
the
same
contrasted ivith other objects.
Ego me ipsum vitupero

sihi ipsis maxime plaloquor. De me ipso loquor,
and not another).

Saepe
{myself QA-iA not another).
is
when
ii
homuies, qui
De me
ipsius,
ipse
ipsorum and ipsarum, which
often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, are
be translated into English by,
to
Meus
ipsius pater
(my own
er).
Meum
Dux
sua ipsius culpa victus
rum
mater.
ipsius
father).
oivn.
Mea
consihum (my own

est.
ipsius
mater {my oivn moth-
Tuus
counsel).
JVoster ipsorum pater.
Duces sua ipsorum culpa
victi
sunt.
ipsius
frater.
Vestra ipso-
Sorores
mea
siui
ipsarum voluntate domi manent.

8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage between the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1
quod ? in Rem. 3. 30 it should be here stated, that, when
;
quis has a
noun with
apposition with
it
it,
the
noun
the person or thing (what), qui after
as:
quis philosophus
phus
(what
is
to
be regarded as in
that quis inquires barely after the
its
(what philosopher?),
sort of a philosopher
?).
name of
nature (what sort of),

^^wz
philoso-
OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN.
248
94,
[^
1. For the distinction between the double forms of the indepronouns quis, qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc. See 31.
Rem.
finite
The
9.
pronoun quis
indefinite
some one, one,
(quod),
stands most
commonly
qua (quae), quid
(qzd),
aliquis, etc.,
and
num, quum,
qui,
emphatic than
is less
after
ne,
nisi,
si,
quae, quod, quo or quanto {the, with the comparative).
animorum
Si quis de immortahtate
JVum
quern laedas.
eo (tanto) modestior
tior est,
When
10.
suus,
sibi, se,
quisque
est.
Vide, ne
[quanto) quis sapien-
connected with the pronouns
is
sui,
stands immediately after them.
it
When
insanus
Quo
est.
Minime
Trahit sua quemque voluptas.
11.
dubitat,
hac de re ?
quis dubitat
quisque stands
notus
sihi quisqae
after
superlatives,
by precisely the, the very, and when

ordinal numbers by each, every.
translated
Sapientissimus quisque virtutem
maxime amat
it
est.
it
may
be
stands after
(precisely the wisest).
Quarto quoque anno (every fourth year).
Uterque (each of two, both)
12.
in connection with a
noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun
but when uterque is connected with a pronoun, this pro-
noun
stands in the genitive.
In both cases the predicate
is
in the singular.
Uterque dux
eorum clarus
clarus
fuit
fuit
trum (we both, you both).
Rem.
The
2.
(both leaders
were renowned).
(both these were renowned).
Quorum
plural of uterque
is
uterque (both of
used
when
two parties are spoken
connection with nouns used only in the plural, as

generals, of which there are several on both sides).
Utrdque castra (both camps).
hostes.
13.
liter, alter,
only two
course
is
neuter are used
quis, alius, nullus,
dixit
when
it
stands in
duces (the
Utrique, Caesar et
utrique
the discourse is of
dis-
of several.
(which of you two)
operam dat
when
on the contrary, when the
Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the
hoc
whom).
or at least, one of which, several belong, or
of, to hoih
Uterque
Uterque nostrum, ves-
alter (the
Duo sunt
other) miles est.
two brothers)
fratres
JVeuter
Uter vestrum
alter (the
one)
litteris
nostrum (neither of
249
94.]
When
US two).
parative
The
14.
we sometimes
which of the two
fortior est ?
lated
a compai'ison occurs Avith
used where
is
comuter
is the bravest ?
phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter,
etc.,
are trans-
other that; the one in this way, the
the one this, the
uter, alter, neuter, the
use the superlative, as
other in that.
Mii
Alii aliud probant.
Rem.
The
3.
aliter vivuiit.
indefiuite pronouns,
one, they,
we are expressed in
Latin
a)
b)
c)
By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt

By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as: narratur ; bene vivitur
By the personal Pass., as amor, one loves me, amai'is, one
loves
sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy

the first Pers. Phu\ Act. (in this case the speaker must be in-
thee,
d)
By
e)
cluded under the 07ie), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws

By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as:
dos (one may believe).
CXXVI.
a.
I.
be agi-eeable to
soul
is
us.
the governor
The remembrance of you
Few
less for
will
always
To each of us the love of life is inborn.

of us.
The hand is a part of us. A pai't
to-morrow, will betake

wretched.
(^94.)
Manlius punished (multare) the
Parents love their children.
bravei-y of his son with death.
cre-
The
of us,
ourselves into the country.
Pity thou me,
good king cares
of us have
fulfilled their
duties.
The wise man
himself than for the welfai*e of the citizens.
So long as Hannibal was

in Italy, nobody resisted him in battle (acies).
After the general had
fallen (perf in batde, the soldiers fled.
My friend and his son have
zealously coiTects the faults inborn in him.
set out for

[ut
Rome.
The Allobroges
entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that
Cicero had effected by Fulvia,
with Subj.) he would pity them.
that [ut with Subj.) Curius

Catiline,
The Germans
abl.)
milk, cheese
(aperire) to
him
the plans of
occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture,
and the greatest part of

with
might disclose
their food (victus, us) consisted of [consistere
and
flesh.
have often reflected (cogitare)
with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.).
We
(cernere) faults (delictum) in others more than in ourselves.

soul itself
moves
itself
Our
soldiers
by the wisdom (consilium) of
We
ought to care (inservire,
but also for [that] of others.
have conquered the enemies, not
their general, but
c.
see
The
by their own bravery.
dat.) not only for
our
own
advantage,
250
I.
Children love their parents.
b.
out for the welfare
monians,
we
left
Each of us
With
A part
The
of you.
of us had remained
served [well] of (de) our country.
at
The
best part of us
Many
home.
delight
thine.
I
is
of us have de-
general and his soldiers have
Men
distinguished themselves in battle by bravery.

their advantage.
and
will always recollect thee
always preserve a recollection
immortal.
the duty of the king to look
Lysander, king of the Lacede-
of his subjects.
behind (peif ) a great report of himself
pity thee.
shall
It is
94.
use beasts for
[His] friends exhorted Darius, that (ut with Suhj.)
he should subject Greece to himself The king Em-ystheus commanded (imperare) Hercules, that {ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afferre)
to
him
the arms of the queen of the Amazons.
(admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and
by
per/.)
its
and
his daughter,
ought to govern (imperare)
Many
were taken
ourselves.
own
The companions
Many evils happen to
a.
folly.
Each one is
With
who
best [men].
Every
own fault
(=
most
(culpa).
does
to protect his
[man] undertakes most easily dangers and
Money has always been
fifth
Assign to
difficulty)
Each one ought
each one judge correctly of himself

Precisely the best
(is)
does not restrain
of Ulysses perished (perf ) by
us by our
the gi-eatest difficulty
labors for his country.
itself.
The
the architect (faber) of his fortune.
each his own.
own.
ourselves
are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others.
himself (se ipsum).
n.
We
captives.
Virtue itself protects
general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army,
their
killed (extinguere,
After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Da-
poison.
rius, his wife
Cleopatra admitted
was
despised by the very
was rated (perf) Demosthemost renowned orators of antiquity to
year, all Sicily
nes and Cicero were the
which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and
Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome which dost thou consider the best? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe]
Both, Honeither.
I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother.
;
Virgil, were distinguished poets

the one of them was a
Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies,
mer and
One
fought bravely.
himself with
this,
II. b. Each
Each has (by
best,
for imitation.
this,
another in
esse) his
fear.
we
way.
One
that.
occupies
that.
virtue deserves (deberi)
according to his
The veiy
excels in
another with
Each
is
its
particular (proprhis) praise.
accustomed
to
measure dangers
Fortune will form each one by his character.
ought always to place before (proponere) others
The
olive (olea) does not bear eveiy year, but general-
OF THE NUMERALS.
95.]
two
ly every
is
Who
(alter) years.
251
of you has heard this news
the greatest orator of antiquity
Who
Scipio and Hannibal were very
was the general of the Romans, the other

?
The very most learned men are the most modest. Both, Caesar and Pompey were great
jnen which dost thou consider the greatest ? Both the Romans and
the Germans were very brave which considerest thou the bravest ?
renowned
generals, the one
of the Carthaginians
which dost thou prefer
Neither of us
all
[man] nor the
flatterer,
from
here
(=
from
free
is
hence), another
Dangers threaten one
to praise.
/ro77i
wicked
Neither, neither the
faults.
we
ought
(=
</iere
This pleases
thence).
one, that another.

III. a.
All
Jusdy one censures those who act righdy from (prae)
when one
uncertain,
is
They
laughs.
departs
One has
praise me.
prepare the mind for (ad)
can in no manner
He who
all.
pride and arrogance.
Without
we
virtue
as with himself?
III. b.
sophy
They
becoming,
It is
to
They
soul,
We
me.
will censure
(pravitas) of the
may
How
What
who pursued
The
deride fools.
(=
one properly
property.
avoid,
us flee
is
dare to speak
short
philo-
(=
the
whom
one
Honorable conduct
run.
perversities
correctly) calls faults.
means of living (victus) and care of the body,

strength, not to
let
sur-
ocean.
call
honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with

lives.
One
is
do religiously what one does.
They
or ostentation.
one)
cannot be happy.
called those philosophers sophists,
for gain
earth
what one can
one
fear.
right.
In prosperity,
whom
sweeter, than to have [a friend] with
(=
fears
with a quiet mind.
live
The
praised me.
rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we
We
from
(discedere)
we
longest
the
is
Tlie
refer to health
What one
life
and
of man,
when one compares

he must make good.
(subj.)
than by force.
becoming, not to censure that which one does not
It is
By
to eternity!
it
entreaties,
one often
has promised,
effects (perficere)
more
understand (intelligere, Suhj.).
771
Of
95.
1.
Concerning mille and
2.
The
any each
wishes
distributives,
1
or
at a
filiis
is
the
divided equally a7nong
number of
hence,
if
4.
question, hoiu
used when one
are
tunes.
senos libros dat (six books a piece,
each of his sons six books
Rem.
33.
time?
a number
several objects, or a certain

Pater
Numerals.
which answer
how many
to express, that
the
milia, see
i.
we suppose
e.
the father gives
three sons, the father
OF THE NUMERALS.
252
divides eighteen books into three equal parts).
Sex
95.
fossae, quinos pe-
des ahae, ducebantur (each six feet deep).

3.
Besides, the
distributives
are
used
for the
cardinal
numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as bina

For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a
castra, tiuo camps.
una castra, one camp, unae nuptiae, one luedis used, as
dingy unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but
:
terna castra, three camps a-piece).
CXXVII.
I.
A thousand
soldiers
have defended the
3000 enemies which assaulted
it.
(^95.)
city
spiritedly against
(omnis) Gaul which
All
em-
is
braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Se-
venns (mons Gehenna)
is
The
3,200,000 paces.
has pursued the enemy with 1000
As
soldiers.
so at Carthage twô kings, were annually elected.
at
leader of our
army
Rome two consuls,

The Roman legions
consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen.
The army of
wrote a
the enemies
letter to
had pitched 2 camps, ours

Veiy often by a
each of his 4 sons.
already enfeebled powers of an

acres of land a-piece
army been
were divided (perf )
3.
The
truce,
restored (reparare).
to the people.
gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries.
father
have the
Two
The mother
The enemies
pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded.

II.
The army of
the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen
and 13,500 horsemen.
According
to (ex) the
opinion of Posidonius,
there are 20,000,000 stadia from the earth to the

stadia thence to the sun.
fended the
The
city against the
citizens
enemy.
boy 2 apples, 3 pears, 4 plums and 12
moon
[andj 5,000,000
with 1000 soldiers have de-
The mother gave

cherries.
(perf) to each
Caesar divided (perf)
among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just
so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies
drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet
Two
broad.
walls surround the
The towers upon

the walls.
In each
4000 horsemen.
each of
camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and
tliree different
2.
18 feet high and 8 feet broad.
Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex)

places.
(gen.) your school? about 30.
thumb
city,
the walls of Babylon, were about 10 feet higher than
father divided
How many
The
scholars are in a class in
fingers of
(perf) equally
men have 3 joints,
among
(dat.) his
the
4 sons
4444
dollars,
how many
The
city
each receive
dollars did
Yesterday
brother has 3 writing-tablets.
has 6 towers, each of which
time, at length (tandem) a letter came,

(esse) of these 22 letters
is
(perf.) ? 1111.
received (perf.) 2
268
and
whole
ego
My
letters.
After a long
feet high.
this
Si vales, bene est
253
SUPINE.
INFINITIVE.
96, 97.]
letter consisted
valeo.
96. Infinitive.
The Infinitive is used

As subject, as dulce et decorum
b) As object ; this is especially the
:
a)
est pro patria
nifying to
loill,
to be
mori;
case with verbs sigas: volo (cupio,
able, ought, should,
studeo, possum, debeo) discere.
Rem.
1.
In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin.

as multum ipse pugnare,
Pres. for the finite verb (historical injinitive)
saepe hostem/enVe.
Rem.
2.
For
the Ace. with the Infin., see 105.
97. Supine.
1.
The Supine
verbs.
In
takes the
It
verbs of going-, com-
in U7n stands with
express the end of these
ing, sending, calling, in order to
urbem migravi
same case
habitatum.
as
its
verb.
hominum
Ingens
multitudo in urbem
convenit ludos publicos spedatum.

2.
The Supine
in
u stands
dignus, indignus, facilis,

ful),
nefas est
To
with
dulcis,
;
b)
many
Fas
est didu.
adjectives as
jucundus, molcstus,
sîXh.
not lawful) and opus
(it is
fas
est (it is
law-
est.
Nefas est didu.
Deliher^
est.
CXXVIII
I.
difficilis
Pira dulcia sunt gustatu.

cdu opus
a)
a nearer definition of them, as
a cultivated and learned man, to think
fathers or
ancestors
some renown, seek
have
distinguished
to excel in the veiy
teaches to bear (ferre) labor.
is
(^^96,97.)
to live.
(praestare)
They, whose
themselves by
same kind of praise. Practice

virtue nobody can be happy.
Without
The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The
Romans sent (perf) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the
oracle.
What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a
22
GERUND.
254
adorned with wise thoughts and weighty
discourse
An
unripe grape
The
is bitter to taste.
98.
[^
(gravis)
words
easy to catch in disturb-
fish is
ed water.
n.
To
light
and
prefer
money to fi-iendship
The soul cannot
than to correct [them].
we
ought to bear patiently.
(perf ) in [in with ace.) the
The
games.
to
it is
decay.
comes
All that
shorter a narrative
It is easier to
by our
to pass
great multitude of
see errors
fault (culpa),
men assembled
order to see (spectare) the public
city, in
the plainer (dilucidus) and easier
is,
The
understand (cognoscere).
Poets wish both to de-
base.
is
to profit.
orators pass over all
which
is
base to speak.
The gerund
1.
scribendum
est, is
Gerund.
98.
in the
Nom.
in connection with
English
translated into
we may
translate
Obtemperandum
The remaining
3.
of the Infin.
own
Nom.
is
the
same
JVatare est utile
Gen. JVatandi ars
Dat.
as
gerund
is
used only in
of the cases of the
(swimming
is useful).
of
learn to swim, or
swimming
in
is
useful).
JVatandi
swimming).
fitted for
swimming).
swimming)
but ad natandum
swimming, or: to swim).
natandum [vfhWQ swimming); oh natandum (on ac-
homo
Inter
same case
as the use of the cases of substantives.
utilis est (the art
disco
must,
Suo cmquejudido utendum
The use
sum peritus (I am skilled

Katando homo aptus est (man is
Ace. JVatare
it
etc.
cases of the gerund supply the cases
connection with a preposition.
gerund
thou, he, she,
which
Hence
judgment).
the Ace. of the
Still
gerund with an object in the

used.
See 99. 1.
est virtutis pratceptis.
(each one must use his
as
the
accusative, the gerundive is
est
/,
like the infinitive, takes the
But instead of
verb.
by
into English
must, should (write),
The gerund,
2.
its
it
we
should (write),
put in the dative.
is
est,
to he (writ-
llhe person
ten) or: one must, one should (write),
must or should do something
it is
(I
aptus est
(is
fitted for
count of swimming).
Abl. JVatando corj)oris vires exercentur (by swimming).
(in
In natando
swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de
natando.
GERUNDIVE.
99.]
255
Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun,

same manner as a noun.
is
governed
in its different cases in the
The gerund in the

same case as
4.
oblique cases also, like the
Infin.,
Still,
instead of the ge-
rund in the Dat. and Ace. with an object

See 99. 1.
the gerundive is used.
in the accusative^
takes the
Ars pueros bene educandi
verb.
its
Pauci idoni sunt ad
difficilis est.
aliis
im-
perandum.
CXXIX.
Exercises fo?- translation.
L Man should always think
that
short.
is
life
{ 98.)
The laws of Lycur-
gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hun-
The
gering, thirsting, freezing, sweating.
of others,
Not
to (gen.) sinning (peccare).
should learn.
good scholar
is
Oue must
all
enticements
we
for (dat.) the school, but for life
During
desirous of learning much.
(inter) the deliberation (cousultare)
with arms.
relieve the misery
effort to
Avoid thou
very agreeable to good men.
is
one ought not
Who
use exercise of body and mind.
to
contend (decertare)
Boys and youths should
not spare an enemy.
has not learned to obey,
not
is
Pompey were inclined (propenBy nothing do men approach (accedere)

sus ad) to spare the enemies.
nearer to God, than by giving safety to men.
By teaching we learn.
II. It is sufficiently known, that good men must contend with the
fit
command.
(idoneus) to
Socrates
bad.
(=
ing
body, but
We
was accustomed, by
asking) to
discoursed
elicit
One must come
(multo)
and question-
for aid, not
whom
merely
to
he
the
more to the understanding and the mind.

Wlio does not know, that the hope of im-
should forget injuries.
punity
is
a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare).
zens burned (exardescere,
of using time wisely
speak.
Man
riding.
The
(inter)
is
born
Few men
The
to act.
One must
From
citi-
Learn,
boys, early the
are fitted {idoneus with dat.) to
Persians were very skilful in (gen.)

is
discovered
(=
uncovered) in
delaying (cunctari) Fabius wâs called the
abstain from ignoble pleasures.
1.
use the occasion.
All the
with desire to fight for the safety of
character (mos, plur.)
playing freely.
delayer.
per/.)
One must
their countiy.
art
inquii-y (percontari)
the sentiments (opinio) of those with
(disserere).
much
Caesar and
99.
Gerundive.
When the gerund would take
an object in
the accusative^
::
256
GERUNDIVE.
the gerundive
is
[^
99.
commonly used instead of the gerund in the
Gen. and Ab\. and always instead of the gerund in the

Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the gerund, stands in the dative.
The change
2.
of the construction
of the
gerund into
that of the gerundive takes place in the following
The noun standing
a)
manner
Ace. with the gerund,
in the
put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands
The gerund is changed into the gerundive.

But the gerundive is put in the sa7ne case, number and
gender as the noun.
b)
c)
E.
If in the phrase
g.
ars pueros educandi
rundive instead of the gerund, he must:
a)
one would use the ge-
put the Ace. pueros in the
case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen.
orum)
b)
educandus,
der,
is
puerorum
(ars puer-
he must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive

a, urn
c) finally,
number and
must put
this
gerundive in the same gen-
case as puerorum, hence educandorum.
JVbm Nobis bene educandum est pue- Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt.
ros, must be changed into
Gen. Ars civitatem gubernandi est dif- Ars civitatis guhernandae est dif:
ficillima
for v^hich
common-
ficillima.
Ace.
Asinus idoneus est oneraportan- A sinus idoneus est oneribus pordo, must be changed into
tandis.
Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- Puer aptus est ad litteras trac-
AU.
Litteras tractando
Dat.
tandum,m\}st\}Q changed into

tur, for
ingenium acur-
which commonly
tandas.
Litteris tractandis
ingenium acul-
tur.
Remark. But
the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed

Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an adstudium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscenjective or pronoun, as
dorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not hujus audiendi).
into the
3.
The gerundive
take, to give, care,
stands also with verbs signifying to
attend
to,
give up, cause and the
like,
in
order to express an intention or end.

Urbs a duce
dux
vit
niilitibus diripienda data
militibus diripiendam dedit.
(caused to be led back).
est (for
plundering).
Urbem
Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura'
GERUNDIVE.
99.]
CXXX.
I.
When
and
much
wrath moves thee very
thy tongue very carefully.

v/ell
257
The
of governing (gubernare) a state
art
Many
wisely, is very difficult.
99.)
('J
(maxime), thou must curb
more desirous of increasOne must account
are
ing [their] riches than of exercising [their] virtue.

the
(aptus,
um, with
a,
art
for preserving
rimum)
dot.) for
our health.
[his]
avail very much

The Phenicians were
health.
No
possession
of the contempt of death
whole
life
in
Socrates passed (perf
Some
care
to
much
upon the proper
(=
good) bringing up of their chil-
The contempt of death
from
in delivering the soul
woman, the
domestic
To be drawn
investigate truth,
(nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening
(acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys.
very
eflfort to
The life of the wise man

Good parents bestow [collocare in
consists in the exercise of virtue.

abl.) all
very
be esteemed
with duty (contra officium).
is inconsistent
dren.
to
improving the morals of others.
(abdaci) from active duties (res gerere) by the
with
is
(plu-
the second of the enduring of
the third of the relieving of sorrow.
is fitted
very useful
The soldiers tried (experiri)all [things] in order to

The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations
(ad) capture the city.
pain
is
Gymnastic exercises
of governing ships.
higher than virtue.
treats (est)
Water
bearing great loads.
for (ad) confirming the
skilful in the art
The camel
of living well and peacefully.
wisdom
avails
Nature has given (tradere)
fear.
attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the
aflfairs (res).
Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city to
Good
the soldiers, for plundering (diripere).
parents take care (curare)
to instruct then" children well.
He
II,
(is) is to
(turpitudo).
The
be accounted (existimare)
desire (cura) to preserve
in every living being.
temperance.
The
we must
In joking (jocari),
faculty of curbing the tongue
on account of a desire
who
free,
itself, is
is
sei-ves
no vice
inborn by nature
preserve (adhibere)
very useful.
desirous to carry on war.
for fame, are
Many,
We
should pronounce nobody happy before death.
Virtue has the greatest
power of
Soldiers should
how
(=
freeing minds from
be acquainted with)
to
the
passions.
endure hunger and
ble things have been created by
God
in
thirst.
know
Innumera-
order (dat.) to delight men.
How many things

Thou must try all [things]
in order to obtain the praise of the good.
The winds are very useful
for (ad) dispersing the injurious dust.
By the pursuit (tractare) of
literature, we should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but
Many
plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds.
are necessaiy for the preservation of
22*
life
258
PARTICIPLE.
[$
The book of Plutarch concerning

many useful precepts.
better also.
children (puer) contains
(persequi) of
Be
soul.
trare) of
all duties,
one must bestow an
which thou
art not competent
Conon caused
(reficere).
in
We
kill all
Roman
citizens in (abl.) the
100. Participle.
governs the same case as
epistolam scribens, hosiihus parcens, and like an
adjective, agrees in gender,
as
In the se-
boys good books to read.
give the
participle, like the Infin.,
verb, as
its
hast not grown).
one day.
The
1.
of the
management (adminis-
should bestow the greatest foresight.
Mithridates took means (curare) to
whole of Asia
(=
In the performance
(curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander,
be repaired
to
we
up of
the bringing
effort (contentio)
unwilling to receive an office to the
lection (eligere) of friends,
100.
number and
case with
its
noun,
puer laudatus, puella laudata.
2.
a)
The participle is used as follows

Wholly as an adjective, as rosa
florens pulchra est
blooming
blooming)
(the
Rosa
rose).
(the rose is
est florens
b) Instead of the relative ivho, luhich with
the finite verb, as: cives acriter
cum
some form of
hostibus dimica-
bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the

city)
c)
Instead of the conjunctions,
loliile, as,
after, ivlien,
because, since, although with the finite verb, as
if,
cog-
haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus (when we think upon heavenly things).
itmites coelestia,
Hostes,
amnem
transgressi, castra
muniverunt
(after
they had passed over the river).

3.
The
Part. Fut. Act. is often
design or purpose, and in
this
used in order
case
is to
in order that with the finite verb, or
by
to express
be rendered by
that,
in order to with the
Infin.
Ingens
hominum
multitudo in
urbem convenit ludos publicos speda-
tura.
4.
There are two kinds of participial construction in
259
PARTICIPLE.
100.]
Latin
the one is called the conjunctive participial construe-
tion, the other the
we
Since
ablative absolute.
generally
by a subordinate clause,
two constructions may be ex-
translate the participle into English
the difference between these
plained as follows
The
a)
conjunctive participial construction
has for
noctem (when the sun
rises,
Lacedaemonem
the night).
tides
had been expelled from
put to
he (Aristides)
fugit (as Arisfled to
Lace-
receperunt (after the
obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the
Caesar
flight,
The
b)
his countiy,
the sun) chases
it (i. e.
Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se
enemy had
camp).
case with this subject or object.
Aristides, patria pulsus,
away
demon).
when
own, but
In this case, the participle agrees in
number and
Sol oriens pellit
its
subject either the subject or object of the
its
principal clause.
gender,
used,
is
the subordinate clause has no subject of
hostes fiigatos
persecutus
the
est, after
enemy had been
Caesar pursued them (the enemy).
ablative absolute is used,
clause has
own
its
subject,
when
which
is
the subordinate
neither the subject
nor the object of the principal clause.
In
this
case
the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the

ablative
Sole oriente,
artes
td pace,
and the
nox
participle is
(when the sun
fugit
added in the same
rises, the
efllorescunt (as soon as
peace
night
is
flees).
case.
Recupera-
regained, the arts
flourish).
Rem. Very often both the

may be translated by
conjunctive participle
and the
ablative
a substantive with or without a preposition, as

the rising of the sun dispels the night after obtaining
the victory, the enemy returned to the camp with the setting of the
absolute
sun night
Rem.
flees.
and
adjectives also, are often used in the same

helium Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum
est (under the conduct of Caesar).
JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto
potest (under the guidance of nature).
Natus est Augustus, Cicerone
et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony).
way
2.
Substantives
as participles, as
CXXXL
I.
a.
which
What
is
is
100.)
so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence,
given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the
260
PARTICIPLE.
100.
Change of country does not always change

pitched a camp in a place which was surrounded by mai'shes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin
(exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation.
Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besiegdestruction of the good?
the morals.
The enemies
ing Ardea.
Since the
Romans
feared the snares of the Germans, they
After Dionysius the tyrant had been expell-
returned over the Rhine.
ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys
we
at Corinth.
laugh
when we
sometimes breaks forth so
violently, that
desire, restrain (tenere)
Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan-
der,
was the most
he had been brought up in
dear, because
When
ner with himself.
semble
[it].
like
man-
the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as-
with ace.) one place.
at [in
cannot, even
In the third Punic war, Scipio
passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage.
What do
b.
I.
eighty years,
which are spent
activity (inertia), profit (juvare) a
which dwells
When
two bodies,
in
arms against
Alexander had possessed himself
Marathon (Marathonius,
country.
his
Sulla
on war with the king Mithridates.

themselves of the
a,
was
sent to Asia, in order to carry
By
it.
day (interdiu)
we do not
We
see the stars, because they are obscm'ed by the light of the sun.
have confidence in upright men, even
mies dispersed
by
selves,
if
(dilabi, per/.)
we
fear death.
II.
a.
When we
arts,
fear.
We
God
Since
When
humanity
When
ceases to be man.
of Plato, he took his
life.
empire was rated (perf
).
if the fear
guides
is
human
The
live
happily (beate),
Men have
What solici-
of capital punishment were
affairs,
we
should be destitute
extirpated from the soul, the
away
sion follow.
to have
piety
Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman

drawn together, the
After the troops were
At the
instigation
after
After
and a great confu(by audor) of the magians, Xerxes was
religion, disturbance
of
life
burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece.
mains rich even
We
and
man
Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo
general determined (perf) to attack the canip of the enemies.

taking
ene-
order to protect them-
cannot
while nature taught [them].
tude would torment the wicked,
of all
they are not sworn.
strive against nature, the labor is vain.
invented innumerable
taken away?
if
into the city, in
the walls (moenia).
(abl.)
fell
um), while he was bearing
After the enemies had possessed
they plundered
city,
(exigere) in (per) in-
friends are like one soul
Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus,
of Egypt, he built Alexandria.

in the battle of
Two
man ?
the loss (amittere) of
all
The wise man
re-
the goods of fortune.
hope, that our army, which has distinguished itself under the con-
COOEDINATE SENTENCES.
101.]
duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for

er glory under the conduct of a
11.
When
b.
m a low
are
loss
of
scattered (discuti,
of all things,
The wise man
we
all
great virtues
unhappy,
will not be
after the
After the rising of the sun, the mists were

After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature
jêr/!).
are freed (levare) from
after the line-of-battle of the
ed, led
itself still (etiam) great-
good general.
pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari),
condition.
his goods.
all
261
The sedition of
wisdom (consilium) of
back his soldiers into the camp.
which had been quieted by
Caesar,
superstition.
(abl.)
enemies was broken through and
the
hroke out again (recrudescere, perf.^ in his absence.
scatter-
the soldiers,
the general,
After the expul-
and Tarquinius Collatinus were made

Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born under the
reign of Tiberius, he died.
The Greeks took possession of Thermosion of the kings, Junius Brutus
consuls.
Caesar, although he had conquered
pylae as the Persians approached.
The Greeks, under
(passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army.
the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon.
Be-
cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into
the camp.
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
1.
101. A.
Coordinate Sentences.
Coordinate sentences are those which have a
common
reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of
each other, as
was
2.
Demosthenes was a great
orator, Cicero also
a great orator.
The
1)
relation of coordinate sentences is
Copulative^
which
expressed
is
ac (never before a vowel or
/i),
by
a)
et,
atque,
que, and; b) by:
etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not,
and^
sed etiam, not only

as
quum tum,
modo modo, or nuncnunc, or
neque
tum tum, now now^ thenthen;
nor
.neque
also not)
e)
d) et
et,
both
as loell
as also
non modo (solum, tantum)

hut also;
(inerely)
especially;
so loell
f)
g)
h)
(nee)
(nee), neither
2) Adversative^
which
is
expressed by
sed, but^ hut
262
SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.
rather; autem,
verum, hut; tamen, yet;
vero,
at,
102.
[$
attamen, veruntamen, but yet

3)
Disjunctive^
which
sive
4)
5)
expressed by
is
aut
sive (seu), or; b)

sive, ivhether
or
aut, vel
or^ either
a) aut, vel, ve,
vel,
either
or;
which is expressed by na77i and enim (for)

Deductive^ which is expressed by: igitur, itaque,
Causal^
ergo, hence^ therefore
on
ideo,
Rem.
belong, as
igitur
Que and
1.
word.
Rem.
always stand attached
ve
pater mater^we, pater mater?;e
do not stand
and
account^
this
the like.
at the
to the
word
to
which they
autem, vero, enim, quoque,
beginning of the sentence, but after the
first
used with the indicative, as sive id verum est,

be true or false). Aut aut and vel vel differ
from each other in this, that in aut aut the one clause really and necessarily excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as holding good only when the idea of the other is excluded; but in vel
vel
2.
Sive
sive falsura
sive are
(whether
it
the exclusion
only ollowahle or optional.
is
102.
1.
B. Subordinate Sentences.
Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de-
and hence are dependent.

which another belongs as a dependent
the principal sentence^ the dependent sentences
fine other sentences

2.
The
sentence
part, is called
or clause,
E.
g.
to
on the contrary,
in the
compound
is
called the sudordinate sentence.
sentence
the trees bloom," the last clause
principal sentence,
and
the
"
first "
when
the spring comes,
" the trees
when
bloom,"
is the
the spring comes,"
the subordinate sentence.

3.
Subordinate sentences are:

a)
Substantive sentences^
i.
e.
such as are but the ex-
panded idea of some case of a

joice,
that thou art in health
substantive^ as
(=
I re-
I rejoice at thy
health)
b) Adjective sentences^
panded idea of an
i.
e.
such as are but the ex-
adjective (or participle), as: the
USE OF MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.
103.]
rose, ivhich blooms, is beautiful (== the
rose)
c)
263
blooming-
Adverbial sentence Sy\.
e.
such as are only an expan-
sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of

an adverb, as
after the enemy luas conquered,
:
(=
our soldiers returned
after the conquering
of
the enemy).
103.
Of the
Modes
use of the
in Subordinate Sentences.
In the subordinate sentences which are introduced
1.
the indefinite relative
cunque,
pronouns
quotcunque, ubicunqne,
utcunque, quotquot,
etc.
by
quisquis, quicunque, qualis-
quocuqnue, quotiescnnque,
the indicative is
used in Latin, while
we, in English, generally use the pronoun whoever,
etc.
with
the subjunctive.
Sapiens, uhicunque
modo res sese
may
be).
2.
more
est,
hahet, in
Quicquid
The use
est,
may be). Quoquo

mea permanebo (however the thing
non deseram (whatever it may be).
beatus est (wherever he
sententia
ego
te
of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be
fully explained in treating of particular subordinate
sentences.
a)
For
the present the following
may
suffice
Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that

not,
quin
(after the
phrases
it is
I do
not doubtfid,
not doubt), that, always take the Subj.

b)
In questions depending
upon another sentence
direct questions) the Subj. is
mihi, cur rideas

cio,
(tell
me,
ubi fueris (I do not
always used, as
why you
laugh).
[in-
die
Nes-
know, where you have
been).
Succession of the
104.
Tf^.nses in
Subjunctive Subordinate
Senleu 6,y.
The
following rules
may
be given for the succession of
the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences

a)
Upon
a principal tense
Pres.
Perfect-present
and
SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES.
264
Fut., there follows again a principal Tense
104.
Pres. Perfect-
present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as

the discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed,
completed or future action;
Upon an
b)
historical tense
Imperf.
Perfect-historical
and Plupf., there follows again an historical tense: Imperf.

Plupf and Future Periphrastic Imperf, according as the
discourse in the subordinate sentence
is
of a like timed,
completed or future action.

Scio,
Scieham, quid ageres.
Scio,
quid agas.
quid egeris.
Sdo, quid adurus sis.
Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas.
Cognovi, quid egeris.
Cognovi, quid audurus sis,
Audiam, quid agas.
Audiam, quid egeris.
Audiam, quid adurus sis.
Scieham, quid egisses.
Sciebam, quid adurus
Cognovi
(I
esses.
learned), quid ageres.
Cognovi, quid egisses.

Cognovi, quid adurus
esses.
Cognoveram, quid ageres.

Cognoveram, quid egisses.
Cognoveram, quid adurus
esses.
venias.
Optabam, ut ad me venires.
Te rogo, ne
Te rogaham, ne mihi succenseres. Non duhito, quin
rem tuam bene geras. Non duhitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem
tuam bene geras. Non dubitabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis.
Non dubitabam [dubitavi, I doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene
Opto, ut ad
me
mihi succenseas.
gereres (gessisses, gesturus esses).
CXXXII
In whatever
I.
way
the thing has
to desert (deserere) the post
ed [man]
may
be,
we would
fortune, however
Wherever thou mayest
and of
to thee.
lend aid to him
may
103, 104.)
not permitted to thee
itself, it is
committed
great they
Whoever that wretchThe goods of the body
be, are
uncertain and
be, thou shouldst live uprightly.
powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others.
Who
frail.
is
so
Tell me,
what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The
friend related to me, where he had been, where he was, and where he
would
the
be.
Who
Romans?
against the
doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against
Nobody doubted,
Romans.
that Hannibal fought very bravely
do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off
the victory over the enemy.
Nobody doubted,
that
we
should bear off
the victory over the enemy.

II.
Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.
105.]
265
the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peace-
Whatever we may
ful life.
we should do
do,
deliberately.
it
However
doubt, that you have benefited your country.
wisdom may
be, thou shouldst
still
always be modest.
do not
great thy
Whithersoever
thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom.
What man
so wise, that he can never be deceived
is
that thou art
now
contented with thy
wast contented with thy

whither thou
[their]
country
was not
about
art
may be
doubtful,
Tell
lot.
me where
to [journey].
It is
in danger, the
that,
when
I did
lot.
do not doubt
not doubt, that thou
thou hast journied and
not doubtful, that, when (ubi)

will fight bravely.
citizens
country was in danger, the
[their]
It
citi-
zens would fight bravely.
I.
SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES.
Preliminary Remark.
In the English language, substantive sentences
are introduced by the conjunctions:
that, that not,
In Latin they are expressed by

b) by substantive sentences with
that not.
Infin.
a)
in order that, in order
the accusative with the
ut, ne, quo,
quomtnus, quin,
quod.
1.
When
105. A,
Accusative tvith Infinitive.
a sentence, as
rosa
floret, is
of the verbs mentioned below (No.

(rosa) is
changed
"When
rosam
the predicate
the object of one
in Latin, the subject
into the Ace. (rosam)
into the Infin., as: video
blooms).
2.),
and the
finite
verb
florere (I see, that the rose

is
expressed by an adjective
or substantive with the verb 5wm, fio^ etc. (84.), the adjective or substantive is also
put in the Ace, as: aqua/ng"fc^
aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water

Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we
Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construc-
est; sentio
is
cold).
hear, that
tion is called the Ace. with the Infinitive.
Rem.
with a
2.
1.
In English, this construction is generally expressed by that

and a noun, adjective or participle in the nominative.
finite verb
The Ace. with the

a)
Infin. is
used in the following cases

and per-
After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling

ceiving; of saying
23
and relating;
266
105.
b) After verbs of ivilUng, desiring-^ leUing-, bidding' and
forbidding; volo, nolo,
and patior
After the expressions
c)
statj
(it
is
necessary),
nialo,
cupio, studeo
sino
jubeo and veto

:
apparet,
known), and the

licet,
jusium
est,
evident),
is
(it
like
opus
aequum
est,
mos
co?2(it is
est,
and
est,
the like.
Sentimus calere ignem, nivem
Romam
non
a Romiilo condUam
Folo
patitur nos luxuria indulgere.
Caesar
pontem resdndere
milites
duke
esse albam,
esse.
Caesar
milites
Historia narrat,
mel.
ex ilinere
te
mox
Constat inter omnes,
vetuit.
Virtus
redire.
castra munire jussit.
Romanos
fuisse fortissimos.
Rem.
2.
When
no agent
expressed after jubere, vetare, sinere and

Pass, is used in Latin.
Caesar castra
Caesar pontem rescindi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pasis
pati in the Infin., the Infin.
muniri jussit.
sus
est.
Rem.
3.
With
licet (it is
permitted)
there
is
commonly found
the
Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin.
as
quieto esse tibi
Rem.
licet.
Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace.
4.
ivith the Infin.
or with the Subjunctive without
studeamus oportet.
sapiens semper beatus
studere, or, virtuti
tum
esse,
3.
or
The Nom. with
dicor,
the
uty
as
oportet nos virtuti
semper
JVecesse est sapientem

sit
Infin.
necesse
bea-
est.
stands with the passives
trador, feror (they say that
credor, existimor (they believe that
or
I,
I),
I am
videor
said)
(it
putor,
seems that
T),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me).
(Ego) bonus
esse dicor
(Tu) bonus
esse
(they say, that
diceris
am
good, or;
am
(they say, that thou art good, or
said, etc.)
:
thou art
said, etc.)
Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur)

(JVos) boni esse putamur (they beheve, that we are good).
(Vos) boni
esse
putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini)
Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur).

Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est.
(Ego) rem intelligere videor (I seem to understand the
seems that I understan(J). (Tu) laetus esse videris.
esse videtur.
Illi laeti esse
(JVbs) laeti esse videmur.

videntur.
(Ego)
(Vos)
laeti
laetus esse videbar, etc.
thing, or:
Ille
it
laetus
esse videmini.
105.]
me
(Ego) juheor scribere (they bid

(they forbid thee to write).
commanded
know
my
that
Romans
body
mortal,
is
Some
into existence (nasci)
{k
my
that
[but]
Orpheus never
destroyed Carthage.
world came
tiie
vetaris sciibere
facerc jussi sunt (they
Exercises/or translation,
Aristotle shows, that the poet
the
pontem
the soldiers to build a bridge).
CXXXIII
I.
(Tu)
write).
Milites
267
existed.
105.)
is
It is
known,
that thou wilt soon return
by chance.
Titus
was
God governs
the whole world
It
wars
(bella Perslca),
is
known,
unwilling,
We
Who can
from (ex) the journey.
very bravely against the Romans.
that
philosophers believed, that
any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad.
that
immortal.
soul
hope,
deny, that
that Hannibal fought
History relates, that, in the Persian
innumerable troops of the Persians were routed
Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to
by the Greeks.
It is not permitted to many men, to be

The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importaj-e,
Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an
the murderer of Alexander.

idle.
see
inferior (inferior), as
we wish
a superior (superior) to
live
with us.
no one, who should not wish, that his children should be

happy. Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make
peace with PhiUp, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides,
There
is
was the most just of all

Thales
Who
first
the Athenians.
(primus) predicted an
They
eclipse
of
We
may
fall to
solis).
should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom
our
lot.
ty of the state to
good
his
all
soldiers to assault the city.

saulted.
The
citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni-
own
Caesar bade (perf ) his
advantages.
Caesar caused (jubere) the city
general forbade, to plunder the taken
first
(prima) taught the use of grain to men.
grave of Cyrus to be opened.

er than the earth.
nis) condition of life
known
It
It is said, that
Wlio does not know,
literature.
to
be as-
general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken
The
It is
sun (defeciio
reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey-
ed.
II.
relate that the Milesian

the
They
say, that
city.
Ceres
Alexander allowed the
seems, as though the sun were smallthe
war
that the wise
Who
city.
is
man
finished.
is
peaceful in every (om-
can deny, that he has ever done wrong ?
of all, that Athens was the inventress of most arts and

It is
that we benefit even the bad on acwe he wanting (deesse) to the good on
The wise man frankly (ingenue) acknowledges,
better (satius)
count of the good, than that

account of the bad.
268
that
UT, NE,
he does not
know much.
We
of all things.
know,
UT NE, UT NON.
Thales
said, that
that the course of life
[$
water
is
is short,
l06.
the beginning
[but] that [the
It is known, that the conspiracy of

was detected by Cicero. Who does not know, that the health
The laws do not permit,
is strengthened by the exercise of the body ?
that an injury should be done to the citizens.
I would rather, that the
course] of fame will be eternal.
Catiline
enemies should hate me, than that

Euphi-ates (Euphrates,
Hadrian wished, that the
them.
might be the border of his kingdom.
is)
hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated.
could not endure
Men
(pati), that
Alcibiades
Athens should serve the Lacedemonians.
same [man] should be distinguished

was not permitted to the Romans, to depait
are not willing, that the very
in very
many
things.
It
uninjured from the country of the enemy.
Romulus and Remus,
It is
(tradi), that
related
Rome, were brought up by

Faustulus, a royal shepherd. They relate (ferri), that the giants made
war upon the gods. It is believed, that letters were invented by the
Phenicians.
God.
It is
the founders of
necessary (necesse
It is
est), that
the world be ruled by
needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that
thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed
Whom you
(agere, gerund).
you must (oportet)
at the
(second pers. subj.) would make learned,
same time make
(oportet), that virtue should despise
(= opposite)
posed
to
Marcellus
it.
attentive.
It
first
us, to
obey (obtemperare) the passions.
three
camps
camp.
It
be
you have read
have broken into
106. B.
nor), in the
(ut final),
ing
oui*
this
book
The
Reason forbids
general caused (jubere)
carefully.
It is said,
that the
It
ap-
enemy
camp.
Ut^ ne^ ut ne^
first
op-
Caesar forbade the soldiers, to desert the
nd non with the Subjunctive.
Ut, that (ne, ut ne, that not^
1.
is
appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing.
pears, that
fortified.
necessary
what
bade (perf ) the footmen,
then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies.
to
is
(aspernari) and hate
place, is
and stands
after
used
neve (neu), and
to express the
that not,
end or object
expressions o( making and
effect-
caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting,
persuading, aduising, exciting, urging, commanding (impero),
ordering; of wishing, alloiuivg oy permitting (concedo,
permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express
an end or
object (ut
= in order
that,
ne
= in order that
not).
UT, NE,
106,]
Sol
ut
efficit,
rem;
UT NE, UT NON.
Ante senectutem
omuia Jloreant.
ut vivamus
Dux
vive-
Te
ut acriter
est,
Edimus,
imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent.
non vivimus,
bene
curavi, ut
ut raihi succurras.
te,
Caesar milites hortatus
rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas.

dimicarent.
Oro
bene moriar.
in senectute, ut
269
ut edamus.
Rem. The verbs volo, nolo, malo, cupio are more frequently used
with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. 105,
2. b).
Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the
Infin. is in the passive, as
dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning
juheo and veto see 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2.
:
In the second place, ut
2.
(that), ut
pecially after: est^fit^ accidit^
is used
and stands es-
non, that not,
in order to express a result (ut consecutive)^
reliquum
everiit, conting-it ;
and the like after ita, sic, adeo, tarn, tantus,

finally, after any sentence, in order to express a
restat
= so
result {ut
that).
Persaepe
arum
est^
talis, etc.:
cum
evenit, ut utilitas
Ita vivere
utilitate loquar.
Restat, ut de litter-
honestate certet.
debemus, ut in omni re
recti conscien-
tiam servemus.
3.
After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne
translated
Omnes
by
and
that
ut
and ne non by
CXXXIV.
I.Cicero, informed (edocere) of
all
[things]
commanded the pretors, that they should seize

The laws of the Lacedemonians looked
bridge.
formed by
we may please God and man.

The
with uprightness.
It
labors.
desires.
in order that
mies.
live
The
106.)
by the ambassadors,
the Allobroges at the
(spectare) to this (id),
Virtue alone
Reason demands,
citizens
happily (beate).
eflfects,
that
of the
that
we
should
captured city entreated
Love
virtue, in
order that
Themistocles sought a narrow pass,
he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the ene-
At Athens
he was banished
to act rightly
teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should
Caesar, that he would spare their children.
thou mayest
Timeo,
often happens, that advantage contends
not devote themselves to indolence.

the
be
non perjidam, quod suscepi.
Vereor, ne
that the youth should be
to
that not.
cives metuehant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur.
ut hos labores sustineas.
restrain
is
it
(in
was accustomed
exilium
by virtue
itself,
not
23*
to
happen
to
the very best, that
The wise man is excited (movere)

by advantage. The power of upright-
pelli).
QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIM.
270
ness
we esteem
so great, that
is
have never seen, or
it,
whether
great poverty, that he scarcely left behind
be buried
(efferre).
correctly,
and
It is possible,
thy pain by
my
wherewith (qui) he might
that one (quis)
may
I fear (vereor), that I
We
think (sentire)
letter.
may have renewed
great (ingens) fear
feared, that our
mies apprehended, that their
(eloqui)
(refricare)
Roman
had seized the
senate, that a tribune of the people wôuld be chosen

(plebs).
whom we
Aristides died in so
which he thinks may not be expressed
[yet] that
elegantly (polite).
(vel) in those
even in an enemy.
(vel)
107.
[^
from the plebeians
measures had displeased you.
The
ene-
could not bear the attack of the
allies
Romans.
we
n. Before old age,
we
that
If
die well.
admonish
us, that
should look out, that
we
happen
[things]
all
we
live well, in old age,
by
(fieri)
should be more cautious.
strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable.
that
nothing can
The sun
and herbs bloom and reach maturity.
plants
all trees,
fate,
Natm-e incites
It
us, to
effects,
comes
pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents.
to
Pa-
children are not surrounded by bad men.
rents look out, that [their]
Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and
The
defend themselves with ships.
zens should deliver up
may be
they
praised
tlieir
arms.
[in turn]
demanded,
soldiers
Many
The
by them.
Romans (abl.
Caesar commanded
that the
citi-
praise others, in order that
Gauls, after they had
received the gold of the
abs.), returned, in
besiege the capitol.
the soldiers, not to go out
from the camp.
He
was
is
happy (beatus),
The composing of
(assequi) wisdom.
so delightful to Cicero, that
(abl.) so great friendship, that
forgotten.
counted.
whom
it
happens,
to obtain
book concerning old age,
took from (abstergere)
him
all
the
In a short time, the minds coalesced into
burdens (onus) of age.
was
it
to
the
order to
So great
is
every distinction of rank (ordo et locus)
the multitude of stars, that they cannot
be
happened, that the very same night in which Alexander
It
was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned

There was very gi-eat fear at Rome, that the Gauls
would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fearAll the citizens
ed, that the victory would cost them much blood.
feared, that the peace would not be of longer continuance.
the great
(conflagrare)
107. C.
1.
Quo
is
QuO) quommus and quin with the Subjunctive.
used
for ut eo,
in order that thereby
so that) so
much
the,
and indeed
a) in the
meaning,
b) in the meaning, that [in order
when
a comparative follows.
that^
QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN.
107.]
Haec
lex data
tatus est, quo
2.
est,
quo malefici deterrerentur.
ammo fortioi'e
Caesai* milites cohor-
essent.
QuojJimus stands after expressions of hindering', pre-
venting-, resisting, refusing
glish
271
by
be translated into En-
is to
that.
Aetas non
iynpedit,
quominus
litteras
Non
quominus beatusîY?
ohstare,
and
Quid
trademus.
sapienti potest
repugnaho, quominus hunc librum
legas.
3.
Quin
a)
used
is
In the meaning that not, instead of ut non after a

negative principal clause.
Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for-
bear to write to you
daily).
caperetur.
quin sim miserrimus.
jYihil abest,
Homines
hostes vincereniur.
non
Fieri
potuit, quin urbs
ab hostibus
Aon multum
ahfuit,
quin
barbari sibi non temperahant, quin in
Italiam contenderent
b) In the
meaning
vYoji dubito, quin
tliat,
verum
%i{s
dixeris.
Dubium non
tiae sint positae ?
after
duhium non
quis dubitat?
erat,
non
nemo
diihito,
dubitat,
est.
dubitat, quin in virtute divi-
quin victoriam de hostibus reporta-
turi essemus.
Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead

of qui non, quae non, quod non, as nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui
virtutem ament.
:
CXXXV.
I.
Good
scholars bestow
all
imitate foreign
scholars should
make
107.)
institutions.
progress in literature.
Indolence prevents, that
Not even
troops.
it
was prevented,
not possible, that
who
is (subj.)
may
we
enemies should attack our
should not consider (judicare) him foolish,
not master of himself
not violate
Homer, poets
ruled by
of nature
the swiftness
Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious soldiers.
It is
ness
that the
faults
By
could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence.
of our horsemen
may make the

way to our
Pride did not stand in the
better progi-ess in literature.
ancestors, to
toU and care, that they
it.
lived (esse).
God ?
It is
It
Nothing
is
so sacred, that rash-
cannot be doubted, that already before
Who
can doubt, that the whole world
not doubtful, that
all
which
is
considered
is
evil,
QUOD WITH
272
seems severer
who may
found
II.
THE INDICATIVE.
[when] unforeseen.
(gravior, us)
not wish, that his children
may
[f 108.
There
nobody
is
Nothing
love virtue.
Good parents do not cease
(intermittunt)
may grow
children to virtue, in order that they
to
better
exhort
[their]
daily (in dies).
way of
All the soldiers believed, that nothing wôuld stand in the

their gaining
(adipisci) the victory.
(== reaching)
much true knowledge
Superstition prevents attaining
No
of things.
hindrance deterred
AlexEinder from penetrating (penetrare) to the Ocean.
a wise
man from
pursuing (studere) virtue.
Nothing keeps
Avarice prevents
Who
from enjoying the good [things] which they possess.

contemplates
The
lot
We
a God.
is
do not doubt, that our
soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear
off a victory over the enemies.
contented with their
men
[ever]
heavens, the earth and the order of the whole
(fut.) the
world, will not doubt, that there

souls are immortal.
is
very wisely constituted by God.
in nature, w^hich is not
do not
It
is
live
not possible, that they
We
happy.
who
are
cannot forbear des-
who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to

who had captured the city, that they might not violate it.
There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There
pising those
the enemies
is
almost nothing so
cannot do
1.
difficult, that
108. D.
his powers,
Quod
(that)
Qiiod (that) with the Indicative.

introduces a substantive sentence, which
ground of the predicate
gives the explanation or

other
man, by the exertion of
it.
word
The
of the principal clause.
with quod^ only
when
timent of another.
the sentence
The
is
or
some
subjunctive stands
expressed as the sen-
cases in which quod
is
used are
the following
a)
After certain expressions, as
facio
hene^ male, prudenter
bene, male evenit, accidit
and the
like
b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substantive or
pronoun in the principal sentence
c) After verbs signifying an affection of the mind, as

laetor, g-audeo, doleo, indignor,
fero, queror, miror,glorior
aegre fero, moleste
also after verbs oi prais-
ing, censuring, accusing, thanking.
Bene fads, quod
me
adjuvas.
Magnum
beneficium est naturae, quod
ADJECTIVE SENTENCES.
109.]
Gaudeo, quod
necesse est mori.
Laudo
vales.
te,
quod rem tuam bene
Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfuerit abstinens.
gessisti.
Remark.
Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more
quently connected with an Ace. with the
CXXXVI
I.
273
Thou
this book.
hast done
The
Infin.,
as
me
te
fre-
vdere, gaudeo.
108.)
(^
me
a great favor, that thou hast sent
(ad
me)
generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to
Athens, in order (sup.) to complain (queri), that Chabrias was carrying

on war against the king of Egypt. The Lacedemonians sent ambas-
who
sadors to Athens,
should accuse Alcibiades, that he had
made a
league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece.
I rejoice, that
We wonder, that
Greece,
in fame, glorj^, learning (doctrina), the greatest
number
thou and thy brother are well.
which excelled
of arts, in dominion and warlike (bellicus) praise

re) so small a place in
Nobody
Europe.
(laus),
occupied (tene-
will censure thee, that
thou
hast aided thy friend.
n.
It is
very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from
Thou
(ex) the journey.
doest
vrell,
that thou wishest to live in the
country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health.

that thou
and thy brother are returned
safe.
It is
boys, that they are instructed in literature in school.
much,
that
you are not able
by the Athenians,
come.
to
Unjustly
We
We
grieve very
was Socrates accused
he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth.
that
rejoice,
a great kindness to
Caesar
praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the enemies.
All citizens rejoiced, that the city
That Caesar was

great
is
delivered from the siege.
(=
censure).
How
the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various
and so agreeable
1.
was
by Brutus, we complain
killed
The
[things]
109.
11.
Adjective Sentences.
quod agrees in gender ^nd numwhich it refers the case of the reladepends upon the construction of the
relative qui^ quae^
ber with the
word
to
on the contrary,
clause to which it belongs.
tive,
Beati sunt
est,
qui
2.
ii
homines,
quorum
omnem hunc mundum
The person
vita virtutis praeceptis regltur.
Deus
regit.
of the verb in adjective sentences,
is
deter-
274
mined by
[$
109.
which
the person of the substantive or pronoun, to
the relative refers.
Ego, qui scribo

vos, qui scribitis
qui scrihis
tu,
pater, qui scrihit
The subjunctive stands
3.
nos, qui scribimus
fratres, qui scribunt.
in adjective sentences in the
following cases
When
a)
is
the adjective sentence expresses an aim or
and qui seems
result,
to stand for ut ego, ut tu, ut
especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus
after is (such), talis, ejusmodi, tam, tantus;
With
b)
the indefinite expres^3ions
periuntur, inveniuntur, qui;
nemo
qui;
With
nullus
est,
est,
est, sunt,
nemo
qui; nihil
est,
est,
qui ; re-
nullus
est,
quod;
non est, quod;

est, quod;
quod; habeo, non habeo, nihil
habeo, quod, there is reason (no reason), I have
c)
the expressions,
nihil est {quid est?),
finite verb) or to
reason {no reason), that (with the

(with the Infin.),
When
d)
etc.
the adjective sentence gives a reason,
qui can be translated by since
where
since you, since
I,
he,
Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who
were
that
Vir probus dignus
to ask),
we
give
him our
corpus occidere.
JVullum
pertinere censerem.
praeconem
inveneris
Thou
art
animal praeter hominem, quod habeat no-
is
eram, qui aliorum
worthy (dignus
we should have confidence

his parents,
God has
is
es)
in thee
109.)
on account of thy uprightness,
{=
to
whom).
Who
that
does not love
unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (uUus).
given us reason, in order that by
petites
(appetitus, us) of the soul.
avarice
is
not
me non
Homerum
miseriam ad
fortunate adolescens, qui tuae virtutis
CXXXVII
I.
fidem habeamus (deserves,
est
Non
titiam aliquam dei.
est, cui
Sunt, qui censeant, una animiim et
confidence).
accustomed
There are men, who think
to
There
infringe
it
is
we may govern
the ap-
no duty so sacred, that
(comminuere) and
(censere), that the soul
is
mortal.
violate
There
it
is
109.]
nothing so
difficult, that it
Who
ing (=seeking).
him
receive
cannot be traced out (investigare) by search-
does not honor virtue,
Antiochus, w^ho might remind him
who were
have been found,
money
but
self?
There
edge
(notitia)
whom
state
even
life
no
is
There
is
You
suavis).
You
life
sweeter, than to have
{=
all)
that
one should envy those,

Innocence
we
is
should obey your will in
all
you are eminent among
Who
such a
all
(in-
things.
by so
obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to
Every upright man
is
undeserving (non dignus
cultivate the earth, in order that
horsemen,
who might pursue
nature (idoneus), that
by
it
it
may
bear
mind of
the
worthy, that
There
is
we
at all
soul,
confidence
in
is
of
that
cultivated.
God
Thou
(censere), that
human
(omnino) about
should have
no grief of the
Caesar sent
History
boy may be
There are and have been philosophers, who think

has no concern (procuratio)
The husband-
fruit.
the fleeing enemy.
the
that
est),
Fabricius was such, that
he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus.
time.
as with thy-
have always been such, that
the ungrateful citizens should deride him.
art
not only
noble deeds
command.
men
Many
alUance.
without the pursuits of literature disagreeable
are worthy, that
fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since
II.
is
should
man, which has any knowl-
no reason,
of the soul, as injures nobody.
many
What
we
(profundere)
thou canst share every thing
living being, except
of God.
Roman
devote
that
fit,
sent ambassadors to
the people (populus) call great and good.
you considered
of the
ready to
to their country.
whom
with
[a friend]
not
is
The Romans
our friendship.
into
275
affairs.
thee
in all things.
which may not be abated by length of
There were philosophers, who
said, that
property
is
the high-
Nero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What

(quis) so great advantange was there in prosperity, when thou hadst
not a friend who would rejoice at it in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thyself? There was nothing so sacred, that it was not violated by the
insolence of the enemy.
You are not such (ii), that we should obey
you. There is nothing by which a boy can please others more, than
est good.
by modesty.
rejoices at
my
reason, that
pronounce myself happy, that
have
[a friend],
prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself
we
should fear death.
There
who
is
no
ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
276
llO.
m. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
110.
a.
Adverbial Sentences of Time.
Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con-
junctions
quum,postquam,tit,ubi, simulatque^ ex quo (since),
priusquam and antequam, dum, quoad, donee. These conjunctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj.
The temporal
1) Quum is used either of time or cattse.
quum (when,
while, as)
is
used with the indicative of all the

with the subjunctive of the
tenses, yet almost invariably
imperfect
and pluperfect, when a perfect stands
The
pal clause.
causal
quwn
(since), is
in the prin-
always connected
with the subjunctive.

a)
Quum coelum contemplamur, dei magnitudinem admiramur [luhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit,
Sapiens
uberiores fructus efferre solet (ivhen, after).
non
b)
quum
ejulabit,
doloribus
torquebitur
(when).
Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad te proficiscar [when),

Quum milites de h ostium adventu edocerentur, continuo summo pugnandi ardoYe jtag-raverunt (as). Alexander,
vix a se
Quum
c)
tusque
quum interemisset Clitum,

manus abstinuit (as).
familiarexn
suum,
philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peniei trad ere
ricula vererentur,
debemus (since). Quum milites penon audebant cum hostibus confli-
gexQ (since).
2)
(as),
Postquam
(after that), ut
(just
as == as soon as), ubi
simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or
as, are
h), as
soon
connected with the indicative, and indeed, most
quently with the perfect which
we commonly
fre-
translate into
English by the Plupf.

Postquam Caesar aciem
volaverunt.
Ut dies
tes conspexenint, fugerunt
3)
instruxit,
illuxit,
omnes
profectus sum.
hostes in
Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad
Priusquam and antequam (before
connected
unum locum
con-
Hostes, uhi nostros equite
scribam.
that, ere, before), are
ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME.
110.]
With
a)
more
Subj. Pres.,
the
277
rarely with the
Indie.
Pres.
With
With
With
b)
c)
d)
a)
the Indicative Perfect

the Indicative Fut. Perf.
the Subj. Imperf.
Tempestas minatur, antequam
and Pluperf.
surgat.
b)
Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ahsumpsit, potentissima
c)
Non
d)
Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione dngerent.
obrepsit hostibus, priusquam
Dum
4)
as,
fuit.
dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris.
in the
and quoad
aggerem
Dies
exstruxissent
meaning ivhile^ at the same time, as long

meaning as long' as are connected with
in the
the indicative.
Dum
gens
haec geruntur, hostium copiae conveniuut.
fortis fuit,
dum
Lyciirgi leges vigehant
Lacedaemoniorum
Cato, quoad
vixit, virtu-
turn laude crevit.
Remark. Dum in the meaning at the same time that is commonly

used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sentence, as dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat.
:
Dum, quoad and donee
5)
that are generally
and Fut.
dum dux
dum dux se
restiterunt,
dum omnem rem
until,
se e castris contra hostes ediicat.
till
a.
(HlO.)
contemplate the lives of abandoned
are deterred from vices.
When
a wise
the foolish people, he will not be indignant.
man
is
men
As Caesar
gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended- [their]
are then at length (tum
demum) accustomed
24
he was struck
(fut.)
by
entered (in-
hands
to (ad)
Health
we
to estimate high (multum),
recovered from a severe sickness.

years,
(maleficus)
derided
him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them.
had reigned 32
Milites
Tamdiu manebo,
cognovero.
When we
when we have
Mili-
Cicero
e castris contra hostes educeret.
quoadhosies fiigam cupessiverunt.
C XXXVIII.
we
till,
quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjnrationem detexisset.
tamdiu
I.
meaning
Perf.
Milites exspectant,
tes exspectabant,
omni
the
Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the
Pres.,
Perf.
in
connected with the subjunctive of the
As Tullus
(icere, perf.)
Hostilius
by lightning.
As
ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME.
278
Caesar had ascertained
(ubi)
by
(perf.)
spies,
that
[HlO.
the enemies ap-
As
proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp.
(quum)
the
enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they
betook (perf.) themselves back to the
As soon
camp.
fortified
as the
enemies were discovered (perf), the soldiers seized (capessere,

their arms.
Why
we
should
cay at the same time with our bodies
conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the
perf.) to
I.
We shall
b.
After Caesar had seen (perf)
of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare,
troops
that the
êr/".)
fear death, since our souls will not de-
when we
be happy,
shall
river.
be free from passion
(plur.).
who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare)

it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly.
A virtuous man will be happy
(beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune.
Since
the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the
wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies. As Alexander had
taken Thebes, he spared (perf.) the family of the poet Pindar.
As
He,
soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere)

himself wholly (totus)
to
As
soldiers fled (perf).
avarice.
After the general had fallen, the
(ubi) the
Romans
heard, that the enemies
approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them.
enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they

II. a. The
came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social]
circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either concerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from
there before the conversation had been brought to an end.
must
reapest, thou
thou
(transfigere)
could come
(oportet)
sow.
Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam)

his
to
aassistance (succurrere), killed
(quoad) the city was guarded by the

(perf) to assault
I shall
it.
held back the iron in
[his]
nuntiare, perf.)
the
that
citizens, the
[him].
II.
they
[it],
b.
fall
in the
camp,
The storm
Boeotians had
thou shouldst
came
Rome.
into
until the
In
make
all
as
Epaminondas
was announced (re-
wait until thou returnest.
body, until (quoad)
it
The Romans
The soldiers re-
conquered.
day dawned (illucescere).
threatens before
(corruere).
As long
enemies did not dare
waited, until the enemies had approached the camp.
mained
Before
Mithridates thrust through
it
arises
buildings creak before
business (plur.), before thou enterest upon
(adhibere) careful preparation.
(transcendere) Italy 200
The Gauls
years before they took (imperf
Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar atThe Romans pursued the enemies until
tacked (perf) the Germans.

it
was evening (advesperascere).
Wait
thou,
till
come.
As long
as
H11,
ABVERBIAL SENTENCES.
112.]
279
(flagrare) with anger against the Romans.

Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf.) over the
Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner.
I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned.
Until the
citadel was surrendered (dedere joer/.), slaughters took place (caedes fit)
every where (passim) through (abl.) the whole city. We should (gerundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those whom they are
Hannibal
As long
he burned
lived,
as (quoad)
offended
anger burns out (defervescere).
at, till [their]
Causal Adverbial Sentences.
111. b.
Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground^ are
by
introduced
conjunctions
the
qiiod^
quia,
quoniam.
These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative

is used with them, only when the cause is
given as the sentiment or from the vieic of another. (Con-
the subjunctive
cerning the causal
quum
see
Cicero pater patriae appellatus

Catilinae conjuratio deteda
est.
110, 1).
est,
quod ejus consilio et vigilantia
Quia natura mutari non
potest, idcirco
Quoniam jam nox
in vestra tec-
verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt.
est,
ta discedrte.
112.
1.
Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by
(if), nisi
2.
and
The
the Indie,
Si hoc
si
non
(if
is
is
expressed as real and certain.
si
when
In this case
generally used in the principal sentence also.
dicis, erras.
The
not, unless).
indicative is used in sentences of this kind,
the condition
3.
Conditional Adverbial Sentences.
c.
Si hoc dicehas, errabas.
subjunctive
is
used,
when
the condition
is
spoken
of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sentence, in this case, the subjunctive is
a)
The
is
b)
is
used
used,
also.
when the
condition
represented as a mere supposition
The
is
Subj. Pres. and Perf.
Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf.,
when
the condition
represented as a supposition the contrary of luhat
actually
is
or
is not.
280
CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
Si hoc dicas, erres
hoc
(if
diceres, errares (if
didst not say
it
thou hadst said

not said
it;
Remark.
thou shouldst say
thou saidst
hence thou didst not
hence thou hast not

JVisi
but
Si
err.)
know
thou
Si hoc dixisses, errasses
err).
thou wouldst have erred
this,
thou wouldst
this,
thou erredst
this,
[Hl3.
know thou
but I
(if
hast
erred).
makes a supposition
negatively but leaves the thing
supposed affirmative : " if it be not supposed, that something is ;" but

si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed is
negative : " if it be supposed, that something is notJ^ Non potes jucunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus
non succumbit.
4.
only ;
Dum, dummodo, modo \n the mesming provided that, if

dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if
only not) always take the subjunctive.

Multi omnia recta et honesta negligunt, dummodo potentiam consequantur.
113. d.
Concessive Adverbial Sentences.
Concessive sentences are introduced by

a)
etsi,
tametsi (even
commonly with
b) etiamsi (even
if,
if,
although),
quamquam
(although),
the indicative
more frequently with the
although),
subjunctive than with the Indie.

c)
quamvis (although, however), and
(although) are
licet
always connected with the subjunctive of one of the

principal tenses.
Virj boni recte agunt, etsi
dent.
tute cares.
said, that
quamvis acerbus
virtue, the entrance to
Men
sit.
112, 113.)
If
we
shall
always follow the
heaven will sometime stand open
to us.
had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of
the physician, he surely would not have died.
removed
HI,
vi-
eris, si vir-
he walked (ambulare) by night, because
he could not sleep (somnum capere).

If our friend
tolerat,
Themistocles
way of
tamen beatus non
utdre,
Sapiens dolorem patienter
CXXXIX.
I.
nullum consecuturum emolumentum
Etiamsi secundissimis rebus
(resecare) the passions,
desirous of fame endure
what they wish
(subj.).
we
all
Although
shall
strive
If
we
hardships, if they
(etsi)
shall not
have
in vain to be happy.
the place
may
was
only obtain
unfavorable,
ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON.
114.]
nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the enemy.
281
However thou
mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum,
Even
shouldst not be offended at fortune.
no chains are placed

(offendere)
by a
foul
upon the
(injicere)
deed
itself,
even
if
it
body
if the
Who is
soul.
thou
plur.),
is
bound, yet
not offended
does not hurt him
The laws we obey, not from (propter) fear, but we follow them,
because we judge, that this is most salutary. As Xenocrates was asked, why he was almost always silent (silere), he answered
Because it
n.
has often (aliquando) repented
me
have been
you hate those
silent (tacere).
you act wickedly.
If
we
If
to
have spoken
(dicere),
whom
virtue,
we cannot
it is
not nourished.
may
it
live peacefully (beate).
We
wealthy he
tivate
what
(adipisci)
may
virtue
it
(etsi)
(=
It is
has ob-
it
We should
may
follow
good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even

inable (abominandus) saying
if
we
Nobody, however
be, can be without the aid of others.
(honestas), even if no advantage
obtained (nancisci) an opportunity.
if
Folly thinks (credere), that
(concupiscere).
desires
not follow
happened by
and burdens,
has never obtained (consequi) enough, although
tained
love,
shall en-
Fire becomes extinct,
are ready to endure toils
only obtain (adipisci) the victory.
we
we do
If
If all [things]
(omnis) foresight would be useless.
fate, all
you should
discharge our office religiously,
joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men.
but never to
it
if
cul-
The
he has
a terrible (dnus) and abom-
word): They
may
hate, if only they
fear.
114.
1.
e.
Adverbial Sentences of Comparison.
The comparing
of the subject of the principal sen-
tence in respect to manner, or greatness and degree
pressed
a)
is
ex-
By
ut
(uti, sicut,
quam
quam, not
ita
(sic), as,
quemadmodum) with
even as
so
tarn
the indicative
(tantopere, tantum)
as; non
(quantopiere, quantum), so great
so
much
tarn
as.
Rem.
1. In a barely imag^'nan/ comparison, the subordinate sentence

introduced by quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive.
The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles
is
already stated ( 104.).
b)
By
the comparative with
Melior tutiorque est certa pax,
24*
quam
(than).
quam sperata
victoria.
ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON.
282
114.
Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without
quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See
The Enghsh even, still with the comparative, is expressed by
101, 7.
etiam, as: etiam
major or major
etiam.
2. When two qualities or actions of one object are compared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in
and the
The comparative
last is
connected to the other by
quam.
quam perniciosior,
PestOentia minacior
cogitationes
hominiim a cer-
taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti-
Belhim a rivibus nostris fortius, quam felicius gestum est (with

more bravery than success).
Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second
member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too
lence).
much, very, somewhat with the positive, as senectus est loquacior (somewhat loquacious properly mnre loquacious i. e. more loquacious than
is proper).
:
Rem.
4.
When
the comparison
is
limited definitely to two objects,
and not the superlative is used, as

(which of you two is the older ?)
in Latin, the comparative
trum
est mMJor natu ?
Quo
3.
eo, or
quanto
tanto (the
so
much
uter ves-
the) in con-
nection with two comparatives, express a unifonn proportion
between two
qualities or actions.
Quo plura habent homines,
When
4.
the discourse
of the last mentioned

iind
eo ampliora
ut quisque
ita
the more modest he
CXL.
I.
Many men,
of an indefinite subject, instead
mode
of expressions
we commonly
with two superlatives.
Ut quisque est sapientissimus

is,
is
expetere solent.
ita
est m^destissimus (the wiser a
man
is).
(H14.)
forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue,
com-
had not been permitted (perf) them to enMany men live, as though they had
ter (mgredi) the way of virtue.
been born to pleasures. One should so think, as if (tanquam) some
plain of their
lot,
one
could
(aliquis)
as if
it
look into his
inmost breast.
ening than destructive disease turned the minds of

duties (munus,eris).
more
men from
thi'eat-
public
Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously
(prudenter) than eagerly.
When
pleasure
is
too great
and too long,
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
115.]
it
extinguishes
much
air (aer) is so
The
eai'th (plur.).
are
(omnis) the light of the
all
The
quacious.
better
any thing
and the better one is, so much

more prudent one is, the more
so
is,
more
the
much
is
much
the less
men
is
the rarer
(=
lo-
to the
it is
We
it is.
effort) after praise;
The
The more one refers
(ad) his own advantage,
he governed by fame.
cautious he
whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere)

so
Old men are too
soul.
the thicker, the nearer
influenced (trahere) by the struggle
all
283
is.
to
he a good man.
and power, [and] negupon virtue, but upon richAlways act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by
es.
The wôrds of the orator were more acute than true. It did
others.
not escape Hannibal (fallo, êr/".), that the enemies would dispatch
n. Most
strive eagerly to obtain riches
lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not
(gerere) affairs, ivith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto).
The wise man

book
abstains from too violent emotions of the soul.
somewhat
is
vine the excellence in minds, so
much
(=
The more eminent
digere).
condescending they should be
is,
with so
much
the
greater
This
and more
di-
the greater care they need (in-
men are, so much the more

more humble. The better one is,
descendants.
The better one is, so
higher)
to the
so much the more he serves his

much the more his mind strives to
one
The
understand.
difficult to
more
obtain immortal fame.
The
better
he considers others
difficulty (difficile)
bad.
1.
thou
115.
Questions
at school
Of
Interrogative Sentences.
are either independent (direct), as
yesterday
or dependent
tence going before (indirect questions),
Wast
upon another senas I do not know,

:
ivhether thou loast at school yesterday.

2.
In the direct question the indicative
asked positively, the subjunctive
when
In the indirect question the subjunctive
Quid
3.
agis"}
Both
a.
Quid agamus
direct
By
and
(what can
is
we
is
clo,
when
and
relative
is
Die, quid agas.
indirect questions are introduced
interrogative
it
always used.
do?).
pronouns, as
uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, quo,
Qmw hunc
used,
asked doubtingly.
it is
quis,
quando, quomo-
cur, etc.
librum legit?
Uter vestrum
major natu est?
Cwr ad
284
INTEHROGATIVE SENTENCES.
me non
major
Die, quis
venisti ?
b.
hunc librum
me non
Narra, cur ad
iiatu sit.
By
the interrogative
a)
iVe,
which
b)
c)
Nescio,
legtrit.
it
inter
115.
vestrum
veneris.
words
ne^ nonne^
always attached
is
word, leaves
[$
num, utrum.
to the accented
undecided whether the interroga-
tor expects
an
Nonne
?)
answer
always implies that the interroga-
tor expects
an
affi;rmative
Num
possible that?)
(not
(is it
affirmative or negative
answer
always implies that
answer
used only in double questions.
the interrogator expects a negative
Utrum
d)
is
Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into

English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne, utrum, num,
may be translated by whether, and nonne by whether not.
Fuistlne heri in schola?
ens beatus est ?
Jûm
posita
4.
heri in schola
Dio,, futrisne
Jônne sapi-
Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse
vita beata in divitiis posita est ?
Dubito,
num
vita beata in divitiis
sit.
In disjunctive questions, in which one
cludes the other, the
first
member
and the second by an
the enclitic ne,
member
ex-
introduced by utrum or
is
(or),
both in direct and
indirect questions.
Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi?

plures sint mundi.
Mortalisne,
Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis
Rem.
2.
Or
Quaeritur, utrum unus, an
an immortalis
sit
est
animus humanus ?
animus humanus.
not is expressed in Latin,
by annon
in direct,
by n^cne
in indirect questions.
5.
The answer yes or no is expressed

by a repetition of the word upon which the
a) Yes
and no in the same way,
stress of the question lies
:
but with non placed before

b)
Yes
by,
ita, ita
by, non, non

rather, by,
ita,
est,
it
sane, vero
immo with
like
the addition of a
pressing the opposite of what

question.
and the
minime and the

is
like
no
Yes (no)
word
ex-
implied in the
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
115.]
Fuistine heri in schola

frater
domi ?
cus tuus
JVbn
Immo locupks
CXLI.
Fuistine heri
Fui.
Venitne pater tuus
est.
285
domi ?
Estne
Vero.
Egebat ami-
Minime.
erat.
(^
115.)
What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncertain.
On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this?
I know not, who has said this.
When (quum) we behold (cernere) the
whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the
I.
sun greater, or smaller, than the earth
Is
our souls decay after death
lievest, that
Ere thou beginnest a
is true.
Has
bad.
at
God
not
world made
filled
Is
not,
all
Wast thou
Tell me, whether thou hast been at
whether
day, or not
Who
Was
my
the
Is thy brother
Cerberus in the
yesterday at
can come to thee to-morrow.
news
be good or
it
good things ?
that the three-headed
possil)le
it
lower regions frightens thee

not?
whether
thing, deliberate,
the earth with
that thou be-
possible
by chance, or by a divine power ?
(efiicere)
home ? Yes.
it
doubt, whether the
my
house, or
house or not?
Wilt thou go
to
know
walk
to-
Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not
knows, whether fortune
will
always smile upon him.
There
were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by

Hast thou read the book, which
chance, or by the divine reason.
No.
happy, or not.
Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex)
journey
Yes.
Wast thou
heavier
est
will
wise
man
yesterday
alone to be accounted happy
no rather
be to-morrow,
Did (perf
deeds
home
at
What
II.
Is the
It is
was
we know
Philip, or his
far
not.
[his]
Yes.
from home.
Is
son accomplish
lead, or gold the
(efficere) the great-
not virtue to be preferred to the greatest riches
Is
wisdom makes men
a question, whether
lately sent thee ?
Is
it
possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul?
Who
wrote (perf)
this letter ?
Tell me,
who wrote this letter.

know where thou wast
possible that thou believest, that I do not
terday
We
providence of
man
see,
first
whether the world
whether he
then,
Among
affairs.
strife,
would
God
[also]
Yes.
governed by the
the generals of the Athenians there
should go against the enemies.

It is
(abl.)
book, or not
not know, whether
approve thy view or reject
my
view, or not
great
wisdom alone makes
Hast thou read
approve
was a
the walls, or
Hast thou read Cicero's book concern-
a question, whether
us happy (beatus), or not.

I shall
it
yes-
cares (consulere) for hu-
whether they should defend themselves by
ing friendship
is
Is
this
do not know, whether
it.
do
Dost thou
shall
approve
DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
-886
thy view, or not.
It
was
earth
tell
was round.
Wast thou
me, what the soul
Anciently
Of the Form
116.
many
doubted, whether the
in school yesterday ?
No.
is?
Canst thou
Yes.
Hast thou received joyful news con-
cerning the health of thy brother
1.
Romans had con-
uncertain, whether the
quered, or been conquered.
[Hl6.
No
rather, very sad [news].
of direct and Indirect Discourse.
Oratio recta {direct discourse),
that kind of discourse,
is
in which the words of a person are repeated precisely as
they were pronounced by him, as
nounced peace
:
2.
is
The messenger
Oratio obliqua (indirect discom*se),
com-se, in
an-
concluded.
that kind of dis-
is
which the words of a person are made dependent
upon some verb of perceiving- or communicating^

messenger announced that peace was concluded.
as
The
Remark. Of the two verbs: inquam and mo,
the
first
is
used
in
and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed

before the words quoted, but is introduced among them.
direct
3.
Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express-
ed:
By
a)
the Ace. with Infin.,
ple statement, as
when
nuntius allatus
compositam (direct discourse

b)
By
the subjunctive,
dux
or wish, as:
they express a sim-
when
dixit,
pax
est,
est
pacem
they express a
omnia
esse
composita)
command
esse perdita; milites
suae saluti considerent {direct discourse:
omnia
sunt perdita; consuUte, milites, vestrae saluti).
Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express-
4.
ed by the subjunctive.
Caesar
dixit, se,
postquam hostes fusi
Apud Hypanim fluvium

unum diem vivant.
CXLII
We
ceal
muniturum esse.
quasdam nasci, quae
essent, castra
ait bestiolas
(^
should be sufficiently convinced, that, [even]
[it]
jusie).
Aristoljeles
116.)
if
we
could con-
from God and men, still nothing should be done unjustly (inI can never be persuaded, that the soul (plur.), while it is in
PROSODY.
117.]
the mortal body, lives, [but]
Lacedemonians wrote
when
to
quiet
Nobly Socrates
11.
one
Romans be
it,
The
dies.
he did not retm-n home,
Tanaquil
The king
said,
lives
still
and obey Servius TuUius.
said, that the nearest
exerts himself {id agere) that
When
be considered.
has departed from
to Pausanias, that, if
they would condemn him to death.

let the
it
287
way
to
he may be such as
renown
(qualis)
when
is,
he wishes
ambassadors had come from king Mithrida-
tes requesting peace, Sulla
answered, that he would not give
it
unless
which he had taken, should return

into his own kingdom (regnum).
The ambassadors announced to the
senate. That the Aeduans had pitched their tent in their territory and
were laying waste the country that the Romans should come and
(nisi) he, after
deserting the fields
bring aid to them.
FIRST APPENDIX.
OF PROSODY.
117.
Quantity of Syllables.
Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already

been given { 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the following special rules.
The
1.
derived
primitive^ as
Rem.
1.
word generally follows
the quantity of
its
amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo.
In declension are excepted;
Idr,
par,
sal.
Gen.
laris,
paris,
a general principal, that, the forms of the different tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which
they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. ol' Infin. accordsalis
In the verb
it is
ing as they are derived from the one or the other; e. g. (divido), dividam (divisi), diviseram (divisum), divisurus (dividere), dividerem.
Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Sup. the following
;
should be observed
1) All dissyllabic perfects
the stem, as
sHi according to
Ten
and supines lengthen the short syllable of

movi motum, etc. (but, /mi, rui,
; moveo,
video, vidi visum

^
3, 3).
dissyllabic supines have the stem-syllable short
datum, statum,
ratum, satum, itum, quitum, citum, litum, situm, rutum, from
do, sisto,
;; ;
PROSODY.
288
:;:
117.
The compounds of sto have

two compounds of nosco, notum also:
the supine cogmtum, agnltum.
reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sine, nio.
together with stdtum, stitum also
cognosco and agnosco, have
in
short syllable of reduplication,
2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the
have also the stem-syllable following

dldlci^ etc. (but momordi, cucurri from
ing to
To
its
:
short, as
cado,
cecidi, disco,
mordeo, curro are long accord-
3, 4).
reduplicated perfects belong also
dedi, steti,
stiti
tuli is
con-
from tetuli; bihi comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem

bo ; fmaWy,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication.
Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures
from the general rule (rule 1), as sopor and sopire, ditc (in dux ducis)
and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc.
tracted
For the quantity of the penult we have

list.
(The quantity of the penult
2.
alphabetical
and conjugation
is
the following
in declension
best learned from the paradigms).
as
meracus, caducus, lactuca
-acus in
Exc.
Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind
Priamides, Atlantiades but Ides
-ddes, and -ides in Patronymics, as
-dciis, -ucus, -uca,
from primitives in eus and cles, as Pelides, Atrides,

Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides
vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the
-ago, -ego, -Igo, -iigo in nouns, as
Greek harpago has a short)
Ptolemais, Chry-dis, -eis, -itis, -otis, -ois, -ine, -one in Patronymics, as
seis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione
Exc. Danais,
in Patronymics
Thebais, Phocais, Nereis

'dlis, -elis, -ela, -iilis, -ivra,
as
querela, edu-
canalis, conjugalis, fidelis,
pictura
lis,
-amen, as
examen, flamen
-anus, -ana, -enus, -ena, -Inus, -ina, -onus, -ono, -iinus, -una, as:
nus,
na, piscina
but
monta-
membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus,
mws
is
sagi-
(except pagma), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna

short in adjectives which express time or material, as:
cedrinus, elephantlnus, except in
crastlnus, diutlnus,
vespertinus,
matutinus, repentinus
-drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as
avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus
Exc.
barbarus, opiparus, hilaris

-dtim, -itim, -iitim, as
a belongs
privatim, viritim, tributim (in affdtim, stdtim the
to the stem);
-dvu^, -ivus, -Iva, as
octavos, aestivus, saliva
-edo, -ulo, -iido in substantives, as: albedo, ciipido,
-ego, see
-eis,
ago;
see ais
see alis
-elis, -ela,
-emus, as
extremus
consuetudo
;;;; ;;
;;
; ;
289
QUANTITY.
117.]
-eni
and
-ini in distributive adjectives, as
anus
-enus, -ena, see
bini, viceni
-ero, -ICO {Icor), -igo, -ino [inor, cinor), -ilo, -{do {ulor), -itoy
verbal endings,
as: vitupero, claudlco, rusticor, levigo, fulmlno, destino, crimmor,

patrocinor, mutllo, pullulo,
it
belongs to the stem and
gratulor, ventito
stem has an
-etus, as
-erus, as
cerus
besides,
immediately before
fletus
inferi, posteri
but the i is long when

cornicor (from comix.,
in the
it,
as
sagina,
festinus,
ending ito is long when the

dormito (for dormi -ito)',
but
ems
in
austerus, sincerus, severus, pro-
-etum, -eta, as
-ico,
propino, inclino, from
ids), festlno, sagino, opinor,
opinio, TTtvoj, xXivoj
long there, as
is
dumetum, raoneta
see ero
modlcus, famelicus, so also adverbs in icus, as modlas

amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus,
cus Exc.
umbilicus formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica
-ides, see ades
-icus, -lea,
edo
cupidus;
see ago
-Ida, see
-idus, as:
-Igo,
-igo, see ero;
um), -olus
-Uis, -ilus (a,

lis, utilis,
sterllis
and
all in
(a,
His
um),
-vliis (a,
um), as: humilis,
which come from
rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula,
derived from personal appellations have the

rilis
-ilo,
also, exilis, subtilis,
see ero
-imen, as
parilis, simi-
verbs, as: facilis,
baculum
long, as
fertilis,
adjectives
servilis,
and the names of the months, as
pue-
Aprilis
specimen, regimen
Exc.
those derived from verbs of the
fourth Conj. have imen, as: lenimen, farcimen;
bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in

opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest)
but -Imus in
superlative-endings, as probisslmus, and in finitimus and intlmus
-imiis in
-Ine,
see ais
-Ini,
see eni;
^no
{inor),
see ero
-inus, ina, see
;*
anus
-Uim, see atim

-Itis,
see ais
-ito,
see ero
and itus retain the quantity of the supine from which they are
derived, as: monitor (from monltum) auditor (from audltum), exitus
(from exttum);
-itor
-Itus, -Iter,
adverbial endings, as
-Ivu^, -Iva, see

-ois,
avus
see ais
-one, see ais;
-onus, -ona, see
anus
25
divinitus, acriter
;;
;;;
;;
290
;::
PROSODY,
117.
-orus, -osus, see 'arus

-otis,
see ais;
-UCM5, -itca, see
acus
edo
-ugo, see ago
-udo, see
-ulis,
see alls
-ulo [ulor), see ere
-umen in tegumen
men
(for tegimen),
but -umen in
acumen, cacumen,
flu-
(contracted from Jluvimen)
-unus, -una, see anus:

-urn, see alis;
-idim, see atim
3.
For
we have
the following general rule
To
u are long:
a
is
long
the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel,
1)
the
Anchisa, Atrida 3)
pvid in the meaning
conjunctions of two
supra antea, postea,
;
are short;
i,
o,
first
in as, as
in the Imper. of the
namely,
to wit
more
or
Conj., as
fii'st
4) in
syllables, as
ama, except
adverbs, prepositions and

circa, juxta, intra, infra,
Exc. ita, quia and the interjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta
re, specie, die (hence
is long:
1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as
also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare
also fame) ; ^2) in all Greek
words of the first Dec, as crambe, epitome, and those used in the
plural only, as Tempe, mele, cete
3) in the Imper. of the second
Conj., as
doce but e is double-timed in cave, habe, tace, mane,
vale, jube, vide (hence i7tofem for: vide, si vis)
4) in adverbs derived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, valde (from validus); so also: fere, ferme and the interjection ohe
but e is short in bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs derived from adjectives of the third Dec, as: facile, impune;
,
?/,
following exceptions
Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of

Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (fi*om
Voc. of those in es has partly d and partly a, as
the Abl. of the
Greek proper names

Pallas, antis)
a, e,
this rule there are the
praeterea, frustra
mihi, tibi, sibi (in the arsis sometimes long), and cui
two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long,
so also its compounds cuidam, cuilibet ;-2) in the Voc. of Greek
words, as Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as
i is
short: J) in
when
it is
nisi and quasi (although si is long),

3) in
necubi but uhi and ibi are double-timed, in ubinam, ubivis,
ubicunque i is generally short, while in ubique, ibique it is always
utlque, ullnam the i is short,
long, generally also in ibidem
4) in
although they come from utl
cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mois short : 1) in the adverbs
do with its compounds, as: dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but sepaego, duo, octo but commonly amho ;
rated, qxw modo)
2) in
3) in
verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words
Paridi (from Paris, idis);

sicubl,
QUANTITY.
117.]
:;
291
of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long,
amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero origo, consuetude in Greek words o is always long, as echo, Argo
u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in
the contracted Dat, as Coty for Cotyi.
as
For
4.
more
the quantity of final syllables in
syllables
we
ending in a consonant,
words of two or
have the following
general rules
I.
Exc.
II.
c final
:
makes
the preceding
vowel
long",
as
alec, illuc
donee:
05, es, OS are long-
al rule, there are the
w,
us,
ys are short; to this gener-
following exceptions
Nom. of Greek words of
the third Dec.

lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so
anas, atis
of Greek words of the third
^2) in the Ace. Plur.
Dec. as: heroas. Arcades from heros, Areas;
b) 65 is short: 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic
words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as
miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, etis
Exc. Ceres,
abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as
tripes, except
praepes, etis;
2) in the Voc. Sing, of Greek words in 65, where
Demosthenes (but Demosthein Greek the termination is fc, as
rjg)
nes in the Nom.
3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of
Greek words, as Arcades, Troades but in Latin words, or such
as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as patres, matres
4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as : ades, abes, potes
5) in the preposition penes
compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis)
c) OS is short : 1) in
2)
in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as
Delos,
chaos, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros
ilgtag, Minos
Mlvcag, Nicocleos
Niy.oKXEMg
d) is is long: 1) in the Dat. and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, nobis, vobis
hence also, in the adverbs: gratis, foris; 2) in the
Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as: omnis; 3) in the Nom. Sing,
of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the
Gen. long, as Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis
4) in
the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have Itis in
the second person Plur., as: audis, possis (as well as: sis from
sum), velis, nolis, malis also in
mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis,
since vis (from volo) is long in the second person Sing, of the
Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is
a) 05 is
shoH :
which have
;
in the
ddis in the Gen., as
often
made
ings imus,
for the
e) us ia
long, as
itis
same reason,
long:
dixeris
so also
is
of the Fut. Perf often
1) in
the
the
in the plural-end-
made long by
the poets
as: scripserimus, scripseritis
Nom.
Sing, of
words of the second Dec.
292
QUANTITY.
which have u long

utis,
udis,
pah'AS,
the
of
penult
the
Gen.,
corpus,
(but:
uris,
as:
118.
virtus,
vetus,
oris,
Nom. Ace. Voc.
Gen. Sing, and in the
2) in the
etc.);
in
tellus,
eris,
Phir. of
Dec, as: fructus (contracted from fruduis s^nA fruduGreek words, when us corresponds to ovg in Greek,
as: tripus, odis {jQiJiovg), Panthtis; in the Gen.: Sapphus from
Sappho (-ôiTTôLc), Clius from CeHo. etc.; but in: Oedipus, i,
polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes us, in Latin
f ys is long : J) in words which have an associate form in yn, as:
Phorcys and Phorcyn
2) when ys stands by contraction for
yes and yas, as Erinnys.
the fourth
es)
3) in
III.
/,
m^
d,
'/*,
fij
syllable short, as
amor, apud, viden
eer,
Thetin, Pylon, Ilion,
To
make
final,
vowel of the
the
nostin (for nostine)^
(for videsne),
illiid,
caput, amat, monet, regit, audit.
this general rule there arc the
following exceptions, in
which the vowel before these consonants

a) I: in
Hebrew proper names
in
el,
as
chisen, Calliopen, epitomen
^2)
is
long
Daniel;
the Greek Ace. of words in
b) 7i; 1) in
final
animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car-
as:
as, es, e,
in the
Aenean, An-
Nom. of masculine and
feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as titan, hymen,

Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in
the Latin lien;
dispar, and in Greek imparir ; in the compounds of par, as
:
c)
syllables in
er,
as
aer, aether, crater, Iber.
Monosyllabic words are long, as:
5.
sal,
sol,
mos, spes,
par, h5c, etc.
Exceptions:
fel, 6s (ossis), a tone, (but:

pronouns: quls, quid, quod;
hie, this, is generally, and hie, here, always long ;
3)
ter, sat
4) the verbal forms in t : fit, sit, scit, dat,
the imperatives Jer,fdc and es thou art (but es, thou
1)
the substantives: me],
6s, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor);

j8.
Id
quot, tot
the adverbs
d6t, Stat, stet,

eatest)
5)
bis,
it
the particles
ggd, sub, ut, vel,
2) the
ah, ad,
and the
an,
at, cis, et, in,
suffixes (enclitics):
nee, 6b, per, pol,
que, ve, ce, ne (but: ne,
tlwt not, in order t/uit not), tetute), pte (suopte).
1.
A verse
composed
Hexameter
Verse.
a series of poetic feet forming, in general,
is
a line of poetry.
it is
118.
The
particular feet or
are called metres.
members
of which
HEXAMETER VERSE.
H18.]
When
2.
the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is
called acatalectic
Every
3.
The
but
when
incomplete, catalectic.
foot or metre consists of
an
the voice
on which the
placed in pronouncing
is
foot (whether
one syllable or more)
be pronounced in a
is
with due regard

4.
Hence
it
The
(/).
to arsis
will be
rest of the
is called thesis^
The
and
is to
stress of
and may be
it is often marked as
A succession of feet pronounced
and thesis constitutes rhythm.
called the ictus (beat)
regarded as the poetic accent
such by the sign
thesis.
stress or elevation of
it.
falling tone of voice.
voice laid on the arsis
and a
arsis
hexameter verse, the
arsis is that part of the foot (in
syllable of the foot),
first
293
hence
apparent, that a line of poetry, in a
given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet
and a
variable
number
must
of words, which, of course,
occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the
and words. Besides, as rhythm was the leading element in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given purpose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet
and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was
independent of the words as such. This division of the
feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as
feet
Infandum
jubes
regina
renovare
dolorem.
In feet of three syllables, as

after the arsis (-
In the
first
case
"") or in
word with
--"
the
word may end
The
either
the middle of the thesis (-
called the masculine^ in the
it is
feminine caesura.
").
second the
coincidence of the termination of a
the termination of a foot is called diaeresis^ as

Persequar
<^t
raris habitata, mapalia, t6ctis.
In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are

necessary, and are to be especially observed in reading the
verse
5.
be
these are called principal caesuras
Hexameter verse
is
measured by
and
diaereses.
six feet
which may
which is
either spondees or dactyles, except the last foot,
a dissyllabic catalectus (No.

25*
2).
spondee consists of
294
PROSODY.
two long
syllables, designated thus
long and two
Sed
short,
a fugit
unt ocu
The Jljlh
1.
designated thus
intere
fugit
Adspici
Rem.
[U19.
Hence we have
irrepa
Supe
lis
ri
a dactyle of one
mor
rabile
tempus.
talia
justis.
generally a daetyle, rarely a spondee, and
foot is
^nly when the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, seriousness and solemnity ; such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dactyle usually precedes the spondee and the verse generally closes with
a word of three or four syllables, as
magnum
Cara deuni suboles,
Jovis
incre
Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and

slow and heavy motion, as
Uuadrupedante putrem sonitu
Illi
Rem.
3.
magna
inter sese
The
quatit
mentum.
brisk, as spondees
ungulo
campum
vi brachia tollunt.
principal caesura
Hexameter
in
verse, generally oc-
curs ajler the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the
same foot but occasionally also, after the arsis

which case another caesura generally precedes,
;
second
in the
to
Sometimes,
foot.
same verse
in
also, several
may
thesis
of the
the fourth foot, in
after the arsis of the
caesuras of this kind are found

is
Besides the principal caesura,
be other subordinate caesuras,
Sed
in
which case the sense must determine which
be observed as the principal one.
there
do a
e. g.
tempus.
tolerate labores.
annique sinunt,
virtutis
amore.
Oderunt peccare boni,
Nudus ara, sere nudus;
hiems ignava colono.
Infandum regina jubes
renovare dolorem.
fugit interea,
fugit irrepabile
||
Dum
vires
||
||
Rem.
\\
verse
||
The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter

made by a word of two or three syllables.
4.
is
Scansion
bers of
is
which
119.
Scansion.
the division of a verse into the feet or

it is
made
up.
In doing
mem-
however, the
this,
proper terminations of the words must not be wholly overlooked, but should be observed by
at
making a
each of the caesuras and a marked pause
pal
slight
at
pause
the princi-
caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring
the proper
division
into
things are to be observed
feet.
:
In scanning, the following
295
SCANSION.
U19.]
A vowel at the
a)
end of a word before another vowel
word
or an h in the following
Nulla n(e) hab6s
Rem.
viti(a)?
is
imm(o)
absorbed
(elision), as
haiid fortasse minora.
ali(a),
Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as
1.
O'mnia M6rcuri6
siniilis
membra
E't crines flavos et
vocemque colorem^we
decora juventae.
In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the following line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter.
Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a
verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pronunciation).
This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid yet it is
allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation
marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one also in the arsis,
the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as
;
O'
d6 Latia,
et
Rem.
lac subdiicitur agris.
et
Posthabita coluisse
Nubibus esse
de gente Sabina.
e't
E't succus pecori
Samo:
hie illius
Occasionally a long vowel in the
3.
arma.
solet aut piirpureae Aurorae.

thesis
before another vow-
el is short, as
I'nsulae I'onio in
An m
magno.
end of a word with a vowel before it and

before a vowel in the following word long by nature or position, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in readb)
at the
ing (ecthlipsis), as:
Quod
Rem.
ignot (um) est; ignoti nulla ciipido.
latet,
In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally
4.
mark
before a strong punctuation
sometimes omitted.
c)
When
or in the caesura, the ecthlipsis
Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis
the last syllable of a
is
is difficult.
word ends with a conso-
nant and the following word in the same line begins with
a consonant, that
N^mo
d)
is
The
final syllable is
adeo ferus
ictus
est, ut
ohen makes a short
generally the case only
in a consonant^ especially
follows
it
c)
uniformly
ndn mitescere
when upon
a)
r,
when
s or t;
long-y
syllable long;
vincit
Amor,
canit agricola,
this
b)
when
the caesura
a vowel in the close of a word,
et nos
cedarnus Amori.
magna quuni
v^nerii lirbe.
Nil opus ^st mori^ pro me, sed amore fid^que.
T.';
still
the short syllable ends
a word follows beginning with two consonants

o'mnia
as:
possit.
e. g.
296
ABBREVIATIONS.
Two
e)
[}
120*
vowels in two successive syllables are often con-
tracted into
one (Synaeresis or Synizesis), as: Phaetbon,
Thesei, deerunt, vehemens (two syllables), particularly, huic,

cui,
iidem;
ii,
proinde, prout
with more
so also, dein,
dehinc,
deinceps,
deinde,
so also those vowels which are pronounced
difficulty in
one sound, as
quoad, postea, alveo
pueri.
f
short
or
often rejected before
i is
and m, as pe:
riclum for periculum^ tegmen for ieg-imen or tegumen,

g)
The
letters i
and
and
are followed
long
(=
h)
From
having been originally both conthey follow another consonant
by a vowel, make
by position^ as
genva),
w,
when
sonants and vowels,
fluviorum
fluvjorum)
vowel
genwa
etc.
the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is
sometimes used as short
(Systole), and,
short syllable as long (Diastole).
mon
the preceding
(=
The
on the contrary, a
comand in altediastole is used es-
systole is very
in the third person Plur. Indie. Perf. Act,
Aeneades ;-the
and Fut. Perf. Act., (audiverilis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow
one another, of which the first is then made long by the
rius
and
in names^ as
pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act.
ictus, as
O'bstupui, steteruntque comae, vox faiicibus
ha^.sit.
SECOND APPENDIX.
120.
Of
Abbreviations.
App. Appius. C. or
1) Personal Names: A. Aulus.
G. Cains or Gains. Cn. or Gn.
Cnaeus (Gnaeus). D.
Decimus. K. Kaeso. L. Lucius. M. Marcus. M'. Manius.
N. Numerius.
P. Pvblius.
Sex. or S. Sextus.
2)
Appellatives: P. Pater.
3) Designations of
Cos.
Q. Quintus.
Sp. Spurius.
honor and
Coss. Consules,
T. Titus.
F. Filius.
Servius.
Ti. Tiberius,
Fr. Frater, etc.
Aed. Aedilis. Cos.

Consul designatus.
D.
office:
Cos. d.
Ser.
297
O. M. Optimus maximus.
Imp. Imperator.
Divus.
P. C.
Romanus. Pr. Praetor.

P. M. Pontifex Maximus.
P. S. PlehisPraefectus.
S. C.
S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus.
P. R. Populus
Patres conscripti.
Praef.
citum.
Senatus consuUum.
PL Tribunus plehis.
Tr.
4) Designations of
money and weight

L. Libra.
Sestertius (Sestertium).
5) Designations
Ab
ROMAN CALENDAR.
ABBREVIATIONS,
121.]
of time
L.
\a.
HS.
A. D. Ante diem.
A. U. C.
C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae).
urbe condita.
H-S.
or
Dupondius.
Id. Idus.
Non. Nonae.
6)
Abbreviations in
S. P.
dicit.
letters
S. Salutem.
D. Salutem plurima7n diciU
Si vales, bene est
S.
S. D. Salutem
V. B. E. E. V.
ego valeo.
THIRD APPENDIX.
Of
121.
the
Roman
Calendar.
Kalendae means Xh^ first day of each

day of March, May, July and
fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus
of the four months named above, and the
1
the seventh
month;
Nonde
October, but the
was
Xhe fifteenth
thirteenth of the
other eight.
2.
Since the names of the months are properly adjectives,
they generally agree with

gender,
in the
number and
case,
Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in
governed by them
day of June;
seventh of October; Idibus Sep-
and are
rarely
Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, ow
Nonis Octobribus,
o/z
Âe
the first
tembribus, on the thirteenth of September.

3. The days lying between the three fixed days just men-
were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed

1st, 2d, 3d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones,
or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante were generally omitted.
The day from which one began to reckon was always included in the number mentioned, as
tioned,
days, as, the
Claudius excessit
III.
Idus Octobres,
i.
Idus Octobres, on the thirteenth of October.

to get the
true
day before one of the
subtract one from the
e. tertio
divisions,
number mentioned.
die ante
Hence, in order
we must
ROMAN CALENDAR.
298
121.
4. In determining what day of the previous month any

day before the Calends of a given month is, we must know
how many days the month has (see table) and reckon back
from the Csdends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month
following), as
tertio Calendas Apriles, on the ZOth of
:
March;
Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio

Calendas Martias, on the 27th {2Sth) of February ; since
March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29)
tertio
days.
The days
of our
months.
January, August, April, June, Sep- February (has 28,

March, May,
and December tember,andNovem- and in Leap Tears
and October
(have also 31 days.) ber (have 30 days).
29 days).
(have 31 days).
Julv,
Kaiendis.
Kaiendis.
VI^
3
4
5
IV ^Nonas.
Pridie Nonas.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
ante
VIII ^
VII
VI
VI
ante
IV
Îdus.
III
IV
ante
Îdus
Priclie Idus.
III J
Pridie Idus.
Idibus.
-]
IL
3
XV
XVI
??
XV
Idibus.
XIX
p
3
XVII
s-
XIII
XII
XI
CD
IX
VI
III
Prid.
of the
fol.
month.
VI
ante
'Idus.
iV
III
XVIII
XVI
XVIl
g.
XVI
XIV
p
3
XIII
a"
XII
f^
XIV
xni
O-
XI
XIII
XII
XII
X.
XI
IX
VII
3
o
VI
>
?
IT
3
o
"I
III
Prid.
Prid.
Kalendas
of the
fol.
month.
VIII
VII
VI
1.
s V
V]I
VI
IV
IV
XV
(t.
2-
Pridie Idus.
Idibus.
XIV
XI
ante
III J
Pridie Idus.
Idibus.
2l
endas.
jYonis.
IV
VIII
p-
Ka
fldus
IX
B
o
s
TV
B-
VIII
Vil
VI
^ X
IX
s^ VIII
'?
Pridie Nonas.
VIII ^
VII
w XV
XVI
XV
W
P
en
XVIII
XIV
IV >ante
Hi 5 Nonas
Monis.
VII
viin
III 5 Nonas.
Pridie Nonas
vijn
VII
Kaiendis.
IV ânte
A'onis.
Jônis.
28
29
30
31
ânte
III 5 Nonas.
Pridie Nonas.
lllj
27
Kaiendis.
IV
Ka
of the
endas
fol.
month.
IV
HI
Prid.
Kalendas
Martias.
COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS.
FABLES.
I.
Lupus
1.
et capra.
Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur,
quum
ad earn
accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hoitabatur, apud se
Ei vero capra respon-
mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedlcans.

dit:
Mi
amice, non
me
ad pascua vocas, sed ipse
Lupus
2.
cibi indiges!
et opUiones.
Quod
Opiliones aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant.
quum
lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret, ad
opiliones conversus
contra
iis
me
Hoc
Quos
excitaretis, si
interest, inquit
clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus vos
ego facerem, quod vos

:
facitis ?
nos, quae nostra sunt,
Turn unus ex
comedimus
tu vero
aliena furaris.
5.
Vulpes
Vulpes, extrema fame coacta,
et
uva.
uvam appetebat ex
alta vite
dependen-
Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tandem discedens Nondum matura est, inquit nolo acerbam sumere.
tem.
Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant.
2.
0^\\\oôms^m. shepherd,
agere, to have a feast,
assol.
stabulum,
i,
to roast.
conv\v'ium,\, n. feast
n. stable,
tumultus, us, m. ado.
conv.
furor
1. steal.
3.
up;
Vitis, is,/, vine,
2) to disparage.
dependeo,
di, 2. to
hang dmcnfrom.
elevo
1. to
raise
300
FABLES.
Rusticus
4.
et
canis fiddis.
Rusticus in agios exiit ad opus simm.
custodiendum cani
bat, reliquit
immanis, qui
eum
puemlum
Filiolum, qui in cunis jace-
atque valido.
fideli
exstincturus erat.
dum necare studet, cunas

Mox ex arvo rediit agi icola
dentibus acutis,
simul evertit super
et,
exstinctum anguem.
cruentumque canis rictum,
Arrepsit anguis
Sed- custos fidelis corrlpit
ut videt cunas ever-
Temere igitur custodem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas
restituit, supra anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem.
sas
Sera turn poenitentia
ira accenditur.
fuit facinoris
temere
Leo, asinus
5.
patrati,
et vulpes.
Ampla praeda
Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant.
num
Qui quum
illam partiri jubet.
aequales, leo
facta, leo asi-
singulis singulas partes poneret
eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi trileoni maximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam
Ilia astutjor
buit.
Turn
reservans particulam.
unde hoc
leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare,
didicerit, interrogare
Et vulpes
coepit.
Hujus me,
et,
inquit,
calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant.
Asinus pelle leonlna indutus.
6.
Asinus fugitivus reperit

tus territare coepit
rat,
eumque
modum
rugire coepit, ut ilium
sis auriculis,
non
falles.
quae exstabant
Ita
7.
Tandem
4.
Arrepo,
cruentus,
a,
quum
quoque
is,
qui asinum perdide-
herura vidisset, horrendum in
At herus, comprehenme tamen
falleret.
Etiamsi
alios, inquit, fallas,
domumque
abigit.
Rusticus etflii.
cujusdam grave dissidium ortum
operam impenderat
rent.
probe verberat
Inter filios rustici
Venit
et bestias,
Asinus,
quaerit.
pellem leoninam, eaque indu-
forte in silva
homines
filiis
pater, hortans, ut
Diu frustra
erat.
pacem atque concordiam
cole-
Virgulas, inquit, mihi afFerte quinquaginta et con-
psi,
ptum
um,
bloody,
3.
to
creep up.
rictus, us,
corrlpio, ripni,
m. mouth,
reptum
3.
to seize.
poenitentia, ae,/. repen-
tance.
6.
Pcliis, is,/,
s/cm;
terriio I, to frighten,
p.
leomna,
lion's skin,
auricula, ae,/. car-Za/>.
fugitivus, a,
'r\.\g\o 4. to
um,
roar,
r?m-airajy.
exsto,
stiti
1. project.
7.
Dissidium,
bundle,
i,
n.
disagreement,
colli go 1. to collect,
concors,
virgula, ae, /. stick,

rd'is,
uniled.
fasciculus,
i,
m.
301"
FABLES.
Turn omnes
sidite.
virgiilas
constrictum singulis
nnum
in
quanqnam vim omnem adhibebant,

Turn pater nodum
profecei-unt.
dedit,
fasciculum colligavit,
hortans, ut frangerent.
obtiilit,
filiis
friistra
laborarunt, nee
discidit
singulasque
Quo
quas sine ullo labore confregerunt.
autem
quicquam
illis
virgulas
facto, rusticus filios ita
Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti

quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis
allocutus est:
injuriis,
eumque
Illi
eritis
ab inimicorum'
simulac facta erit
at,
dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent.
Luscinia
8.
Luscinia verno
quodam
baud procul aberant
me
identidem imitatantur.
isti
cinia,
Hi quum
Non
Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto,
culare.
suam vocem
cum
eo
lusui essent intenti,
multo post cuculus coepit cuacclamabant vocemque cu-
ei
Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanto
plausu excipiant et quantopere cantu
quae noUet
altercari, nihil
meo
delectentur
Lus-
impediebat, quomlnus
Interea pastor fistula canens
miraretur.
Pueri aliquot
die dulcissime canere coepit.
in valle ludentes.
lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur.
culi
et cuculus.
cum
ille
puella lento
gradu praeteriit
Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans. At puella pastorem allocuta Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiosam
vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus
:
conticuisset, luscinia tarn suaviter canere

velle videretur.
Pastor, fistula deposita
arbore et lusciniam audiamus.
coepit, ut se
ipsam superare
Considamus
hie,
Turn pastor
et puella
inquit,
cantum
sub
lusciniae
eertatim laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus sedent.
Ad
postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae

erumperent Turn luscinia ad cueulum conversa: Videsne, inquit,
quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent?
Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est
artis meae testis^ quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quern tantopere jactabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artificum opera non vulgi
opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda.
8.
1. to
slotc.
Cuculus,
cry out
to.
i,
m. cuckoo,
vallis,
gradus, us, m. step,
mixtum
or
is,
/. valley,
altercor 1. to quarrel,
mistum
2.
without Perf. and Sup.
to
vociferor
intermingle,
to differ.
26
fistula,
1.
cuculo
1. to coo.
ae, /. pipe,
to screech,
acclamo
lentus, a,
um,
intermisceo, miscui
eertatim, adv. emulously.
disto
302
FABLES.
Auceps
9.
Auceps
venatum
ibat
eum
approperat
et
mox
et vipera.
eundum premit
altero
inquit,
Mendax.
10.
lium
in prato oves pascebat atque per
ferretur, quasi
jocum
clamitabat, ut sibi auxi-
lupus gregem esset adortus.
succurrebant, neque
lupum
a puero viderunt.
Deinde,
revera iraploraret auxilium
inveniebant.
quum ipse
nemo gregi
Agricolae undique
quaterque se elusos
Ita ter
lupus aggrederetur, et puer

subvenit, et oves lupi praeda
Mendaci bomini non credimus, etiam vera quum
sunt facta.
Formica
11.
Formica
sitiens
et
ejus videret, misericordia tacta
ramulum
arcu instructus,
illuc venit,
Quum
atque venatoris talum
neficium
momordit.
columba incolumis
recte misit, et
12.
quum
decuit esse
deres,
si
beretur,
quum
et
fuit.
ferret, accurrit
ille
telum non
juvabere
raro be-
Vulpes
et corvus.
frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit.
conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit
adoritur.
suo transfixurus
Dolore impeditus
Juva
as-
Paullo post vena-
perit.
Corvus,
Quo
telo
Hunc
injecit.
columbae opem
avolavit.
abripuerunt,
veio columba sortem
aquam
in
columbamque
sentit formica, et, ut piae
eam
sed undae
periret.
secuta est formica in eoque natans effugit mortem.
Periculum
dicit.
columha.
descenderat ad fontem
nee multum aberat, quin misera
tibi
pede
miserum,
alteri insidior, ipse dispereo.
Puer
tor,
forte
Me
viperam in herba latentem, quae ilium mordet.
dum
palumbem
in altissima arbore
vidit
capturus, sed inter
corve, inquit,
quam
pulchra es
Sane oinnes aves
avium regem.
eumque callidis verbis

quam speciosa Te
avis,
regiis virtutibus antece-
vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus haclamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit;
vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens
dixit'.
Heus, corve
Nihil
deest praeter mentem.
9.
Auceps,
dispereo,
ii,
tipis,
m.foioler.
vipera, ae,/. viper,
appropero
1. to
approach.
4. to perisk.
10.
Clamito
11.
Formica, ae,/. ant.
1. to
cry out often,
revera, adv. in earnest.
ramulus,
i,
m. branch,
talus,
i,
m. ankle.
DIALOGUES.
11
303
DIALOGUES.
Excusatio.
1.
Quid caussae est, quod tam diu nos non inviseris ? Quid imfuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videiidi copiam ?
Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea
negotia non licuit per valetudinem laboravi enim aliquamdlu febri
non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G.
Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare.
Geta.
pedimeiito
Excusatio tua justior
Haec
sa.
visendo compenses.
bus alenda.
curis,
quam
S.
Tu
vellem, siquidem valetudo fuit in caus-
quod cessatum
eris, si,
moraris
nihil
Amicitia nostra firmior
vulgaria.
tis
est,
lege mihi purgatus
est,
istius
quam
ut
est,
modi
te
nobis adimunt.
talem amicum nobis invident

gravi desiderio torsit
tui.
2.
Quid imprecer
Pessime
Male pereat
sit
isti
saepe in-
nimium
ofRciis istis vulgari-
sit
Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat.
quae
me
officia
G.
Male
sit is-
istis negotiis,
febri,
ista febris, le
quae
quae nos tam
quidem incolumi.
Colloquium jocosum.
Andreas.
Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea.
Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue attulisti.
A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam
te aestimet.
A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi
M. Nescio. Pulsa fores
ejus et videbis.
A. Heus, Rudolphe! domine es? R. Non sum. A.
Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens.
Impudens
Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses,
et tu non credis mihi ipsi ?
A. Aequum dicis par pari retulisti. R.
Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc
vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. jR. Quid
ita ?
A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris niA. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum.
hil est negotii.
.?
R.
Ita est.
Si igitur deambulare libet, te comitabor
nam
per totum
hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium,

nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio.
1.
Cesso
2.
Aestimo
cealed.
1. to
omit,
1. to
compenso
estimate,
1. to
pulso
make
]. to beat,
wp.
imprecor
latito I. to
1. to
ut
una
imprecate.
keep one's self con-
304
DIALOGUES.
Colloquium ejusdem generis.
3.
Syrus.
Opto
opto, quicquid
Quid
de
tibi
optas
videndum
G. Ut vides.
rei ?
tibi
duplicatum
G. Confabulor.
Fortasse tecum.
jS*.
cum homine probo

Non
G.
studes.
Voluptates
confabulere.
ulla
est
S.
Proin-
G.
studiorum
commendat rarior usus. Tu

more facis. Rides me,
G. Age, tuo
tuus jocus.
quam sim
agis
Immo
satietas.
est
noctes ac dies.
fallit
Quid
tamen modus quidam. Non omittenda quidem

sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam. Nihil suave, quod
perpetuura.
me
ut
litteris
Verum; sed
sunt studia,
est,
S.
congerrone confabulor; legoenimlibrumjoci plenum.
.S.
jS.
mihi.
confabularis solus
cum lepidissimo
Tu perpetuo
Gda. Et ego
multani felicitatem.
tibi
litteris
studes
ut soles.
Non
Ipsi codices pulvere situque obducti loquuntur,
iramodicus in studio.
4.
Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo.
S.
Ludus.
mi Ludovicei Ludovicus. Quo tandem.^ C. In horjam legimus et scripsimus ludamus quoque. L. Ego pen-
Cardlus. Veni,
tum
satis
sum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum

omnia. Tune jam omnia _didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos
discere et scribere jussit ?
L. Ergo nondum licet luC. Non omnia.
L.
C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum.
Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum sodalem habeo
L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt.
Deinde, quum
C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi.
omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam
dere.
peracti labores jucundi sunt.
5.
Frider'icus.
Audisne?
F.
Hoc
Non
C.
expergiscere
Tempus
F. Ubi ergo habes aures?
est surgere.
C. In lecto.
Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? C Quid faciam ^

Dormis? et loqueris tamen mecum? C. Saltem volo
F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi.
C.
Quota
F.
Jam
J^.
lam pridem.
3.
audio.
F.
dormire.
Mox
surgendo..
video.
Dormio.
Erras.
De
Heus, heus, Carole
est
hora
ante duas
Quum
igitur
C.
jP.
Septima.
horas.
Sed
C.
C Num
frater
mens
Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ?

meae jam surrexerunt?
sorores
certe
expergefacerem eum, statim
adhuc jacet
reliquit
in lecto.
F.
nidum suum.
C.
surgam.
Duplieo
1. to
rade, jAay-fdlow.
double,
confabulor
1.
satietas, atis,/. satiety,
to chat,
congerro, onis, m. com-
intermitto 3. to intermit.
305
DIALOGUES.
Amhulolio,
6.
Age, mi
Friderlcus.
ambulemus
frater,
enim pluvia inundavit,
prata
AuMinime
tempestas serena
Num
gmtus. Placet; sed ubi ambulabimus?
est.
F.
in pratis ?
Placetne adscen-
et viae lutulentae sunt.
?
A. Placet jam priHiems nos prohibuit; liieme
Quid stas autem ? A. Duae
Utram eligealtera flexuosa.
dere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus
dem enim
enim mons
monte non fuimus.
in
glacie et nive tectus
viae ducunt ad
mus ?
montem
F.
erat.
altera recta,
F. Flexuosam censeo
est
enim umbrosior,
sol
minus
fervet.
Vesperi enim
A. Earnus igitur!
Naufragium.
7.
Mauritius. Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior.
dem mallem
batulus.
sibi vult hie pallor ?
M.
est foituna, sic est corporis habrtus.
mihi quidem
alias
secunda
M. Dolet mihi
Num
adversa
quam
nunc,
equi-
C.
Ut
Nunquam
C.
At
redisti bar-
quid frons corrugata
sed nunquam,
Cyprianus.
M. Imberbis abieras,
prudentior, aut doctior.
At quid
Des-
et sol fervet.
cendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus.
odio-
reflavit
Sed quid hoc mali est ? C. Universae pecuniae naufragium feci. M, In mari ?
C. Non, sed in littore,
nondum navem ingressus. M. Ubinam? C. In littore Britannico.
M. Bene habet, quod ipse nobis vivus enatasti. Praestat pecuniae jacturam facere, quam vitae. Levius est pecuniae damnum, quam famae.
C, Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia.
M. Vita sarciri nullo pacto
potest, fama aegre potest, pecunia facile alicunde sarcietur.
Qui malum hoc accidit ? C. Nescio, nisi quod sic erat in fatis meis. Sic
visum est superis. M. Vides igitur, doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas
sius.
esse
tua calamitas.
quae nee
divitias,
eripi possunt,
quidem philosopharis
C. Pulchre tu
Jussum
8.
Rabinus. Profer ocreas

6.
ferveo, vi 2. to
7.
Obesus,
bearded,
to
sivim out.
philosophize,
8.
Albeo
herile.
a,
um,/a.
corrugatus,
odiose, adv. odiously.
circumfero,
tuli,
r'mgor 3.
show
to
2. to be clean,
latum
um^ muddy.
um, shady.
a,
3.
to
barbatulus, a,
a,
carry around,
philosopher
1. to
the teeth; 2) to be fretful.
rigeo 2. to be
26*
a,
umbrosus,
adsunt.
um, slightly
um, lOj-mArZerf. reflo 1. fo
Britannicus, a, um, British, enato, 1.
imberbis, e, beardless,
m. paêncs 6-.
En
Syrus.
lutulentus,
to overfioic.
1.
est.
tmndow. flexuosus, a, um., winding,

burn (intrans.). vario 1. to vary.
pallor, oris,
bloio against,
nee onerant circumferentem.
sed interim ego ringor.
nam equitandum
inundo
Pluvia, ae^f. rain,
fenestra, ae,/.
stiff,
siccitas, atis,/. dryness,
uvi-
306
DIALOGUES.
R. Probe quidem abs

dulo panno
mox unge
Curabkur.
S.
tur.
ciiratae
te
ad ignem
R. Ubi calcaria ?
desit,
aut ne quid ruptum, aut
quid nobis
mora,
quum erimus
in
sit
sarciendum cura.
sint,
Quam macri sum
aut vacillent.
anno
liceai
Cur
Tn
celeriter.
te
R.
sedulo.
R. Hoc
Fiet.
)S'.
adeo
quispiam, cui debes honorem, comj)one te in rec-
Vultus
nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee

juncti pedes, quietae manus.
sit
tristis,
hilari
nee torvus,
modestia tem-
eum, quocum loqueris
intenti in
Nee
nee
sed
iustabilis,
semper
oculi verecundi,
sint equi, si loqui
Curo
>.
Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores.
corporis statum, aperi caput.
peratus
nonnumquam totum triduum.
mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula
moribus es agrestibus.
Quoties alloquitur
Quoties
R. Nimirum
Monita paedagogi.
9.
Paedagogus.
clavi de-
Quia non pascor foeno.
S.
Adorna manticam
igitur restEU,
num qui
strigosi
quotidie.
loquuntur ipsa macie.
satis
igitur tu habitior equis ?
tum
Immo
5'.
quamque
R. Negas tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi
quanquam
equi,
Jejunia colunt, opinor,
res ipsa loquitur.
Minime.
Propere hoc lorum
Reversus inspice soleas equorum,
absterges, aut pectis illos in
S.
mox rumpendum, ne
cursu.
in
sed
Sunt in promptu.
jS*.
R. Vide, ne quid
donee moUian-
R. Verum
Adsunt.
5*.
ephippia?
et
Deterge uvi-
siccitate.
diligenter, ac macera,
Ubi frenum
obducta rubigine.
Opinor nee de-
totae albeiit situ.
nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae
tersas,
vacilles altemis tibiis,
nee manus
agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures.
Vestis item ad
decorum comppnatur,
ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et
habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se
Puer. Quid,
ferat.
Nondum.
Hem
Pae.
satis
est;
si sic ?
hoc
Neve vagetur animus

dulus,
a,
um,
clavus,
i.
m.
ephippium,
nail,
the space of three days.
9.
i,
\.n.
make
pannus,
vi.
rag.
loquax, aut praeceps.
i,
macero
1. to
Si
rubigo,
soak,
(corresponding to our saddles).

strigosus, a, xxm^lank.
n. fast, êj. colere^ to keep fast,
nimirum,
triduum,
w.
i,
\xm, fleshy,
foe-
paedagogus, i.m. private
tutor.
ma.c\es, e\.,f. leanness,
agrestis, e, rustic, rude,
um, shameless,
alternus, a, nm,
gestures.
i,
n. horse-cloth^
i,
admonition, instruction,
caula, ae, /. sheep-cote,
spectful,
inepte
sis
hahitas,
a. ,
raantica, ae,/. portmanteau.
n. hay.
Monitum,
tervus, a,
ne
maeer, era, crum, lean,
jejunium,
adv. doubtless,
nura,
tene,
Pu. Siccme satis ? Pae.

Pu. Quid, si sic ?
Propemodum.
Pae.
interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat.
slightly moist,
inis, /, rust,
Pae. Fac.
mediter ?
si
Pu. Quid,
'
labrum,
i.
torvus, a,
instabilis, e, unstable,
alternate,
n. lip.
um,
stern,
verecundus,
gestus, us, gesture;
scabo, 3. to scratch,
a,
pro-
um,
re-
gestus agere, <o
fodio, odi,
ossum,
3.
DIALOGUES.
respondendum, id
307
facito paucis ac prudenter,
interdum prae-
quid
erit
fatus
honorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia:
atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon-
sum
Neve
absolveris.
abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis-
Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe

Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pu. Jam sex ferme menses. Pae. Addendum erat domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme
Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Nonmenses, domine.
nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis earn revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si
Pae. Nunc lectendum erat genu.
Bene habet.
id pace liceat tua.
sus.
Sic ])ergito
Quum
ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesi-
loqueris, cave,
murmures, sed
lingua, aut palato
tes
suescito proferre verba tua.
distincte, clare, articulatim
quem
Si
memento
gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem,
In convivio sic
aperire caput.
mineris, quid deceat aetatem
um
postremus
mox, decerpta
omnium admoveto man-
bene precator, sed ipse
Si
non
sitis,
ipse ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus.
ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua
laudem
ut sine invidia
invenias, et
jactato,
amicos pares.
horum memineris.
quid aliud vis
Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos.
dig
Trahit sua
quemque
te
a mensa.
Pu.
Num-
Fiet.
Venatio.
voluptas
mihi placet venatio.
Thorn-
indoles, is,/, natural disposition^ nature.
aures, to prick the ears,
propemodum,
Ita fiet,
Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor
10.
PauUm.
to
ne aliena
Si videris, convivium
extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito
Vide, ut
illi
tamen admoveto
Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales.
despicito.
est, illi
Si quis praebibet, hilariter
bibito modice.
Arride loquentibus
labris.
cui obtrectato,
instabitur,
si
quod reliqimm
particula,
proximo accubanti.
reddito, aut alicui
callcem
tuam
praebebis hilarem, ut semper me-
Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste
patinae.
accipe, et age gratias
Ne
te
con-
grandem, ma-
praeteribis natu
hem, inter] hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly.

praefor 1 to premise ; praefatus honorem, premising loith your leave be it said ;
pra.ei'dix'i\ema.m,to first ask permission,
cognomen, Inis, n. title, specimen,
adv.
almost,
inis, n.
specimen.
maternus,
hasten,
a,
um,
haesito
mother's,
1. to hesitate,
distincte, adv. distinctly,
patina, ae,/. dish,
wise,
bibo,
i,
ctum
3. to
10.
3. to
drink
to.
reviso, visi,
palatum,
i,
isum
to revisit,
3.
articulatim, adv. articulately,
lautus
a,
um,
dainty,
extraho, traxi, tractum
praecipito l.to
mnr mu.ro
w. iAroai.
recuso
3. to
1. to
mutter.
alioqui, adv. other1. to refuse,
protract,
prae-
subduco,
xi,
withdraw.
Venabtilum,
i,
n. hunting-spear,
cuniculus,
i,
m.
rabbit,
laqueus,
i,
DIALOGUES.
308
Placet etiam mihi
as.
sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses
Valeant
apri, ursi, cervi et
centius.
At ego laqueos
B.
tari volantia.
nos insidiabimur
injiciam
Ego
Bartholus.
captabo.
vulpes
Laurentius.
locustis.
L.
papiliones venabor.
sed pulchrum
Difficile,
ranas
est sec-
pulchrius esse ducis
nisi
Vin-
Ego
Difficile
P.
curiiculis.
L. Equidem malo
hamus elegans. B. Sed unde pai-abis escam ? L. Lumbricorum ubivis magna est copia. B. Est, si tibi veL. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosiiint prorepere e terra.
sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent

insidiari piscibus
Quo
B.
liant.
est
pacto
raihi
incantamentis
L. Videbis artem.
Hos juglandium summos

Hac aqua perfunde solum.
banc situlam aqua,

fractos immittito.
Vides emergentes
per.
alis.
B,
Rem
Imple
con-
cortices virentes
Nunc
observa paullis-
prodigiosam video.
Sic
olira,
Sed plerique
esca tam vulgari
opinor, exsiliebant arraati ex satis serpentis dentibus.
quam
pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati,
Tu
B.
leo.
Quomodo
L.
negotium.
possisne imponere piscibus
vide,
certemus nucibus
si
grandiores sumus.
us.
reti ?
V.
est equitare
genus
sequar,
sed arcu.
insidiari so-
ego ranis facessam

L.
Novum
Videbis et fatebere.
aliud adhuc,
nihil
quam
Tu
V.
indeco-
igitur praescribito
P. Et ego futui'us
vocaveris.
V.
nos
pueri sum-
nucibus, iisdem non
est ludere
arundine longa.
quocunque
P. Nuces pueris relinquamus
Et tamen
P. Sed quibus decorum
rum
Non
B.
B. At non injucundum.
piscandi genus.
Quid,
ut
L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus
capiantur.
lusus
sum omnium
horarum homo.
RedUus
11.
Petrus.
pater
profectus
tari
Quid
domum
?
laetus
ita
mi Sigismunde
P. Ubinam fuit ?
rediit.
jS".
es,
patris.
Nescisne, mercatum
ibi esse
a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa
rediit,
an
in
rheda
*Sl
Equo
vectus
Sigismundus. Quia
S. Lipsiae.
est.
habitum,
P. Cur eo fuerat
eumque frequen-
P. Utrum pedes, an eques

P. Quando advenit
S.
locusta, ae, f. locust,

himbrlcus, i, m. earih-ioorm. ala, ae,/.
hamus, i, m. fishing-hook, esca, ae,/. bait, prosilio, lui 4. to leap
incantamentum, i, n. magic influence, situla, ae, /. pail, juglans,
forth,
immitto, misi, missum 3. to put in. perfundo, fudi, fusum
ndis,/. walnut,
in. noose,
wing,
spring forth, serpens, tis, serpent, delicatus, a,

impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon; c. dat. to deceive.
to fish, indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed,
praes-
3. to
wet.
um,
delicate,
piscor 1.
cribo, psi,
exsilio, lui 4. to
ptum
3. to
prescribe.
11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic.
mercatus, us, m. a fair,
rheda, ae,/ wagon.
309
DIALOGUES.
P. Quis
Ante horam.
jam
quum
vi,
tibi tarn cito
nuntiavit
jS.
Famulus, qui
P. Bene
fecisti
illi
eum
S. Saluta-
salutasti ?
P. Quid amplius
vix ex equo descendisset.
Calcaria detraxi et ocreas.
P. Jamne
e longinquo venientem viderat.
fecisti ?
jS.
sed miror, te propter ad-
Don domi mansisse. iS. Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego

quum nunc tempus adsit in scholam eundi. P. Id quiOptima
dem laude diguum est sed quomodo valet pater tuus ?
5". Sed
dei beneiicio. P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus rediit.
ventum
ejus
ipse vellem,
jS".
alias pluribus
scholam eamus
in
Colloquium scholasticum.
12.
quidem
Cornelius. Scite tu
subhumida
Nunc
colloquemur.
scribis
est ac transmittit
sed charta tua
atramentum.
Charta
pei'fluit
Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap-
pennam banc. C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A. En

quam obtusum
A. Accipe cotem.
C. Utrum soles
scribere cuspide duriore, an moUiore ? A. Accommoda ad manum
tuam. C. Ego molliore soleo. A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine
figuras elementorum.
C. Graecas, an Latinas ?
A. Latinas primum
pares mihi
C. Hui,
tibi.
conabor
imitari.
atramentum
C. Suppedlta chartam.
A. Accipe.
A. At
dilutius est saepius infusa aqua.
tarium prorsus exaruit.
Rogabo
quam
A. Quid est discipulus sine
mento ?
digiti
mutuum.
rogare
Quod
C.
alicunde.
meum
atramen-
calamo
et atra-
A. Utinam mihi sint
miles sine clipeo et gladio.
Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo

tam celeres
C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas proxima, ut celeriter.
!
cito, si sat
quum
Sed
C. Praestat habere domi,
assequi.
Sat
C.
meum
dictat
A. Belle
bene.
Sat
cito, si sat
12. Scite, adv. skilfully,
sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori,
bene.
charta, ae, /. paper,
perfltio, uxi,
uxum
3. fo
subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, Isi, issum

3. to let through,
atramentum, i, n. ink. quaeso, 7 aÂ;. apparo 1. to prepare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui,
fiow through,
interj.Oh!
fit.
obtusus,
exaresco, arui
to
a,
um,
infundo, fudi, fusum

borrow,
3. to
dull.
3.
become dry.
caldimas,
cantio, onis,/. song.
\,
m.
to
cuspis,
idis, /. ôiwi.
accommodo
1. ô
pour in.
atramentarium, i, n. inkstand.
mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare,
stalky quill,
dicio I. to dictate.
he\le, adv. finely.
REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
310
REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
Ill
1.
tis
set
Idcirco, inquit,
ret occumbere.
pugnabimus.
igitur, inquit,
Lacaena quum filium
2.
Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset
Solem prae jaculomm multitudine
In umbra
quum
Lacedaemoaiis unus,
glorians
in
sagittarum non videbi-
et
Tusc.
C.
proelium misisset
genueram, ut
esset,
42, 101.
1,
et interfectum audis-
qui pro patria mortem non duhita-
Ibid. 102.
Cyi-enaeum Theodorum, philospSphum non ignobilem, nonne mi-
3.
ramur
quum
cui
Mis
minaretur:
Lysimachus, rex Thraciae
Theodori quidem nihil
interest,
humine, an sublime putescat.
Diogenes, Cynlcus, projlci se post
4.
Tum
Qui
propter me, quo abigam, ponitote.
mortem
Minime
amici: Volucribusne et feris?
enim
Macedoniae, crucem
et
quaeso, mquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis
Ibid. 43, 102.
jussit
inhumatum.
vero, inquit; sed bacillum
poteris
? illi
(quaesiverunt)
iion
(ûid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ?
senties.
Ibid. 43, 104.

Praeelare Anaxagoras,
5.
Clazomenas
amicis, velletne
hU
necesse
est,
inquit
Anaxagoram
6.
nuisse mortalem.
quum Lampsaci
moreretur, quaerentibus
in patriam, si quid accidisset, aufeiTi
undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae
ferunt, nuntiata
morte
filii,
dixisse
est.
JViIbid.
me ge-
Sciebam,
Ibid. 3. 14, 30.
7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere

non posset quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno
suscitari'
Ibid. 4. 19, 44.
Soorates,
8.
quum
esset
ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdiccae
filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur,
sdo, inquit
nunquam enim cum
scire
non potes ?
rege
magno
quam
sit
JSMlo
eo
Tu
mjodo.
potes dicere, beatusne
dodus,
quam
vir
bonus
An
Quid ?
Perses, ae, m. a Persian; adj. Persian,
3.
Cyrenaeus,
Ain' tu
sum.
Haud
aliter id
ne de Persarum quidem
igitur
sit ?
1.
/. cross,
nonne beatum putaret
collocutus
ego possim,
quum
ignorem,
tu in eo sitam vitam
jaculum,
i,
beatam
n. javelin.
m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucis,

purpuratus, i, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco,
i,
tui 3. to rot.
4.
Cynicus,
matus,
5.
a,
i,
m. the Cynic,
um, unburied.
e.
i,
n. staff,
jectum
3. to cast forth,
laniatus, us,
m.
inhu-
the tearing.
Lampsacus,c\iy of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Clasi quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him,
tantundem viae, just ns long a way.
if perchance he should die.
Lampsacus,
i,/.
zomenae, city of Ionia,

i.
projicio, jeci,
bacillum,

EEMARKABLE SAYINGS.
putas
Ita prorsus existimo
ergo Archelaus
9.
honos, beatos
Cerie, si injustus.
Ill
improhos, miseros.
Miser
C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35.
Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per
num
narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt,
se omnia, quae co-
litteras,
se essd etiam
mori prohihitu-
rus.lbid. 14, 42.
quum
Xenocrates,
10.
attulissent,
ab Alexandre quinquaginta
legati
quae erat pecunia temporibus
illis,
ei talenta
Athenis praesertim, max-
coenam in Academiam iis apposuit tantum,

nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui
numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenuld
non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset,
ima, abduxit legates ad
quod
satis esset,
minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur.
triginta
Ibid.
32, 91.
Lacedaemone quum tyrannns coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se

nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia
coxerat Minime mirum ; condimenta enimêfuerunt.
Quae tandem ?
11.
jure
illo
inquit
his
ille.
Quum
12.
in
Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames,
enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur.

Athenis, ludis,
magno consessu
locus
ei
autem ad Lacedaemonios
quidam
ceperunt.
quidam: Athenienses
iis
13. Bias, qui
numeratur
et
Quum
essent, certo in
senem ilium sessum
sciunt, quae recta sunt
in
septem sapientibus,
hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut
quum
asportarent,
faceret
omnes
est datus.
quum
re-
sedfacere
Sen. 18, 63.
Prienen cepisset
secum
nusquam
accessisset, qui, legati
Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex
datus, dixit ex
nolunt.
Ibid. 34, 98.
theatrum grandis natu venisset,
in
a suis civibus
loco consederant, consurrexerunt
sitis
Ego vero,
esset
inquit, facio
quum
ejus patriam
multa de suis rebus
admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse
nam omnia mecum porto
mea.
C. Parad.
1. 2, 8.
Quum tyrannus
14.
[hie] deliberandi sibi
10.
Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus
unum diem
postulavit.
Quum
esset,
idem ex eo pos-
Appono, posui, posltum 3. to place (jefore. apparatus, us, m. Jilting out.

a, um, of yesterday,
coenula, ae, /. a spare meat, mina, ae,/.
hesternus,
mina (worth about
17i^ dollars).
11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup,
venatus, us, m. hunting.
Eurotas, ae, m.
Eurotas, river in Sparta.

12.
Lud\s, games,
theatrum,
consurgo, surrexi, surrectum

the old
man, in order
manifold.
to seat
i,
n.
theatre,
3. to arise,
him,
i. e.
took
consessus, us. m. assembly.
senem sessum receperunt, received

him to their seat, multiplex, icis,

REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
312
tridie quaereret,
biduum
Quum
petivit.
numerum
saepius duplicaret
dierum, adrnkansque Hiero requireret, cur
faceret
ita
inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior.
Qwia, quanta,
JV*.
D.
1. c.
22.
15.
Quum
gloria, invitatus esset
audiret
quumque
is
quod ejus nomen
ab hospitibus
se
non
suis, ut
nolle dixisset
copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris
Turn,
quum
Ephesum ad Antiochum
magna apud oranes
Phormionem philosophum
locutus esse dicitur homo
Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus,
venisset exsul, proque eo,
ceteri,
erat
officio
de omni re
et
militari.
qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati,
quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de
illo
Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen
libere respondisse fertur,
philosopho judicaret.
; sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deliNeque mehercule injuria

Quid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de
imperio cum populo Romano, omnium gentium victore, certasset,
Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset,
nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset,
praecepta de re militari dare ? C. De Or. 2, 18, 75.
16. Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Salinator retinuisset,
multos se deliros
raret, vidisse
series
saepe vidisse
neminem.
multaque ex ea proelia praeclara
quum
fecisset,
aliquot post annos
oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut meraQuidni, inquit, meminerim ?

inisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse
nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273.
17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse Nasica sensit illam domi-
Maximus
id
ni jussu, dixisse, et ilium inlus esse.
Paucis post diebus
Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua

se domi non esse.
Tum Ennius Quid
inquit, tuam ?
Hie Nasica Homo [inquit]
lb.
18.
domi non
ego non cognosco vocem,
es
qucuererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te
quum ad
quaereret, exclamat Nasica,
esse
impudens.
;
tu mihi
Ego quum
non
68, 276.
Orator quidam malus
putaret,
postquam
movisse
quum
assedit, rogavit
Ac magnam quidem,
in epilogo misericord iam se
movisse
Catulum, videreturne misericordiam
inquit
rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa
neminem enim puto

sit.
C.
De
Or.
2. 69,
esse
tam du-
278.
proque eo, quod, and on accovnt of this, that non.

res militaris, warfare,
hie, here.
Poenus,
Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, dellro 1.
15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile,

nolle,
i,
te
credis ipsi ?
to
will
with pleasure,
m. Carthaginian.
mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed,
to be silly,
arrogans,
lis,
arrogant.
31S
NARRATIVES.
NARRATIVES.
IV.
Themistodes.
Leonidas.
Xerxes.
1.
(Cf. Justin.
2, 10. 11.)
Xerxes bellum a patre coeptiim adversus Graeciam per quinquen-
nium
de
cata,
Septingenta milia de regno armaverat et trecenta
instruxit.
auxiliis, ut
non immerito proditum
Graeciamque
omnem
Ut
introltus
Xerxis
Nam quum
discessus.
Graeciam
in
sic-
Naves
vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse.
quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse
railia
flumina ab exercitu ejus
sit,
dicitur.
terribilis
fuit, ita
turpis ac foedus
cum
Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum,
quat-
militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes
tuor milibus
contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati

Marathonia pugna
interfecti
principium cladis fuere

editur.
Triduum
cum
ibi
summum cacumen
:
teneri,
suos cupiunt,
major caedes
sibi
quam
cum Lacedaemoniis fortunam
vitae,
debere
ceteros ad praesi-
Audito regis imperio, discessere
Lacedaemonii remanserunt.
tunc hortatur socios, recedant, et se ad
plura se patriae,
dia Graeciae servandos.
ulcisci
inutili turba,
esset Leonidae, a viginti milibus hostium
meliora patriae tempora reservent
experiendam
dum
qui,
dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum
quum nuntiatum
quarto die,
fuerant
succedente deinde
hujus
Initio
ceteri, soli
sciscitantibus Delphis
belli
oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden-
dum
Et
esse.
idcirco rex Leonidas,
quum
firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad
propterea occupaverat, ut
cum
in
bellum proficisceretur,
moriendam animo
Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur
Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque modo proeliaturi

esse: caverent, ne fortius mansisse,
quam
sint,
honestius,
daret, securis et laetis
quam
in castris
suadere paratis mori
superveniendum
hostium perituros.
statim
arma
caden-
dimicasse viderentur;
nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circuravenirentur, sed,

occasionem
suos
paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut
minore damno reipublicae caderet.
dum
ita
Angustias
scirent.
dum nox
nusquam
Nihil erat
victores
difficile
per-
capiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quin-
gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut

1.
Quinquennium,
i,
n. iAe sjoflce o//ow7- years.
to, arf. reof w7/tOM^ justice,
/. Thermopijlae, a
numero,
&/.,
^xmo\. to arm. immeriThermopylae, arumj
number.
narrow pass in Thessaly. conlemtus, us, m. contempt.

cognatus, i, m. relative. MarathonTus, a, um, of
paucitas, atis,/. fewness,
Marathon,
triduum, i,n. space of three days,
sciscTtor 1. to inquire,
proelior 1. to fight,
27
indignatio, onis,/. indignation.
circumvenio, veni, ventum
4. to
::
314
NARRATIVES,
cum
potissimum sede moritu-
aut, si ipsi oppress! essent, in ipsius
illo,
Tumultus
ri.
castris
totis
non inveniunt, per omnia
Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem
oritur.
castra victores vagantnr, caedunt sternuntque
omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe-
Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem
nam.
Ad postremum non
rum hostium
sed vincendo
victi,
fatigati, inter
diei tractum.
ingentes strato-
catervas occiderunt.
Xerxes, duobus vulrieribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris
fortunam
Ante navalis
statuit.
prorsus, quasi
templum
Apollinis diripiendum
non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum
bus bellum gereret

est,
congressionem miserat Xerxes
proelii
quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad
ut intelligeret,
quae manus
quam
diis
immortali-
imbribus et fulminibus deleta
tota
hominum
nullae essent
adversus deos vires.
Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit

et
quoniam
Namque
istocle,
ferro in
homines non
Athenienses post
poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur.
pugnam Marathoniam,
})raemonente
Them-
victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam
majoris
belli fore,
Adventante
ducentas naves fabricati erant.
igitur
Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem
muris ligneis tuerentur.

Themistocles, navium praesidium
demonstratum
omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia

aedificiis,
quam
Hujus sententiae etiam
Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque

insulis, relicta urbe,
demandant
emplum Atheniensium
occupasset
Salaminii
ipsi
cum
Deum auctorem
classis, et
freti,
esse.
pretiosissimis rebus abditis
naves armati conscendunt.
Ex-
Itaque
quum
intenta in bellum navale
esset,
etiam aliae urbes imiiatae sunt.
eonjuncta omnis sociorum

angustiasque
persuadet
Itaque melius salutem navibus,
sed in civibus positam.
urbi commissures.
ratus,
civitatemque non in
ne cireumveniri a multitudine posset,
dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur.
Qui quum,
deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi valient, timens Themistocles, ne

discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat,
uno
in loco
civitates,
eum
contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse.
quae jam abire
vellent,
dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret.
gulas consectandas.
Hoe
ao around^ svrround.
supervenire,
to prostrate,
statuo,
tii,
ut qui, as
utum
3. to
Quodsi
dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin-
those.,
who.
determine,
to surprise,
fatigo
quam
1. to
sterno, stravi, stratum 3.
weary,
nullae essent
cater va, ae,/. troop.
hominum
vires,
how
power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement.

Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/, cities in Boeotia. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.),
empty, gr&ssor i. to icalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, ui,
insignificant the
315
NARRATIVES.
Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium
collatis viribus
capessunt.
cum
pugnae,
Iiiterea rex, velut spectator
remanet
navium
parte
in littore
Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi
venerat, inter primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat: quippe ut in viro
muliebrem timorem,
anceps proelium
lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se
paullatim subtrahere coeperuiit

fregit.
Itaque circumspicientes
victi, in
fugam
ves,
quorum
animos ceterorum
defectio
fugam pelluntur Persae
mox, proelio
et
In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt na-
vertuntur.
multae mersae
Quum
muliere virilem audaciam cerneres.
ita in
esset,
regis,
quam
tantum ad
inter-
non minus saevitiam
plures tamen,
hostem, timentes, doraum dilabiintur.

2.
Marcus
Piso, orator
Piso orator
Roman us,
et servus.
servis praeceperat, ut
rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent.
Clodium ad coenam
invitari juberet.
Hora coenae
instabat; aderant
omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur.
ceteri convivae
Evenit, ut
Piso servum, qui
Quum
solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne.
tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo Die, inquit, num
forte non invitasti Clodium ?
Invitavi, respondit ille.
Cur ergo non
:
venit?
Quia venturum
dixisti ?
Quia non sum a
pus custodiebat.
assidere,
eum jam
audisset,
nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum
ro deduci et curari diligenter.
Transeunt
habetur.
itum
canem, qui
itinere incidit in
Quum
statim
fdihncor
hominis cor-
interfecti
expertem
dies cibi
tres
jussit
humari, canem ve-
Paucis post diebus militum lustratio
singuli, sedente
2. 2Jre-admo/iis/i.
non
id
te interrogatus.
Ca7iis fidelis.
3.
Pyrrhus rex in
Turn Piso: Cur
se negavit.
Respondit servus
1. to
rege.
make,
Aderat
municeps,
canis.
ipis,
m.
Is
quum
citizen
of a
free city; 2) citizen, conjux, ugis,/. ?ri/"e. abdo, dldi, diium 3. to conceal.
demsLndo I. to commit. Salaminium fretum, i, w. bay of Saiarais. Halicarnassus, \.f. city in Caria.
rnuJiebris, e, of a v)oiiian.
cerneres, one might
lones, um, m. lonians.
paullatim, adv. gradually,
subtraho, traxi,
see.
tractum
3.
totcit/idraw.
dation^ haste,
2.
mergo,
PraecTpio, cepi,
defectio, onis,/. desertion,

tnersi,
ceptum
ties, adv. several times,
num
mersum
3.
direct,
to
forte
non
trepidatio, onis,/. trepi-
saevitia, ae,/. cruelty.
3. to sink,
praeterea, adv. besides,
invitasti
can
it
aliquo-
be possible that thou
hast not invited.

3.
Assideo, sedi
lead away,
2.
to sit
by.
humo
lustratio, onis,/. review,
\.to bury,
tacltus, a,
um,
deduco,
silent,
xi,
ctum
3. fo
percussor, oris,
316
NARRATIVES.
antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac
domini sui percussores
vidit,
Pyrrhum connon modo rex, sed oranes, qui aderant, suspiconciperent. Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus
eosque
transire, prociUTit furens
allatravit,
saepius se ad
vertens, ita quidem, ut
cionem de
iis
quibusdam
signis aliimde accedentibus, fassi
caedem poenas dederunt.
Archimedis mors.
4.
Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu
Romanus, gravissime
defenderat, Marcellus, imperator
Archimedi vim
At
faceret.
is,
Romano,
qui praedandi caussa in
in
domum
irruperat strictoque gladio,
pulvere describit, militi
meos!
amici una
Amicus
propter
tubare drculos
JSPoli
alter recordatus, illam
humi se
infiddis.
faciunt atque, sohtudinem peragrantes,
iter
ingentem vident advenientem.

tam,
esset, interrogabat,
milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, interficitur.
5.
Duo
quisnam
respoudet, nisi hoc
studii nihil
ne quis
et oculis in terra defixis,
formas
nimium ardorem
edixit,
dum animo
ursum
Alter celeriter in ai'borem adscendit
bestiam cadavera non attingere, nisi fame efFera-
prosternit
animamque
mortuum.
continet, simulaus se esse
suum ad hominis os et am-es

admovet et cadaver esse ratus discedit. Tunc ambo metu liberati inceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in
Accedit ursus, coutrectat jacentem, os
arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus

Malta, inquit
dedit,
quae non recordor
ille,
ei in
aurem
insusurrasset.
sed imprimis hoc praeceptum
ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus iidera adverso tempore non
essem expertus.
DemostMnes.
6.
Demosthenes caussam oraus qnum judices parum

Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete
narrabo.
Quum
aures arrexissent
conduxerat, quo Athenis
Megaram
quum
esset
sol flagraret,
m. murderer,
procurro, cucurri,
allatro 1. to bark at.

4.
Edico,
forma,
5.
die.,
xi,
ctum
attentos videret:
novam
vobis
et
jucundam
Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum
profecturus
uteretur.
umbraculum, deposuit
cursum
3.
to
rush forth,
In itinera
clitellas et
sub
furo 3. to rage.
suspicio, onis,/. suspicion.

3. to
give out command,
vim
facere, to inflict violence.
/.figure.
ursus,
Infidelis, e, unfaithful,
anima, ae,/. breath,

6.
neque
rem
contrecto
Arrlgo, rexi, rectum
3.
to
1. to
i.
m. bear,
handle,
prick up.
effero 1. to render fierce.
insusurro, fo whisper.
conduce,
xi,
ctum
3. to
take with
',
NARRATIVES.
umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, damans,

non iimbram asini. Alter quum contra contenambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi hom-
asino consedit, cujus
asinum locatum
tandem
deret,
3 17
esse,
in jus
ines diligenter auscultantes vidit,
Tum
abiit.
rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret
umbra
audire
licet
caussam hominis de
7.
revocatus a judicibus
Quid
De
? inquit.
vita periclitantis
non
asini
audietis ?
Cyri mors.
Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo

tempo Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progressus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque
in
Tum
erant necessaria reliquit.
epulis
iis
copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit
tertia parte
quae
vini affatim et
regina filium adolescentem

is
vero, rei militaris
ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur.

redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in
Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti victoria exsultantes, pari fiâude decipit.
Quippe simulato timore refugiens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innumerabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in
Cyrus autem noctu

castris interficit.
humano
utrem, sanguine
exprobrans: Satia
te
repletum, conjecit,
sanguine,
quem
sitisti,
crudelitatem his verbis

et
quo nunquam
satiari
potuisti
Androcli ho.
8.
Romae
tur.
in circo
Multae
(Of. Gell. N. A.
maximo
impetu
Is leo corporis
530.)
pugna populo dabaalia omnia leonum

praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus.
venationis amplissimae
ibi saevientes ferae erant
immanitas admirationi
5, 14,
fuit,
et ingenti
sed praeter
magnitudine terribilique fremitu,
toris
comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese

converterat.
Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad
tiarum servus
viri consularis.
umbraculum,
2) to hire,
onis,
m.
to be
in danger
loco
hostler,
n.
Ei servo Androclus nomen
shade,
1. to hire,
clitellae,
enarro
1.
arum,
pugnam besHunc
fuit.
/. -pack-saddle,
to relate
through,
agaso,
periclitor 1.
of.
Aliquantum,
some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zz?.

abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. to pursue,
recens, tis, recent, decipio, cepi, ceptum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi,
actum 3. to draw, amputo 1. to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag.
8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus, a great race-course.
\m7.
abundantly;
manitas,
aff.
io
vini,
atis, /. AMo-ene55.
/. hair; 2)
mane,
torus,
i,
m. protuberance ; 2) muscle,
cervix, Icis,/. neck,
27*
fluctuor
1. to
wave,
coma,
ae,
introduco, xi,
318
NARRATIVES.
leo ubi vidit procu], repente, quasi admirans, stetit
ille
ac deinde sen-
sim atque placlde tanquam exploraturus ad honiinem accedit
turn
caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominisque fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimali
Homo
raetu lingua leniter demulcet.
Androclus inter
tarn atrocis
ilia
amissum animum receperat paullatim oculos ad

contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, lae-
ferae blandimenta
tos et gi-atulabundos videres
re prorsus admi-
excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare
ex eo, cur
xVndi'oclus, quaeriturque
Ea
hominem et leonem.
maximi a populo clamores
rabili
atrocissimus
ille
leonum uni peper-
cisset.
Quum
Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam.
pro-
meus dominus obtineret,

verberibus ad fugam sum coactus
vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio
ego
et,
ibi iniquis ejus et quotidianis
ut mihi a
camporum
domino
terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in
et arenarura
solitudiues
concessi: ac,
si
defuisset cibus,
mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante,

specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo.
Neque multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et
cruento pede, gemltus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vuliieris indicantia.
Ac primum quidem conspectu advenientis leonis
animus meus summo terrore impletur sed postquam leo, introgressus
in latibulum illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et mansuetus accessit ac sublatum pedem ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis
consilium
fuit
petendae
gratia, visus est.
haerentem
ejus
revelli
accuratiusque sine
cruorem.
Ille
Ibi,
ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis
conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo expressi
magna jam formidine siccavi penltus atque detersi

mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus
tunc
meis posiio, recubuit
et quievit.
Atque ex eo
die triennium
totum ego
eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venabaferas, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego,
et leo in
tur
ctum
3. to
introduce,
adv. by degrees,
vir consularis,
cauda, ae,/.
tall,
ceo, mulsi, raulsuin 2. to soothe
rnutuus, a,
um, mutual,
uni, congratulating.
er,
m. a
man
adjungo,
2) to lick,
xi,
of consular rank,
3. to join to.
ctum
blandimentum,
proconsulare imperium,
latebrae, arum,/, lurking places,
arena, ae,/. sand,
demul-
n. caressing.
gratulabundus,
recognitio, onis, /. recognition,
Hie, here,
i,
sensim,
n.
a,
proconsular powlatebrosus, a,
um,
recondo, idi, Ttum 3. to conceal, introgredior, gresfull of lurking places,

sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's
mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3.

rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello,
self,
sanies, ei,/. bloody matter,
formldo, ims,
f fear,
to skoio.
elli,
ulsum
porrigo, rexi,
3. to tear out.
suggero, gessi, gestum
3.
31#
NARRATIVES.
copiam non habens,
ignis
me
vitae illius ferinae
reliqui
specum:
viam
et,
prehensusque sum
statim rei capitalis
venatum
est, leoiie in
permensus, a militibus visus com-
fere tridiii
ad
mihi nunc etiam beneficii
me
me
Is
Intel-
tunc separate, captum gratiam
medicinae
et
Itaque, cunctis peten-
referre.
dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque
tibus,
profecto,
dominum ex Africa Romam deductus.

damnandum dandiimque ad bestias curavit.
et
autem hunc quoque leonem,
ligo
Sed ubi
torrens edebam.
sole meridiano
jam pertaesum
et
suffragiis
populi donatus.
Somnium mirum.
9.
Quum
duo quidam Arcades familiares

ad cauponem devertit
venissent, alter
una facerent
iter
ad hospitem
coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis

subveniret,
hospitio, ille alter orare, ut
pararetur
legisset idque
ei
visum pro
dormienti idem
venisset,
quod
ille
nihilo
habendum
mortem suam ne inultam
quoniam
esse pateretur
quum
se col-
sibi vivo
turn
non sub-
se interfectum in
supra stercus injectum
et
ut
a caupone interitus
sibi
esse duxisset, recubuit
visus est rogare, ut,
plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum,
Qui
qui erat in
ei,
primus perterritus somnio surrexit; dein,
is
Megaram
et
alter.
pe-
mane ad portara adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido exHoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam
tere, ut
iret.
fuit
quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro
tuus erutus est
Cleohis et Bito.
10.
Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis
Quum
est.
jus esset
enim
modo
daret pro pietate,
taesum
tior,
C. Div.
1.
mor-
27, 57.
filii,
Nota fabula
praedicantur.
fanum, morarenturque jumenta
nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perun-
filiis,.
Ita sacerdos
advecta in fanum,
precata a dea dicitur, ut
quod maximum homini
dari posset
quum
praemium
illis
deo.
Post,
m. midday sun. ferlnas, a, um, loild. me perhad become very tired of, (from pertaedet). permepass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a
sol meridianus,
mensLis sura
Caupo,
4. to
sufFraglum,
onis,
dead of night,
i, m. teamster.
10.
est alicujus rei, I
capital offence.
9.
et Bito,
accesserunt.
currus esset ductus a
to bring.
perterritus fugit
illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi
quos
ii,
jugum
xerunt: ad
ille
Tropltonius et Agamedes.
longe ab oppido ad
satis
tunc juvenes
caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit.
Arglus,
hospitium,
a,
i,
n.
m. inn-keeper,
um,
i,
potsherd
n. hospitality,
.^rgive.
devertor,
2) vote., voice.
ti,
3. to
put up.
concubia nocte,
supra, adv. upon that,
solenni8,e, customary, solemn,
bubulcus,
status, a,
um,
NARRATIVES.
320
epulatos
cum matre
tos esse mortuos.
quum
cuntur: qui,
somno
adolescentes
se
mane
Agamedes
inven-
dedisse,
Simili precatione Trophonius
et
usi di-
templum exaedificavissent, vemercedem non parvam quidem operis et lased quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo
Apollini Delpbis
nerantes deum, petierunt

boris sui, nihil certi,
daturum ostendisse
Se id
illuxit,
mortui sunt
dicitur post ejus diei
reperti.
C. Tusc.
113,
1. 47,
diem tertium
qui ut
1 14.
Dolus Pythii.
11.
C. Canius, eques Romanus, quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos
aliquos velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine inter-
Quod quum
posset.
pellatoribus
percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam,
quidem
qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales

habere, sed licere uti Canto,
vellet, ut
si
suis
et
se hortos
non
simul ad coenam
hominem in hoitos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisistum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gratio-
set,
ad se convocavit
sus, piscatores
postridie piscarentur
tempore venit Canius
ab
et
petivit, ut
iis
Tum
cium
hie aquatio
Hoc
inquit.
hac
villa isti
loco
est,
non possunt.
carere
Emit homo cupidus
voluit, et
emit instructos
familiares suos
Gravate
stated,
go, xi,
11.
num
Nullae,
bui, to become
low banking.
known,
Et
Incensus Canius
ille
Invitat
Quid
primo.
Pythius
Canius postridie
scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit

quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos
inquit
ille,
interpellator, oris,
sed hic piscari nulli
abjicio, eci,
2) boat.
/.
m. disturber,
argentaria, ae,/. banking
venaWs, for sale,
aquatio, onis,
m.thowl;
The
inquit,
quod sciam,
opipare, adv. splendidly,
for himself,
fish?
Quaeso,
sacrifici um, i, n. 5ricr</ice.

]\xmeniyxm.,\. n. beast of burden,
peiunctum 3. to anoint, precatio, onis, f. prayer.
exaedifico 1. to build.
C^Caius. oi\or \. to be unoccupied, hortulus, i, m. a little garden ;
2) small country house,
loved,
feriae
et locuples tanti, quanti
negotium conficiL
venit ipse mature
ex proximo vicino,
nullos videret
Canius
Syracusis quicquid est pis-
cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet.
multa ? impetrat.
cym-
tantumne cymbarum?
quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium,
Quid mirum
pro se quisque quod ceperat, afferebat
ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur.
Ad coenam
opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium
barum ante occulos multitudo
ille
ante suos hortulos
dixitque, quid eos facere vellet.
ectum
qui esset, since he was.
apparo
3. to cast
watering place,
1.
to prepare,
down,
villa,
quodsc\am,as far as I know.
Infin. here stands for stomachatur.
percrebesco, cre-
argentariam facere,
gratiosus, a,
to fol-
um,
be-
pro se quisque, each
tantumne piscium
ae, country-seat,
siorndLchari., to be
so
many
scalmus,
i,
indignant.
formula, ae,/. legal form.
NARRATIVES.
Itaque heri
solent.
321
Stomachari Canius.
mirabar, quid accidisset.
Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo

formulas. C. Off. 3. 14, 5860.
Ardtiis.
12.
Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur,
quum
qui,
aiinos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis

troitu
ejus civitas quinquaginta
Sicyonem, clandestino
in-
urbe est potitus, quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso oppres-
sisset,
sexcentos exsules, qui fuerant ejus
tituit,
remque publicam adventu suo
animadverteret
in bonis
civitatis locupletissimi, res-
Sed quum magnam
liberavit.
et possessionibus
difficultatem,
quod
et eos,
quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum

arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis
aequum putabat, propterea quod tam longo spatio multa hereditatibus,
quos ipse
restituerat,
multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantiu* sine injm-ia
neque
illis
Quum
igitur statuisset,
admi, nee
Alexandriam se
iis
non
judicavit,
quorum ilia fuerant, oportere.

ad earn rem constituendam pecunia,
dixit, remque iutegram ad reditum
satisfieri,
opus esse
proficisci velle
suum jussit esse isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum liospitem,

nit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam.
Cui quum
:
posuisset, patriam se liberare velle,
caussamque docuisset
ve-
ex-
a rege op-
summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur.

Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim
principes, cum quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant,
ulento vir
eorum, qui sua amiserant: perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus,
et
ut persuaderet
derent
aliis,
ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus cecommodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset,
aliis,
ut
quam suum
recuperare.
stituta, sine
querela discederent.
Ita
perfectum
in nostra republica natus esset!

12. Sicyonius, SicyoniaA, (from
m.
Jlrgos, chief city of Argolis.
unexpectedly,
tance,
C.
factum
est,
virum
3. to
ut
omnes, concordia con-
magnum dignumque,
Sicyon, a city of Achaia).
make
qui
Off. 2. 23, 81, 82.
clandestinus,
possideo, sedi, sessum 2.
satisfacio, feci,
3. to explain.
to
a,
um,
possess,
satisfaction,
secret,
Argi, orum,
improviso, adv.
heredltas, atis,/. inheri-
expono, posui, positum
LATIN-ENGLISH YOCABULARY.
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation

which they follow the numerals, which are introduced in 33, and the prepositions which are introduced in 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three
endings in us, a, urn, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them.
:
absQmo, sumpsi, sump- accuso
A.
Abduco,
ctum
xi,
lead away,
to
away.
abeo,
itum
li,
4.
3.
c.
shun, to have
to
a strong aversion
3.
to
drive away.
ahominor
abrlpio,
ripui,
3. to take
and; as.
Academy,
h),
/.
cessum
sum,
di,
acceptus
vi,
complete,
utum
3.
3. to
charge.
si,
off,
take
accommodatus3.c.
away,
fitted to, suited to.
temperate.
abstlneo, tinui,
tentum
keep off;
abl. <o abstain,
increase,
3.
dat.
etum
to
by,
bitum
to
3.
1, to
[at
sit
accurate, adv. accurate-
removed;
ly, fully.
(non accuratus 3.
abest,
multum)
it
abest, quin, accurro,
wants nothing {not
much),
that.
sum
adaequo
adamas,
3.
exact.
cucurri,
to
hasten up.
pointed,
1. to level to.
antis,
m. dia-
addictus 3. devoted to.

didi,
to,
adduco,
xi,
ctum
3.
to
li,
Itum
4. to
come
approach.
cur- adhibeo
to
3. to
very.
to,
run up,
ditum
add.
bring to, induce.

adeo, adv. so much, so
adeo,
absent, to be
nihil
3. sharp,
acute.
aug- addo,
table).
to be
acus, us, f. needle.
join
recline
fosâr-
mond.
merd.
2) c. accubo, bui,
(from
something).
fui, esse,
to
3.
utely.
ceptum
accresco, evi,
tis,
actio, onis,/. action,
acutus
happens.
2. <o
sum,
remove.
abstlnens,
absum,
it
to take, receive.
abstergeo,
2. to
accidit 3.
line-of-battle.
acriter, adv. spiritedly.
acute, adv. shaiply, ac-
3. received.
dis- accipio, cepi,
to
2)
to
/.
pen.
to hasten.
1.
away, carry accendo,

absent.
tis,
of,
m. Achilles.
edge ; 'd)
is,
ei,
acuo, ui,utum
approach.
S. to
enkindle, inflame.
absolvo,
wipe
Academia,
reptum accelero
off.
absens,
complain
gent.
(never before acies,
accedo, cessi,
1. to execrate.
2)
Achilles,
a vowêl or
actum
up;
use
to
abl.
abuse.
(to ac, conj.
something).
abigo, egi,
1. to
accuse.
draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree.

have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp,
zealous, ferce.
to go
abound {7i(soinething).
abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, pun-
away, depart.
abhorreo, ui 2. ab.
abl.
turn 3. to consume.
2.
to apply, be-
stow, give.
adhuc, adv. as
yet, still.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
adjaceo, ui 2.
c. dat. to
upon, hy, near (a
lie
adsum,
to he
fui,
esse
c. dat.
present at (some-
emtum
3. adulatio, onis,/.
adulor
to take, take aicay.
adipiscor, adeptus
sum
aditus, us, m. approach.
âên/. aerunma,ae,/.hardship.
dat. to flat- aes, aeris, n. brass.
1. c.
Aeschines,
ter.
adulterinus
3. to obtain.
aequus 3. just, equal

aequus animus, equanimity.
thing), to be present.
thing).
adimo, emi,
323
fdse,
3.
is,
m. JEschi-
nes.
summer.
aestas, atis, /.
counterfeit.
ustum 3. aestimo 1. to value, estant.

teem.
to set on fire, hum.
adjuvo, uvi, utum 1. c. advenio, veni, ventum aestivus 3. pertaining to
summer ;
ace. to aid, assist, supaestivum
4. to come to, arrive.
port.
tempus, summer sea[ble. advento 1. to approach.
m.
adjutor, oris,
assis-
aduro,
ussi,
admirabilis, e, admira- adventus,us, m. arrival.
admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius,

ration.
i,
son.
m. oppo- aetas,
admiror 1. to admire.
nity.
adversus, 3. placed
admisceo, iscui, istum
against, contrary, op- aeternus 3.
or ixtum 2. to interres adversae, affabilitas,
posite
;
mingle.
adversity.
admodum, adv. very.

admoneo 2. to admonish.
admoveo, movi,
motum
bring up
2. c. dat. to
adverto,
turn
ti,
3.
to
3. to endeavor.
advolo
1. to
aedes,
is,
hasten
afficio, eci,
to,
/. temple
pi.
house.
adolescensy
lis,
aedilis,
allatum
affero, attuli,
3.
to hear to, bring.
affect
ectum
3. to
Part, affectus
3. affected.
n.. edifice. affinllSiS, atis,f. relation-
i,
adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico l.to build.
sum
eternal.
atis, /. affa-
hiliiy.
sum
to.
aedificium,
to.
age,period.
atis,/.
aeternltas, atis, /. der-
nent.
is,
ship.
m. Edile.
m. young aeger, gra, grimi,
afflicto 1. to afflict,
sick,
affluenter,
adv.
abun-
man, youth, young.
dantly.
aegritudo, inis, /. sickadolescentulus, i, m.
affluentia, ae, /, ahunness, sorrow.
young man, youth.
dance.
aegre, adv. reluctantly,
adolesco, adolevi, adul-
tum
grow
3. to
up.
ortus
to attack,
adorno
put in
4.
di,
ivi,
to
flow
to
to
afFulgeo, si 2. to shine.
Afranius,
Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas.
3.
aeque
ectum
like
atque
manner
aequiparo
3.
look upon, discover,
(ac),
in
as.
1. to equal.
1. to
equal.
m.
Afra-
i,
m. Africa-
nus.
aqultas, atis,/. equity.
aequo
i.
nius.
aenigma,atis, n. en?g-ma. Africanus,
itum
3. to
overflow, have
an abundance.
ace.
c.
3. aequalis, e, equal.
to adopt, receive.
adsplcio, exi,
1.
sum
to ascend.
adscisco,
aemulor
uxum
aegre affiuo, uxi,
emulate.
or-
der, adorn.
adscendo,
aegrotus, 3, sick.
sum
undertake.
1. to
difficulty
fero, to he dissatisfied,
ador, oris, n. wheat.

adorior,
with
Agamemno,
onis,
m.
Agamemnon.
ager, gri, m. field, land.
Agesilaus,
i,
m. Ageî-
laus.
adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, m. rampart.

to draw up tight ; 2\
espec.
surface of aggredior, gressus sum
:
bind, to
make binding.
the sea.
3.
rem,
to
approach.
324
begin something
2)
agmen,
n.
inis,
hand,
an- amplus
alius, one,
al,
ectum
exi,
allicio,
3.
mtum
agnosco, novi,
3. alligo
actum
egi,
to fasten,
1.
tie
up.
recognize.
3.
to
bi'oad liber-
3.
magnijicent.
amussis,
an, (in questions) or.
anas,
atis,
um, m. Al- anceps,
Allobroges,
lohroges.
make, do, pass ;
agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus
to address.
the year; age, come
f.
a duck.
cipltis, twofold,
double, doubtful.
drive,
sum
3.
Anchises,
ae,
m.
An-
chises.
alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to ancilla, ae,/,
on.
agricola, ae, m. husband-
a rule (of
is,/,
mechanics),
to allure.
Jlock.
ago,
alius
other.
attack,
nourish.
a maid.
ancillaris, e, pertaining
aloe, es,/ the aloe.

man, farmer.
to a maid, servile.
Alpes, ium,/ Alps.
ango, xi, 3. to trouble.
Ajax, acis, m. Ajax.
010,1 say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation.
angulus, i, m. an angle.
utrum, angustiae, arum,/ narone of the two.
row pass.
altitudo, inis,/ height, angustus 3. narrow.
depth.
animadverto, ti, sum 3.
or other of two.
affirm.
alacer, cris, ere, sptWfec?, alteruter,

lively.
Albis,
is,
m. the Elbe.
albus 3. white.
Alcibiades, is, m. Aid- altus
utra,
high, deep.
3.
Alexander, dr\,m.Alex- amabilis,
amarus
ander.
dria.
si 2.
to feel cold,
freeze.
alias,
adv.
alicunde, adv.from some

place or other.
ivi,
ambulo
1. to
go
to
walk,
friend-
amo
time.
aliquando,
adv.
1.
is,
before.
3. c. dat. or ace. to
go
before, be superior
to
(some one).
3.
antequara,
conj.
before
that, ere, before.
m.
to
amoenus
some
anser, eris, m. a goose.

ante, adv. before.
turn 3. to prefer.
missum
to lose.
aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis,
m. a year.
i,
antepono, posui, posim. friend.
i,
alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi,

other^s.
i,
annus,
a antea, adv.
ship.
amicus,
try.
m. a ring.
annulus,
antecedo, cessi, cessum
alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae,
Antiochia, ae,f.Antioch.
river.
antiquitas, atis,
love.
3.
pleasant (of
an-
tiquity.
countries), agreeable, antiquitus, adv. ancient-
time.
aliquis, a, id or allqui, a,
od, some one.
ud,
from ananother
m.
1. to
love.
ly,
Antonius,
inis,
thority, dignity.
au- anus, us,
iher.
i,
m. Antony.
old looman.
anxie, adv. anxiously.
amplius, adv. more, fur- aper,

;
formerly.
embrace, Ant'isllus, \,m.Antistius.
cherish.
other source, place.

a,
oris,
amplitudo,
aliter, adv. otherwise.
aliunde, adv.
amor,
am])lexor
aliquot (indecL), some.
alius,
onis,
to stroll.
gerjrom another coun-
animal.
soul, spirit,
mind, heart, courage.
3. bitter.
walk.
time.
alis, n.
ammus, \,m.
amiable.
e,
another ambulatio,
at
animal,
itum 4. to
go around (something), swround.
ambo, ae, o, both.
Alexandria, ae, Alexan- ambio,

algeo,
to observe, perceive.
alvus, i,/ belly.
biades.
pri,
hoar.
m. boar, wild
rtum
aperio, mi,
cover
4. to arciis, us,
apertus
3.
ly,
to
to.
Ionia.
[evident,
2. to
appear, be
appello
1. to call.
appeto,
ivi,
custom one's self

be accustomed to
(something),
3. to
ntis,
c.
gen.
si,
sum
3.
c.
dat. to applaud.
applico
se
1. to rest
Argo.
the
at, conj. but, yet.
n. con-
i,
m. Aristi-
is,
is,
m. Aris- Atlas,
antis,
1. to
n. arms.
(some- arrideo,
self to
thing).
si,
sum
dat. to smile
by, before, artlfex,
approbo 1. to approve.
appropinquo 1. to ap-
2.
c.
upon.
Aprilis,
aptus
is,
m. April.
or ad
3. c. dat.
c.
ace, fit, fitted.
skilful
n.
3. to
tion.
attero,
trivi,
tritum
3.
to impair., exhaust.
artus, us, m. joint, limb.
i,
tum
give atten-
attentus 3. attentive.
icis,
ntis,
di,
to,
attente, adv* attentively.
subst. artist.
Aruns,
arvum,
proach.
m. Atlas.
frightfid, bloody.
a})p6no, posui, positum ars, tis,/ art.

3. to place
an Athe-
atrox, 6cis,ferce, violent
plough.
proach, join one's self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo,

to (some one), apply
itant of Arpinum.
attend
one's
Atheni-
e,
subst.
atque, conj. and, as.
upon; arma, orum,

ap- aro
ian
nian.
Aristoteles,
totle.
applicare, to
Athenae,arum,f Athens.
Atheniensis,
tents.
eager for something. Aristides,

appetitus, us, m. desire.
des.
applaudo,
to,
ae,/ cunning.
astutla,
Argo, us,
argumentum,
strive to obtain.
appetens,
3.
argentum, i, n. silver ;
arg. vivum, quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria.
ver.
itum
etum
or abl. to ac-
c. dat.
sire.
bee.
Apollo, mis, m. Apollo, area, ae,f.open space.

ApolloEia, ae, /. Apol- argeiiteus 3. of silver.
appareo
accustom
3. c. dat. to
ardor, oris, m. heat, de- assuesco, evi,
m. summit.
icis,
2.
burn, glow.
aperte, adv. openly.
apis, is,/,
sum
si,
3. unremitting,
persevering.
assuefacio, feci, factum
ardently.
ardeo,
open.
apex,
assiduus
m. a how.
(caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowing-
open,
325
m. Aruns.
Atticus 3. Attic, inhahitant
of
a ploughed Atticus,
attingo,
field.
arx, cis,/ citadel.
Attica.
i,
m. Atticus.
igi,
actum
3.
to touch.
aqua, ae,/ water.

as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author,
aratrum, i, n. a plough.
Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore,
arbltror
1.
think, to
to
(one
account
some-
ascendo,
di,
sum
3. to
ascend, mount.
ascensus, us, m. ascent.
thing).
upon my
advice.
auctoritas, atis,
au-
thority.
a tree.
asinus, i, m. an ass.
audacia, ae,
self cona secret, asper, era, erum, rough,
[bold.
fidence.
Areas, adis, m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn.
audax, acis, corifident,
cadian.
asporto 1. to carry away, audeo, ausus sum 2. to
arceo, ui 2. to keep off.
assentior, sensus sum
dare, venture.
arcesso, ivi, itum 3. to
4. c. dat. to assent to. audio 4. to hear.
arbor, oris,/
arcanum,
i.
n.
send for, bring.
assequor, secutus
Archias, ae, m. Archias.
Archimedes,
chimedes.
is,
sum
m. Ar- assido, edi, essum

to sit down.
28
auditor, oris, m. hearer.
aufero, abstuli, ablatum
3. to attain.
3.
3. to
away.
take
away, hear
326
augeo,
ctum
xi,
augurium,
beatus
augury,
n.
i,
butyrum,
py.
i,
aureus 3. golden.
neftcence.
Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium,
(mountain).
beneficus
1. to listen.
auspicor
1. to
aut,
sentence).
auxilium,
n.
aid;
auxiliary troops.
ae,/
avaritia,
avarus
3.
gen. ava- biduum,
c.
dy.
little
li-
bibitum
3.
1.
averto,
ti,
sum
turn away,
avidus
3.
to
to avert.
n. the
i,
is,/ a
avoco
avolo
bird.
1. to call off.
1. to fly
avus,
away.
m. a grandfa-
1,
ther.
axis,
is,
blandior, itus
m. an
axle.
Babylon, onis,/ Baby-
calculus,
4. to
m.
ycis,
atis,
barbarus
3. barbarian.
basis,
is,
pedestal.
foundation,
misfortune,
caleo 2.
i,
m. pebble.
to be
warm,
Q,dMô,ims,f. darkness.
the calix, icis, m. a cup.
bonum,
calor, oris, m. heat.
calyx, ycis, m. the bud.

i, n. the good, good,
Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camel us, i, m. camel.
north wind.
campus, i, m. a plain.
(sc.
cow.
c. ox,
brevis, e, short
tempore),
Bactra, orum, n. Bactra. Britannus,

barba, ae,/ beard.
callidus 3. cunning.
good- Callisthenes, is, m. Cal-
i,
in
dusium.
i,
n.
m. a canal.
is, c.
3.
to sing.
canto
i.
is,
a dog.
a cannabis, is,/ hemp.
cano, ceclni, cantum
m. a Bri-
ton.
Brundusium,
Brutus,
canalis,
brevi, canis,
short time, soon.
Ion.
m. Caesar
listhenes.
3. g-oot?
bos, ovis,
B.
sum
ness.
bonus
aris,
an emperor.
ity, loss,
worm.
bonitas,
2)
calcar, aris, n. a spur.
flatter.
silk
cere-
Caius Marius, Caius

Marius.
space calamitas, atis, /cafom-r
of two days.
gen. desir- bombyx,
3. c.
ous, greedy.
mony.
double-
blande, adv. gently.
shun.
to
caesum
[bodied.
oris,
bilis, is, f. the gall.
aversor
cecidi,
3. to fell, to kill.
caerimonla, ae,
ae,
to drink.
ricious, covetous, gree-
to fall,
3. blind.
Caesar,
bicorpor,
avarice,
ready
3.
falling.
caedo,
beast.
bibi,
3.
caedes, is,/, slaughter,
hrary,
pi. bibo,
casum
happen.
to fall,
caecus
bibliotheca,
m. autumn.
i,
i,
corpse.
caducus
2. kind.
(takes bestiola, ae, /.

place in
animal.
the second
avis,
3. beneficent.
ae,/
bestia,
or.
inis, n. top.
eris, n. carcass,
cado, cecidi,
conj. but
autumnus,
kind-
n.
i,
nevolence.
benignus
cacumen,
cadaver,
benevolentia, ae, /. be-
commence.
aut, conj. or; aut
its
he-
benevole, adv. kindly,
n. gold.
ausculto
either
ness, favour.
auris, is,/, the ear.
autem,
n. butter,
laugh.
praise.
beueficentia, ae,
aula, ae, /. court.
i,
i,
war.
n.
i,
a plough-
/.
C.
bene, adv. ivell, lightly. Cachinnatio, onis, /.
m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to
loud, unrestrained
tus.
aurum,
is,
tail.
divine, pre- belliis 3. beautifid, neat.
]. to
diet.
Augustus,
buris,
hop-
3. peaceful,
bellum,
divination.
auguror
adv. peacefully,
to beate,
2.
increase^ enrich.
1. to
sing.
Brun- cantus, us, m. song.

Canusium, i, n. Canu-
m. Brutus.
sium.
capesso,
seize
itum
ivi,
3. to
proelium,
commence
to
battle.
on one's guard, circumdo, dedi, datum,

ab aliquo, before some
dare, to place around,
one ; 2) establish, prosurround, (c. dat. of
vide.
[to give way.
pers.
and ace. of
to be
m. the hair.
capio, cepi, captiim 3. cedo, cessi, cessum 3.
capillus,
i,
to take, seize, capture,
capra, ae,f. she-goat.
capto
number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, sesn.head, chap-
itis,
chief
ter,
and abl. of thing),

circumeo (circueo), ii,
great
Itum 4. to go around.
catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /.
1. to
career, ^ris, m.
sum
tude.
celebro
city.
carbasus, i,fflax.
swiftness.
carmen,
inis,/. poem.
Carolus,
i,
censeo,
i,
m. wheel-
Inis, /.
Ceres,
is,
hut.
pi.
(commonly
is
casses, ium),
hunter^s net.
Casslus,
castigo
castra,
i,
n. cherry.
1. to reprove.
n.
judge.
inis,
atis, /.
state
ship,
3.
clades, is,/ defeat.
con-
clamo
\. to
m. stag.
ae,/
cry out.
oris,
m. a
cry.
dearly, evi-
dently.
certain, clarus
chalybs, ybis, m.
casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda,
right
[test,
n.
certo, adv. surely.
i,
citizen-
2)
of citizenship.
clare, adv.
sure,
sub-
citizen,
c.
certo, 1. to contend.
3.
bellum
war.
civile, civil
i,f. cherry-tree, civltas,
ceteri, ae, a, the rest.
camp,
civilis, e, ciinZ
clamor,
cervus,
to
1.
ject,
definite, positive.
m. Cassius.
orum,
m. a Cen-
certe, adv. surely.
m. certus
eti
to cito, adv. quickly,
eris, /. Ceres.
to see,
cassis, idis,/ helmet.

cassis,
i,
certamen,
3. beloved, dear.
ae,/ a
i,
m. cerno, crevi, cretum
a Carthaginian.
casa,
2.
civis, is,
Car- cerasus,
thage.
Carthaginiensis,
sum
taur.
cerasum,
Carthago,
carus
sui,
Centaurus,
wright.
circumsto,
stand around.
value, account, think,
m. Charles.
carpentarlus
to
conceal.
caro, ca.Yms,f. flesh.
spexi,
spectum 3. (c. ace.)

to look around (after
something).
2. c. abl. to
caritas, atis,/. love.
around,
sit
circumsplcio,
celeiitas, atis, f. celerity,
want, celerlter adv. swiftly.

Oaria, ae,/. Carta.
celo 1. c. dupl. ace.
2. to
besiege.
1. to celebrate.
celer, eris, ere, swift.
a prison,
cardo, mis, m. hinge.
careo
thing,orc.acc.ofpers.
bre, fre-
celeber, bris,
quanted.
to catch.
caput,
327
steel,
[ed.
3. clear,
/ fleet.
classis, is,
claudo,
renown-
si,
sum
3.
to
close.
clausus 3. dosed.
is,/ key.
clemens, tis, mild.
clementer, adv, mildly.
catena, ae, / chain.
cibus, i, m. food.
Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea. Cleoinenes, is, m. CleoCicero, onis, m. Cicero.
caulis, is, m. cabbage.
menes.
Clitus, i, m. Clitus.
Cato, onis, m. Cato.
ciconla, ae,/ stork.
caussa, ae, / ground, cicur, uris, tame.
Clodius, i. m. Clodiv^.
civil process ; cieo, ivi, itum 2. to raise, elypeus, i, m. shield,
cause,
(with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum 3. to coactor, oris, m. collecChrisius,
fortune, chance.
ing) on account
cautus
i.
circulus,
ful.
cautum
3.
cuit.
i,
clavis,
m. Christ,
gird, surround.
of.
3. cautious, care- cinis, eris,
caveo, cavi,
string.
m. a^hes.
m.
circle, cir-
tor.
coalesco,
to
coalesce.
litum
3.
together,
to
lui,
grow
328
coaxo
to attend
croak.
1. to
cochlea, ae,/. a snail,
codex,
m. hook.
icis,
orum, m.
codicilli,
to, cultivate,
revere, honor.
1. to ascertain,
m.
col us, i,/. distaff.
comburo,
coeno
food
n. heaven.
to
1.
coenatus
having
3.
plicatus 3. involved.
cometes, ae, m. comet.

compliires, a or ia, gen.
comlcus 3. comic; poeium, very many.
ta comlcus, comic poet. compono, sui, sltum 3.
comis,
2. to restrain.
tion.
courteous.
e,
to
kind-
atis, /.
re-
comitia,
think, con-
comitor
with
adv.
orum,
as-
n.
semhly of the people.

to
1.
know- commemoro
cognitio, onis,
ledge.
peace
comp. in
1. to
Otis,
cogo, coegi, coactum
3.
cohaereo,
sum
si,
2. to
hold together.
1. to
commit
to
to
commodrtas,
encourage,
essi,
1. to
n.
ad-
vantage, use.
ectum
egi,
3.
to collect.
collis, is,
m. a
1.
hill.
in
abl. to
c.
place in, hestow
something.
folloquiLim,
upon commoveo
communis,
n.
con-
coUoquor, locutus
sum
i,
to
to
cultum
3.
acquire.
3.
rangue
ha-
to
1.
the people.
conclpio, cepi,
ceptum
3. to conceive, receive
move.
a suspicion.
common, con cite 1. to excite,
2. to
e,
all.
/.
raise.
conclamo
1. to call out.
conclude,
si,
sum
3. to
include,
3. to
compare
nate.
colo, colui,
entum
iniii,
ae. /.
harmo-
comb, adorn,
my.
illumi- comoedia, ae,/. comedy. concresce, crevi,
n. neck.
1.
self,
conciliate,
suspicionem, conceive
change.
tum
3.
sing together, sound
como, compsi, comp- Concordia,
3. to converse.
collustro
remind,
to
commutatie, onis,
ference.
i,
known hy
essum
together.
commonefacio, feci,
factum 3. to remind.
coramoiieo 2.
admonish.
3.
unite,
conclne,
i,
ctum
surrender out's
concilio
atis,/. con-
sum
di,
to allow, confess, 2) to
commodus ^.convenient. concionor
coUigo,
collum,
3.
commodum,
incite.
coUoco
sum
venience,
cohors, tis./. cohort.
cohortor
concede,
mis-
misi,
2) to commit,
to compel.
gen.
c.
comprehendo,
mend.
committo,
se
aliquid, to
cognltus 3. known.
commendatio, onis, /.
3. to seize.
cogEOsco, novi, nitum
compungo, xi,
commendation.
3. to hecome acquaint- commendo 1. to recomto prick,
derstand.
es-
powerful, possessed of,

men- compositus 3. composed.
tion.
ed with, perceive, un-
dis-
set one's self light.
accompa- compos,
to
1.
ny.
sider.
put together,
to
; pacem,
pose
tablish
ness.
fection.
cogito
sum
ussi,
cogitatio, onis,/! re/lec- comitas,
cogitate,
a fetter.
emhrace.
3. to
consume.
to eat,
eaten.
coepi, pisse, to have he-
gun.
coerceo
f,
compleo, evi, etum 2.

ustum
tofll,
a meal.
3. to hum up, hum.
complico, avi, atum 1.
partake of comedo, edi, esum 3.
to fold together ; com-
coelestis, e, heavenly.
coelum,
coena, ae,/.
ed'is,
complector, exus
color.
columba, ae,/. dove.
ing-tablet.
i,
compes,
colonia, ae,/. colony.
lorit- color, oris,
comperio, peri, pertum
1.
to prepare,
tum
3.
r.
to
grow
creto-
concupisco,
pitum congrego
pivi,
condemno
con-
to
1.
demn ; caîtis,to death.

condimentum, i. n. seas4. to season.
condiscipulus,
m.fel-
i,
rem
conditio, onis,/.
condi-
graced.
itum
idi,
oris,
conservatrix,
icis, /.
preserver.
3.
to
conceal,
found.
essum
consido, edi,
to join.
spiracy.
conjuratus
iion.
preserve,
conjici, to be dis-
conjuratio, onis,^^ con-
low-student.
condo,
jectum 3.
servation.
in pudo- conservator,
conjugo, 1. to unite.
conserve 1. to preserve.
conjungo, nxi, nctum3. consider 1. to consider.
oning.
eondio
throw
to
assemble. conserva1ao,6nis,/.pre-
1. to
conjicio jeci,
3. to desire.
329
3. conspired,
a conspirator.
connect, exui, exum
down.
consign 1.
note,
to
point out.
consilium,
3.
3.
to sit
n. counsel,
i,
deliberation, purpose,
plan, wisdom.
to connect.
confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon.

consolatio, onis, /. conConor 1. to undertake,
ing, composing.
soling, consolation.
confer, contuli, collaturn 3. to
bring
cns6lor
venture, try.
cnquiesc,
etum 3. cnsrs,
console.
1. to
ên. partaking of.

find
consolation in some- cnspectus, us, m. sight.
2) to confer (e. g. fathing.
vrs)
se cnferre,
cnsperg, rsi, rsum 3.
cnsanesc, niii 3. to
to betake one's self.
to besprinkle, strew.
to-
gether, join, compare,
in
evi,
abl.
c.
tis c.
to
confici,
3.
elude
fectum
feci,
2) to impair,
consume.
sum
mount up,
to
dat. or abl. to trust to,
to
confirm.
sum
fessus
scious of.
ctum
3. to
xum
confluo, xi,
3. to
together.
cnfodr, odi,
pursue.
3.
to stab.
1. to
cnfring,
turn 3.
fregi,
to
3.
suited
cnsenti, nsi,
nsum
4.
agree with.
estum
3.
congredir,gressus
sum
join together
num cum
hand
to
iti,
atum
abl. r ex
c.
consist of;
3. to follow, to attain.
in conser, rui, rtum 3.
be
3.
constitute,
cnst,
frac-
to colled together.
utum
ui,
to establish, determine,
consentaneus
to
essi,
fastness.
cnstern, stravi, straturn 3. to strew.
old.
break
pieces.
conger,
fight.
to
cnsequor, secutussum
form.
with
adv.
constancy, constantly.
cnsensus, us, m. agree- constituo,
to
cnf6rmo
3. to
3.
to.
ssum
[cuous.
conspi-
3.
constantia, ae, /. stead-
1. to
ment.
fight,
3.
1. to discover,
con- cnspicuus
gen. con-
3. c.
consector
grow
fess.
confiigo, xi,
conspicr
sdousness, conscience. cnstanter,
cnsclus
1.
2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui
fiow
to as-
ectum
to discover,
see.
3, c. cnscientia, ae,
confide in.
confiteor,
cnspici, exi,
well.
cend.
confido, isus
coniirmo
become
con- cnscend6, di, sura, 3.
perform,
to
ma-
som one.
c.
to
to cost
known,
cnstringo, inxi, ictum
3. to draw together,
cnstat.
it is
bind together.
aliqu, to cnsuesc, evi,
hand with
1.
abl.
to
etum
3.
accustom one's self
be accustomed.
meet (with one), conser, sevi, situm 3. cnsuetud, inis,^ Aa6to set
28*
with plants.
it,
intercourse.
330
consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado,

coiisulatus, us, m. consulship.
consulo,
deliberate;
3. to
c.
consult for
to
some one.
naught.
to
gen. ac-
3. c.
quainted with.
consumo, mpsi,
to
3. to re-
ectum
to
cor-
vuisum
3.
corruo, ui 3. to rush together.
m.
icis,
rind,
bark.
corvus,
ry together.
rectum
to correct, improve.
3. cortex,
bring together, car-
convello, velli,
mptum
onis, /.
3. corrigo, rexi,
[covei:
consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi,
consultus
usum
bring
crush,
to
3.
rection.
convalesce, lui
ly.
2. correctio,
to consider.
ace. to contundo, udi,
c.
consult some one

dat.
sum
contueor, tultus
Itum
lui,
sum
si,
scrape together.
to tremble.
m. a crow.
i,
cos, cotis, /.
whetstone,
grindstone.
3, to rend, convulse.
3. to consume.
convenlo, veni, ventum crambe, es,/. cabbage,
cont'dmlno 1. to contam4. to come together; eras, adv. tomorrow.
inate.
c.
mp-
mpsi,
conterano,
turn 3. to despise.
comtemplor
to
con-
to
1.
ace. to
converto,
to,
contendo,
one's
stretch
stretch,
after some-
3. c. abl. con-
trivi,
tritum
3.
conticesco, ticui
3.
to
itum
ui,
togeth- cresco, crevi,
cretum
crimen,
sum
Inis, n. crime,
m. hair.
4. crinis, is,
crinitus 3. hairy.
to arise, burst forth,
nity
troops.
-pi.
inui,
entum
hold together
animam,
1. to
torment, tor-
ture.
2) rich in expression, cru delis, e, cruel.
cru dell tas, atis,/ crwcZ-
the
to one^s lot.
3. to fall
fluent.
copulo 1. to join.
coqua, ae, / a cook.
breath ; abstain.
contingo, tigi, tactum coquo, xi, ctum 3.
to stop
cvucio
abundant
3.
ty.
cruentus
3. bloody.
to cruor, oris,
m. blood.
crus, uris, n. shin, leg.
cook.
cubo, ui, itum

continuo, adv. forthwith, cor, cordis, n. heart.
dine.
coniinuus3. continuous. Corinthius 3. Corin-
contorqueo,
rsi,
itum
2.
cucumis,
thian.
Corinthus,
tohurl, shoot.
Croton.
opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture.
multitude
;
3.
grow.
hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete.
together.
ortus
to
1.
creak.
to increase,
copiosus
be silent.
to
hum.
in pieces; copla, ae,/ abundance, Croto, onis, m.
break
contritus 3. threshed.
contlneo,
3. credulous.
1. to
crepo,
with.
1. to eat
1. to fly ,
3.
trust.
enter- creo 1. to create, choose.
n.
1. to call
coorior,
tented.
to believe, to
cremo
tainment.
convivor
in locum, to conwoco
march ; to contend ;
er.
ab aliquo, to demand, convolo
contentus
i,
ditum
credo, didi,
credulus
turn.
thing;
2.
3.
turn around, turn
turn 3. to convivium,
di,
self, strive
to
rsum
conviva, ae, m. guest.
sider.
contero,
crebro, adv. frequently.
visit.
rti,
i,/. Corinth.
eris,
1. to re-
m.
cu-
cumber.
contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn.

cornu, us, n. horn.
trary.
culina, ae,/. kitchen.
contraho, axi, actum
culpa, Q.e,f guilt, fault.
to
draw
contrarius
3.
corona, ae,/ garland,
together.
corporeus
3. opposite,
corpus,
3.
culmen,
inis, n. top.
corporeal, cultus, us, m.
oris, n. body.
to, clothing,
attention
worship.
cumulo
3.
arum, f. a
cuB'de,
cunctor
cunctus
cradle.
whole
the
determine, dis-
to
to
pluck
3.
3.
break
off,
ace.
c.
cupio, pivi, pitum 3. to declare
why
cur, adv.
am
est,
anx-
curculio,
m.
onis,
the
corn-worm.
euro
he
m. Curius.
i,
1. to
care
c.
ace. to
concerned, to look
out for something;
gerundivo,
curriculum,
cause.
to
n.
i,
c.
race
propriety.
dedecet
2.
c.
make weary
raging.
3. to
Cyprus.
condemn,
1.
to
walk.
debeo
2. to
3.
go
definio
3.
cease
owe, ought,
in
3.
3.
c.
m. De-
down.
demitte, misi,
3.
missum
send down,
to
let
1.
to
burn up.
xum
3.
to
ugitum
mptum
3.
away,
demollor, itus
sum
4.
to demolish.
demonstro
1.
to
point
out.
demum,
is,
m.
degenerate,
adv. first,
at
length.
denique,
3.
ace. to escape.
ris,
mpsi,
to take
Demosthenes.
turn from, deviate.

c.
i,
Demosthenes,
4. to define.
degener,
Demaratus,
sum demo,
fectum
xum
[must, defuglo, ugi,
debilis, e, weak.
Delos
f.
(an island).
to cut
to
[to fail,
deflecto, xi,
to
i.
to
to
to fix firmly, fix
deflagro
n. injury,
dea, ae,/. goddess.
deambulo
xi,
(os),
3.
maratus.
upon something.
D.
3. Delphic.
demerge, si, sum 3. to

plunge under, sink.
delatum, demeto, ssui, ssum 3.
wearied.
abl.
i,
pass, to
fessus
defigo
damnum,
iveainj, to
become iveary, be
Cyprus,
1. to
delinquo, iqui, ictum 3.
it is
fall.
deficio, feci,
Damno
ace.
bui,
cymba., ae,f boat.

Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus.
i,/.
phi.
boiling,
defetiscor,
watch, keep.
3. to
Delphlcus
3. to offer.
custedio
custes, odis, m. keeper.
n. offence.
ectum
honor.
sum
di,
defend.
cease
guard,
i,
cretum Delphi, orum, m. Del-
become weary.
custedia, ae,/. watch.

to
to
1. to deliberate,
dellgo, egi,
Delus
to
1.
cursus, us, m. a course, defervesco,
4.
2.
select.
liver up.
defatigo
deferre
currus, us, m. chariot.
etum
not proper.
to do wrong.
dedico 1. to dedicate.
delude, si, sum
dedo, idi, Itum, 3. to dedeceive.
defere, detuli,
run.
3. to
oris, n.
defendo,
course, course.
curro, cueurri, cur sum
3. to decrease.
decus,
ious.
delibero
delictum,
becoming
3.
cura, ae,/. care; curae decresco, crevi,
Curlus,
is
1. to declare.
decorum,
lighted, to rejoice.
consider.
decorus
desire, wish.
mihi
it
he de-
c. abl. to
destroy, annihilate.
proper.
sirous.
delight;
to
1.
pass.
3.
down.
to cast
deleo, evi,
contend.
1. to
gen. dedecet 2.
c.
off,
ptum
take from.
pi. all, all together.
cupidrtas, atis,y. desire, decerto
cupidus
psi,
jectum
dejicio, jeci,
delecto
cern.
decerpo,
1. to delay.
3.
cretum
up, decerno, crevi,
heap
to
1.
load,
331
adv. at
last,
finally.
dens,
tis,
densus
m. tooth.
3. thick.
cessum degusto 1. to taste.

dentatus 3. toothed.
go away, die.
deinde, thereupon, then, denuo, adv. anew.
December, bris, m. De- Deiamra, ae, /. Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum
decedo, eessi,
3. to
cember.
nira.
3. to feed
down.
332
depono, posui, positum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, lectum 3. to

3. to lay down, lay
to draw from, remove.
esteem, love.
aside.
detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3, dear.
deprehendo, di, sum 3.
jury.
diluo, ui, utum 3. to di.
detrudo,
to seize, catch.
deprlmo, pressi, pres-
sum
life
deus,
3. to depress.
depugno
1. to fight (for
or death).
derideo,
isum
isi,
di,
psi,
deseco,
3.
ptum
3. dialectica, ae,/. ôgic.
1.
rtum
to
3.
desideriura,
n. long-
i,
desidero
1. to
something.
edi
to fall
m. day.
ei,
designate.
1. to
situm
discindo,
3. to
diffi-
sum
3.
to
3.
stitum
stiti,
3.
despero
1. to
despicio,
spexi,
of.
spec-
m, utum
3.
uctum
uxi,
desum, fui, esse, to be

wanting ; c. dat. rei,
3.
to
detergeo,
rsi,
wipe
deterreo
3. c. abl.
rsum
2.
to
worthy,
to
1.
distin-
1.
cum
3.
to
sum
3.
one.
inis,
to
tear
in
tis,
diligent.
ussum
3.
to disperse, to dispel.
3. eloquent.
[pieces, disjiclo, jeci,

1.
n. dis-
tinction, danger.
away, disap- disertus
pear.
aliquo,
with some
to disagree
discutio, ussi,
guish.
dilfgens,
disciple.
sum
ored, variegated.
discordo
2. dilanlo 1. to lacerate.
off.
m.
disco, didici 3. to learn.
discrimen,
dilabor, lapsus
dilacero
detect.
i,
si,
discordia, ae,/. discord.
deserving.
to glide
to neglect.
discludo,
discolor, oris, parly-col-
3. to
m. finger.
i,
dijudico
ctum
estum
separate, digest.
dignus
3.
to destroy.
xi,
fusum 3.
to dignltas, atis,/ dignity.
desert, leave behind.
destmo,
digero, essi,
digitus,
3. to despise.
destituo,
diffundo, fudi,
to diffuse, disperse.
despair
disci-
pline.
separate.
to split.
to desist, cease.
in pieces,
rend.
discipulus,
distrust.
fissum
de-
cissum
cidi,
tear
disciplina, ae, /.
cidty.
3. to diffiudo, ftdi,
cease.
m.
us,
parture.
difficllis, e, difficult.
diffido, isus
sli,
3. to
discessus,
difficultas, atis, /.
3.
cessi, cessum
go away, depart.
discedo,
tor.
long for, dies,
want of some-
feel the
from,
to say, dirus 3. horrible.
call.
dictito 1. to say often.
ing, earnest desire.
to
ctum 3.
3. to de-
stroy.
dictator, oris, m. dicta-
desert.
detego,
to plunder.
Diana, ae,f Diana.

dico, xi,
off.
desero, mi,
down,
designo
to dismiss.
3,
dimo, m, utum
dialectus, \,J. dialect.
ctum
cui,
desido,
dimitto
devinco 3. to conquer.
Dionyslus, i, m. Dionydevoco 1. to call down.
sius.
devolo 1. to fly forth, diphthongus, i,
diphhasten away.
thong.
devoro 1. to devour.
dirlpio, ipui, eptum 3.
sum
to describe, note.
tum
lay waste,
1. to
weaken.
lute,
dimlco 1. to Jlght.
dimidium, i, n. half.
to
to descend.
describo,
desisto,
to
3.
descendo,
desino,
i,
devasto
sum
si,
down.
m. God.
2.
deride.
to cut
thrust
jectum
3.
to scatter.
dispar,
aris,
unequal,
diverse.
frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispell, puli,
pulsum
drive
asunder,
deter.
detestabllis, e, detestable.
diligentia,
ae,
/.
gence, exactness.
dili-
3.
to
to dispel.
dispergo,
rsum
rsi,
3. to
displcio, exi,
to
open
documentum,i,
doleo
disperse, scatter,
ectum
3.
2.
displiceo 2. to displease. dolor,

dissenslo, ouis, f.
sension.
dissero, rui,
rtum
dis-
to
discuss, discourse.
dissimilis, e, dissimilar.
dissipo
1. to scatter.
dissolve,
vi,
Litum 3.
dissolve.
dissuadeo,
si,
distineo, inui,
to
er,
to
2.
3.
to
actum
draw asunder,
3.
dis-
solve, waste.
distribuo,
utuni
3.
c. dat. to distribute.
a long time
diu, adv.
diuturnltas, atis,/ long
diversus
dives,
isum
1.
to
us,/, house, pal-
; do mi, at home
domo, from home.
3.
to
3. to eat.
Itum
form.
edoceo,
3.
edolo
hew properly,
1. to
educo
1. to
educo,
xi,
give, present.
2. to
to squm-e.
cunj. until, until
dono 1. to
donum, i,
dormlo 4.
per-
ctum
ciii,
put
to
instruct, inform.
even until.
donee,
bring up.
ctum
3.
to
lead forth.
n. present.
effector, oris,
m. maker.
to sleep.
efFeminatus
3.
3. doubtful.
xi,
ctum
efFlcio,
3.
to
draw, lead away
as something.
fectum
feci,
to effect,
make.
effloresco,
rili
3.
sweet- efFuglo,
3.
3.
to
[dig up*
flourish.
efibdio, odi,
dulcedo, inis /.
elatum
to carry forth, bury.
doubt.
1. to
effemi-
nite.
effero, extuli,
tion.
2) to consider, regard
divide.
divinus
domus,
lead,
3. different.
isi,
Itum
ui,
duco,
Itis, rich.
divido,
domo,
long-con- dublus
tinued.
sum
di,
idi,
forth, proclaim,
dublto
continuance.
3.
mas- edo,
dos, AbtAS,f. dowry, por-
diutiiis, longer.
diuturnus
lord,
ter.
that,
ui,
m.
i,
edo,
reign.
1. to
ace
to distinguish.
axi,
echo, us,/ echo.
dence.
dominatio, onis, /. do- edisco, didici 3. to comminion.

mit to memory.
subdue.
nctum
4.
i, m. fraud.
domesticus 3. domestic.
ivory.
domicillum, i, n. resi- ecclesia, ae,/. church.
domlnus,
entum
sum
gain by flattery.
eburneus 3. of ivoiy,
dommor
occupy, detain.
distraho,
E.
pain, Eblandior itus
in.
to
sum
2. to
n.
i,
Dyrrhachium.
n. cellar.
grief.
[dissuade.
hold from each oth-
distingno, nxi,
i,
oris,
dolus,
3.
Dyrrhachium,
pain.
doliarium,
the eyes.
n. proof.
grieve, feel
to
333
ossum
fugi,
3. to
fugitum
ness, pleasantness.
3. c. 0.0.0,. to flee away.
arum,/, riches. dulcis, e, sweet, lovely.
eflFundo, udi, usum 3.
do, dedi, datum, dare, dum, conj. while, so long
to pour forth, throw
to give, attribute ; litas ; with subj. until,
off
teras dare, to write a
until that, so [as) long effusus 3. unrestrained.
3. divine.
divitiae,
as
letter.
loceo, cui,
ctum
2. to
teach, inform.
docllis, e, teachable.
provided
dumetum, i,
dummodo,
subj.
instruction, science.
ductus
3. learned,
1. to
c.
that.
endure.
leader,
egeo, ui 2. to want, be
in want.
with egestas, atis,/ want.
double.
3. hard.
versed dux, cis,

eral.
thicket.
conj.
1. to last,
durus
that.
provided
doctor, oris, m. teacher. duplico

doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, duro
n.
ego, pron.
ejlclo, eci,
I.
ectum
3.
to
cast forth.
ejulo 1. to complain.
gen- ejus modi, of

of
like kind.
this kind,
334
sum
elabor, lapsus
3.
to glide aivay,
ernolumentum,
in
abl.
c.
to
sum
to die.
Endymio,
elegant.
tis,
elegantia, ae,/ elegance.
elementum,
n.
i,
ele-
kill
let-
death.
(of the alphabet),
m.
i,
ele-
phant.
elicio,
itum
elido,
out,
3.
3.
to
weaken.
ectum
to
ae, /.
elo-
quence.
sum
eloquor, cutus
to
3.
2.
usum
3.
to
to
1.
ementior, itus
enumero
rsi,
emerge,
emetior,
one's
measure
ui,
Ephesus.
/.
i,
emineo, ui
i,
1.
atis, n. epi-
out.
emi-
go
asum
asi,
emitto, misi,
missum
send forth,
3.
meal,
m. horseman
m. horse,
ei,
it
steed,
m. Erec-
eptum
3. to
wander, or.
thrust error, oris, m. error
wanderings.
out.
emo, emi, emptum

to purchase.
4. to soften.
3.
erudlo
sum
3. to
rupi,
pi.
3.
to
stroy.
1. to
1. to
evolvo,
avoid.
fy forth.
Ivi,
latum
3. to
unfold, bring out.
itum
ui,
3.
utum
ui,
to
send forth.
belch forth,
3. to
sharpen.
to harass.
1.
examen,
examtno
exanimo
swarm.
inis, n.
1. to
examine.
1. to
deprive of
life, to kill.
arsi,
fre.
arsum
[ion.
exascio
1. to
exaudio
4. to listen to.
hew, fash-
cessum
3. c. abl. or ex c. abl.
to
go forth,
depart.
excello, ui 3. to excel.
4. to instruct.
erumpo,
3.
happens.
ti,
3. to take
snatch Jrom.
1. to
3. to dis-
overturn, prostrate, de-
exardesco,
eripio, ipui,
to
suit.
everto,
exagito
1. to ride.
i,
3.
vulsum
velli,
exacuo,
itis,
theus.
erro
al-
pluck out.
erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi,
nent.
if,
aid, become.
evomo,
letter.
arum,/ a
ergo, conj. therefore.
to be
2.
to
evado,
m. Epicu- evito
m. epilogue.
Erechtheus,
atum
gush forth.
emigro 1. to move
even
Europa, ae,/. Europe.
evenit 4.
cavalry, knight.
off; equus,
if.
go. eventus, us, m. event, re-
equidem, adv. indeed.
emensus sum equlto
to
emollio
ire, to
feast.
travel through.
to
i,
epigramma,
work
to
et,
[as)
as also.
conj.
[gram, evolo
eques,
conj. also.
enumer- evello,
Epaminondas, ae, m.
Epaminondas.
Ephestus 3. Ephesian.
3. to
self out.
emlco,
to
1.
Itum,
rsum
so
appear.
eo, adv. thither, so far.
epulae,
et
and,
Etruria, ae, /. Etruna.
to
4. to
state falsely.
emerge,
4.
m. sword.
improve, epistoia, ae,/.
sum
and ;
evanesce, nui
is,
epilogus,
elude, deride.
emendo
1).
sum
one's self,
rus.
iisi,
R.
strive.
shine Epicurus,
to
forth.
eludo,
10]
Ephesus,
pronounce.
eluceo, xi
both
to etsi,
ate.
3.
hungry.
4. to be
conj.
though.
emm, for
select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi,
eloquentia,
1. to
enitor, isus or ixus
ensis,
isum
isi,
dAish, break,
eltgo, egi,
to
elicit.
dig
3. to
etiamsi, conj. even
ctum
3. to exert
ui,
draw
esuno
well
by inches, vex
ele-
ter
pur-
dymion.
ment, beginning,
utum
iii,
m. En- etiam,
onis,
eneco, cui,
mentary principle,
elephantus,
3.
[chase, et,
occupy one's self with emptio, onis, f.

something.
en, adv. behold
elegans,
ad- eruo,
up.
elahovol.to bestow pains emorlor, ortuus
upon
n.
i,
vantage.
excelsus
ruptum excerpo,
break forth.
3. elevated.
psi,
ptum
to take out, extract.
3.
excessus, us, m. depar- exoro
excido,
idi,
isum
3.
to
itiim
2.
or
ivi,
excio,
itum
ivi,
4. to
excite, arouse.
excipio,
excite, raise.
1. to
exclamo
1. to
exciudo,
usi,
cry out.
usura
3.
ultum
3.
excors, rdis, senseless.

]
excusatio,
onis, f.
ex-
esum
3.
to
exemplar,
el,
mod-
aris, n.
exemplum,
n.
i,
out,
ii,
itum,
rtis, c.
expeto,
sum 4.
gen. des-
to
3.
to
nxi,
ctum
3.
fill
sum
si,
drive
stum
4.
to exhaust.
exhilaro l.to exhilarate,

exigo, egi,
actum
3. to
rtum
2.
outermost,
3.
last.
adv.
from
without.
sum
si,
3.
to
thrust from, out.

1
to
make sore,
render worse.
3. to
exuo,
utum
ui,
draiv
off.
oris,
1. to
rsi,
to wrest from, extort.
exulcero
take
off,
3.
to
off.
m. spy.
F.
search out,
Faber,
explore.
dse, practice.
si,
to
1. to explain.
exercitatio, onis,/. e.rer- exposco, poposci
exhaurio,
2.
c.
of
something.
extrudo,
etum
up, fulfil.
off,
be afraid
extrinsecus,
paint out.
exploro
exercitus, us, m. army,
exter-
to
1.
minate.
extremus
itum
ivi,
go explorator,
2. to exercise.
1. to lessen.
extorqueo,
strive to obtain.
clap
ire, to
ately.
exteniio
ace. to
up.
to ascertain, to try.
exam- explodo,
go forth.
exerceo
feci, fac-
3. to ivake
explico
pie, instance.
exeo,
sum
expleo, evi,
pattern.
wp^
turn
arouse externus 3. external.
3.
to
exterus S. foreign.
(from sleep).
expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3.
expingo,
consume, corrode.
exile,
leap
extemplo adv. immedi-
extermino
titute of.
to torment,
cuse.
exedo, edi,
pulsum 3.
expello, puli,
expers,
to cultivate.
excrucio
disengage
4. to
se exp. to get ready.
experior, pertus
shut out, hatch.
excolo, olui,
an
c.
to
exult.
treaty.
ceptum expergefacio,
cepi,
en- exsulto 1.
to expel.
3, to receive.
to
obtain hy
expedio
destroy.
excieo,
excito
to entreat ear- exsul, ulis,
1.
nestly,
ture.
335
.3.
to
bri,
m. artisan
(of each art); faber
demand, request.
lignanus, carpenter,
exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. waA:-
sum
er,framer.
3. to express.
exprobro
1. to
expugno
]. to take.
exquiro,
reproach. Fabriclus,
i,
m. Fabri-
diis.
isitum 3. fahula, ae, f. Jable.
isivi,
pass (time).
facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3.
to examine.
exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banishto make ; negotium,
eximius 3. distinguishment.
[become, be.
to make trouble, vex
exsisto,
ed, excellent.
existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors,

timation,
opinion,
stiti 3.
rtis, c.
to arise,
gen. des-
2) to
take one's self
off
facetus 3. delicate, witty.
titute of.
judgment.
exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily.
existimo l.to esteem, conawait, wait.
facilis, e, easy.
sider one something.
exstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed,
exordlor, orsus sum 4.
3. to extinguish, obfoul deed.
to begin.
exorlor, ortus
facio, feci,
literate, kill.
sum
appear, arise.
4. to
extruo, uxi,
uctum
to erect, construct.
3.
factum
make, to esteem.
factum,
i,
7i.
deed.
3. to
336
facultas, atis, f. faculty,
power.
ferrum
facundia, ae, /. fluency ferns
of
beasts,
wearied,
3.
fa-
fama,
ae, /. fame,
nown, rumor.
fliimen, inis, n. river.
fideliter, adv.
belonging fides,
ei,
faithfidly, fluvlus
fidelity
fi-
res fato a family

mWkiis, property ; fa-
dem
miliaris, subst. friend.
dence in some one.
fascis,
i,
sei-vant.
n. temple.
m. bundle.
is,
fastidio
m.
4.
ace.
c.
to
loathe, spurn.
fassum sum
i,
n.fate.
autum
faveo, avi,
to,
f. fever.
fecundus 3. fruitful.
felicitas, atis,
happy.
c.
flgure,
ductive of
arum,
m.
i,
to
holi-
adv.
fortitudo, inis,/ bravery.
factus
iron.
fortui-
f fate, for-
sum,
fieri to
fortunatus 3. fortunate.
made, become, hap- forum, i, n. market, market place,

pen; fieri non poquin, it
is
not fossa,
possible, but that.
aus,fflrmness.
ae,/
foveo, ovi,
warm,
ditch.
otum
cherish,
2.
to
attend
to.
e, frail.
egi,
actum
3. to
break, break hi pieces
den.
/rm.
firmus
of
adv.
fortuito,
be
flagitium,
3.
strong, bold.
tune.
ferociter, adv. flercely.
feVreus
chance,
finis, is,
ferox,
oc'is, flerce.
by
perhaps.
3. to fortiter, adv. bravely.
thrust, firmiter, adv.flrmly.
bring, relate.
m. vault,
arch.
firmo 1. to render flrm, fragilis,

ferme, adv. almost.
strengthen, to
fero, tuli, latum, ferre,
har- frango,
to bear,
without.
jcis,
fortis, e,
fictum
form, feign.
[strike, firmitas,
ire,
fornix,
forte,
little son.
m. son.
i,
test,
days.
ing doors.
fortasse, adv. perchance.
ae,/ daughter.
finlo 4. toflnish.
fio,
gen. pro-
fere, adv. almost.
ferlo,
ae,
ing.
felix, icis,
m. fountain.
is,/ in plur./wZrf-
foiis, ntis,
tously.
m. end.
happi- finitlmus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae,
ness.
ferax, acis.
m. bellows.
foris, adv.
form.
2. c. filius,
is,
ferlae,
to
3.
trust.
filiolus,
favor some one.
febris,
foris,
sum
n. leaf.
i,
ment.
be favorable fingo, finxi,
to
3. base, foul.
foedus, eris, n. league.
follis, is,
fisus
river.
base manner.
foedus
bus cauere, to play

on a stringed instru-
filia,
faux, cis,/ throat.

dat.
confl-
m.
i,
foede, adv. basely, in a
fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium,
2. figura,
to acknowledge, allow,
fatum,
dat.
c.
have
fidus S. faithful, true.
to fate.
fateor,
habere
to trust,
fido,
according
fataliter, adv.
account.
m. a flower.
flos, floris,
fidelis, e, faithful.
familla, 8ie,f family.
i,
to
wave.
of no
er
tree.
hunger.
familiaris, e,
famulus,
2.
festivus 3.flne, sprightly.

{ 88. 9.)
re- ficus, i and us, /.
flg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom.
3. false.
fanum,
etum
evi,
weep.
flo 1. to blow,
antness.
to deceive.
is,/,
fleo,
falsiim 3. festivltas, atis, /. pleas- flocci facere, to consid-
fefelli,
fames,
ferae, flavus S. yellow, fair.
tigued.
fallax, acis, deceptive.
falsus
ivUd
3.
fessus
fagiis, i.f. beech tree.
fallo,
gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame.
arum, f wild
speech.
bum.
n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to
i,
fertilis, e, c.
3.
i,
flagito 1. to
n.foul deed.
demand.
molis
frangere,
grind.
frater, tris,
m. brother.
to
; ;;
fraiis, das,
frenum,
ni
i,
m. a cudgel.
fustis, is,
1. to
hit, rein,
futuius
S.
upon something.
Graecus,
Gallia, ae,/. Gaul.
m. a Gaul.
frigidus 3. cold.
Gallus,
fi'igus, oris, n. coZrf.
galllna,
frondosus
fowl.
garrlo 4. to chatter.
3. leafy.
nus,f forehead.
frons,
ae,
of Got-
Graecla, ae,/. Greece.
future.
G.
i,
e,
tingen.
frequent.
fretus 3. c. abl. relying
m. Gordius.
i,
Gottingensis,
n. {plur. fre- futllis, e. useless.
and frena)
frequento
Gordius,
furor, oris, m. rage.
/.fraud.
fremitus, us, m. noise,
337
a hen,
/.
m. a Greek.
i.
Graecus 3. Greek.
grammaticus 3. grammatical ;
grammatlcus,i,m. grammarian.
grandis,
great
e,
natu
grandis, aged.
advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, gi'anum, i, m. a grain.

gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully.
fi-uges, um,
gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour,
fruit (of
field and trees.)
thank ; gratias agere,
c. abl. to rejoice.
frugifer,
era,
erum, gaudlum, i, n. joi/.
to thank, give thanks ;
gelidus 3. ice-cold, cold.
gratiam referre, to refruitful.
frumentum, i, n. grain, gemitus, us, m. groan.
turn a favour ; grafruor, fi'uctus or fi'ultus gener, eri, m. son-intia (with a foregoing
gen.), on account of.
law.
sum 3. c. abl. to engenero 1. to produce.
gratulor 1. to congratjoy.
a people.
gens, n\.\s,
ulate.
frustra, ac?y. in vain.
gratus 3. agreeable ; 2)
frutex, icis, m. shrub ; genu, us, n. knee.
genus, eris, n. race, kind.
\ly.
pi. bushes, shrubbery,
grateful.
geometricus 3. geomet- gi*avate, adv. unioillingfuga, ae,f. flight.
fructus, us, m.
tage.
fugio,
gi,
gitum
3.
c.
fugo
put to flight.
Itum 4. to gero,
Isi,
1. to
fulcio,
gravis, e, heavy, difficult
rical.
Germanla,
many.
ace. to flee.
ae, /.
Ger-
gestum
gessi,
3.
to carry, carry on.
support.
serious.
atis,/ seriovs-
gi*a vitas,
ness, dignity.
adv.
gi*avlter,
fulgur, uris, n. a flash of gestio 4. to make gestures, be transported.

lightning.
violently,
fulmen,
displeased.
inis,
ning.
funambulus,
i,
light- gesto 1. to bear.
n.
3. to beget,
i,
n.
foundation.
fundrtus, adv.
bringJorth,
from
m. fen- gusto
the gladiator, oris,

cer,
glorior
m. a rope.
gnarus
furiosus 3. raving.
to
govern,
1. to taste, relish.
gladiator,
abl. to discharge.
furfur, uris, n. bran.
1.
rule.
ice.
fundo 1. to found.
gladius, i, m. 5iôrc?.
fundo, fudi, fusum 3. glis, iris, m. a dormouse.
(of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular.
fungor, nctus sum 3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory.
is,
he
lot.
guberno
to bear.
glacies, ei,/.
foundation, wholly.
funis,
graviter ferre, to
grex, gis, m. herd,flock.

gigas, antis, m. giant,
m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubemator, oris, m. pi-
dancer.
fundamentum,
heavily,
forcibly
1. to
3.
glory.
c.
gen.
29
culv.
2. to have,
consider
bere,
bet,
to be
hold
ha-
sese
bene ha-
it is ivell.
ac- hablto 1. to dwell.
quainted with.
gnavlter,
H.
Habeo
zealously.
habitus,
us,
m.
habit,
bearing, condition.
338
haesum Hispania,
haereo, haesi,
2. to adhere, to stick,
Hannibal,
m. Han-
alls,
ae,/. Spain,
historia, ae,/. history.
nibal.
histrlo, onis,
hodie, adv. to-day.
harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus,
homo,
grappling-iron.
haruspx,
m. sooth-
Icis,
ae,/
baud, adv.
4. to
haustum
draw.
adis,
a honoro
hebes,
blunt,
etis,
dull,
gen. unac-
cowardice.
sluggish, cow-
active,
igneus
honor.
m.
oris,
honor, ignis,
3. fiery.
is,
m.
fire.
post of honor, mark of ignobilis, e, unknown.

ignominia, ae,
honor.
dis-
grace.
become bora, ae,/ hour.
Horatlus, i, m. Horace, ignoro 1. not
to
3.
dull, torpid.
hebeto
3. c.
quainted with.
obtuse.
hebesco
therefore,
hence.
ardly.
1. to
honos,
conj.
honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, in-
3.
tuous.
week.
Z. Jit, fitted.
igltur,
ignarus
honorable, vir-
right,
edly.
idoneus
decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence,
adv.
hoaestus
not.
hebdomas,
m. man.
inis,
honorably, virtuously.
5joear.
haurio, hausi,
m. Homer.
i,
honefita.s,Sit\s,f.integrity.
honeste,
sayer.
hasta,
m. actor,
identidem, adv. repeat-
to
1.
stupify,
hordeum,
n. barley.
i,
know;
know
to
non ignorare,
to
weaken.
horno, adv. of this year,
perfectly well.
Hector, oris, m. Hector, horrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum
herba, ae,/ /?er&.
to pardon.
horreum,i, n. granary.
Hercules, is, m. Hercu- horribilis, e, horrible.
ille, a, ud, that.
hortor
les.
heri, adv. yesterday.

lierilis, e,
of,
pertaining hospes,
illuc, adv. thither.
exhort.
1. to
hortus,
m. garden.
i,
illucesco, luxi
m. a guest.
Itis,
3.
come
3. to be-
dawn.
light,
a master.
iniago, Inis, /. image,

hostilis, e, hostile.
imbecillus 3. iveak.
m. Hero- hostis, is, m. enemy.
dotus.
imber, brig, to. shower,
hue, adv. hither.
herus, i, m. master.
rain.
humanitas, atis,
huheus, adv. ho there
imbuo, ui, utum 3. to
manity.
hibernus 3. belonging humanus 3. human.
immerse ; c. abl. to
to
Herodotus,
i,
hie,
humerus,
humidus,
upon
this
humilis
pass
the
to winter.
hie, haee, hoc, this
adv. here
humus,
occasion.
hiemo
to
1.
i,
to.
shoulder,
e,
f. ground, imitator,
i,
hilaritas, atis,
winter.
that place,
ici,
ictum
4. to
inis,
on
eadem,
idcirco, adv.
neigh.
swal-
3.
to
strike; (of a league),
Hippi-ds, ae, m. Hippias. idem,
pron.
same.
oris. to. imita-
1.
c.
immanis,
e,
immaturus
to conclude.
joyfully.
low,
at
there.
ico,
ty.
hilariter, adv. cheerfully,
imita-
the
ace. to im-
itate.
\.
Ibi, adv.
hilari-
tor.
earth.
imitor
hilaris, e, cheerful.
hirundo,
with, imbue.
tion.
low.
vnnter.
hiems, emis,
hinnio
fill
imitatio, onis,
moist.
[count.
that ac-
vast,
3.
cruel.
unripe,
immature, untimely.
immemor,
oris,
c.
gen.
unmindful.
immineo
2. to threaten.
idem, immo, adv. yes rather^

nay rather, on the convery same,
trary.
immoderalus
intern-
3.
ing
gen. unac- indul'gentia,
c.
quainted
perate.
e,
immortal, impudens,
immortalltas,
atis,
/.
immortallter,
i,
sum
3. to
imperator,
eral,
to
m. an Indian
i,
f. indus-
3.
incendo,
di,
sum
to
3.
ivi,
itum
3.
to
m. gen- incldo,
up-
Idi 3. to fall
e,
frwcc.
unarmed, de-
fenceless.
active.
inertia, ae,/.
on.
imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum
3.
infans, ntis,
inactivity.
c.
child,
minor.
to begin.
ced.
active, in-
iners, rtis, unskilled, in-
attack.
emperor.
3.
dustnous.
indutiae,arum,/.a
inermis,
3. uncertain.
pen- incesso,
2) the
industrius
gration.
bestow.
oris,
3.
3. to walk upon.
industria, ae,
incendlum, i, n. confiatry.
impend, incertus
impendo, pendi,
utum
ui,
on, clothe.
Indus,
enkindle, injiame.
2. to
he indulgent.
put
cessum
2. c.
one's self
n.
to impel.
impendeo
Itum
(a river),
4. to hinder.
pulsum
in-
Indus
hindrance.
impello, puli,
to,
induo,
impure.
incedo, cessi,
irnpedimentum,
impu-
ntis,
3.
Isi,
dat. to give
in- inanis, e, empty, vain.
adv.
finitely.
impedio
youthful, indulgeo,
dent, shameless.
inipurus
immortality.
ae, /.
dulgence.
ivith.
immodestus S.immodest impubes, eris,

immature.
immodlcus 3. excessive.
immortalis,
339
imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum,

mand, reign.
cite.
inferre, to bring ; beltmpero 1. c.dat. to reign, incognltus 3. unknown.
lum inferre alicui, to
reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant.
make war upon one.
impetro 1. to obtain.
incolCimis, e, unhurt.
inferus 3. being below,
impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarranglow, inferior ; inferi,
2) vast extent.
impius
3.
ed.
impious.
impleo, evi,
etum
2. to
increpo,
ace.
fll.
implico, avi,
atum
1. to
ui,
itum
the
dead in the lower
world.
c.
infidus
re-
inftmus
1.
berate,
to
proach.
3. unfaithful.
the
3.
infirmitas, atis, /. infir-
1. to
implore.
tum
1. to
import.
lay one's self upon, at- infirmus 3. tveak.
importunus
3.
trouble-
impotens,
ntis, c.
not mxister
tend to something.
.
press into,
impress.
improbitas, atis,/. ivick-
informo
i,
n. genius,
spirit.
be indig- ingens,
nant.
indignus
c.
1. to instruct.
gen. et ingenlum,
abl. to be in want.
1. to
3.
inflo 1. to inflate.
1. to indicate.
indignor
ctum
xi,
dat. to strike upon, inJiict.
India, ae,/. India.
c.
mity.
iufligo,
to trace out.
pressi, pres- indlgeo, ui 2.
3. to
edness.
gen. inde, adv. thence.
of.
imprimis, adv. especially, indico
imprlmo,
in aliquid, to
3.
indago
some.
lowest,
meanest.
incumbo, cubui, cubi-
involve.
imploro
importo
sum
\ble.
incredi-
incredibllis, e,
ntis,
immense,
very great.
3.
c.
abl.
improbus 3. wicked.
worthy.
smprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, ctum
bring in, induce.
foreseeing, not know-
un- ingenue, adv. nobly,
re-
spectably.
3. to
ingenuus
noble.
3. free-born,
340
twm
genl- insectum,
genui,
ingjgno,
ingratus
ungrateful;
3.
2) disagreeable.
sum
go
into,
to
enter upon.
inhaereo,
sum
in
dat.
to
abl.
in- interfector, oris,
in,
arum,
insidlae,
am-
/.
buscade, snares.
ed
inhumanus3. inhuman,
distinguish-
e,
3. hostile
micus,
3.
initium,
i,
ini-
m. enemy.
i,
iniquus
insiplens, ntis, unwise,
contrary
jecium
3.
inspicio, exi,
unpleas- institutio,
ae,/. injustice,
injuria,
injuste, adv, unjustly.
innascor, natus
sum
innocens,
schoin-
innocentia, ae, f. inno-
(some
3. harmless.
innumerabllis,
e,
the line
innu-
merabh.
lum
ctum
aclem
to
of battle
instr. to
want, in- integer,
inquam, /
say.
insanus
insane.
to
dat.
there
c.
'
ble.
1.
ptum
upon something,
scribe.
3.
[to
insculpo, psi,
in-
ectum
3.
2.
en-
tuitus
sum
2.
upon, consider.
to look
within, in
adv.
3.
unrevenged.
invenlo, veni,
ventum
4. to find, find out.
upon
something.
adv.
1. to trace
outy
3. invincible.
vidi,
c. dat. to
visum
2.
envy.
invidla, ae,/. envy, ha-
some-
times.
time.
m.
us,
trance.
investigate.
engrave, interea, adv. in the
ptum
go
to
inutllis, e, useless.
understand.
interdum,
ace.
c.
into, to enter.
grum, inultus
gra,
attentive, fixed
psi,
concerns
the house.
timely.
to write in or
difference
it
one { 88, 10).

intimus 3. inmost.
3. stretched ; invictus
3. c. gen. not intentus
knowing,not acquaintc. dat. or in c. ace. invideo,
c. dat.
c.
to be
in,
is
insclus
inseribo,
esse
fui,
be
gen.
intempestive, adv. un- investlgo
ed with.
1. to ask.
to
intus,
inops, 6])\s,helpless,poor, intelltgo, exi,

destitute, needy.
interrogo
he\- intueor,
prepare
sound.
digence.
nctum
in- introitus,
arrange
to
for war.
ness, need,
3.
3.
/. helpless- insula, ae,/. island.
ae,
interpungo, nxi,
intro
one).
furnish;
struere,
cence.
inter-
threat- intolerabilis, e, intolera-
to
upon, com-
en, press
ntis, innocent, instruo, xi,
to
1.
pret, explain.
presented at; interest,

in-
lastica, scholastic
pel
tion.
intersum,
3. to
onis, f.
insto, stiti 1.
3.
to be implanted.
inopia,
3.
struction.
injury.
mnoxvi\s
ectum
sf ruction; inst.
ant, disagreeable.
m. destruc-
interitus, us,
to distinguish.
utum
throw into ; la- instituo, ui,

queos, to lay snares.
instruct.
3.
to
to look into, inspect,
to
injucundus
not ex-
tis,
expectation.
n. beginning,
injiclo, jeci,
emptum
emi,
interpreter
insperans,
pecting,
unjust.
time.
3. to kill.
born.
ity.
3.
mean
to lie in wait, interim, adv. in the
1.
inimicitia, ae, /. hostil- insltus 3. implanted, in-
inimicus
m.mwr-
kill.
subst. insigne, is, interimo,
to
ire,
ectum
iiiterficio, eci,
to
n. badge.
inhere.
itum,
ii,
decay, come to naught.
derer.
insidlor
c.
sow
to
hac- insignis,
haesi,
2.
intereo,
n. insect.
S^'oft-
ingredlor, gressus
3. c. ace.
i,
insero, sevi, situm 3. c.
3. to implant.
mean
ired.
invidus
3. envious.
inviso,
isi,
visit.
isum
3.
to
invito
juba, ae,/. m. mane.
1. to invite.
m\itus
utum
involve
Iphicrates,
is,
crates.
jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon, onis, /.

ly, agreeably.
Lacedemon, Sparta.
m. Iphi- jucundltas, alls,f. pleas- Lacedaemonius, i, m.
antness, agreeableness.
a Lacedemonian.
ipse, a, uxn,pron.
3.
jucundus
self,
ae,f. anger.
iratus
sum
iratus
3.
m. judge.
n.
i,
lacesso,
judg-
ivi,
itum
c.
3.
to
provoke.
lacnma, ae,/.
judge
to
1.
tear
1. to lacerate,
in pieces.
ment.
enraged, judico
enraged, an-
3.
icis,
judicium,
irascibility,
c. dat. to be
pleasant, lacero
3.
agreeable.
iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex,

irascor,
ae, f. Lacedemonian woman.
to bid, order.
understand.
difficult to
\ra,
3. to
involutus
lac, ctis, n. milk.
jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena,
3. unwilling.
involvo, vi,
341
tear.
lacus, us, m. lake, pond.
dupl. ace. to consider laedo,
sum 3. to
si,
hurt.
on something.
Laelius, m. Laelius.
irrideo, si, sum 2. to jugum, i, n. yoke, top, laetitla, ae,f.joy.
nc?ge( of a mountain), laetor 1. c. abl. to
mock, deride.
irrumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris)
joice.
gry.
re-
m. Julius Caesar.
laetus 3. joyful, delighijungo, nxi, nctum 3. to
ed.
join, unite.
lapideus 3. of stone.
it ; that one ; the same,
Isocrates, is, m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June.
lapis, Idis, m. a stone.
3. to burst in.
ea, id, pron.
is,
he,
she,
tes.
ud, pron. that.
iste, a,
ita,
adv. so, thus.
itaque, conj. therefore.
4. to
late, adv. widely.
piter.
juro
ae,/. Italy.
Italia,
Juno, onis,/ Juno.

larglor, itus sum
Jupplter, Jovis, m. Jubestow largely.
1. to
swear.
lateo,
jus, juris, n. right.
jussum,
to
2.
iii
be con-
cealed.
command. Latinus 3. Latin.

m. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus
way, journey, march, justitia, ae,f justice.
(mountain in Caria).
itei'um, adv. again, the Justus 3. just.
lat us 3. feroac?.
Juvenalis, is, m. Juve- laudabllis,
second time.
e,
praise-
item, adv.
liketvise.
iter, itineris,
n.
i,
n.
course, jussus, us,
worthy.
nal.
Jaceo
jacto
to
and
throw hither
ae,/ loss ;
turam facere, to
is,
young man.
jac- juvo, juvi,

svf-
ace. to assist.
totter,
n. the labor,
liver.
i,
lavo, lavi,
to jest.
3. sportive,
m. a jest.
to cause to
sum
m.
i,
bed.
m. ambassa-
dor.
3. leglo,
labor, oris, m. labor,
toil,
laboro
labor
ahl. to suffer from.
29*
i,
onis,/ legion.
lego, gi,
to
1.
lector, oris m. reader.
shake.
1.
tht
wash.
legatus,
lapsus
dis,/ praise.
lavatum
laus,
to
to fall.
1.
jocosus
iocus,
1. c.
lectus,
jecur, jecinoris,
jocor,
/ youth,
loss.
/ gate.
praise.
or us,
laurel.
jutum
jam, adv. now, already.

L.
jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1.
janua, ae,
1. to
m. a youth, laurus,
juventus, utis,
thither, extol.
jactura,
fer
juvenis,
2. to lie low.
1.
laudo
juvenilis, e, youthful.
J.
ctum
3. to read.
lenlo 4. to soothe.
c. leniter, adv. mildly,
leo,
6ms, m.
lion.
342
lepidus 3. elegant, neat
m. brother-in- locus,
levir, iri,
law.
room
lighten,
to
].
re-
to free
abl.
c.
from.
[tion.
law, condi-
lex, gis, /.
pi. loca.
magni-
3.
Jicent.
longe, adv. far, widely, magnitudo, inis,/.

longinquitas,
atis,
nitude.
/.
levitas, atis,/. levity.
lieve ;
magistrate.
1. to enrich.
m. place, situa- magnif Icus
i,
tion,
levis, e, light.
levo
authority
gistracy,
rich,
locupleto
Lesbos.
i,f.
1. to place, set.
locuples, etis,
bleness, jest.
lepus, oris, m. a hare.
Lesbus,
magis, adv. more.

magister, tri, m. teacher,
wealthy, maigi&tYSitus, us, m. ma-
sea-shore,
littus, oris, n.
m. agreea- loco
lepor, oris,
distant
from
remote,
3.
e longinquo,
ly.
magnus
S.great
major,
afar.
longus
libens, ntis, willing.
magnopere, adv. greai-
length, extent.
longinquus
3. long.
greater,
um, m.
ances-
tors.
city.
liber, bri,
m. book.
loquax, acis, loquacious, male, adv. badly.
liber, era,
erum,/r6e.
loquor,
Ijberalltas, atis,/.
liber-
liberaliter, adv. liberally.
children
Lucerla, ae,
Luceria. maledicus
n. gain, ad-
i,
ludo,
1. to liberate.
n. sport.
i,
sum
si,
malitla,
3. to play.
lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la-
passion,
Whra,
inis,
ae,
desire,
a pound.
wooden,
3.
wood.
lignum,
luscinia, ae,
i,
wood.
n.
ae,
ae,/
clear, luxuria,
language.
Hquefacio,
feci,
ae,
arum, f
Macedo,
Macedonian.
Macedonia, ae,
ture.
litterae,
letter, litera-
i,
n. apple.
n.
evil,
mis-
3.
to
adv. in the
to
morn-
'
ing.
nsum
nsi,
remain;
c.
2.
ace. to
await.
civil process,
alphabet);
i,
maneo,
m. Lysis.
M.
letter (of
ivish rather, prefer.
mane,
luxury.
m. Lycur-
factum
strife.
littera,
malice,
ae, /.
chew.
gus.
3. to melt.
i,
dispos-
malus 3. evil, bad.

mando, di, sum
lux, lucis,/ light.
tongue, Lycurgus,
3. ill
nightin- malus, i,/ apple-tree.
gale.
linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is,
lis, litis,
subst.
fortune.
lusus, us, m. sport.
Iimpidus3. limpid,
lingua,
of
m. wolf,
i,
evil,
wickedness.
malum,
malum,
ae,/ moon.
iuiûs,
licet, uit 2. it is allowed,
ligneus
m. play.
mtnt.
luna,
lust.
doing
malo, malui, malle, to
ludus,
libet, uit 2. it pleases.
i,
3. sZawrferoiw.
3.
ed, malicious.
libertas, atis,/ liberty,
libido,
to
evil-doer.
malevolus
vantage.
ludibrlum
parents).
libero
dat.
c.
wicked
evil,
relation to their luctus, us, m. grief
(in
maledico 3
m. Lucre- maleficus
i,
tins.
lucrum,
libere, adv. freely.
orum, m.
to
3.
reproach.
Lucretius,
ality.
liberi,
locutiis
speak.
iiberalis, e,free.
comp.
us,
older.
libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores,
with delight.
mag-
onis,
Mantinea, ae,
m.
Ma-
cedonia.
Man-
manus, us,/ hand;
machinatio, onis,/ machine
tinea.
device, artifice,
2)
a company.
MarceWiis,
i,
m. Marcel-
lus.
mare,
is,
n. sea.
margo,
m. margin, mentior 4.
mercator,
inis,
MariLis,
m. Marius.
i,
marmor, oris,
marmoreusS.
n. marble.
q/'/nar6Ze,
m. JWar^.
i,
mater, tris,/. mother.

i,
mathematlcus,
m.
mathematician.
mature, adv.
speedily, in
season.
maturus
lie.
misere^ adv. wretchedly.

m. tra- misereor, misertus or
meus,
to
1.
upon, study
Medus,
ae, /.
ae,/.
oris,
gen. or
mindful
of.
memoria, ae,/.
miles,
memoria
1.
is,
m. Miltia-
acis, threatening,
1. to
minus, adv.
heart.
miror
m. Me-
acis,
lying
f sense, mind,
understanding,
state of mind.
mensa,
mensis,
spirit,
ae, /. table.
is,
m. gou-
m. month.
ace.
c.
1.
to
govern, rule.
ately.
modo,
i,
m. bushel.
adv. only,
now;
conj. c. Subj. if only.
modo
modo, now
modus,
threaten.
wonder
3.
n.
walls
(as defence).
moeror,
;
manner^
m.
ium,
to rnoenia,
less.
1. to
i,
way.
m. grief
oris,
sorrow.
2) Moesia,
moles,
admire.
ae,fMoesia.
mass.
is,/,
wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievous-
traordinary.
misceo,
subst. liar.
mens^tis,
to
mirus
nander.
mendax,
oris,
now.
at all.
to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful.
dri,
mobllis, e, movable.
modius,
des.
time; minlior
relate.
Menander,
c.
tenere, to
memory, by
3.
modestia, ae, f. mx)desty.
minor 1. to threaten.
hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utura 3.
memorlter, adv. from
lessen, diminish.
memoro
missum
to send.
m. warrior, modestus 3. modest.

modlce, adv. temper-
itis,
mmax,
wiemor?/,
remembrance,
migrate
gen. Minerva, ae,f Minerva.

minlme, adv. least, not
c.
soften^
mitis, e, soft, mild,
mitto, misi,
moderor
1. to
Miltiades,
ace. to remember.
memor,
to
1.
mitigate.
ernor.
1. to glitter.
ace. to transgress.
mem-
n. limb.
isse, c.
mitigo
moderator,
mine.
soldier.
i,
to render soft,
tame.
tion.
brane.
membrum,
memini,
mico, ui
migro
Megara.
mel, mellis, n. honey.
membrana,
3.
misery^
migratlo, onis, /. migra- moderaius 3. temperate,
into.
m. a Mede.
i,
Megara,
reflect
my pity for
something.
mitesco 3.
c. dat. to cwre. Metellus, i. m. JifeM?x5.

medicina, ae, /. medi- metlor, mensus sum 4.
to measure.
cine, remedy.
medicus, i, m. physician, metuo, ui 3. to fear.
mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehenmeditatio, onis,/. medision,fear.
meditor
me alicujusrei,
excites
m\seYicoidia,ae,f.pity.
medeor 2.
tation.
it
re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /.

want.
of something.
merltum, i. n. desert.
merx, rcis, /. wares.
2. c.
gen. to pity.
miseret
mereor, meritus sura 2.

to deserve; de aliqua
messis, is,/, crop.
3. ripe.
sum
miseritus
der.
merces, edis,/. recompense.
marble.
Martius,
to
oris,
343
scui,
xtum2.
to
ly
stum or
mol. fero, take
mix, to dis- molestla, ae, f. annoyance.
turb.
miser, era,erum, lurefc^- moleslus
3.
trouble-
some.
ed.
miserandus
it
ill.
3. pitiable,
molior, itus
sum
4. to
344
mumo
prepare, get ready.
moUio
4. to soften,
murex,
moW'itiSi, ae, f. softness.
n.
cir-
2. to
mons,
ntis,
admonish.
m.
tain.
monumentum,
navlgo
m. a pur-
uiis, n.
mur.
i,
n.
m. wall (as a
i,
sum 2.
to bite, to hack-
mortuus sum,
delay, re-
to
ex-
ace.
c.
to
narro
natlo,
is,
3. to
natus
move.
thereupon,
adv.
eris,
burn
woman,
wife.
MiJUerus, i, m. Mulier.
mullitudo, inis,
mul-
the
rests
be-
parts).
not
nee
and not,
nee (ne(neque),
nor.
necdum, and
not yet.
necessarlus
3.
neces-
homo
related ;
necessarlus, friend.
nation, necesse est,
it is
neces-
sary ( 105. R. 4.)

necessitas, atis,/. nccesity.
neco
1. to kill.
nectar, aris, n. nectar.
necto, xui,
xum
3.
to
join together, weave.
post nefarlus
Chrhtuni natum,
ier the birth
afterwards.
mulier,
3.
que)
sary
mos, oris, m. custom,

tribe.
manner ; Tplur. charac- nato 1. to swim.
natura, ae,/ nature.
ter.
motus, us, m. m.ove- naturalis, e, natural.
ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; major natu, older; minor
earthquake.
natu, younger.
moveo, vi, tum 2. to
mox,
even,
(neque),
neither
m. birth-day.
onis, /.
not
(has
nebula, ae,/. mist.
sum nee
be burn, to spring.
uatalis,
also,
emphasis
tween its
1. to relate.
moitalis, e, mortal.
115. 3. b. a.)
quidem
also
sum
that
3.)
word on which the
tion, narrative.
nascor, natus
ne
not
3. to obtain.
make nothing of.

morosus 3. morose.
mors,Us, f death.
and
106, 1
ne, interrogative partide,
narratio, onis,/. narra-
mor'i, to die.
moror 1.
main;
conj. for
nanciscor, nactus
morior,
exhorting),
m. musician.
Nam, namque,
navis
ne, conj. that not
muto 1. to change,
monument.
mora, ae,/. delay.
change.
morbus, i, m. disease.
mutus 3. dumh.
mordax, acis, biting.
mordeo, momordi, morN.
bite.
navigate.
1. to
navis, \s,f. ship
mur- ne, adv. not (with Imperat., and Subj. of
structure).
musicus,
naval-
Ion ga, war-ship.
moun- mus, muris, m. mouse.

musca, Sie,f. afy.
i,
navale,
war.
pie fish, purple.
murus,
cumstance.
moiieo
icis,
murmur,
Molo, onis, m. Molon.

i,
lum
to fortify.
eris, n. service
2) present.
soft, alleviate.
mollis, e, soft.
momentum,
4,.
make muuus,
3.
infamous.
af- nefas, {indecl.) n. lorong.
of Christ
negligo, lexi, lectum 3.
to neglect.
(when the year
has been specified, nego 1. to deny, say no.
which in this case negotior 1. to pursue
old
business, trade.
stands in the ace.)
naufragium, i, n. ship- negotium, i, n. busiwreck; naufr. facere,
ness.
multo 1. to fine, punish.
nemo (inis) c. nobody,
to suffer shipwreck.
multus 3. much, many.
nauta, ae, m. sailor.
no one, (gen. andabl.
mundus, i, m. world.
not used).
munificentia, ae,/ mit- navaWs, e,naval,pertaintitude.
ing
nificenre:
munificus
3.
mwwiênf.
to
a ship
pugna
naval is, 5ea/g"^f; bel-
neptis,
is,
daughter.
grand-
Neptunus,
m. JVep-
i.
nequeo,
itum,
ivi,
ire,
not to he able.
nequicquam,
vain, to no
nervus,
nescio
in
adv.
not to know.
4.
not knowing
3.
non sum nescius, /

know full well.
sed etiam, not

but also.
unless.
nidifico
build a
to
1.
nest.
m.
i,
nest.
grum,
niger, gra,
nondum, adv.
nonne? nof?
not
nihilum,
i,
nunc, adv. now.
yet.
deed") whether not.
much.
too much,
nuntio
notum
nosco, novi,
to
3.
become acquainted
nisi,
xi, 3. to
noster, tra, trum, our.
if not
conj.
ex-
nisus
nitor,
sum
3. c. abl.
to rely
upon something
something
ae,
knowl-
/.
to strive
against some-
November,
novus
3.
tum
nobllis,
known,
e,
re-
ptura
] .to
make known,
renowned.
no one, no; oblecto
rilL5,3,b,
word
ae, /.
mantia.
1.
to
itum
evi,
number,
onis,
/.
its verb) non numquis,

solum (tantum, monumquid,
m. number,
numqua,
is it
obliv-
ion.
forget.
obrepo, repsi,
reckon.
i,
3. to
besmear, contaminate.
JVu- obliviscor, oblitus sum

3. c. gen. or ace. to
Numlda, ae, m. a JVunocturnus 3. nocturnal.

midian.
nodus, i, m. knot.
Numidia, ae, /. JVunomen, inis, n. name.
midia.
nomino 1. to name.
nummus, i, m. money, a
non, adv. not (stands
sesterce.
;
1. to delight.
oblivio,
c,].
m. JYuma.
noctu, adv. by night.
before
us, m. departure,
death.
multitude, rhythm.
2. to injure.
to
3. c. die.
nullus non, every one. oblino,
numerus,
'
3. to
obedio 4. to obey.
obeo, li, itum, ire,
marry (of the obitus,
3.
etum
xi,
overspread, cover.
v^ôman).
numero
nowned.
nobilito
to
3. to fall asleep.
obduco,
new.
psi,
O.
m. Obdorraisco, mivi, mi-
bris,
Numantia,
nix, nivis,/. snow.
noceo
noto 1. to mark, brand.

notus 3. known.
Numa, ae,
thing.
mand.
nux, nucis,/. a nut.
in aliquid num,interrogative
in-law.
nusquam, adv. no-where.

nutrix, icis,/. nurse.
ad nullus
aliquid, to strive after
nurus, us, /. daughter-
nutus, us, m. nod, com-
nubo,
dat
or nixus
splendid.
messenger.
lately.
notio, onis,/. notion.
shining, nubes, Is,/, cloud.
3.
news
nutrio 4. to nourish.
tryman.
nox,noctis,/ night.
cept.
nitidus
announce.
m. message^
i,
nota, ae,/. mark, sign.
novi, isse, to know.
snow.
f.
adv. never.
]. to
nuntius,
nuper,
with.
JVovember.
too very.
ningo,
arum,
market.
times.
black. notitia,
n. nothing.
nimium, adv.
not in- nundinae,
nihil {indecl.) n. nothing.
nimis, adv. too
any one f any
ble that
thing
if not, nostras, atis, m. of our

country, fellow-coun-
conj.
[nisi],
nidus,
nonnunquam, adv. some- nunquam,
effect.
m.nerve, sinew.
i,
nesclus
ni
do)
only
tune.
345
3.
c.
upon,
dat.
steal
reptum
to
creep
upon, sur-
prise some one.
obruo,
ui,
utum
3.
to
cover over, overwhelm.
obscuro 1. to obscure.
obscurus 3. obscure.
obsequium, i, n. submission, obedience.
possi- obsequor, secutus
sum
346
3.
dat.
c.
take pos- opinor 1. to think.
obey, occiipo 1. to
to
comply with.
observo 1. to ohserve.
session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid.
ade, siege.
2. to besiege.
obsidlo, onis, y! siege.

levi
3.
m.
odi, isse, to hate.
oppidum,
odiosus
oppleo, evi,
3. hateful, hated,
statum
stiti,
way
the
c.
1.
to
of,
esse
fui,
c. dat.
obtempero
sum
di,
3. to
one's lot
i,
dis-
parage.
3.
to
fusum
3.
occaslo, onis,
surround
upon,
oleum,
m. setting,
Occidens,
ntis,
m.
set-
n. oil.
occido, cidi,
3.
to fall.
let
missum3.
1. to
harrow.
3.
to conceal.
occulio
1. to
occultus
conceal.
3. concealed.
oecumbo, cubui, cublturn 3. to fall, die.
ocrea, ae,f.greave (cor-
responding
boot).
to
est, it is necessary,
c]
91. 5,
i,
n. oracZe.
oratio, onis,/. speech.
orbis,
Is,
m.
circle.
orsus
sum
4. to
begin.
together.
;
ordo, inis, m. order, succession, rank.
all.
onero
1. to load,
onus,
eris, n. load.
burden. Orestes, ae, m. Orestes.
Orlens,
ntis,
rising,
m.
east,
sun-
eastern
regions.
ope- origo, Inis,/. origin.

ram dare, navare c. orlor, ortus sum 4. to
dat. to occupy one's
rise, spring from.
ornamentum, i, n. ornaself with.
dered,
occulo, ului, ultum
rich.
al- ordior,
opera, ae,/. service ren-
kill.
wish.
1. to
go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator.
occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx.
occo
gen.
m. chief
atis,
oraculum,
postpone.
plur.
casum
used),
man.
ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole

gions, west.
1. to attack.
ace. to opus, eris, n. work.
c.
omnino, adv. wholly,
downfall.
3. to oppress.
(not
opus
i,
oppor- omitto, misi,

to
lis,
ops
tofiow against; opto
something
'
tunity.
occasus,
sum
pass, to spread one^s opulentus 3. powerful,
oYixn, adv. formerly.
meet.
tunely.
opis,/. aid.
cover.
obviam, adv. against,
2. to
oppose.
3. to
optimas,
self
1. c. d. to
etum
n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable.
ofFundo, fudi,
c. dat.
traction.
fectum
to hinder, prevent.
vice.
obtrectatio, onis, f. de-
oppono
oppugno
officio, feci,
ofRcIum,
to fall to
n. town.
i,
opprlmo, pressi, pres-
offend.
obey.
obtingo, igi 3.
obtrecto
offendo,
maintain.
1. to
2. to
4.
opportune, adv. oppor-
3. to offer.
to be against, injure.
obtineo,
Ott-
he a offero, obtuli, oblatum,
hindrance, hinder.
obsum,
m.
i,
sum
up, fill.
fill
fried.
stand against, in
necessary,
it is
105. R. 4.)
to await.
eye.
to
tiquated.
to
Oc-
opperior, pertus
i,
odium, i, n.
pass away, become an- Odofredus,
obsto,
m.
bris,
tober.
sessum oculus,
obsideo, sessi,
obsolesco,
oportet2.
to surprise.
obsessio, 6ms, f. block- October,
opes,
labour
um,
/.
power,
ment, jewel.
property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn.
oro
sures.
opimus
3. fat, rich.
our opinio, onis,/. opinion,

belief.
1.
sam
to
speak; caus-
orare, to plead;
2) to entreat.
oryx, ygis, m. gazdle.
paiies,
OS, oris, n. /ace.

OS,
ossis,
hone
n.
pi.
ostium,
ovis,
(of
iâZZ
partum
produce
3.
parricldium,
cide,
i,
sum
way.
paene, adv. nearly,
3.
7nost.
3.
to open.
pango, pepigi, pactum

3. to fix in, to fasten,
m. bread.
pop-
n.
cipis,
pecto,
xum
xi,
3.
to
comb.
pectus, oris, n. breast.
pecunia, ae,/ money.
pasture (of herds-
itis,
m. footman,
foot-soldier.
men), fo/eec? ; pascor, ipeiero l.to swearfalsely,

pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuH, pulsum 3.
be fed, pastured, (of
to drive.
Pelopidas, ae, m. Pelo-
herds).
i,
n. pasture.
pidas.
man.
tes,
household gods.
factum pendeo, pependi [sup.

make known.
wanting) 2. to hang.
ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, pen-
patefaclo, feci,
py.
papilio, onis, m. a butter-
3. to
pateo,
fly.
par, aris,
sum
equal;
par
am a
dat.
c.
match for some one.

par, aris, w. a pair.
pavatus
3.
m.
parco, peperci,
dat.
c.
parsum
to
ntis,
mother
ae,
c. father
plur.
2. to ohey.
or
for,
n. thread.
i,
ter, severe.
dat.
1. c.
to
perago, egi, actum 3./o

accomplish.
protect.
peragro
little
to
1.
3. little
little
little.
ceptum
3. to perceive.
paulo percrepo,
after.
pass
through.
percipio, cepi,
while.
pa- pauUulum, adv. a

post,
f feather.
ae,
pensum,
counti-y.
pauUus
pevma,
native peracerbus 3. very hit-
paullisper, adv.
rents.
3.
spare, pauci, ae, a. few.
forbear.
parens,
sum
passus
to suffer, alloiv.
patroclnor
dy.
pay
to
3.
value.
-patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly.
patria,
prepared, rea-
sum
open.
pater, tris, m. father.
patior,
Parapamisus,
i.
Parapamisus.
pareo
si?!,
passim, /ar and ivide.

pelvis, is,/, basin, bowl,
pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. pena-
condition.
3.
n.
i,
par- pecco 1. to sin,

do
wrong.
particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, ?n. comb.
hargain, agree to on pascuum,
eris,
2)
ticipating in.
to
is,
peccatum,
marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes,
pando, audi, assum,
faidt.
tide.
pool.
papaver,
ae, /. fru-
m. wood- parum, adv. too little.

parvus, 3. small.
is,
pigeon.
panis,
pavo, onis, m. peacock,

pavor,
oris,
m. fear,
'permission.
partior 4. to divide.
n. cloak.
udis.
Pau-
rtis, f. part, side,

fright.
plur. the charojcters in pax, pacis,/. peace
particeps,
al-
pallldus 3. pale, livid.
palus,
ae,
-paxldus S. fearful.
n. parri-
wicked deed.
a play.
make a bargain.
pactum, i, n. hargain ; parsimonla,
nullo pacto, in no
gality.
palumbes,
pov-
sanias.
to
i,
atis, /.
erty.
pars,
P.
Paciscor, pactus
pallium,
eris, joaor.
ova Pausanias,
to prepare.
]pai'o 1.
i,
pauper
paupertas,
parere, to lay eggs.
n. leisure.
f. sheep.
n. egg.
is,
ovum,
to hear,
n. door.
1,
i,
a house).
pario, peperi,
ossa, hones.
otlum,
etis,
347
resound.
lil,
Itum
1. to
348
percurro,
or perpetior,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /. per-
cucurri
cursum
cun'i,
to
3.
run through.
perdo, didi, ditum
ui,
itum
endure.
versify.
perform,
1. to
3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per-
to ruin, destroy, lose.
perdomo,
to
perpetro
1, to
tamt, subdue.
isum
idi,
to consider,
2.
examine.
pes, pedis, m.foot.
petuity, duration.-
perpetuo, adv.
pervideo,
contin- pestilentla, ae,/. pesti-
ually,
lence.
peregre, adv. abroad.

perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destrucpereo, ii, Itum, ire, to
constant.
tion.
go
perrodo,
to ruin, perish.
perfectus
perficio, feci,
fectum3. perrumpo,
tum
to finish, effect.
perfidus S.Jaithless.
rup-
strive
to
break
fetch.
petulans,
a Per-
m.
3. c. ace.
to
obtain,
after,
attack,
strive
to
through.
break through.
itum
3. to peto, ivi,
rupi,
3.
perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae,

3. to
sum
si,
eat through.
S. perfect.
tis,
wanton.
petulantia, ae,/.
wan-
tonness, licentiousness.
sian.
perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias.
i, n. refuge.
philosophla, ae,/. phiten.
perfugium,
pergo, perrexi, perrec- -persanol. to cure wholly.
tum
periculum,
danger.
n.
i,
periodus, i,/ period.

peritus 3.
persolvo,
to
to
1.
flow
isi,
issum 3.
to permit.
permoveo,
tum
2.
movi,
move,
to
Isi,
stir
2.
please,
charm, soothe.
3.
fo
draw
through,
3.
very
piety,
sZof^-
ful, dull.
si,
sum
2. c.
3.
perni-
cious, destructive.
novi,
notum
perosus 3. hating great-
inxi,
paint
acis,
ictura
3.
acu pin-
gere, io embroider.
obstin- p]rus,
f pine.
eris, n.
pirum,
i,
pepper.
w. êar.
i,
pear-tree.
piscator, oris, m.fisher-
ate.
2.
to
aliqiiem,
extend;
to
man.
per- piscis,
is,
m.fish.
tain to some one.
piscor i.tofish.
pertuibatio, onis, fdis- plus S. pious, grateful.
turbance.
placeo 2. to please.
become thorough- perturbo
acquainted with.
to
pinus, us,
put in fear.
ad
perniciosus
uith hair.
perterreo 2. to frighten, piper,

pertlnax,
many.
tion.
3. to
/.
grum,
piger, gra,
piogo?
dat. to persuade, con-
pemicles, ei,/ destruc- pertineo,
pernosco,
atis,
filial love.
pigritia, ae, /. inactivity.
persist.
mo- persuadeo,
Isum
stroke,
permultus
ly.
1. to
vince.
permulceo,
ly
atum
iti,
ly.
3. pietas,
censure.
up.
to
m. phi-
i,
lusopher.
perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered
through.
permitto,
utum
vi,
to
persto,
permano
owi.
TioZc?
pay.
continue, persona, ae,f person,
hold out.
losophy.
philosophus,
pie, adv. tenderly, pious-
sue.
permaneo, mansi, man2.
follow up, pur-
3. to
ex- perse vero l.io
gen.
c.
perienced, skilled in.
sum
sum
go, proceed, persequor, secutus
3. to
1. to disturb,
placide, adv. gently.
pervehor, vectussum3. placidus ^.gentle.

to be
conveyed
off.
placo
perverse, adv. perverse- plane,

ly.
1.
to appease.
adv.
plainly.
wholly
349
planetes, ae,
W2.
pZawef.
populor
1. fo Zai/ u-asfe.
praeceptor,
m. people.
teacher.
planities, e\,f. a plain,
populus,
planta, ae,/. plant.
populus, i,/ poplar.
Plato, onis, m. Plato.
porro, adv. moreover.
jAaustrum,
Plautus,
plenus
aeque, aque,
very many, most.
3. to de-
com-
m. Pliny.
i,
ploratus,
plus, Oris, n. morft.
praeditus
that.
sterum diem,
poem.
following day.
'poena,ne,f. punishment ; postis, is, m. post.
poenas dare, to be postquam, conj.
punished ; 2) revenge.
that.
poema,
1. to extol.
3. to predict.
en-
3. c. abl.
dowed with.
postero die, on thefollowing day; in po- praedlum, i, w.ârm.
3. most.
pluviosus
preco-
cocis,
praeda, ae,/. booty.
be able {can).
plures, a, G. lum. more,
n.
cious.
com- postea, adv. afterwards, praedico

[many, posteaquam, conj. after praedico
plaint.
plurlmus
to
m.
us,
orum,
diaphragm.
praecox,
session, possessing.
possum, potui, posse,
monly.
miast.
praecordia,
mand.
possesslo, onis, /. pos-
plerumque, adv.
Plinius,
portus, us, m. haven.
posco, poposci
gen. full,
3. c.
plerique,
praeclarus 3. ?io6Ze.
praecludo 3. to shut
praeco, onis, m. enco-
itorticus, us, f. portico,

]. to hear.
m. Plautus.
i,
principle.
praeclare, adv. nobly.
m. applause, porto
lis,
m.
oris,
praeceptum,),n.j9recp<,
draught- porta, ae,f. gate.
\,n.
wagon.
plausus,
i,
3. ram?/.
till
the
pvaedorl.
to
praefero,
atis, n.
make
booty.
latum,
tuli,
ferre 3. to prefer.
sum
after prael6quor,locutus
3. to
speak before.
poenltetme alicujusrei, postremus 3. last; ad praemium, i, n. rewârrf.

it repents me of somepostremum, lastly.
praeparatio, 6nis,//>rething.
postulo 1. to demand.
paration.
Poenus, i, m. a Cartha- potens, lis, c. gen. pow- praeparo 1. to prepare.
ginian.
^ful, master
poeta, ae,
ôe^.
?n.
polite, adv. elegantly.
pollex,
icis,
potestas, atis,
m. thumb.
sum
polliceor, citus
potio, onis,
2.
to promise.
peii (a city).
pomum,
pondero
m.
Pom-
1. to
ponder.
situm 3. to
place ; ponere in
aliqua re, to
set,
adv.
es-
m. bridge.
[dent.
i,
aid^
n.
protection, support.
praestabilis, e, excelktU,
much more,
superior.
praestans,
m. drink.
praesto,
tis, excellent.
iti,
atum
aW-
be distinguished
praebeo
cui, to surpass
to
lend
prove,
2.
to
afford,
se praebere, to
better
show
pay
one's
self,
ing,
rugged,
precipitous.
30
steep
to
to
1.
praerdius S. very deep.
place praeceps, clpitis, inclin-
upon something.
tis,
potius, adv.
n. plur. eata- potus, us,
siii,
present.
ially.
])raesidium,
self of.
ble fruit.
pons,
4. c.
rather.
i,
tis,
possess one's praeses, idis, m, presi-
pecially, principally,
i,
[tily.
praepropere, adv. has-
drinking, praesens,
sum
titus
to
abl.
Pom- poiissimum,
pilius.
lay,
S. to prefer.
/ power,
praesertim, adv. espec-
m.
i,
pey.
Pompilius,
pono,
praepono, osui, ositum
of.
poi6'er.
drink.
potior,
Pompeii, drum, m. Pom-
Pompeius,
ae,/
potentia,
bestow
be
to
se praestare, to
shotv one^s self
praesto, adv. present,
hand.
at.
350
praesum,
esse, to
fui,
he placed
before, pre-
side over.
praetereo,
to
itum,
li,
pass by
ire,
probari
alicui,
to
please some one.
to prevent,
Probus,
aFs
prandeo,
di,
money)
meadow.
promptu,
promptu
in
esse, to be ready.
procudo,
n.
i,
the no-
sura 2. to procerus 3. slim,
di,
missum
promitto, misi,
3. to promise.
bles.
breakfast.
pratum,
um, m.
gener- proceres,
n.
i,
tent.
off.
if.
m. Probus.
i,
praetor, oris, m. joraeôr. procella, ae,/. siorm.
praetoniim,
keep
probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ;

probus 3. upright, exproinde (\uas\, just as
cellent.
before.
praeteritus 3. past.
prohlbeo, bui, bitum
promptus3.
tall.
sum
3. (of
ready.
pro-
to
1.
nounce.
to coin.
pravltas, atis, /. deprav- procul, adv. far
pronuntlo
off,
from prope,
near
adv.
2)
a distance.
nearly, almost.
preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubui, cubi- propere, adv. hastily.
propitius 3. propitious,
precor 1. to entreat;
turn 3. to fall down,
bene pr. alicui, to procuro 1. to take care of.
favorable.
prodeo, ii, Itum, ire, to propositum, i, n. purwish well to one.
premo, pressi, pressum
pose, design.
go forth, depart.
ity.
prodigiosus
3. to press.
pretiosus
3. precious.
pretium,
wonder- proprius
own, pecu-
3.
liar.
price, proditlo, onis,/. treach- propterea, adv.
n.
i,
3.
ful.
value.
on
this
account.
ery.
pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m.

champion, defender.
jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to
propulso 1. to drive
since.
deliver up, betray.
Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum,
city
of Ionia).
primo, adv. in
i,
the first
profanus
in the first
place.
princeps,
m.
ipis,
first
ginning
i,
n.
tuli,
re,
to
bring for-
m. pro-
proficiscor, fectus
pristin us 3. /ormcr.
3.
prius, adv. sooner.
journey),
conj.
before
to
set
out
de-
part.
profusus3. wnresirainerf:
\)r6hlVAS,3l\Q,f. upright- progredior,

ness.
probo
3.
1.
to
approve
to
vance.
self.
lum
3. to prostrate.
desse
fui,
c.
dat. to be useful, ben-
2. T^Yo\xn\is,adv.immediate-
acknowledge freely,
to
promise, offer freely.
suitahly, uprightly.
one's
spec-
to see before
efit.
sum
probe,
excellently,
3.
prosterno, stravi, stra-
sum,
privatus 3. private.
adv.
turn
(on a prosum,
march,
profiteor, fessus
that, ere, before.
perity.
[fessor. prosplclo, spexi,
to profit, accomplish,
old.
look
to
1.
latum, fer- prosperitas, 2X\s,f.pros-
principio, proflcio, feci, fectum3,
priusquam,
indeed, jirospecto
forth.
profero,
3.
back.
prorepo3. to creep forth.

prorsus adv. entirely.
truly.
be- professor, oris,
in the beginning.
priscus 3.
adv.
ward.
the first.
principium,
encoun-
profane.
3.
profecto,
place.
primum, adv.
n.
ter.
ly.
proverbium,
gressussum providentia,
step forth, ad-
n.
i,
prov-
erb.
ae,
ffore-
sight, providence.
provideo,
vidi,
visum
2,
to foresee
dat.
c.
to
provide for something',
on
be
to
2)
one^s
guard, look out.

provincia,
ae,
pro-
/.
ctum
proxime, adv.
proximus
prudens,
pru-
wise,
cor-
rect.
is,/, the stern
of
dent, skilful.
prudenter, adv. wisely,
word),
its
quemadmodum,
Punicus3. Punic.
punio 4. to punish,
purgo
and (always
conj.
attached to
what manner,
queo ivi, itum,
adv. in
as.
ire,
to
be able {can).
quercus, us,/, oak.
a ship.
next.
3. next.
tis,
to sting, to que,
3.
harass.
puppis,
vince.
351
purify, justi- querela, ae,/ complaint,
1. to
plaintive cry.
fy-
purus 3. pure.
puto 1. to think,
queror, questus
believe,
sum
3.
complain.
to
qui, quae, quod, who.

prudently.
consider.
prudentia, ae,f wisdom, Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. qui, how,whence,whereby.
prudence.
Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- quia, conj. because.
piunum, i, n. a plum.
prunus, 'i,f. plumtree.
pubes, eris, grown up.
publlce,
adv.
publicly,
on behalf of the
State,
quicimque,
thagoras.
Q.
Quaero,
whosoever.
situm 3. quidam,quaedam, quiddam and quoddam.

ab or ex ali-
sivi,
to seek,
quo, to ask of one.

make pub- quaeso, I pray, beseech.
at the cost of the State.
publico
1. to
quaestio, onis, f. ques-
lic.
publicus
public
3.
publico, in
in
m. shame.
puella, ae,y. maid.
puer,
of what
e,
character
oris,
eri,
m. boy
children.
puerilis, e, childish.
pueritla,
ae,
f.
child-
quam,
i,
m.
little
f fight,
pugna, ae,
bat-
beautiful, fair.
quippe,
quis
as.
ty.
m. afiea.
m. the young
icis,
sand,
dust.
pungo, pupugi,
107, 3. b)].
?
who then
adv.
indeed,
quid? who ^what7
conj.
though.
(with
al-
then 7
quispiam,
quaepiam,
qiiidpiam and quodcomp.)
piam
the.
[ 31, 3)].
quantopere, how greatly. quisquam,

quicquam
quantus 3. how great
and
quodquam,
quantum,
hoio much.
how
great soever.
quasi, as
pun-
any one.
quisnam,
quaenam,
with
quidnam, who, what
though,
(of animals), chicken. quantuscunque,
m.
3. quiet.
with the quis, qua, quid and qui,

quae, quod [31, 1)]
subj. how much soever,
quanto,
ly.
pulchritudo,ini6^. beau-
eris,
3.
quamdiii, how long, so
indie,
pulchre, adv. beautiful-
pulvis,
parative) than.
although.
i,
quietus
com- quinam
quando, adv. when.
1. to fight.
pullus,
etum
evi,
to rest.
cunj. (with the
pulcher, chra, chrum, quanquam,
pulex,
not.
hoy. qiiamvis, conj.
tle.
pugno
why
quies, etis,/ quiet.
as; quin,
how,
adv.
(is
placed after its word),
quiesco,
as.
qualiscunque, of what-
long
hood.
puerulus,
sort,
ever sort, character.
pueri,
[31.6)].
indeed
quidem,
quidni,
tion.
a public qualis,
street.
pudor,
quaecunquodcunque,
que,
it loere,
as though.
as
if,
(scarcely)
any
one,
[31,4)].
quisque, quaeque, quid-
que and quodque

31, 7)].
352
quisquis, quicquid,if7/io- recipio,
R.
ever. { 30.
quo,adv. whither
quo-
comip.) the
eo, (in
so
3.
2).
much
as, until, reclto
quocunque, adv. whithconj. that, because.
quodsi, if now, but
adv.
once,
call to
regno 1. to reign.
regnum, i, n. reign,
kingdom.
ctum
xi,
3.
to
govern, guide, rule.
renew, re- rejlclo, jeci, jectum 3.
to
1.
mind.
fresh.
to
dui
3.
throw away,
reject.
to religlo, onis,/. religion,
break open afresh.

recte, adv.
formerly.
re-
ace. to rego,
c.
1.
recrudesco,
adv. how.
to.
collection.
recreo
if.
quominus,/â<(H07,2).
1. to
rub again, renew.
6ms, f. region.
regliis 3. royal.
on is, /.
remember,
catum
refrico, cui,
self regio,
one's
read
to
1.
recordor
ersoever.
quomodo,
quondam,
re-
recipere, reglna, ae,f. queen.
se
hetakt
until that, even until, recordatio,
quod,
hack,
take
hack.
the.
quoad, so long
ceive
to
ceptum
cepi,
to
conscientiousness.
scrupu-
adv.
rightly, cor- religiose,
rectly.
quonlam, conj. because.
lously.
vec\.OY,bv'is,m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3.
quoque, adv. also.
rectus 3. straight, direct,
quot ? how many ?
to leave behind, desert.
quotannis, adv. yearly.
right
quotcuuque,
many.
entia,
hoivever
quotidianus
how
quotiescunque,
however ojten.
often.
again.
redamo
when
conj.
love in re-
]. to
turn.
as,
utum
ui,
reddo,
Itum
idi,
redeo,
3. to
itum
to re-
4.
Rabies, ei,yi madness,
redltus, us, m. return,
reduco,
3. nuid.
redundo
rana, 'Ae,f.frog.
3.
ctum
xi,
tearing away, refello,
rapid.
snatch, carry
3.
to
recedo,
3. to
cessi,
go
ivi,
3. to repleo, evi,
requite
reri, 2.
pertum
4.
itum
3. to
etum
2. to
up.
]. to
repugno
1.
bear
to
off.
contend
against.
gen.
it
cerns. ( 88. 10).
cessum reformido
back, retire.
sum,
persuaded, think.
call back, retrace.
fill
refer to.
refert 3. c.
ravis, is,/, hoarseness.
to be
bring back, re- reporto
turn again
reason
neys.
refero, tub, latum, ferre replico 1. to repeat.
off.
3. to
to refute.
rtum
rarus 3. seldom.
onis,
i.
repente, adv. suddenly.
up.
raro, adv. rarely.
manner.
Remus, m. Remus.
(commonly plur.
renes, um, m.) kid-
redound, repeto,
1. to
stuff, fill
2.
tofind, find out.
elli 3.
refercio, rsi,
ptum
raplo, pui,
otum
ovi,
3. to reperio, peri,
lead back.
radix, icis,y. roof.
gen. or
remove.
[turn, reor, ratus
li,
c.
ren,
rabiosus
ratio,
3.
give back again, give,
R.
removeo,
to
make.
rapidus
2.
ace. to remember.
to refute.
since,
3.
P^rf)
1. to recover.
what one in redarguo,
order.
quum,
nsum
to
recupero
adv.
quot(iuot,however many.
3.
nsi,
remain behind, rerecumbo, cubui, cubimain,

turn 3. to lie c/ozi;n reminiscor (without the
3. daily.
quoties, adv.
remaining.
3.
good con- remaneo,
science.
qnotus
recta consci- reliquus
1.
c.
fear something.
con- reputo
1.
to weigh, con-
sider.
ace. fo requies, etis, (ace. requiem),f.rest,relaxation.
etum
requiesco, evi,
(ex)
requiro,
3.
Rhodus,
repose, rideo,
c. abJ. to
quisi-
quisivi,
turn 3. to search ajter,
i.f.
laugh
laugh
Rhodes.
risum
risi,
saevlo 4. to rage.
2. to
ace.
c.
at, deride.
S.Jierce.
sal, sal is,
salio, lui,
res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. hank.
issum
saevus
arrow.
to sagitta, ae,/.
ridiculus 3. ridiculous,
inquire for.
353
m. salt ; wit.
ltum4. to leap,
saltern, adv. at least.
salto 1. to dance.
m. laugh.
rite, adv. in a proper salus, \it\s,
to tear off, break off.
f. prosperity,
rescisco, ivi or li, itiim
manner.
welfare, safety.
rescindo,
idi,
3. risus, us,
rivulus,
3. to ascertain.
ctum
reseco, cui,
cut
2. to
robustus
off.
reserve
rogo
to reserve.
1.
essum
resideo, edi,
2.
remain behind.
resisto,' stiti, stltum
3.
to resist.
.
to resound.
salutaris, e, salutary.
3. strong.
Romanus
Roman.
Romulus,
m.
i,
Romu-
/ rose.
resounding, rosa, ae,
Rosclus,
i,
m. Roscius.
rostrum,
i,
n. beak.
1. to breathe.
to
sum
di,
2.
rotundus
responsio, onis, /. an- rudens,

swer.
3.
an- rudis,
n.
i,
m.
tis,
gen.
e, c.
ui,
utum
to
3.
to
ex-
is,/ rope.
restituo, ui,
ruptum
rutum
rui,
utum
3.
1. to
be left; rutilus
entum
to hold back, retain.

i,
m. defendant.
reverter, Perf.
S.fery
red.
revoco
S.
]. to recall.
g'ts,
Rhenus,
m. king.
i,
2.
m. Rhine.
tis,
wise
subst.
to-
ae,/
sapientla,
ivisdom.
rtum 4. to
make good again, rt-
3. sarclo, rsi,
to
[branch.
pair.
n. shoot,
i,
sat, adv. sufficiently.
satlo 1. to satiate.
ae,/
satire.
satis, adv. sufficiently.
Saturnus,
i,
in.
i,
Saturn.
n. rock.
scateo, ere,
c. abl.
to be
crum, safull of something.

sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, Inis/ spring.
Sacer, era,
cred
sacred
sceleratus 3. wicked.
rites.
reverti sacerdos, otis,
3. to return.
rex,
3. palatable.
saxum,
retineo, inui,
reus,
to heal, cure.
sano
to rusticusS.rwsfic; subst. satira,
n. net, toil.
is,
cliff,
countryman, boor.
strti
sapid us
sarmentum,
2) resist.
rete,
3.
rush.
rus, ruris, n. country.
restore.
resto,
rupi,
rupes, is,/ rock,
tinguish.
restis,
3. sacred.
sapTo, ui 3. to be wise.
rumpo,
nctum, ruo,
3. to smother,
sacredly,
wise man.
to break, tear.
restinguo, nxi,
adv.
conscientiously.
crude, sapiens,
roar.
reject.
4.
sanguis, inis, m. blood.
rope,
unacquainted with,
respubllca, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3.
respuo,
ncitum
nxi,
sane, adv. truly.
swer.
licae,/. State.
sancio,
sanctus
round.
stay.
responsum,
m. a Sam-
itis,
sancte,
ruber, bra, brum, red.
answer, reply.
3. safe, well.
to sanction.
lus.
3.
respondeo,
salvus
nite.
echoing.
respiro
',
a Samnis,
m.
i,
(Imper. of
salveo 2. to be well).
Roman
3.
salute.
1. to
salve, hail
1. to entreat, ask.
Rotnanus,
to
resono 1
resonus
m. stream.
i,
robur, oris, n. strength, saluto
c.
i,
n.
dred years.
saepe, adv. often.
30*
n.
eris,
crime,
transgression.
priestess.
saeculum,
priest, seel us,
a hun- schola, ae,/
school,
scPiolasticus 3.
(/or per-
taining to a school.
354
adv.
scilicet,
to sententia,
truly,
wit
senti- similitudo, inis, /.
ae, /.
ment, opinion.
scintilla,
ae,/ spark.
feel, think,
scipio, onis, m. staff.
ptum
3.
to
is,
m.
simplex,
simple.
icis,
simul, adv. at the
m. (commontime.
ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac,
bush.
separo
write.
scriptor, oris, m. wiiter.
scrobis,
4. to
judge.
same
sentis, is,
Scipio, onis, m. Scipio.

scribo, psi,
iisum
sentio, nsi,
scio 4. to know.
like-
ness.
separate,
to
1.
simulatio,
disjoin.
hole, ditch, sepelio,
pultum
pellvi,
(never
conj.
before a vowel or h)
as soon as.
onis, /. pre-
tence.
scrupulus, i, m. scruple.
4. to inter, hury.
simulatque
simulac.
Scytha, ae, m. a Scy- sepio, sepsi, septum 4. simulo 1. to liken one^s
thian.
to hedge in, inclose.
self to; to feign.
secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, positum sin, conj. hut if.
sunder, separate.
3. to
seco,
ctum
ace. to pur- sepulcrum,
1.
to
c.
sinapis, is,/, mustard.
bris,w.S'ep- smguVi, ae, &, single,
fortunate
res secun-
securis,
is,
et.
securus
3.
ace. tojollow.
3. clear,
secure, safe.
3.
onis,/
3.
sedition, servitus, utis,
seges, etis,/
servus,
c7'op.
m. situation
placed ;
situm
esse, to be placed, bu-
servi-
ried.
sive
1. to preseiDe.
m. slave.
i,
ace.
thing.
situs, 3.
tude.
servo
c.
2) mould., filth.
3. too late.
sediilo, adv. busily.
after some-
thirst
to situs, us,
servio 4. to serve.
1. to quiet.
to
sitis, is,/, thirst.
sow, plant.
serus
to sit.
sedes, is,/ seat.
satum
if in-
conj.
siser, eris, n. carrot.
sation, discourse.
sero, sevi,
sedeo, sedi, sessum 2.
to
deed,
bright, sitio 4. to thirst
f. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave.

sermo, onis, m. conver-
sed, conj. but.
seditio,
c.
serenus
dae, prosperity.
sum
3.
permit, allow.
siquidera,
favorable, sequor, secutus
3.
situm
sino, sivi,
grave,
n.
i,
burial.
sue, strive after.
secundus
sedo
September,
temher.
cut.
sector
3. to lay aside.
cui,
conj. wheth-
sive,
er
or, either
soccus,
or.
m. sock, shoe.
i,
socer, eri, m. father-insemen, Inis, n. seed.

seu, conj. see sive.
law.
semper, adv. always.
severltas, atis,/ seversocietas, atis, / union,
sempiternus 3. ever-durity.
ing, eternal.
si, conj. if, if also.
eenator, oris, m. senator, sic, adv. so, thus.
senaius, us, m. senate,
senectus,
Qtis,
old age.
ae,/ dagger.
i,
oZc/;
old man.
subst. s'lcco
1. to
Sicilla,
i,
old age; aetas seni- silentium,
lis,/ old age.
sensus,
us,
feeling,
m.
it
so ?
dry.
ae,/
belonging to signum,
Sicily.
n. sign.
i,
n. silence,
siler, eris, n. willoiu.
sense, sWva, 'de,f
socius,
i,
m. assassin. Socrates,
siccine, adv. is
senex, senis,
senilis, e,
sica,
age, sicanus,
league,
a wood.
similis, e, like.
alliance,
as-
sociation.
m.
ally.
is,
m. Socra-
tes.
socrus,
us,/ mother-in-
law.
sodalis,
[ion.
is,
m.
compan-
sol, soils,
m. sun.
solatium,
i,
solea, ae,
n. solace.
sole;
so-
lea equi, horseshoe.
soleo,
sum
solitus
m. breath.
2. spirltus, us,
stultus S. foolish,
solitudo, Inis,/. solitude. spleudeo, ui 2, to shine.
dextrous, splen did us
tis,
splendid.
3.
mag-
splendor, oris, m.
skilful.
nificence, splendor.
solliclto 1. to disquiet.
ble.
sua vitas,
spondeo,
citude, anxiety.
solus
ground.
n.
i,
spurlijs 3. spui'ious.
solutus 3. unbound.
solvo,
utum
vi,
1. to
somiilum,
somuus,
i,
dream.
n. dream.
sono,
itum
ui,
m. tone.
i,
statro, onis, station.
to Stella,
1.
ae,/
ae,/
tum
der.
goad.
i,
pay.
n.
sorex,
m.
icis,
Jield-
mouse.
an
owl.
tum
ugi,
to
by,
ugl-
3. to escape.
ventum
come to help.
succedo, essi, essum
4. to
3.
to succeed.
strenue, adv. vigorously. succenseo,
soror, oris,/ sister.
strideo
sors, tis,/.
stringo, inxi,
lot.
sum
spread un-
subvenlo, veni,
steti,
cost.
sorix, icis, m.
3. to
subterfuglo,
stem, ori-
statum 1.
stand, he gained
sto,
2.
substerno, stravi, stra-
star.
to
1.
risum
risi,
3. to follow.
gin.
cles.
sordid us 3. mean.
suddenly.
subsequor, secutus
statue.
stimulo
m. Sojjho- stirps, pis,
is,
3.
to smile.
stercus, oris, n. dung.
sophista, ae, m. sophist. stipendium,
Sophocles,
3. to
to subject.
status, us, m. posture.
sound.
sonus,
subitus
cork tree.
actum
subjugate.
statim, adv. immediately. subrideo,
statua,
m. sleep.
i,
sonitus, us, m. sound.
sweetly,
atis,/ stabil- subjicio, jeci, jectum 3.
ity.
loose,free.
somnlo
ivork
stabilis, e, stable, frm.

to stabilitas,
3.
adv.
subjgo, egi,
sponsible for.
3. alone.
of
agreeably.
he re- suber, eris, n.
2. to
sweet-
loveliness
character.
spopondi,
sponsum
sollicltus 3. anxious.
atis,
ness,
sollicitudo, inis, /. soli- spolio 1. to deprive, rob. suaviter,
solum,
silly.
splen, enis, m. the spleen. suavis, e, lovely, agreea-
1o he wont.
sollers,
355
di, 2. to whistle.
ictum
3.
lii,
to he
2.
enraged.
succumbo, cubui, cubi-
tum 3. to sink under.

igis,/ horned owl. succurro, cursi, cursum
strow, scatter, spread. studeo, ui 2. to strive,
3. c. dat. to aid, as-
sospes,
Itis,
spargo,
rsi,
spatium,
safe, sound.
rsum
exert
one's
deavor
cupy one^s
speciosiis
lously
striking,
3.
[tator.
en-
self,
length of time.
species, e\,fform.
heautful.
{sword).
3. to strix,
space,
n.
i,
to graze,draw
c. dat. to oc-
sist.
sudo
1. to
sweat.
self zea- sudor, oris, m. sweat.
with,
favour sugo,
some one.
xi,
spectator, oris, m. spec- studiose, adv. zealously, sui, pron.
specto
ace. to look studiosus 3. c. gen. de-
1. c.
at, behold,
have some-
thing in view.
c.
specus, us, m. cave.

speriio, sprevi,
3. to
spero
spreium
zealously
with,
apply one's
self to
studTum
[let.
i,
to
of him,
[her,
it) self.
occupy one^s sum,
something.
hope.
spes, ei,/ hope.
to
to
3.
esse Sulla, ae, m. Sulla.
stud,
to-;
gen.
self
spurn.
1. to
voted
ctum,
suck.
n. effort, zeal,
study.
spinther, eris, n. hrace- stuliitia, ae,f. folly.
fui, esse,
peculiar,
tain
to
to he, be
belong, per;
c.
gen. or
dat. to possess
cum
dupl. dat. to tend

serve
to,
for something,
some one.
356
summa,
Syracusae, arum./. Sy- lego,
ae,/. sum.
summus
greatest^
3.
Syrus,
highest.
summa
the water.
mptum
3.
[sew.
to take.
sutum
sui,
supellex,
ectilis,
ffur-
suêrhus
3. proud,
mag-
T.
Tabula, ae, /.
superior,
higher
us,
overcome,
to
surpass.
disgust
talentum,
of such
e,
c.
itis,
dat.
surviving.
tam,
so
sort,
tem-
1 cannot refrain from.

tempestas, atis,/. time;
2) weather, storm.
templum, i, n.
quam, tempus, oris,
temple.
time;
n.
tempore, at the rigM
as.
superstitlo, onis, /. su- tamdiu,
rash-
moderate
1. to
such.
tam
so;
non temp, mibi quin,
talent
n.
i,
character
superstes,
rashly,
perance.
in tempero
at something.
talis,
adv.
without reason.
temperantia, ae,
alicujus lei,
excites
cov-
n.
i,
ness, hastiness.
(sum of money).
subst. conquerer.
1.
me
ta
n. arrow, dart.
temeritas, atis,
tacltus 3. silent.
it
i,
temere,
hoard,
table.
me
nificent.
supero
telum,
taedet
niture, utensils.
3.
[ering.
tegumentum,
m. a Syrian,
i,
to taceo, 2. to he silent.
3.
ctum
xi,
cover.
aqua, surface of
sumo, mpsi,
suo,
racuse.
adv. so long.
time.
tenax, acis, c. gen. pertamen, coiij. yet, still.

superus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames.
severing, tenacious.
peri, the gods.
tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum
suppedito 1. to furnish.
and tentum 3. to exthen.
supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tettgi, tactum 3.
tend, distend ; ad alisupplicium, i, n. punquid, to strive after
tangi de
to touch ;
perstition.
coelo, to he struck by
ishment.
supplico
1.
c.
dat.
to
tanquam,yit^f
entreat.
supra, adv. above.
if,
supremus
were.
3. last.
3. to arise.
suscipio, cepi, ceptura
undertake,
to
1.
tanto,
sustento
much
1. to
support.
sustain
entum
tes, to act
2.
part.
his {her,
its),
his
tardus
eat at com-
expense.
tender.
slight.
i,
n. back.
terra, ae,/. earth, land,
atis, /.
terreo 2. to frighten.
slow- terrestris,
e,
proelium
3. slow.
earthly;
terrestre,
land-fight.
Tarentum, i, n. Taren- terribil.is, e, terrible.

terror, oris, m. terror.
tum (a city).
Tarquinius, i, m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. teslament, will.
quinius.
to
erum,
1. to try.
tergum,
symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii,

edere,
2. to
tenuis, e, slender, small,
ness.
sust. par-
ntum
restrain.
so tento
the.
tarditas,
sustineo, inui,
mon
comp.)
(in
suspect, tantus 3. 50 great.
to
1.
ness.
teneo, nui,
tener, era,
tantum, only.
to arouse.
imagine.
suus 3.
own.
m. Tanta-
ly.
susplcor
to
i,
re- tantopere, adv. so great-
ceive.
susclto
it
lus.
sus, suis,/ sow, swine,
3.
as
hold, holdfast, occupy,
surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus
tum
as, as, as
though,
as
something.
tenebrae, arum, /. dark-
lightning.
orum,
Tarquinii (a
tectum,
i,
m.
city).
n. house,
roof
testis, is,
teter,
c,
tra,
hideous.
witness.
trum, fotU,
Z5t
texo,
xtum
xui,
Thebanus,
ling, pursuit.
tracto
han.
Themistocles,
m.
is,
Themisiodes.
m.
i,
Theophrastus.
m. Tiber.
deliver over, give, sur-
to
draw.
transeo,
fear.
timiditas, atis,/. timidi-
ae,/
sion, disturb.
turpis,
3. swollen.
disgraceful^
e,
base.
pass
pass
by,
theus.
nctum
3.
is,/ tower.
xum
turtle
3. to tussis,
is,/ cough.
tutus 3. safe.
gressus tuus 3. thy, thine.

tyrannus i, m. tyrant.
over.
translgo, egi, actum 3. Tyrius, i, m. Tyrian.
to bring about, tranto
color.
sum
pass
3. to
U.
sact.
adv.
m.
uris,
dove.
transgredior,
m. Timo-
i,
over.
base-
ness.
ire, to turtur,
transfix, stab.
tirnor, oris, in. fear.
toleranter,
crowd.
cause confu-
1. to
turris,
Itum,
Ti,
transfigo, xi,
3. timid.
tinge, nxi,
a vine
tradux, ucis, m.
traho, traxi, tractum 3.
2. to
Timoiheus,
turbo
turgidus
branch, vine-layer.
Tigris, is,/. Tigris.
timid us
to
under-
skin-hone, tragoedla, ae,/. tragedy. turpitado, luis,/.
ae, f.
p{pe,Jlute.
tibia,
timeo, ui
3.
ae,
garment.
turba,
drtum
render, relate.
Thracia, ae,/. Thrace.

is,
sue, perjorm.
tunsum
tutudi,
3. to beat, stun.
tunica,
handle, pur-
1. to
trado, drdi,
Theophrastiis,
Tiberis,
hand-
tractatio, onis, /.
m. a The-
i,
tundo,
to totus 3. the whole.
3.
weave, hraid.
pati- transilio,
sultum
silui,
4. to leap over.
ently.
Tiber,
uberis,
ing
in, rich.
abound-
i, m, Tra- uber, eris, n. udder.

simenus (a lake).
ubertas, atis,/ richness,
3. to raise up, hear tremo, ui 3. to tremble.
copiousness.
away.
tribuo, ui, utum 3. to ubi, adv. where ; 2) conj.
tondeo, totondi, tonsum
distribute, give,
as soon as, when.
im2. to shear.
pute,
[pany. ubicunque,
wherever
tolero
1. to
Trasinienus,
endure.
sublatum,
tollo, sustuli,
tonitru, u, n. thunder.
tribus, us,/, tribe, com-
tone, ui
tridens,
1. to
thunder.
tensor, oris, m. harber.

tonstricilla, ae,
a fe-
male barber.
tormentum,
i,
triennium,
of
torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- tropaeum,
torqueo,
torsi,
torquis,
m.
is,
neck-
chain.
torrens,
tis,
m. torrent.
tostum
to dry, roast.
tortus 3. twisted.
many.
totldem, ju^t so many.
2,
n. trophy.
eris, n.
tueor, tuitus
tum,
then
adv.
;
hump.
sum
all the
world.
ubinam, adv. where then.

Ubius, i, n. a Ubian.
adv.
where you
ivill.
ulciscor, ultus
ace. to
sum
take
3. c.
revenge
upon some one.

any one.
2. to ullus 3.
uhnus, i,/ elm.

umbra, ae,/ shade.
thereupon, una, adv. at the same
keep,
behold,
defend.
torreo, torrui,
tot, so
i,
gentium
ubicunque
where in
lowering. ubivis,
of wheat.
pron. thou.
tortum tuber,
2. to torment, torture.
n. the space
sad,
n. torture. triticeus 3.
tu,
i,
trident.
three years.
tristis, e,
pid, inactive.
m.
tis,
protect,
at that time.
time, together.
unda, ae,/ wave.

ttimultus, us, m. tumult. unde, adv. whence.
tunc, adv. at that time, undTque, adv. from aU
tumeo,
ui, 2. to swell.
then, there.
sides.
358
ungo,
(unguo),
Dctum
unguis,
nxi, valetudo, mis, /. health, verbero t. to heat.
m. nail^ claw, vannus,
\s,
universus
verbum,
valid us 3. strong.
3. to anoint.
3. whole.
unquam, adv. ever.

unus 3. one ; only, alone.
varlus
3.
varix,
icis,
various.
urbanus
belonging
3.
to vectigal,
vectis,
iirbs, bis,/, city.

2.
rsi,
to
press,
oppress.
ursus,
m. a hear.
i,
ut, conj.
in
is,
m.
lever, holt,
that, that not, ( 106);

1. 2)]; ut
[ MO,
primum, as soon as.
as
uter, tra, trum, which
of
uterque,
even
vel, either
i,
put
with suhj. vendo,
con/,
to
to fight.
vervex, ecis, m. a weth-
or.
er.
vescor (without perf.)
n. sail.
didi,
3.
fugam,
in
v.
3. true.
as, as.
3. c. abl. to eat.
and ens, m.
vesper, eri
evening
ditum
vesperi,
at
evening.
venator, oris, m. hunter, vester,
vantage.
rsum
rti,
vel verus
ad- venatus, us, m. a hunt.
utilitas, atis, /. use,
verto,
to
;
venatio, onis,/ a hunt.
utilis, e, useful.
versus, us, m. a verse.
off.
vel, conj. or
inc. abl. to he
1.
turn;
vena, ae,/. vein.
two), both.
vero, conj. hut; 2) adv.
vehi, to ride, he borne
trumque, each (of the velut, adv. even
utinam,
3.
equo
to carry, bring,
u- vellum,
utraque,
spring
occupied in a thing.
velox, ocis, swift.
the two.
dies,
versor
violently,
veho, vexi, vectum

order
nus
vernal; ver-
day.
greatly.
even as.
that,
toll,
'
m. worm.
is,
3.
vehemens, tis, vehement.

(as an answer) yes.
vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres.
mently,
usus, us, m. use.

ut, adv. as,
vernus
n.
alis,
pect for^ to fear.

Veritas, atis,/. truth.
vermis,
tax, income.
the city, city-like.
urgeo,
lay waste.
prophet,
]s,
2.
have res-
to reverence,
]. to
\ates,
7).
sum
m. swollen veieor, veritus
vein.
unumquodque, vasto
each one {^3\,
res-
pect.
unusquisque, miaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa,

que,
unumquidque
orum, n.) vessel, vase.
and
word.
n.
i,
verecundla, ae, /.
corn-fan.
i,f.
3. vestio
trum, your.
tra,
4:.
O that.
to clothe, attire.
vestis, is,
a garment,
[to use.
to sell.
usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for
cloth.
sale.
Vesuvius, i, m. Vesuutrum,
interrogative
vius.
word []15, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere.
venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, Itum 1. to foruva, ae,/. grape.
utor,
to
Vacca, ae,/. cow.

vacillo
1. to
wander.
2.
sound,
to
be
well
strong,
vepres,
be
something;
avail.
vetustas, atis,/ age.
vetustus 3.
able
2) to
via,
is,
m.
eris,
blows.
n.
annoy.
ae,/ way.
vicinus,
ver, veris, n. spring.
mon\y p\m\
old.
1. to vex,
thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller.
bush, bramble.
valeat, valeant, adieu verber,

to
m. wind.
Venus, eris,/ Venus,

fulness.
valde, adv. very much.
valeo
i,
vetus, eris, old.
hunt.
venustas, atis,/ grace- vexo
vae, alas!
vagor
bid.
1. to
ventus,
to rock, waver.
1.
come.
venor
V.
(com-
i,
m. neighbor.
victor, oris, victorious
subst. conqueror.
verbera,) victoria,
ae,f
victus, us,
victory.
m.food.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
video,
to
visum
vidi,
2. virus,
ing
appear.
vjgeo, ui 2. to he vigor-
dat.
voluptas,
wantmul-
ae,
vigilia,
m. power.
vincio, nxi,
nctum
victum
3. vitium,
conquer, vanquish, vito
vinculum,
i,
i.
vir, viri,
m. man.
Virgillus,
i,
m. Virgil.
virgo, in is,/, virgin.
volo
volo,
man
hy man.
virtus, utis,
1. to
/.
nance.
censure.
victum
3. to
X.
Xenophon,
ontis,
m.
Xenophon.
Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes.
Zama, ae,/ Znma.
1. to fly.
volui,
velle,
to
virtue, volucris,
is,/
Zeno,
onis, m.
Zeno.
zingiber, eris, n. ginger.
(v^ôuld).
hird.
voluntas, atis,/ will.
11.
Abroad, peregre.
Absent, absens,
Ahate, mollire.
tis.
Ahility, facultas, atis,/
Absent (to be), abesse.

Ahle (to be), posse, qui- Absolve, absolvere.
valere
expres-
counte-
us,
1. to coll, invite.
wish
hravery.
re,
m.
sion, feature,
volito 1. to fly, flutter.
viridis, e, green.
viritim,
vultus,
of calf.
m. calf.
3.
vix, adv. scarcely.
voco
wound.
1. to
vultur, uris, m. vulture.
vivus 3. living.
vireo, ui 2. to flourish.
vulnero
vulpes, is,/ fox.
live.
1. to violate.
vocis,/ voice.
Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan,
avoid.
vivo, vixi,
n. wine.
2. to
n. fault, vice.
i,
vitupero
vinea, a vine.
vinum,
1. to
hond, vitulus,
n.
chain.
votum
vow.
vulnus, eris, n. wound.
3. defective.
i,
vitulinus
overcome.
vice,
vidou^sness.
vitiosus
hind, restrain.
to
common people.
atis, /.
vitiositas,
4. to
3.
m. the We- vulgaris, e, common.

vulgus, i. n. people, the
vita, ae,/. life.
vigor, oris,
vici,
is,
ser.
vigilo 1. to watch.
utum
vi,
plur.) inwards. vox,

n. appearance.
i,
watch, Visurgis,
/.
night-watch.
vinco,
monly
visum,
fulness.
pleas-
roll.
voveo, vovi,
(com-
n.
eris,
atis,
ure, sensuality.
plur. viresjiiim), volvo,
/. power, force,
m. watchman. viscus,
vigilantia, ae, /. watch-
violo
and
titude.
ous.
vigil, His,
to
n. poison.
1,
pass, seem, vis, {gen.
see. ;
359
not ahle.
nequire.
Abode, domicilium,
i,
n.
Abstain, abstinere.
Abundance, abundantia,
ae, / copia, ae,/; to
Abound, abundare.
have
Abounding
c. abl.
in, locuples,
etis.
Ahout, circiter.
Above, superus.
Accounted
(to be), exis-
timari, haberi.
Accustomed (to be), solere, consuescere*

Acknowledge, confiteri,
faleii
ff^^lyi
profitiri.
abundare Acorn, gians, dis,/

Acquainted with, peritus
Accompany, comitari.
3.
Accomplished, eruditus 3.
rus
coiisultus 3. gna3. c.
Acquainted
gen.
urith (to be),
360
novisse
77,
3)]
thoroughly, per-
noscere.
compa-
Acquire, parare,
rare
cundus
Agricola,
(sibi).
Acre, iugerum,
i,
3. suavis, e.
And
not,
Agricola, ae. Anger,
m.
n.
neque
(nee).
iracun-
ira, ae,/.
dia, ae,/.
Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3.
Act, agere.
Actor, histrlo, onis, m.
Announce, annuntiare.
w.prae- Annoy, vexare.
ae,/.
Acute, acutus 3. subti-
auxilium,
e/3ic?,
i,
i, n.
Announcement, oracuadjuvare c. ace.
lum, i, n.
succurere c. dat. to Another (of several), a-
sidium,
lis, e.
accommoda-
Adapted,
tus 3.
Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martins, Ancus

pangere.
Martins, i. m.
Agreeable, gratus 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que.
c. dat.
or ad
c.
Aid,
lend aid, opitulari.
acc.
ud.
llus, a,
Add, addere.
Alas.'vael
Address, alloqui.
Alcibiades,
Alcibiades, Answer, respondere.
m.
Alexander,
Alexander,
.^rfAer&aZ,
Adherbal, alis,
m.
w3c?7)wra&Ze,admirabilis,e.
Admiration,
Another, aVienus 3.
Antiochus,
is,
dri,
ae,/
onis,/
All,
= ancient-
ness), vetustas, aiis,/.
incus, udis,
.y^nw"/,
omnes,
Antiochus,
m.
Antiquity
m.
admiratio, Alexandria, PdexondndL,
Admire, admirari.
i,
Anxious (am),
mihi est.
ia.
curae,
Admonish, nionere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis,

Anxiously, anxie.
monere.
/ foedus, eris, 7?.
Admonition, admonltio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3.
Ape, simia, ae,/
um, m.
onis,/
Apollo, Apollo, Inis, m.
Allow, jubere.
Adopt, adsciscere.
^cforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius, i, m.
Almost, fere, ferme, pe-
coraare.
Advantage,
n.
Appear,
lucrum,
commodum,
emolumentum,
i,
es,/
n. Aloe, aloe,
i,
n. Alone, solus 3.
Alps, Alpes,
vi-
Appease, placare.
ne, prope.
i,
fructus, us, m.
apparere,
deri.
Applaud, applaudere,
unus
ium,/
3.
c.
dat.
Apple, malum,
i,
n.
Apple-tree, nialus, i,/
Adversity, res adversae. Already, iam.
Advise, suadere.
Also, etiam, quoque.
JEduan, ^duus, i, m.
Mmilius, Êmillus, i, m.
Mneas, Êneas, ae, m.
Affair, res, rei,/
Although, quamvis.
Apply
one's self to some-
thing,
incumbere in
or ad aliquid.
Always, semper.
^mrtZon,Aniazori,6nis/ Apprehend, vereri, meAmbassador, \egai\us^\,m.
tuere.
Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metus,us,

I'un^,/
m.
Amiable, amabilis, e.
Approach,
appropinAfford, praebere.
Ample, amplus 3.
quare, adventare.
Africa, Africa,/
Afler that, postquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Approach, aditus, us,m.
ras, ae, m.
Approbation, approbaind. per/.
tio, onis,/
Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um.
Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve,
approbare,
sus.
.^êdec/, affectus 3.
Affirm, aio.
Age, aetas, atis,/
[m.
Agesilaus, Agesilaus,
i,
tus, eris,
priscus
3.
Anciently, antiquitus.
probare.
Arch, fornix,
icis,
m.
Archime-
îrchimedes,
interrogare, Await, opperiri.
aliquo),
rogare (aliquem).
m.
Ardea, Ardea, ae,/.
Ass, aslnus,
Ardor, ardor,
Assassin, sicarlus,
des,
is,
oris, ?n.
361
Axe, securis, is,y,
m.
i,
Axle, axis,
i,
m.
is,
m.
Ariovistus, AriovistLis,i, Assault, oppugnare.
m.
B.
convocare, âftj/Zon, Babylon, onis,
congregare, conflu[3.
f.
Assemble,
Arise, surgere, cooriri,

exoriri.
Babylonian ,B^j\omn?^
ere.
Aristides,
Aristides,
is,
Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3.
Badge, insigne, is, n.

Bake, torrere.
Band, agmen, inis,
Assign, tribuere.
manus, us,y.
.^5si5f,juvare, adjuvare
Assent
m.
Aristotle, Aristoteles,
is,
m.
Arms, arniR, orum,
n.
Army, exercitus, us, m.

Arpinum, Arpiuum, i,
to,
assentiri.
Assiduously, assidue.
c.
succurreri,
ace.
auxiliari
Assyria, Assyria, ae,f.
n.
Arpinum
pinas,
[of ), subst. Ar- Athenian

atis,
m.
and
(a.
Atheniensis,
expultrix,
BanisTier,
[ae,/.
icis,y.
dat.
c.
s.)
m.
is,
n.
river), ripa,
(to
make), pa-
5a;zA; (of
Bargain
cisci.
m. Attach one's self to some Bargain, pangere.

one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis.
Arrange (line of battle),
e, sordidiis, a, um.
aliquem.
aciem instruere.
Attack, impetus, us, m. Basely, foede.
Arrival, adventus, us. Attack, aggredi, adoriri. Battle, pugna,
ae /.
m.
proelium, i, n.
Attacking, oppugnatio,
Artist, artjfex,
icis,
^f.
Arrogance,
arrogantia,
ae, /.
Airow,
sagitta, ae,/.
Art, ars,
Attains, Attains,
m.
Attend
and/
ut,
modum, ac (atque).
As if, quasi, ac si, tanquam.
As often
As soon
cultus, us. Bear,
Attentive, attentus 3.
Atticus, Attlcus,
i,
ae,/
Ask, quaerere
[ex,
Beautifid,pulchGr,chr8L,
i,
Beauty,
chrum.
pulchritudo,
Beautifully, pulchre.
Avail, valere.
ae,/
Avaricious, avarus 3,
Ascertain, experiri, resgen.
Asia, Asia,
i,
inis,/
Ascend, ascendere.
Ashes, cinis, eris, m.
ae,/
Beat, ferire.
m.
Avarice, avaritia,
ciscere, comperire.
o^,repor-
Beast, bestia,
Atticus 3.
Autumn, autumnus,
as (also), et
portare, gestare,
Beard, barba, ae,/.
m.
as, ubi, atque,
tare.
Attentively, attente.
Attic,
interesse
ferre;
Augustus, Augustus,
m.
et.
adesse,
deficere.
attendere.
to,
as, quoties.
[ 110, 2)]
As well
to,
ali-
present,
wanting, desse,
m.
quum, velut.
quomodo, quemad-
As,
qua re
m.
i,
suscipere.
m. Attention
Artificer, artifex, icis,
in some-
thing, versari in
Attempt, conari, moliri,
tis, /.
Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes,
is,
Be, esse
onis, f.
Attain, assequi.
c.
Because,
quia,
Become,
fieri,
Avenge (one's self on

one), ulcisci.
Avert, avertere.
ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare.
31
quod,
quoniam.
it
cet
become,
89, 2).
evadere
becomes, deit
does not
dedecet.
(^
;;
362
Becoming, decorus
3.
Before, ante, prius, an-
amarus,
Bitter,
bus
3.
acer-
UTumpere
break out afresh, den-
3.
antequam, prius- Black, niger, gra, grum.

uo erumpere
that, an- Blind, coecus 3,
through, perrumpere.
tequam, priusquam. Blockade, obsideo, onis, Breakfast, prandere.
tea,
quam
Beget, gignere.
ordiri,
Blood, sanguis,
inis,
Bloody, atrox, ocis.
exordiri.
Begun
Breast, pectus, oris, n.
Begin, inclpere,
(to have), cepis-
se.
Beginning,
inittum,
principium, i, n.
Beggar, mendicus, i, m.
Bloom, florere.
Blooming, florens,
Blows, verbera, n.
Boar, aper, pri,?n ;
m. Bridge, pons, tis, m.

Bright (= clear), sere-
nus
bms,f
Belief, opinio,
Believe, credere, putare.
Bellows,
follis, is,
wild, aper, pri, m.
re
care.
vires.
alicui.
(s.),
m.
\,f
some one, es- Bold, audax,
Boeotus,
i,
to
se alicujus
Bend,
88,
7).
Benefit, prodesse.
Beset, circumsedere.
obsldere,
cir-
Bone,
Book,
is,
m.
liber, bri, m., coicis,
Border,
m.
finis, is,
ferre
Bundle,
m.
Betraying,
onis,/.
Bid, JLibere.
Business,
it is
i,
n.
the busi-
ness oj some one, est,

alicujus.
is,
m. Busy, sedulus
3.
But, autem, sed, at
m.
Brand, notare.
(^
101. R.).
Brass, aes, aeris, n.
But
Brave,
Butter, butyrura,
J.
m.
Business, negotium,
is,
fortis, e.
Bind, vincire.
Bravely, fortiter.
Binding (to make), ad- Bravery, fortitudo,
stringere.
i,
Busily, sedulo.
n.
vepres,
proditio,
comburere.
Bushel, modius,
hack, se Bramble, sentis,
recipere.
m.
fascis, is,
up, deflagrare,
Bracelet, spinther, eris,
aedeficium,
n.
i,
Burn, ardere, flagrare
abl.
m.
i,
Build, aedificare.
Building,
OS, ossis, n.
dex,
m.
tris,
Boldness, audacia, ae,/. Brutus, Brutus,
cumsidere.
Born (to be), nasci.
Besmear, oblinere.
Born, natus 3.
Bestow, largiri, adhibe- Both
and, et
et.
re, praestare
Bow, arc us, us, m.
upon, collocare in c. Boy, puer, eri, m.
Betake one^s self, se con-
3.
Brother, frater,
Booty, praeda, ae,/.
Besides, porro.
Besiege,
acis.
Bolt, vectis,
flectere.
Benefit, utilitas, atis,
Britain, Britania, ae,/.
Broad, latus
Belly, alvus,
Belong
forward, afFerup, edu-
Body, corpus, oris, n.

Bring war upon some
Bodily powers, corporis
one, bellum inferre,
Boeotian
m.
about, efficere
Behold, adsplcere, tueri, Boat, linter, tris,/.

spectare.
3.
Bring, ferre, arcessere
tis.
if,
sin.
i,
n.
Butterfiy, papilio, onis,

inis,
m.
virtus, utis,/.
Bread, pan is, is, m.

Bird, avis, is,
C.
Birds of passage, volu- Break down (= over- Cabbage, crambe, es,/.
come), frangere.
cres adventitiae.
caulis, is, m.
Birthday, natalis, is, m. Break down, rescindere Caesar, Caesar, aris, m.
Bite, mordere.
forth, erumpe- Call, appellare, vocare,
dicere
re, cooriri
nominare,
Bithynia, Bithynia,ae,y*.
dari
to
c.
mind, recorand gen.
ace.
with CAoice, voluntas, atis,/.

Choose, eligere, creare
curare
gerundive.
thing),
con- Cautious, cautus
together,
363
rather, malle.
3.
i, m.
Church, ecclesia, ae, /.
Chrysogonus, Chrysonominari, appellari. Celebrate, celebrare.
vituperatio,
Censure,
gonus, i, m.
[ 84. c)].
Calhsthe6ms, f.
Cicero, Cicero, onis, m.
Callisthenes,
nes, is, m.
Censure, vituperare.
Cimon, Cimo, onis, m.
Cerberus, Cerberus,i, m. Cihna, Cinna, ae, m.
Camel, camekis, i, m.
Cease,
vocare.
Called
(to
vocari,
be),
desinere, desis- Christ, Christus,
tere.
Camillus, Cami\\us,i,m.
Ceres, Ceres, eris,/.
Circe, Circe, es,/.
Camp,
Certain, certus 3.
Circle, orbis, is,
castra, pi.
m.
Can, posse, quire.

Cannot, nequire.
Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis

terrarum.
m.
Canal, canalis,
Chain, vinculum,
is, 7n.
Circuit, circuitus, us,m.
n.
i,
Capital punishment, su^)- Chain, vincire.
plicium,
Citadel, arx, cis,f.
Chalets, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis,
n.
i,
Capitol, Capitolium,
Caprice, libido,
\,n.
inis,/.
Chance, casus, us,
by chance, fortuito.
/.
Change, vicis, is,/.

Captive{to take),capere. Change, mutare.
Capture, expugnare.
Character, mores, urn,
Care, cura, ae,/
m.
Care, take care, curare, Charge one with somecavere.
thing, insimulare aliquern alicujus rei.
Careful, diligens, tis.
arbitrlum,
i,
n.
Charles, Carolus,
Carefully, diligenter.
Carefulness,
diligentia. Chattel', garrire.
ae,/
Caria, Caria,
ae,/
ferre
over, trajicere
giniensis,
Cheese, caseus,
is,
Cassius, Cassius,
i,
m.
some-
f.
m.
i,
i,
m.
Clothe, vestire.
n.
Club, fustis,
eris,
Coalesce, coalescere.
i,
itis,
n.
erence),
i,
m.
Coin, procudere.
reference Cold, frigid us,
orum, m.
such
/.
m.
Colchis, Colchis, idis,/.
Childish, puerilis, e.
m.
is,
is,
Coelius, Coellus,
n.
(without
do
is,
m.
beri,
(to
rupes,
Chicken, pull us,
Cato, Cato, onis,
Cause, causa, ae,/
Cliff,
Cloud, nubes,
Catiline, Catilina, ae, m.
Cause
i,
to their parents),
rn.
Cleopatra,
Cherry-tree, cerasus, i,/
Catch, capere, depren- Children (in
dere.
Cleomenes,
m.
Close, claudere.
Chief city, caput,
m.
m.
Clear (not cloudy), serenus, 3.
Clodius, Clodius,
m.
i,
Cherish, fovere.
Chick-pea, cicer,
Cartha-
is,
Clear, limpldus, 3.
Clitus, Clitus,
Cherry, cerasum,
Carthago,
Carthaginian,
Claw, unguis,
ae?/
ectare.
rene.
forth, efferre.
Carthage,
inis,/
Cm7 war, bell um civile.

Class, classis, is,/
is,
C/iee//M%, hilariter, se-
rius.
on, gerere
Civil, civil is, e.
Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra,
Carrot, siser, eris, n.

portare,
City, urbs, bis,/.
Cleomenes,
CAec^, compesci.
Carpenter, faber ligna-
Carry,
m.
i,
is, c.
Citizenship, civltas, atis,
li-
Cold
(s.),
3.
frigus oris, n.
Collect, colligere.
ref-
Colony, colonia, ae, /.
pueri, Color, color, oris, m.
Comb, pecten,
inis,
m.
364
Come, venire
out,
desire to
accire
come,
Confidence (to have),
dem
fi-
habere.
evaders, fugere, Confidently, audacter.

;
to, ad- Confirm, confirmare.
tra.
efFugere
venire
together,
convenire
pass,
to
fieri,
incidere.
Command, imperare
c.
i.
atis-
Convince, persuadere
3.
confuslo,
Confusion,
c.
dat.
Corinth, Corinthus, i,/.
Confusion
throw
(to
in- Corinthian,
to), pertubare.
picari.
onis, m.
Convict, convincere.
n.
Confused, dissonus
onis, /!
dat.
Commence, aggredi,
sermo,
Conversation,
Conflagration, incendi-
um,
Contracted, angustus 3.
Contrary (on the), con-
Corinthius
3.
committere
Connect, connectere.
Cork-tree, suber, eiis, n.
committere. Conqueror, victor, oris, Corn (a), granum, i, n.
m.
Common, communis, e.
Cornelius JVepos, CorCompanion, soclus, i. m. Conscience, conscientia,
nelius (i)Nepos (otis),
comparare,
ae,
Compare,
a good conm.
conferre.
science^
conscientia Corn-fan, vannus, i, /.
Commit,
to,
Compel, cogere.
Complain, queri;
of, accusare.
(=
Complain
Corpse, cadaver,
recta.
Conscious, consclus 3.
Consciousness,
weep),
consci- Correctly, recte.
entia, ae,y.
with, ohsequi.
Corrode, exedere.
dere, reputare.
Composed, composltus, Consider
Cost, stare, constare.
existimare, Costly, pretiosus 3.
as,
habere, judlcare, ar- Cover, tegere
3.
Composition, confectio,
celare
c.
dupLacc. [91.5.6)].
Concealed, occultns 3.
Concede, concede re.
Concern, cura, ae,y.
Conclude (of a league),
ducere
bltrari,
dupl.
6ms,f.
Conceal, occultare, occulare,
ace.
c.
89. 5.
Consolation,
i,
Covetous, avarus 3.
Cough,
a)].
damnare,
up,
obruere.
tussis,
is,
/.
solatium, Counsel, consilium,
n. consolatio, onis,
Countenance,
n.
i,
6s, oris, n.
vultus, us, m.
Country, terra, ae,/. reConspiracy, conjuratio,
gio, onis, /. rus, ru-
Consort, uxor, oris,/!

6nis,y!
[i,
m.
ris, n.
ager, gri, m.
Conspirator, conjuratus. Countryman,
icere.
Condemn,
eris, n.
Correct, corrigere.
Consider, intueri, pervi- Corrupt, corrumpere.
ejulare.
Comply
rusticus,
m.
condemnare
to Consul, consul, ulis, m. Courage, animus, i, m.
Consult, consultare.
aequo
Courageously,
death, capitis.
Condescending, submis- Consume, absumere, exanimo.
edere, comedere.
sus 3.
Course, cursus, us, m.
Constitute, constituere.
i,
Condition,
conditio,
Contempt,
contemptio, Cow, vacca, ae,/. bos,
onis,/.
onis, /.
bovis,c.
Conduce to something, Contend, certare,

certare.
for some one, esse c.
dupl.
dat.
90. 4.
a)].
Confer, conferre.
Confess, confiteri.
de- Coiâr<iice,ignavIa, ae,/.
Cowardly, ignavus
3.
Contented, contentus 3.
Crassus, Ci'assus,
i,
Continue, pergere.
Creak, crepare.
Continuous,
3.
m.
continuus Create, creare.

Creator, creator, oris, m.
365
Day, dies, ei, m. by day, Deprive, privare,

Crime, scelus, eris, n.
interdiu.
liaro c. abl.
Croak, coaxare.
Deride, deridere,
Croesus, Croesus, i. m. Dead body, cadaver,
spo-
Crop, messis,
se-
/.
is,
Dear, carus
ges, etis,/.
Croton, Croto, onis, m.
3.
to
hold Descend, descendere.
carum habere.
dear,
irri-
dere.
eris, n.
Descendant, proles,
is,/.
Death, mors, tis,/

Desert, deserere, relinCrow, corvus, i, m.
quere.
Cruel, saevus 3. imma- Decay, iuterire, occidere.
Desert, meritum, i, n.
nis, e.
Cruelty, crudelitas, atis, Deceive,
num
December,
December,
Crush, contundere.
Cry, clamare.
Cry
delu- Deserve,
fallere,
dere.
/.
m.
bris,
Deed, factum,
cucumis,
i,
Desire, cupido, inis,/,
cupiditas^ atis, /, ap-
n.
Deep, altus 3.
Cultivate, colere, exco- Defend, defendere.
lere.
Delay, cunctari.
Cultivation,
Cure, curatio, onis,/.
sanare
mederi
ace;
c.
i,
m.
Destitute,
delectare, ob-
Delightful,
resecare, dese- Deliver
off,
Despair, desperare.
Despise, contemnere.
lectare,
permulcere.
3.
cu-
3.
n.
jucundus
3.
suavis, e.
Custom, mos, oris, m.
Customary, usitatus 3. Delightfully, suavlter.
Cut
[pidus
Desirous, avldus
inops,
of,
exsors,
opis
expers,
rtis, c.
rtis,
gen.
Delight (with), libenter. Destroy, delere, destrii-
c. dat.
Curius, Curius,
concupiscere,
oblectameni,
Delight,
unre-
cupere.
f. Deliberately, consulto.
Delicate, tenuis, e.
Curb, coritinere, com- Delight,

tum,
pescere, perdomare.
m.
oris,
strained, libido, inis,/
consultare.
Cunning, astutia, ae,

Cup, calix, icis, m.
Cure,
petitus, us, m., ardor,
deliberare, Desire,
Deliberate,
culture,
cultus, us, m.
of
something, mereri de
Designedly, consulto.
Dedicate, dedicare.
ae,/.
dig-
aliqua re.
(plaintive), querela, Dea-ease, decrescere.
Cucumber,
eris, m.
mereri,
esse
from something,
ere, diruere, evertere,
excidere.
Destruction,
exitlum,
n. pernicies,
i,
ei,/
liberare aliqua re, le- Destructive, periiiciosus
care.
Cyrus, Cyrus,
i,
vare
m.
c.
abl
up,
D.
Dagger,
Delphi, Delphi,
rere.
Demand, postulare, pos- Determine,
Daily, quotidle.
Dance, saltare.
Danger, periculum,
Dare, audere.
orum, Deter, deterrere, abste-
m.
sica, ae,/.
3.
Detect, detegere.
iradere.
cere,
deposcere
back, reposcere, Detraction,
i,n.
Demaratus, Demaratus,
constituere,
decernere.
obtrectatio,
onis,/
Darius, Darius, i, m.
i, m.
Deviate, deflectere.
Darkness, caligo, inis,/ Demolish, evertere.
Devote one's self, se deDart, telum, i, n.
DemosDemosthenes,
dere.
Datamas, Datamas, anthenes, is, m.
Devour, devorare.
tis, m.
Dense, densus 3.
Dialect, dialectus, i,/
Daughter, filia, ae,/.
Deny, negare.
Diamond, adamas, an-
Dawn,
illucescere.
Deplore, deplorare.
31*
tis,
m.
366
Diana, Diana, ae,f.
Dismiss, dimittere.
dictator, oris, Disparage,
Dictator,
m.
Die, mori, obire.
Dispel,
i,
m.
Different, diversus 3.
difficilis,
Difficult,
e,
arduus
gravis, e.
3.
difficultas,
Difficulty,
elicere
-together^
contrabere.
c. dat.
Dionysius, Dionysius
- forth,
baurire
obtrectare
discutere,
ab-
Dream, somnium,
n.
i,
Dress, vestire.
Disperse, dispergere.
Drink, potus, us, m.
Displease, displlcere.
Drink, bibere.
Disprove, redarguere.
Drive back, propulsare.
Disputation, disputatio, Drive off, explodere.
onis,/
Drunken, ebrius 3.
stergere.
Duck, anas, atis,/.

Duty, officlum, i, n. musomething, indignari
nus eris, n.; it is the
c. ace.
/ am dissatduty of some one, ali-
Disquiet, exagitare.
atis,/.
Difficulty, with difficulty, Dissatisfied (to be) with

difficillter.
Diffuse, diffundere.
Dig, defodere
-out
isfied
with something,
or up, efFodere, eru-
poenitet
ere.
rei.
Dignity,
/.
me
digiiitas, atis, Dissent, dissentire.
amplitudo, mis,
/., Dissolve, dissolvere.
Dissuade, dissuadere.
gravltas, atis,/.
Diligence,
diligentia,
ae,/.
diligens,
tis,
est.
E.
Each, omnis, e, quisque.
Each of
two,
uterque,
utraque, utrumque.
Distaff, colus, \,f.
Distinction,
Diligent,
cujus
alicujus Dwell, habltare.
discrimen, Eager, avidus
3.
Eagerly, avide, cupide.
mis, n.
Distinguish, dijudicare, Eagle, aquila, ae,/.
industriLis 3.
Diligently, diligenter.
Ea7%
distinguere.
auris, is,/.
deminuere, Distribute, distribuere, Early, maturus 3; too

dispertire,
comminuere, minudividere
early, praematurus 3.
ere.
c. dat.
Early (adv.), mature.
Diphthong, diphthon- Distrust, diflidere.
Earth, terra, ae,/ tel-
Diminish,
gus, i./.
Disturb, turbare, solli-
incom-
Disadvantage,
modum,
num,
i,
i,
Disagreeable,
dns
3.
n.
dam-
n.
inj aciin-
suavis, e.
3. in-
ae,/.
Disturbance,
perturba- Earthquake, terrae
onis,/
i,/
terrestris, e.
mo-
tus.
Divine, divlnus 3.
Easily, facile.
Do, agere, facere.

Dog, can is, is, c.
East, orlens,
Easy,
faciiis, e.
ntis, m.
Eat, edere, vesci;
down, depascere.
disciplina, Domestic, domestlcus 3.
Dominion, dominatio, Echo, echo, us,/
Discharge, fungi.
Discipline,
humus,
Earthly,
tio,
ingratus
bjs, uris,/.
cltare.
Discord, discordia, ae,

/
Dollar, thalerus,
onis,
i,
n.
i,
m.
imperiura, Edifice, aedificium,
i,
n.
Effect, efFicere, creare.
Door, fores, pi./.

Effectual, efficax, acis.
Doubt, dubrtare.
efFeminaEffeminate,
tus 3.
Discourse, oratio, onis, Doubtful, dublus 3. anceps, cipltis.
Effort, studium, i, n.
/
Dowry, dos, dotis,/
aut
aut,
Either
or,
Disease, morbus, i, m.
vel.
vel
Dishonorable, inhones- Draught, potus, us, m.
Discover, prosplcere.
Discourse, loqui.
tus 3.
Draw,
trahere, ducere, Elbe, Albis,
is,
m.
Elect, eligere, deligere.
Elegant, ellgans,
tis.
367
Enter upon, ingredi.

Ever, unquam.
Enticement, illecebra, Every, omnis,
e, (^
94.
ae, f.
Elegantly, eleganter.
11).
Elephant, elephantus, Entreat, rogare, preca- Evidently, plane.
ri, petere (abaliquo). Evil, malus 3.
i, m.
Entreaty
JG/zcz7, elicere.
Elm, ulmus,
(to
obtain JEmZ(s.), malum.
by), exorare.
\,f.
Evil-doer, maleficus,
Epaniinondas, Epaminondas, ae, m.

Embrace, amplecti,
Ephesian, Epheslus, 3.
complecti.
Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/.
Embroider, SiGM pingere. Epicurus, Epicurus, i,
Eminent (to be), emim.
nere.
Epirus, Epirus, i,/.
Emit, evomere.
Equal, aequalis, , par,
Emotion, perturbatio
paris.
onis,/.
Equally, aeque.
Emperor, imperator, 6- Equ animity, aequus anae,/.
Eloquent, disertus
vis,
3.
m.
imus.
Emulate, aemulari.
Encompass, cingere.
i,
End,
End,
Excel, excellere.
Excellence, praestantia,
ae,/.
Excellent,
e,
finis, is,
praestabllis,
eximtus
stans,
3.
prae-
tis.
Excite, excitare, exciere
and
excire.
nis,/.
Erectheus, Exert
m.
one^s self,
con-
tendere, intendere.
hortari, ad- Erect, aediflcare, stru- Exertion,
hortari, cohortari.
i,
n.
Exercise, exercere.
Erectheus,
ei,
Encourage,
prius-
quam.
n.
Examine, exquirere.
Example, exemplum,
Exercise, exercitatio, 6-
Ere, antequam,
Encounter, proellum,
i,
m.
eloquentia, Envy, invidla, ae,/.
Eloquence,
contentio, 6-
nisjy. labor, oris, m.
ere.
Err, errare.
Exhaust, exhaurire
Error, error, oris, m.
entirely, enecaEscape, efFiigere c. ace.
re.
m.
finire.
Endeavor, studere.
Endowed, praeditus 3. Establish, cavere.

Exhilarate, exhilarare.
Endure, ferre, tolerare. Estate, res familiaris.
Exhort, hortari, adhorsustinere, perferre
jEsff em,aestrmare (magtari.
;
(=
du-
last),
Enemy,
hostis,
inimicus,
i,
m.
is,
m.
di-
atis,
n.
frui,
perfrui
JEnm/f, augere.
Enter, intrare.
c.
3.
Expect, expectare.
Expel, exterminare, ab-
censere.
aeternus
3.
tia,
experien-
ae,/.
Explain, QX^Wckve, in-
tis,/.
Etruria, Etruria, ae,
/.
Eumenes, Eumenes,
is,
us, Eurysthcus,
igere.
Experience,
seinpitiirnus 3.
terpretari.
Explore, explorare.
Expression,
m.
abl.
Enjoyment, fructus,
m.
Enough, sat, satis.

Enraged, irritatus
aestimare,
Eternity, aeteruitas, a-
luere, elidere.
EAZzgma, aenigma,
jE.ns^, esse.
etc.), diligere.
Eternal,
Enfeeble, hebitare,
Enjoy,
ni
Estimate,
rare.
Erystheus,
vultus, us,
m.
Extend, tendere.
ei, m.
Europe, Europa, ae, /. Extirpate, exstirpare.
Evening, vesper, eri. Extinct (to become),
and eris, m.
extiiigui.
Even if, etiam si.
Extinguish,QximguQve,
ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
368
Extol, praedicare.
Extracts
make
(to
from), excerpere.
JJi'MZf , laetjtia exultare,
Eye, oculus,
m.
i,
Fear exceedingly,
exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f.
mescere.
Fear (to put
per- Flee, fugere
Flaxen, flavus
in),
terere.
c.
3.
ace.
Fleet, classis, is,/.
Fleeting, fluxus 3.
Feel, sentire.
Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/.
F.
Fell, caedere.
Fahius, Fabius,
m.
i,
Flight, fuga, ae,/.
gladiator, oris. Flight (to put to), fu-
Fencer,
m.
Fable, fabula, ae,/.
Fabridus^ ahncius, i,m.
gare.
Fetter, compes,
idis, /.
men,
Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/.

Fail,
Few, pauci,
def icere.
Fair,
pulcher,
Flow
Field, ager, gri, m.
Faithful, fid us 3.
Field-mouse, sorex,
perf idus
Faithless,
m.
3.
inis, n.
Flourish, virere.
ae, a, pi.
chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/.
chrum.
Flock, grex, gis, m. ag-
conflu-
together,
ere.
icis.
Flower,
saevus 3.
occldere
down, Fiery, igneus 3.
procumbere ;
Fight, pugna, ae,/
Fly, Yolkre.
to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, diml- Follow, sequi,
gere, obtingere aliqui c. ace.
care, confligere, con-
Fall, labi
(in war), Fierce,
cui.
gredi.
False, falsus 3.
Fill,
Far, longe.
tuna, ae,
i,
for-
n.
Father, pater,
up. Fool, stultus,
explere, opplere.
Foolish,
Finally, denlque.
tris,
Father-in-law,
eri,
Folly, stultitia,
implere, complere, Food, cibus,
refercire
Fate, fatium,
m.
flos, floris,
Fluency of speech,
cuncda, ae,/
Fly, musca, ae,/
fa-
conse-
ae./
m.
i, m.
i,
stultus 3.
in-
siplens, ntis.
Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m.
m.
socer,
m.
Find satisfaction
acquiescere
c. abl.
in.
or
Footman, soldier,
itis,
-pedes,
m.
i, n. pecin c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), facatnm, i, n.

cere c. abl.
cere non possequin.
Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus, i, m.
Forbid, vetare.
Fault, vitlum,
care.
Force, vis, vim,/
Finish, finire.
Faustulus, Faustulus, i. Fire, ignis, is, m.
Forehead, frons, ntis,/
m.
Firm (to make), confir- For hoiv much ? (with
Favor, beneficium, i, n.
verbs of buying and
mare.
benefactum,
Favor
i,
Firmness,
n.
constantia,
selling),
quanti.
ae,/
Foreign, alienigena, ae,

facere.
First, at first, primum.
m. alienus 3.
Favor, favere.
Fish, piscis, is, m.
Foresee, providere.
Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia,
re.
Fitted, aptus 3.
idoae,/
(to
do),
gratiam
Fear, metus, us, m.
mor,
oris,
Fear,
oris,
ti-
m. pavor.
vereri. Flatter,
metuere, reformidare.
Forget, oblivisci
3.
or ace.
Flame, flamma, ae,/
m.
timere,
neus
Fitly, apte.
adulari,
diri.
Flatterer,
gen.
c.
[gere.
Form, conformare,
blan- Former, pristlnus 3
m.
former
assentator,
quitus.
[oris,
times,
fin;
in
anti-
ENGLIl!rH-LATIN VOCABULAEY.
Formerly, quondam.
Forthwith, continuo.
Fortify, munire.
Gordius, Gordius,
G.
Gain, lucrum,
Fortuitous, fortiiitus
3.
Fortunate, beatus 3. felix, icis, prosper, era,
i,
n.
quaestus, us, m.
Garden, hortus, i, m.
Garland, corona, ae,/.
Garment, vestis, is,/.
Gate, porta, ae,/
erum.
Fortunately,
Gaul, Gall us,
feliclter.
foedus
Foul,
trum
tra,
teter,
3.
(=
sordidus
filthy),
Foul
dux,
oris, m.,
3.
deed, flagitium,
i,
ae,
m.
Govern, gubernare,
mo-
derari.
Governess, moderatrix,
Icis,/.
\,n.
Governor,
moderator,
m.
rector, oris,
oris,
cis, c.
plerumque.
m.
ii,
m. Grain, frumentum, \,n.
Gramma?', grammatica,
Generally,
Genius, genius,
ingenium, i, n.
Gentle, placidus 3.
German, Germanus,
n.
m.
i,
Gorgias, Gorglas,
Government, imperlum,
m.
i,
Fortune, fortuna, ae,/ Gazelle, oryx, ygis, m.

imperator,
Fortune (gifts of), for- General,
tuiiae.
369
i,
ae,/.
Grand-son, nepos,
otis,
Found, condere.
m.
m.
Foundation, fimdamen- Germany,
Ger mania, Grand-daughter, neptum, i, n.
ae,/.
tis, is,/.
[m.
Founder, conditor, oris. Get one's self ready, Grand-father, avus, i,
Fountain, fons, ntis, m.
expedire.
m.
Frail,
Giant, gigas, antis, m. Grape, uva, ae,
fragllis, e.
Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/
Ginger, zingiber,
Freedom,
Give,
]ibertas,atis. f.
dare,
Freely, libere.
Freeze, frigere, algere.
tendere
self
i,
m.
one's
to,
at-
indulgere
'^vay,
celeber,
i,
m.
Frighten, terrere, perterrere.

horibrlis,
e.
atrox, ocis.
Fruit, fructus, us, m.
Fruitful, ferax, acis

Fulfil, explere.
Full, plenus
c.
3.
Greatly,
vehe-
valde,
admodum.
magnitude,
Greedy, avid us
3.
Greedily, avide.
Greek
(s.),
Graecus, i,m.
forth, exire
out, excedere
Greek, Graecus 3.
accedere
away, abire.
Green
Goad, stimulus,
God, deus, i, m.
Gold, aurum,
gen.
magnus 3
very, ingens, ntis.
Greece, Graecia, ae,/.
pergere
around, circumire
hack, recedere
ire,
to,
Frog, ran a, ae,/.
Great,
Inis,/.
Glory, glorlari.
Friendship, amicitia, ae, Go,

/.
go, onis, m.
Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/
Glide away, dilabi, ela- Greatness,

bi.
Friend, amicus,
Grappling-iron, harpa-
menter,
cedere.
bris, bre.
Frightful,
up
dat.
c.
Frequent, frequentare.
Frequented,
tribuere
attention,
Frenchman, Francogallus,
eris,n.
i,
i,
m.
Green,
virldis, e.
(to be), virere.
Grief, moeror, oris,

luctus, us,
m.
m.
Grieve, dolere.
n.
Golden, aureus 3.
Good, bonus 3.
Grotto, specus, us, m.
Ground, solum,
Grow, crescere
i,
n.
Full
(to be), scatere.

Good (s.), bonum, i, n.
old, consenescere.
Fulvia, Fulvia, ae,/
Goodness, bonltas, atis, Guard, custodire
he
Furniture,
suppellex,
on one's guard, ca/
ectilis,/.
vere.
Goose, anser, eris, m.
;
370
He,
Guide, regere.
she, it,
is,
Homer, Homerus,
ea, id.
i,
m.
Guilt , culTpa, ae, f.

Head, caput, It'is, n.
Honor, honos, oris, m.
Gymnastic,gymnic\JLsS. Health, yaWtudo, mis, f.
decus, oris, n.
Hear, audire.
Honor, honorare, coHeart,
ll.
Hadrian, Hadrianus,
cordis, n.,
cor,
lere.
Honorable, honestus
animus, i, m.
m.
Heat, calor, oris, m.
Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n.
pillus, i, m.
Heavenly, coelestis, e.
Haii'y, pilosus 3.
Heavy, gravis, e.
Hedge around, sepire.
Half, dimidium, i, n.
Halicarnassus, Halicar- Height, altitude, lms,f.
nassus, '\,f.
Heir, haeres, edis, c.
Hand, manus, us,f.
Helmet, cassis, idis,y.
i,
3.
honoriflciis 3.
Hope, spes, ei,/.

Hope, sperare.
Horace, Horatiiis, i, m.
Horn, cormi, us, n.
Horse, equus, i, m.
Horseman, eques, itis,
m.
in hand, manum Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis, e.

conserere cum aliHour, hora, ae,/!
f.
quo.
Hen, gallina, ae, /.
House, domus, us, /.
Hannibal,
Hamiibal, Hence, hinc.
aedes, \s,f.
Hand
alis,
Hephaes- How,
Hephaeston,
m.
Happen, acddere, even-
tlo, onis,
m.
ii'e, cadere
it hap- Hei'b, herba, ae,
f.
pens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules,
;
is.
m.
git.
Happily,
Hei'd, grex, gis,
feliciter.
However much, quam-
m.
Happy, feWx, icis,hea- Hesitate, duhltarec.

tus 3.
inf.
durus3.
Hardship, aerumna,
ae,
oris,
m.
Hasten,
3.
summus
3.
Hill, collis,
Harrow, occare.
;
up, advolare.
Hastily, propere, prae-
atis,f
Humble, humilis,
Hump,
m.
e.
tuber, eris, n.
impedi-
Hunger, esuiire.
Hunt, venari.
n.
Hunter, venator,
etc.
Hindrance,
mentum,
i,
oris,
m.
Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter^s-net, cassis, is

[commonly plur.),m.
stare,
impedimento
propere.
Hatch, exclddere.
{
is,
3.
humanltas,
Himself, of himself, sui, Hunger, fames, is,f
accellerare
Hate, odisse,
very Humanity,
High, altus 3.;

high, praeahus
Highest,
f.
Hare, lepus,
vis.
Human, human us
Heiv, exasciare.
jHrzrc?,
qui.
How long, quamdiu.

How many?- quot ?
How much ? quantum ?
How often ? quoties ?
77. 3).
Hurt, laedere.
esse.
Hippar- Husbandman, agricola,

chus, i, m.
ae, m., rustlcus, i, m.
3.
Hating greatly, pero- His, her, its, suus, ejus. Hut, casa, ae,f
sus 3.
{ 94. 35).
Hatred, odium, i, n.
Hiss off, exsibllare.
I.
Have, habere, esse ( History, historia, ae,f I, ego.
in, te- Hoarseness, ravis, is,/! Ice, glacies, ci,f
90. 3),
Hated
nere
greatly, perosus Hipparchus,
self,
use. Hold, tenere, obtlnere
in
uti c. abl.
sese habere.
Haven, portus,
hack, retineie.
one^s
us,
m.
Home
R.).
(at),
domi.
Ides, Idus,
ium,f
Idle, otiosus 3.
( 92. If, si.
If not,
nisi.
ENG-LTSH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
If
also^
ac- Intelligent, prudens,
augere,
tametsi, Increase,
etsi,
crescere.
etiamsi.
igno6/e, illiberalis,
e, in-
Incredible,\ncvedih\\is,e.
do, mis,/!
one
Interest,
is interest-
ed in, interest, refert.
quidem (stands
( 88. 10).
the word to Intermix, admiscere.
which it refers).
Invent,
invenire,
re-
Indeed,
Ignorance,
ignorantia,
ae,y.
Ignorant, ignarus 3.
Ignorant
(to be),
Indicate, indic5re.
3.
collustrare.
Image, imago, jnis,y.

imitari
c.
ace.
( 89. 2).
{f.
inventrix,
icis,/!
Indolence,
El disposed, malevolus
Illuminate,
perire.
in- Inventress,
dignari.
male.
Ill [adv.),
after
igno- Indignant (to be),
rare, nesoire.
Imitate,
tis.
consuetu-
Intercourse,
Incumbent on some one

honestus 3.
(to be), esse aliciijus.
Ignominy,
ignominia,
ae,y.
371
ae. Investigator, mAagatrix,
ignavla,
icis,/!
f. pigritia, ae,y. inertia, ae,
f. segni- Invincible, invictus 3.
Invite, invitare.
ties, e\,f.
Indolent,
piger,
grum, tardus
navus 3.
Imitation,\m\taXlo,6ms, Indulgent
gra, lo, lo, us,/.

3.
ig- Irascible,
iracundus
to [to he), in-
3.
iracundla,
Irascibility,
ae,/.
Immature, immaturus S.
dulgerec.dat.
[/. Ireland, 'iiiherma,ae,f.
Immediately, extemplo, Industry, industria, ae. Iron, ferrum, i, n.
statim, protinus.
Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3.
cendere.
Immense, ingens, ntis.
Irruption (to make), irImmodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere.
rumpere.
ae,/.
num
Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is it possible thaf?
immortal is, e. Injure, nocere, obesse.

[^15. 3. b. (c)].
Immortality, immortal- Injurious,
noxius
3. Isocrates, Isocrates,
//WTMor/aZ,
nosus
Impious, implus 3.
Implant, igignere.
Import, importare.
is,
m.
Issus, Issus, i,/.
3.
ae, /. It is the part of some

ofFensIo, onis,/.
one, est alicujus.
If^jii^y,
Impress, impremere.
injuria,
/wmo5#, intlmus 3.
/âZ?/,
Innocence, innocentia. Ivory,
Improve, emendare.
Impunity,
dam-
perniciosus 3.
itas, atis,/.
impumtas,
atis,/.
neus
ae,/.
Insolence,
Italia, ae,
of
/.
ivory,
ebur-
3.
temeritas.
Impute, dare, ducere,

atis,/.
J.
vertere c. dupl. dat. Innumerable, innumer- Jest, lepor, oris, m.
In like manner as, aeJoin together, conjunabilis, e.
que
atque (ac).
gere.
Inquiry, quaestio, onis,
Inborn, insltus 3.
/. disputatio, onis, /. Joint, articulus, i, m.

emdire, in for- Journey, iter, itineris, n.
Incite, incitare.
Instruct,
Include, contTnere.
mare, edocere.
//icome, vectigal, alis, n. Instruction,
Inconsiderateness,
te-
merltas, atis,/.
onis,/.
Instructress,
Inconsiderately, temere.
ae,/.
Inconstancy, inconstantia, ae,/.
Intellect,
Journey, proficisci.
institutio,
Jo?/, laetitia,
ae,/.
Joyful or joyous,\aetus3.
magistra, Jw^ge, judex, icis, m.
mens,
ingenium.
/wc?g-e,
tis,
/.
judlcare, existi-
mare, sentire.
Judgment, iud'\cium,\,n.
372
Jngurtha, Jugurtha, ae,
navare alicui
peram
Julia, Julia, ae,^.
Julius Caesar, Julius,
Caesar,
i,
m.
aris,
rei, o-
collicare
in
Length
(of time), lon-
ginqultas, atis, f.
Less (adv.), minus.

aliqua re.
Labor, laborare, elabo- Letter (epistle), epistola,
ae,y. litterae, arum,/!
rare.
Lacedemon, Lacedae- Letter (of the alphabet), littera, ae,f.

mon, 6nis,y.
Lace- Level, adaequare.
Jupiter, Juppiter, Jo vis, Lacedemonian,
Liar, mendax, acis.
m.
daemonius, i, m.
Liberal, ingemlus 3.
Just, Justus 3.
Lake, lacus, us, m.
Licentious, petulans,tis.
Lament, lugere.
Just as, ut, sicut.
Just so many, totldem. Land, by land and by Licentiousness, petulantia, ae,/.
Just so much, adv. (with
sea, terra marique.
verbs of valuing, es- Language, lingua, ae. Lie, situm esse
June, Junius,
i,
Junius, Junius,
m.
i,
m.
teeming, buying, selloratio, onis,/".

ing), tantidem.
Lark, alauda, ae,/.
Lie
Last, extremus 3..
K.
Later, posterior.
Keep from, arcere.
Latin, Latinus 3,
Latium, Latium,
Key, clavis, \s,f.
mare, necare
outright, enecare.
Kind, genus, eris, n.

Kind, benignus 3.
Lawgiver,
ris, m.
Kindly, benevole.
Kindness, beneficium,
benefactum, i,
King, rex, regis, m.
n.
Kingdom, regnum,
i,
scire
nare,
non
cius
not
ig-
esse nes-
know,
ig-
norare, nescire.
Knowledge,
peritia, ae,
cognitio,
bms,f
Known, cognitus 3
it is
e.
legislator, 6-
before,
proponere
Lightning, fulgur, uris,

n. fulmen, inis, n.
Like, similis,
e.
Limb, membrum, i, n.
artus, us, m.
Line (of battle), acies,
ei,/. to arrange in a
line, aciem instruere.
;
Lion,
leo, onis,
m.
aperire, Listen to, exaudire.
open,
popiilari.
Lead, plumbum, i, n.
Lead, ducere
hack, reducere
out, educeie.
Leader, dux, cis, m.
Leafy, frondosus 3.
Little,
League, foedus,
Leap, salire
eris, n.
Lively, alacer, eris, ere.
down
Liver, jecur, jecin6ris,w.
over,
Living being, animans,
re,
non
to
n.
waste, devasta- IAferature,\iterne,ai'um,

n.
i,
per-
fectly well,
Lay
n.
Knee, genu, us, n.

Knot, nodus, i, m.
Know,
i,
Laugh, ridere.
Laugh, risus, us, m.
Law, lex, g\s,f
false-
Life, vita, ae,/.

Light, lux, lucis,/.
3.
exani- Laudable, laudabllis,
occidere,
Kill,
(to state
hood), mentlri.
Lasting, diuturnus
Keep, servare.
adjacere.
by,
desilire
Learned, doctus
Leave
L.
vi aestlmare.
Live, vivere, versari.
Livy, Livjus,
3.
Load, onus,
behind, destitue- Loathe,
re, relinquere.
Leg, crus, uris n.

Labor, labor, oris, m.
Labor (to bestow on Legion, legio, onis,/.
something), operam
Little (to esteem), par-
antis.
transilire.
known, con- Learn, discere.
stat.
exiguus 3; very
perexiguus 3.
Little (adv.), paullulum.
little,
thing,
cujus
i,
rn.
eris, n.
loathe some-
me
taedet
ali-
rei.
Lofty, excelsus
3.
[m.
Loiterer, cunctator, oris.
;;
hong, longus 3
of
long continuance, diu-
Maturity,
/
Magnificent,
i,
picere,
provldere,
consulere,
c.
Look
upon
Malice, malitia, ae,/
intueri
Malicious, male vol us
Loose, solvere.
Man, homo,
vir, viri,
Loquacious,
hy man, viritim.
Manage, administrare.
Mane, juba, ae,/
garrulitas,
Manlius, Manlius,
atis,/.
damnum,
Lot, sors,
reference),
tis,y!
amor,
Love,
m.
oris,
caritas, atis,/
Love, amare, diligere
in return, reda-
us3.
Low
be
in), ja-
cere.
Lower
regions,
orum, m.
Lowery, tristis,
inferi,
i,
to
i,
m.
ctis, n.
res,
a and
ia,
plures,
gen. ium.
Marathon,
on is, m.
Mind, animus,
complu-
is,
i,
(state of),
m.
mens,
tis,/
Mindful, memor, oris.

n. Minerva, Minerva, ae,/
oris, n.
Maratho,
Misfortune,
calamltas,
malum, i,
nebula, ae,/
atis,/
Mist,
n.
Marble, of marble, mar- Mistress, domlna, ae,

more us 3.
Misuse, abuti c. abl.
i,
m.
Mithrida-
m.
Mix, miscere.
iter, itineris.
fa-
i,
Moderately, modlce.
Moderation, moderatio,
Marcus Agrippa, Marcus,
Mithridates,
tes, is,
Luxury, luxuria, ae,/. March, proficisci.iter

Lycurgus, Lycurgus, i,
cere.
m.
Lydia, Lydia, ae,/
raitis, e
Milk, lac,
orum
multi,
m.
Luxuriously, luxuriose. March,
i,
n.
i,
become, mitescere.
m.
Marcellus, Marcellus,
e.
Lucilius, Lucilius,
Metal, metal Ium,
m.
Marble, marmor,
state (to
obviam.
m. Milesian, Mileslus,
i,
i,
infer- Maple-tree, acer, eris,
e.,
(adv.),
majoris, Miltiadts, Miltlades,
very many,
a,
humllis,
Meet
\,n.
Membrane, membrana,
ae,/
Memory, memoria, ae,/
Mild,
m.
Many,
;
mare.
Low,
Measure, consilium,
Measure, metiri.
(with a moral Milo, Milo, onis, m.
n.
i,
um,/
m.
Mid-day, meridles, ei,m.
Migrate, migrare.
m.
Lose, perdere, emittere. Manner, modus,
Loss,
3.
facultates,
um,
Means, opes,
m. Metellus, Metellus,
in is,
Man
loquax,
acis, garrulus 3.
Loquacity,
cui.
dat.
into, inspicere.
Maturitas,
atis,yi
magnificus 3., snperbus3.

Make, facere, reddere
n.
good, praestaLook out f07' something,
curare c. ace. curam
re
war upon,
habere, c. gen. prosinferre helium
alituriius 3.
Longing, desideriuin,
373
Agrippa, ae, m.
onis,/
without
moderation,'mtem])er-
Lying, mendax, acis.

Margin, margo. In is, m.
anter.
Lysander,
Lysander, Marsh,\iQ\ns, udis,/
Modest, modestus 3.,
dri, m.
Marry (of the woman),
pudicus 3.
nubere c. dat.
Modestly, modeste.
M.
Massagete, Massagetes, Modesty, modestia, ae,/
Macedonia, Macedonia,
ae, m.
Molon, Molo, onis, m.
ae,/
Master, not
of, im- Money, pecunia, ae,/
Macedonian,
Macedo,
pos, Otis, impotens, Month, mensis, is, m.
on is, m.
ntis.
Monument, monumeii-
[/
Magian, magus,
i,
m.
Matter
32
(affairs), res, rei,
tum,
i,
n.
374
Moon,
luna, ae,/.
More, plures,
ium.
is,
m.
Most, plurlmus
there is
e.
3.
JVot even, ne-quidem.
JVot only
JVeed, indigere c. abl.
Mortal, mortalis,
Most
JVeck-chain, torquis,
gen.
a,
need
opus
of,
modo
hut also, iion
sed
etiam.
Jôt yet,
est.
(tantum)
nondum.
plurime.
JVeedy, inops, opis.
jYothing, nihil.
Mother, mater, tris,/,
JVeglect, negligere.
JVotion, notio, onis,/.
(adv.),
Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, binnire.

vere
out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus,
Aôurish, nutrire, alere.

i,
m.
grare.
Mound,
ager, gri, m.
mons,
Mountain,
ntis,
Mouse, mus, mm-is, m.
Mow,
que)
bris,
(ne-
nur,
modo.
(neque). JVoxious,
noxius,
a,
um.
JVuma Pompilius, Nu-
JVero,
magni
nee
nee
Nero, onis, m.
Much, multus 3
for JVerve, nervus, i, m.
much, (with verbs of Never, nunquam.
buying and selUng), Nevertheless, taraen.
metere.
November,
m.
JVeither (of two), neu- JVow, nunc, jam.
ter, tra, trum.
Jîow
now, modo
Neither
m.
JVovemher,
ma
(ae)
Pomillus
(i),
m.
JVei<;5, nuntius, i, m.
Numantia, Numantia,
of Aêr^, proximus 3.
ae,/.
valueing
and es- Nicomedes, Nicomedes, Number, numerare.
teeming), magni.
is, m.
Nurse, fovere.
mukitudo, Night, nox, noctis, f;
Multitude,
inis,/. copla, ae,/.
by night, noctu.
O.
luscinla, O, O that! utinam c.
Munificent, Yn\m\ficns^. Nightingale,
Murderer,
interfector,
Subj.
ae,/
oris, m.
No (a.) nullus 3. nemo Obey, obedire, obsequi,
obtemperare parere.
Must, debere.
(inis) c.
No, see 115, 5 no, Object, res, ei,/
Much
( 88, 9).
(with
verbs
N.
nay, rather, (in opp.).
JVaê, nominare.
immo ( 115, 5).
Napoleon,
Napoleo, Noble, praeclarus 3.
onis, m.
Noble {= noble born)
Narrative, narratio,6nis,
ingenuus 3.
Nobly, praeclare.
Narrow pass,
anun,/
augustiae. Nobody,
and
Nation, natlo, 6ms,

Natural, naturalis, e.
Natnre, natura, ae,/
Navigate, navlgare,
Navigation, navigatio,
onis,/
Near, prope.
Nearly, prope, paene.
Neat, lepldus 3.
Necessary (it is), oportet,
opus
est res or re.
nemo
JVbd?'/?a^,
nocturnus
3.
ae,/
No one, nullus
mo (inis) c.
Observe, observare.
Obtain, adipisci.
3.
/
Occupy
Noise, fremitus us, m.

JVb/a, Nola,
/
Obscure, obscurus 3.
Occasion, occaslo, onis,

(gen.
not used).
abl.
Oblivion, obhvio, onis,
studiosus esse alicu-
jus
ne-
one^s self zeal-
ously with something,
cui
rei,
rei,
studere
ali-
operam na-
vare alieui
rei.
Not, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m.

and Subj. of encour- Offended (to be), succensere, irasci
aging), ne.
Not merely
non solum
am.
c. dat.
but also. Offer, deferre.
sed
eti-
Offce,
munus,
eris, n.
Offspring, proles, is,/.
;;
very Ought, debere.
saepius;
Oftener,
Our, ours, noster,

trum.
ojlen, saepisslrne.
Oil,
oleum,
n.
i,
Old man, senex,
senis,
m.
litis,
Peacock, pavo, onis,
m.
i,
major na- Owe, debere.
Peculiar, proprius 3.
Own, proprius
tu.
account
R.
( 88,
One, uiuis
One of
causa
of,
3).
ipsorum,
rum,
the two,
One, the one
alter
ipsa-
Pedestal, basis, is,/,
c.
Pehpidas,
ae, m.
P.
other,
the
alter.
Pain, dolor, oris, m.

Paint, pingere
;
Onyx, onyx, ychis, m.

Open, aperire to stand
;
expingere.
Old,
Paôfce,
domus, us,f
Palate, palatum,
open, pate re.
Opinion, opinio, onis,
/.
Pale, pallldus
i,
n.
3.
sententia, ae,/. exis- Pardon, venia, ae,y.
Parents, parentes, lum,
timatio, 6nis,y!
Opposite,
ad versus
3.
contrarius 3.
Oppress, urgere.
Oj',
aut; (in a double
question),
an
oraculum,
n.
Orator, orator, oris, m.
Order, ordo,
of
mis,
m.
battle, acies,
in order that not, ne.
da, ae,
Permitted
of,
m.
Orpheus,
ei,
(it is),
particeps,
3.
permanere,
Persevere,
Partner, socius,
over,
i,
licet.
Pernicious, perniciosus
cipis.
Pass
m.
parricidium, Permit, sinere.
n.
Partaking
is,
Perish, perere.
c.
m.
pei'stare.
transire, Persia, Persia, ae,/.
(time), agere, ex-
Persian
m.
(s.),
Persa, ae,
Persian, Perslcus 3.
igere.
cupiditas,
appetitns, us,
Ornament, ornatus, us,

m. libido, inis,/.
m.
Past, praeteritus 3.
Orpheus,
trare.
Pericles, Pericles,
Part, pars, rtis,/.
atis,y.
Ornately, ornate.
n.
parrici- Period, })eriodus, i,/.
Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. Passion,
Origin, origo, Inis,/.
i,
Pepper, piper, eris, n.

Perceive, agnoscere.
Perform., fungi, perpe-
3.
(a.),
praeterere.
Order, in order that, ut
m.
i,
Parricide,
Pass
ei,/.
Order, jubere.
populus,
gens, ntis, /. ; common people, vulgus,
Parian, Parlus
i,
i,
People,
Pelopldas,
Perhaps, fortasse.
c.
or not, Parricide,
nee ne, annon.

Oracle,
liarity
alicujus est.
94. 7).
alteru-
ter, utra, utriim.
it is a pecuof some one,
ip- Peculiarity,
3.
sius,
Ox, bos, ovis,
3.
m,^
Pear, pyrum, i. n.
Pear-tree, pyrus, \,f.
Overcome, superare.
Ovid, Ovidlus,
Older, major,
Peace (to make), pacem,

coniponere.
Peaceful, beatus 3.
siisperstes, Peacefully, beate.
dat.
itis, c.
Old age, senectus,
On
Outliving,
tra,
375
Pasture, pasci.
Path, callis, is,
c.
Patiently, patienter.
Persian war,
Persicum.
bellum
Pest, pestis, is,/.
Phaedo,
m.
Pbaedo, onis,
Philip, Pbilippus,
Philippi,
i,
m.
Philippi,
orum, m.
Pausanlas,
philosoPhilosopher,
m.
Other, the other of two, Pay, pendere,
plius, i, m.
praesalter, era, erum.
Phihsophise, philosotare.
Otherwise, aliter.
phari.
Peace, pax, pacis, /.
Ostentation, ostentatio, Pausanias,

onis,/.
ae,
376
Precept, preceptum,
Philosophy,-ph\\osoiphia, Poet, poeta, ae, m.
ae,/
Point
Phocion, Pliocio, ouis,
consignare, Precious,
out,
describere.
Precipitately,
Poison, venenum,
m.
Phoeuix,
Phoenician,
icis,
m.
virus,
[?n.
Physician, medicus,
i,
Piety, pietas, atis,/.
i,
i,
n,
\,m.
Poppy, papaver,
i,/.
m.
P%, misericordia, ae,/.

Pity{\t excites my),
me
miseret (alicujus).
Pity, misereri
to
have
m.
[esse
gen.
c.
otis c.
Possible
Place, locus,
i,
ponere,
m.
test
in
c.
n.
donare.
Presei-ve, servare
(:=
conservare.
])rotect),
praeesse
[onis,/. Press,
fieri
po-
c. dat.
premere.
simulatio,
possesslo. Pretence,
(it is),
onis, /.
not possi- Pretor, praetor, oris, m.

non Prevail upon by entrea-
ble but that, fieri
potest quin.
abl.
vjith,
i,
Preside over, praestare,
gen.
it is
-po-
compos,
of,
mise- Possession,
pit}^,
abl.
tiri c.
donum,
munus, eris, n.
gen. Present
c.
Possess one's self of

Possessed
reri.
Place,
i,
Possess, tenere, habere
nere.
to be, adesse.
us,/. Present,
Posidonius, Posidonius,
Pitch (of a camp), po-
praesens, lis;
Present,
eris, n.
Pisistratus, Pisistratus, Portico, portlcus,

i,
teponere.
Prepare, parare.
opis.
Pine, pinus,
an-
praeferre,
Prefer,
m. Ppplar,ip6])u]us,},f.
i,
Preeminence, virtus.
tuis,/.
Pool, palus, udis,y!
m.
praepro-
pere.
Predict, praedicere.
n.
Pompey, Pompeius,
Pond, lacus, us, m.
Pilot, guberiiator, oris, Poor,paupe)',ei-is,'mo]-}s,
PiWar, Pin darus,
],n.
pretiosi.is 3.
ty,
exorare.
Prevent, impedire, proPlace something around Post, postis, is, m.

obstare c.
hibere
something,
or
swr- Post (of honor), honos,
dat.
round something with
oris, m.
Previously, pnus.
some^/img, circumda- Pou?ic?, hbra, ae,/.
Prick, pungere.
re ahquid ahcui, or Pour forth, efFundere.
;
ahquem ahqua re.

P?am, campus, i, m.
Poverty,
Plan, consihum,
Power,
i,
inoplu,
paupertas,
n.
ae,
atis,
(uom.
vis,
Pride, superbia, ae,/.

Principle,
and
i,
preceptum,
n. doctrina, ae,/.
dat. plur. vires, ium). Proceed, proficisci.
Plant, planta, ae,/.
is, m. poten- Produce, gignere.

ae,/ opes, um,/ Productive, fecundus 3.
frugifer, era, erura,
P/er/sanf, amoenus 3.
Pou)e?/u/, potens c. gen.
[ficere.
fertilis, e.
opulentus 3.
Please, placere, probare
Prog-?-ess (to make), proexercitatlo,
ahcui.
[m. Practice,
Plato, Plato, onis, m.
vigor, 61
Play, hidere.
tia,
PZeasMre, voluptas,
atis,
Plutarch, Plutarchus,
Inis,
n.
habit),
dare
i,
bene dicere
piomittere,
PronoM?zce,pronuntiare,
c.
dat.
um, f.
some one, praecedere alicui.
n. Precede
Promwe,
polhccri profiteri.
Praise, laudare, collau-
Prayers, pieces,
m.
Poem, carmen,
poema, atis,
onis,/
consuetudo, inis,/
Prazse, la us, d is,/
Plough^ arare.
P/i/cA:, eve Here.
Plnmtree, prunus, i,/
Plunder, dirlpere.
eldqui
one hap-
py, fortunatum praedicare aliqnem.
Proper, it is proper for

me, decet c. ace. it is
not proper, dedecet.
Properly,
rite,
probe.
Prophet, vates,
m.
is,
Pythagoras^
ras, ae,
Pythago-
377
Rtcently, nuper.
m.
Recollect, recordari.
Recompense,
Propitious, proTp'itius 3.
merces,
edis,/.
Q.
Quantity, numerus, i, Recover, convalescere.
biliter.
Propose, proponere.
m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum.
wanting, ylur. vires, Redound, redundare.
Propriety (of conduct),
Proportionately, aequa-
lum),/.
secim- Queen, regina, ae,/!
honestas, atis,/.
Prosperity, res
dae, fortuna, ae,/.
Question,
Prosperous, prosper, era,
nis,/.
erum.
Refer, referre.
Reflect upon, cogitare.
quaestio, 6- Reflection,
Refresh, recreare.
Quickly, cito.
Prostrate, prosternere.
Qiwef
Protect, custodire.
Quiet
Protection, tutela, ae,/.
praesidium,
i,
(s.),
quies, etis,/. i?e/i/ê, receptus, us,
(a.),
quietus
3.
tranquillus 3.
Quiet, sedare.
n.
cogitatio, 6-
nis,/.
?.
Region, regio, onis,/.

Reject, rejicere, respuere.
Proud, superbus 3.
Quietly, quiete,
tran- Reign, regnum, i, n.
Provided that, modo,
Reign, regnare, domiquille.
dummodo.
nare, imperare.
[ae,/
Providence, providentia,
Rejoice, delectare, gauR.
Provident, cautus 3.
dere.
Race, genus, eris, n.
Province, provincia, ae, Rage, saevire.
Relate, narrare, memorare.
Rai7i, iniber, bris, m.
/.
Provoke, lacessere. [/ Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare.
Prudence, prudentla ae,
Religion, religlo, onis,/
cire.
Prudent, prudens, tis.
Religiously, religiose.
Rank, ordo, Inis, m.
Remain, manere, rePtolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. Rapid, rapldus 3.
manere.
m.
[tis,/
Rare, rarus 3.
Pungent, acerbus 3.
Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e.
Punic, Punlcus 3.
Remedy, remedium, i, n.
Rather, potius.
Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire.
Remedy, mederi.
re.
Remember,
reminisci,
Read, legere
Punishment, poena, ae,
perlegere
memlni, recordari c.
through,
;
supplicium,
i,
Purpleflsh, murex,
n.
thing earnestly, studirei
esse
alicujus
literature,
literas tractare,
recitare.
gen. or ace.
onis,/ Remembrance, memoria,

ae,/
Ready, promptus 3.,
[us, m. Remind,
commonere,
paratus 3.
promptus,
commonefacere.
Readiness,
Reap, metere.
Remove, resecare.
Removed (to be), abesse.
Reason, ratio, onis,/
Reason, there is no reas- Remus, Remus, i, m.
on that, non est quod, Renew, refricare.
nihil est quod
with- Renown, fama, ae, /,
ids, Reading, lectio,
m.
[n.
Purpose, propositum, i,
Pursue, persequi, consectari
some-
osum
to,
Pursuit, tractatio, onis,

out reason, temere.
gloria, ae,/
studium, i, n.
Recall, revocare.
Renowned, clarus
Pylades, Py lades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, suscibiHs, e.
Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3.
pere.
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. Received, exceptus
32*
Repair, sarcire.
3.
Repel, pellere,
3.,
no[re.
repelle-
378
poenitere
Repent,
maturus
I Ripe,
repent of something, Rise,
me
poenitet
Report, fama, ae,/.
nis,
Inis, n.
probrum,
opprobrium, i,
Reproach,
n.
i,
n.
is,
time, simul, una.
Reprove, castigare.
Roman
i,
Romanus,
(s.),
Resist, resistere.
Resound, re son are.

Resounding, resonus.
Resource, opes, um.
Samnis,
(s.),
itis, TO.
m.
Sanction, sancire.
Sapid, sapid us 3.
Roman (a.), Romanus

Romulus, Romulus,
(ab aliquo).
at the
Samnite
n.
Rome, Roma, ae,/
Request, petere, rogare
same
idem
Rock, rupes, is,/, saxi,
e.
Reproach, maledicere.
Reputable, honestus 3.
salutaris,
i,
Roar, rudere.
um,
turpitudo, In is,/
Salutary,
saluber or bris, bre.

m. amm. flumen, Same, is, ea, id very
same, idem, eadem,
River, fluvlus,
Repose, requies, etis,/.
m.
Salt, sal, salis,
aliciijus Rising, ortus 3.
rei.
m.
Sailor, nauta, ae,
3.
oriri.
3.
Sappho, Sappho, us,/

perstringere.
i,m. Satirize,
Roof, tectum, i, n.
Rope, restis, is,/
Save, parcere
Rub
Rub
Scarcely, vix.
c.
dat.
Save from, something,

servare ex or ab alRough, asper, era, erum.
Round, rolundus 3.
iqua re.
Responsible, to become Rout, fundere.
Say, dicere, inquam (
responsible, spondere. Royal, reglus 3.
77. Rule),
Rest, quies, etis,/.
upon
Rest
something,
care.
niti c. abl.
Restore,
detergere.
off,
thoroughly, perfrl- Scatter, disjicere.
reparare,
re-
cuperare.
Rude
rudis
Ruin,
Rule
Restrain, coercere.
Retain, retinere.
Retire, recedere,
disce-
Scholar, discipulus,
unskilful),
gen.
e, c.
to
(a
go
re,
Revile,
maledicere,
c.
scrupulus,
ligiose,
m.
[to.
(s.),
Sea, mare,
Scytha, ae,
is,
n.
Season, in season,
in, irriiere.
i,
Scrupidously, sancte, re-
Scythian
through, percurrere.
Rush
dat.
in-
diffluere
to,
c.
m.
conra-
dere.
[dat. Scruple,
Run, currere
remeare.
ae,/
Scipio, Scipio, onis,
Scrape together,
amussis, is,/
Return, redire, reverte- Rule over, imperare

Reverence, vereri.
to.
institutio scholastica.
carpenter's),
re.
i,
instruction,
School, schola,
to, dilabi.
Rule, regere, guberna-
dere.
Return, redltus, us, m.
Scholastic
ma-
ture.
Reward, praemlum, i,n.
Rhine, Rhenus, i, to.
Seasoning, condimentum, i, n.
Rhodes, Rhodus, \,f.
Sacred rites, sacra,6rum,
Rich, dives,
itis,
locu-
Seat, sedes, is,/
n.
Sacredly, sancte.
ples, etis.
Riches, divitlae, arum,/. Sacredness,
Ride, equltare.
Sedition,
See, videre,
e.
3.
[itis.
sospes.
Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. Safety, salus, utis,/

Right, jus, juris, n.
Right
(a.),
rectus
Rightly, recte.
3.
Saguntum,
i,
Sail,
Saguntum,
i,
n.
consplcari,
earn ere.
SeeJc,
quaerere.
deprehendere,
comprehendere, ca-
Seize,
pere,
n.
velum,
[m.
onis,
sanctitas, Seditious, seditiosus 3.
atis,/
Ridge (of mountains), Sad, tristis,

jugum, i, n.
Safe, tutus
seditio,
occiipare,
pessere.
ca-

379
Snares, insidiae,arum,/.
Should, debere.
( 94. 6).
Self confidence, audacia, Shout, clamor, oris, m. Snow, nix, nivis,/!
Show one^s self, se prae- So, ita so so as, tamae,/.
Self, ipse
Sell,
Senate, senatus, us, m.
Send, mittere
for,
sensus,
mens,
aver-
tis,/.
great,
long,
dum, quamdiu,
quoad [ 110, 4)];
many, tot, in-
decl.
Sentiment, seutentia, ae, Siege, obisdio, onis,
obsesslo, oniSjjT.
tantus 3
as,
tra.
tis.
tamdiu
sari.
m. Sick, aeger, gra, grum.

Side (on the other), con-
us,
prudens,
Sensible,
Shun something,
Shut, claudere.
accire.
Sense,
quam
bere, se praestare.
vendere.
soon as,
simulac (atque)
ubi,
[ 110, 2)].
Separate, separare, dis- Sight, conspectus, us,m. Socrates, Socrates, is,m.
Sign, signum,
cludere, secernere.
Sepulchre, sepulcrum,
i,
is
n.
i,
it
some
the sign of
one, estahcujus.
n.
Silence, silentia,
Serious, gravis, e.
Solon, Solo, onis, m.
n.
i,
Sin, peccatum,
proficisci.
Several, plures, a,
plures, a
and
com-
Sin, peccare.
[f
Sing, rantare, canere.
Severity, severltas, atis. Sink,
Shake, convellere, labefactare.
lam
ashamed of
something, me pudet
Shame,
alicujus rei { 88.
Share with
some
1).
aliquo.
ipis,
in,
demergere
sedere
table,
Some
one, alFquis, a, id.
Sometime, aliquando.
Sometimes, interdum.
Son, filius. i, m.
Son-in-law, gener, eri,
m.
[pore).
Soon, mox, brevi (temSoothe, lenire.
Sophist, sophista, ae, m.
Sorrow, aegritudo,
Sister, soror, oris,/!
Sit,
Some, nounulli.
Sooner, prior.
down, desidere
under, succumbere.
Soul, animus,
accubare.
i,
m.
Sound,
i,
consors,
tis.
magnitudo,
Sky, coelum,
Shear, tondere, radere. Slave, servus,
i,
i,
m.
somnus,
Shin, crus, uris, n.
Sleep,
Sleep, dormu'c.
m.
Ship, navis, is,/!
[i,
short
(sc.
time,
m.
3.
in Small, parvus, 3.
brevi Small, olfacere.
tempore).
Short time, paulisper.
Smile upon, arridere.

Smith, faber, bri, m.
i,
m.
c.
dat.
Sparta, Sparta, &e,f.

Speak, dicere, loqui.
spectator,
Spectator,
w. Slender, gracilis, e.
Shipwreck, naufragium. Slim, procerus

brevis,
i,
a.e,f.
Spaniard, liispanus,
n.
cere.
Shine forth, elQcere.
gra,
inis,/.
Shepherd, pastor, oris, Slay, occidere, interfi- Spare, parcere
Short,
m.
integer,
grum.
Skilful, pei'itus 3., pru- Sow, serere.
particeps,
dens, tis c. gen.
.Srpam, Hispama,
Size,
inis,
at
one, Situation, locus,
communlcare cum
Sharing
quum.
Since,
ia.
Severe, gravis, e.
n.
i,
m.
Itis,
sollicitudo,
Solid, solid us 3.
Silkworm, bombyx,ycis,
m.
Servitude, servltus, utis,
Silver, argentum, i, n.
Set out on a journey, Simple, simplex, icis.
Service, officium,
Solicitude,
inis,y.
ae,f
Silent (to be), tacere.
Serve, servire.
Soldier, miles,
oris,
m.
Speech, sermo, onis, m,

oratio, 6nis,y.
animus, i. m.
mens, tis,y. ingen-
Spirit,
ium,
i,
n.
380
tendere
Spiritedly, acriter.
Splendid, splendidus
nitldus 3.
3.,
[m.
reluctari
against, Sioeet, dulcis, e.
against
something,
in ali-
niti,
Swift, celer, eris, ere,

velox, ocis.
Splendor, splendor, oris,
quid
Split, diffindere.
petere, expetere, sec- Swiftness, celerltas, atis,
m.
Spread, pandere;
cover), oblmere.
Sport, ludus,
tari.
i,
(=
Spring,
Strong, valid us 3.
Study, studium,
Dasci, ex- Subdue,
oriri,
to obtain, Swiftly, celeiiter, cito.
i,
Swollen, turgidus 3.
n.
domare, perdo-
oriri.
mare.
Spurn, spernere, asper- Subject, civis, is, c.
nere, fastidire.
Subjugate, subigere.
Spy, explorator, oris, m. Succeed, succedere.
Stab, confodere.
Such, talis, e
is, ea,
;
Stability, stabilitas, atis,
Staff, scipio,
on is, m.
Stand, stare.
atis,
f.
civitas,
at the
cost
perpeti
Table, tabula,
ae,f
Table
at),
(to
sit
-from, laborare Take, capere, adimere

away,
auferre, demere, ad-
a,um.
Sulla, Sullae, ae, m.
imere
Summer,
aestas, atis,
Jlre,
eripere
adhuc, porro.
deus
facessere
off,
possession
tollere
of
up.
upon
one's self, suscipere.
Talent (sum of money),

talentura,
i,
n.
Tame, cicur, uris.

Tame, domare.
Tanaquil,
Tanaquil,
Tarentum,
Tarentum,
Surely, certe, sane.
Surface, aequor,
Stone, lapis, idis, m.
of
one's
occiipare
onis,/.
Stay {== large rope), Suppliant, supplex,rcis.

rudens, tis, m.
Supplicate, supplicare.
Steel, chalybs, ybis, m.
Supply, suppedltare.
Steep, praeceps, cipitis, Support, fulcire.
arduus 3.
Supremacy, principatus,
Step, passu s, us, 7n.
us, m, summum imStern, puppis, is,f.
perlum.
ex-
from,
ardescere;
Statue, statua, ae,f.
Stone,
tollere,
Suffciently, satis.
self
Still,
accu-
bare.
of the State, publico. Sun, sol, solis, m.

Station, statio, onis, f.
Super stition,suTperstitio,
Stick, haerere.
ae,f
T.
id.
rei- Suitable, idoneus,
respublica,
publicae, f,
pati,
c. abl.
Star, Stella, ae,f.

State,
arum,
Syria, Syria,
Sudden, subltus 3.
Suddenly, sublto.
f. perpetmtas, atis,/;
Stadium, stadium, i, n. Suffer,
Sword, gladius, i, m. ensis, is, m. ferrum, i,n.

Syracuse, Syracusae,
stone,
lapi-
3.
Stork, cicoma, ae,/!
Surpass,
oris, n.
praestare,
c.
i,
m.
[m.
Tarquin, Tarquinins, i,
Superbus,
Surprise, obreperec.dat. Tarquinius
dat.
Tarquinius
Surrender, tradere.
Super-
Storm, procella, ae, f. Surround, circumdare,

bus, m.
tempestas, atis,f.
cingere, ambire
of- Tarquinius, Collatinus,
Strengthen, firmare.
fundi alicui rei.
Tarquinius, Collati;
Stretch, tendere.
Strife,
lis,
Surviving,
superstes,
Swallow, hirundo,
petere c. ace, niti ad Swear, jurare.
aliquid, tendere, constudere
[tare.
gustare, degus-
Sustain, sustentare. [/. Teach, docere
Strike, ferire.
Strive,
nus, m.
Taste,
Itis c. dat.
litis,/.
c.
dat.,
inis,
ace.
[^
c.
dupl.
89, 5. b)].
Teachable, docilis 3.
Teacher,
praeceptor.
oris,
m.
m.
Tear in
m agister,
pieces,
Thornbush, sentes, ium, Trace, vestigium,

m.
Track, vestigium,
lacerare, Thou, tu.
Trader,
creator,
tri,
Thovghtless, levis,
dilacerare.
Threaten, minari;
Tell, dicere.
Temple, templum,
tener,
erum.
Tenderly, pie.
is,
(=
m.
Thus,
tias agere.
ud
is,
oris,
Ti-aitor, proditor,
oris,
[m.
Treachery, proditio, o-
cipjtis.
Thrust down, detrude;
ille, a,
m.
e.
Thahs, Thales, is, m.

re
out, extruThames, Tamesis, is,
dere.
m.
Thumb, pollex, icis, m.
Than, quam.
Thunder, tonitru, u, n.
Thanks (to give), gra- Thunder, tonare.
That,
n.
n.
n.
Terrible, terribilis, e.
Territory, finis,
i,
i,
impend), impendere, Trajan, Trajanus, i, m.

imminere.
Transgress, migrare, c.
era, Threatening, minax, a~
ace.
[gestire.
cis.
Transported (to be),
Three-headed, triceps,
Travel through, emetiri.
i,
aedes, Js,f.
Tender,
381
ea,
Thy
nis,/
[J.
Treason, proditio, onis,
Treat, tractare.
Tree, arbor, oris,/!
Tremble, contremiscere.
Trench, fossa, ae,/!
[um. Tribune of
ita.
or thine, tuus,
a,
the
people^
tribunusplebis.
Trojan, Trojanus 3.
i, m.
Time, tempus, oris, n.
105108.
Time, long time, diu.
The so much the (with Timid, timidiis 3.
the comparative), quo Timoleon,
Timoleon,
eo, quanto
ntis, m.
tanto.
Thehan Thebanus, i, m. Timotheus, Timotheus,
Thebes, Thebae,arum,/'.
i, m.
Themistocles, Themisto- Tire out, defatigare, decles, is, m.
fetisci.
Tlien, turn, deinde.
Titus, Titus, i, m.
Troublesome, molestus
3., impoi tunus 3.
Thence,
Troy, Troja,
id
iste, a,
That, that
ud.
Tiberius, Tiberius,
see
not,
illinc,
Theophrastus,
phrastus,
inde.
Theo-
Together, una.
Toil,
labor,
oris,
Troop, agmen,
Inis, n.
Troops, copiae,
arum,/
Trouble, molestia, ae,/.
aerumna, ae,/.
Trouble, angere
one^s self about something, curare allquid,
operam
dare.
ae,/
m. Truce, indutlae, arum,
opera, a,/.
m.
/
True, verus 3.
There are, sunt
Trunk (of a tree), cauis, Tomorroiv, eras.
est.
Tongue, lingua, ae,/.
dex, Icis, m.
Thermopylae, Thermo- Too much, nimlum.
Trust in, fidere c. abl.
pylae, arum,/!
Tooth, dens, tis, m.
Trust one, credere, fiThick, crassus 3.
Torment, cruclare, vexdere, fidem habere,
Thicket, frutex, icis, m.
are, torquere.
alicui.
Thing, res, re],f.
Torrent, torrens, tis, m. Truth, Veritas, atis,/!
Think, putare, arbitra- Torture, cruciatus, us, Try, tentare, conari,
There,
i,
ibi.
ri,
existlmare, cogl-
tare
of,
med-
Thirst,
m. tormentum,
i,
n.
sitis, is,/.
si tire.
This, hie, haec, hoc.
experiri.
Torture, cruciare, tor- Tullus
Toufh,
tangere
attin-
gere, contingere.
Tower,
Hostilms, Tul-
lus Hostillus, m.
quere.
itari.
Thirst,
Tomi, Tomi, orum, m.
turris, is,/!
Turn
out
evadere
contingere
towards, conver-
out,
ivell,
ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
382
tere
upon
some- Untimely (adv.), intern-
thing, defigere in c.
Uhmse,
abl.
Twisted, tortus
Tyrant, Tyrannus
indignus
i,
m.
3.
c. abl.
(=
Vice
viciousness),
vitiosltas, atis,/.
Tyrian{s.), Tyrius, i,m. Uptight, probus 3. hon- Vice, vitlnm,

estiis 3.
U.
Udder, uber, eris, n.
Ulysses, Ulixes,
is,
m.
Uprightly, probe.
Victory, victoria, ae,/.
Uprightness,
View, conspectus, us,m.
atis,
probitas,
/.honestas,atis,/.
Unarmed, inermis,
anceps,
Vigorously, strenue.
violentus
Violant,
Vain, irritus
cipltis.
vehemens,
ocis.
3.
quam.
Virgil, Virgillus,
canm
Valuable,
tenere.
mens,
tis,/
suscipere,
sere
Fifr^we, virtus, utis,/.
n.
i,
aestimare, cen- Virtuous, honestus 3.
magni etc.
Force, vox, vocis,/.
Volcanic, ignivomus 3.
Vanish, avolare.
moliri.
Unfavorable, iniquus 3.
C7?7/bre5een,impr6visus3.
Vanquish, vincere, de- Vow, vovere.

Vulture, vultur, uris, m.
vincere.
Unfortunate, calamito- Vapor, vapor, oris, m.

sus 3., miser 3.
Variance (to be at), dis3.
grum.
dens,
discolor,
Various, varlus
Vein (swollen),
tis.
Unite, conjungere, con-
icis,
caro
Venues, Verres,
Unless, nisi.
Versed
mor
c.
of,
imme-
gen.
Unprnfddblc,
ferina.
carnis ferinae.
Unlike, dissimllis, e.
inutllis, e.
Unrestrained, e^nswsZ.
in,
is,
m.
peritus
admodum,
valde.
Very often, persaepe.

Vespasian, Vespasianus,
i,
Vessel, vas, vasis, n.
Vesta, vesta,
donee,
take),
go
ambuto walk,
ambulare.
Wall (of a house), paries, etis,/.
(as a
protection), moenla,
ium, n.
(as
a
munus.
eris, n.
Wander, errare.
Wandering, error,
oris,
m.
?.
Unskilful, imperitus 3.
dum.
structure),
Unripe, immaturus 3.
Until,
3.,
consultus 3.
Very,
n.
Walk upon, incedere.
Unknown, incognltus.
Unmindful
varix,
m.
Venison,
cillare.
Unjustly, injuste.
(to
lare
3.
i,
Wait, expectare.
Walk
oris.
impm-
W.
Wages, stipendium,
cordare.
Uninjured, integer, gra. Variegated,

Unintelligent,
m.
i,
Virgin, Vwgo, mis, f.
'3.
Fa^we, pre tium,

Value,
Ungrateful, ingratus
3.,
atrox,
tis,
Vain, in vain, nequic- Violently, graviter.
Understand, intelligere,
Undertake,
m.
cis,
Violate, violare.
V.
3.,
sentiment),
Vine-branch, tradux, u-
e.
Uncover, detegere.
Understanding,
(=
View
sententia, ae,/.
UticM, Utica, ae,/.
Uncertain, incertus
7n.
i,
Vicissitude,\iic\s, vicis,/.
Umbrenus, Umbrenus, Use, usus, us, m,

Use, uti c. abl.
i, m.
Unacquainted ivith, ig- Useful, utTlis, e.
narus 3. imprudens. Useless, inutllis, e.
ntis.
vex
enecare.
Vexation, angor, 6ns,m.
insipleiis, tis.
Unworthy,
S.
facessere
to death,
pestive.
ae,/
Want, egestas,
atis,
inopta, ae,/.
quoad, Vesuvius, Ves\\v\\\s,\,m. IFrm/, carere

Vex, angeie, negotlum War, bellum,
c. abl.
\,n.
/,
Warfare, res militaris.
Who, qui, quae, quod.
Wares, merx, rcis,/.
Who
Warlike, bellicosus 3.
quid ?
Whoever you
Warm,
callldus 3.
Wash, lavare.
Waste,
? inter, 'quis, quae,
please,
quilibet.
confi- Whole,
universus
omnis, e.
atteiere,
cere.
3.,
Wicked, impius
Waver, vacillare.
Way,
leratus
via, ae,/. iter, iti-
Way (=
dus,
Way
i,
(to
malef Icus
3.,
sce- Wretchedness,
Weak, infirmus
potens,
miseri'a,
ae,/ aerumna, ae,/

Writer, scriptor, oris, m.
Widely, late.
im- Wife, uxor, 6ns, f.
3.,
era,
Write, scribere.
3.
manner), mo- Wickedness, pravitas,

atis,/.
m.
stand in), ob- Wide, amplus 3.
stare, ofFlcere c. dat.
Writing, scriptum,
Writing-tablet,
n.
i,
codicil-
li, orum, m.
Wrong, injuria, ae,/.
Wj'ong {do), delinquere.
Wild, ferus 3.
tis.
Weaken, diluere.
Will,
Weakness, infirmitas, a-
testamentum,
Wealthy, locuples,
Wearied, fessus,
etis.
Xenocra-
Xenocrates,
tes, is,
m.
Xenophon,
nolle.
Willow,
3.
X.
i,n.
voluntas, atis,/.
î7/, velle; not to will,
tis,/.
Weary
3.,
Wickedly, improbe.
neris, n.
miser,
erum.
improbus
3.,
c.
abl.
Wretched,
Water, aqua, ae,/.
Word, verbum, i, n.
Work, opus, eris, n.
World, mundus, i, m.
Worm, vermis, is, m.
Worthy, dignus 3.
Wrest from, extorquere.
keep Wholly, omniuo.

Why, cur.
watch, exciibare.
Watch, vigilare
383
Xenophon,
outis, 7n.
siler, eris, n.
Wind, ventus, i, m.
Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m.
Wine, vinum, i, n.
Weather, tempestas,atis, Winter, hiems, emis,/.
Wisdom, consilium, i, n. Year, annus, i, m. this
/
Weep, flere.
Wise, sapiens, tis, pruyear, (adv.), homo.
de ns, tis.
Welfare, salus, iuis,/".
Yes, see 115. 5.
Well [to be), valere.
Wisely, sapienter, pru- Yes, (to say), aio, [ 77.
(to be), defetisci,
defatigari.
Weser, Visurgis,
m.
is,
West, occldens, ntis.
Wether, vervex, ecis,
Jfhat
number
(in
order)
quotus
denter.
? 3.
Without
Where, ubi.
Wolf, lupus,
Whereivith, qui.
Woman,
indirect
ne,
num,
utrum.
sal, salis,
i,
eris, /.
femina ae,/
Wood
Wooden, of wood,
neus 3.
tra,
trum.
While,
dum.
Whither, quo.
tra,
m.
trum.
Ybw^/i, juventus, utis,/
Youth
tis,
ae, /.
lus,
(a),
adolescens,
m. adolescentui,
?w. juvenis, is,m.
lig-
Z.
Wood-pigeon,-â\umbQS, Zeal, studium,
is,
virgo,
Younger, natu minor.
adolescentia, ae,/.
Wonder, mirari.
Wood, lignum, i, n.
(a.), silva,
is,
[inis,/.
Your, vester,
m.
mulier,
Which of
uter,
juvenis,
Young ivoman,
m.
(to be), carere.
Whetstone, cos, cotis,/.

the two,
tamen.
Young man,
m.
Wit,
(in
Yesterday, heri, hodie.

Yet, at,
pere.
JVhenct, unde.
questions),
tis,
or Wish, optare, velle, cu-
When, quum.
Whether
1)].
Wise man, sapiens,

m.
m.
i,
n.
Zealously, naviter.
ERRATA.
Page ]3, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobeo.
23, 34, consonants for vowels.
29, 25, name (m.) for
25, 24, bona for bona.
name {n.). 32, 9, neuter ôx feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34,
39, 1, wild
20, venator, oris for venator, oris.
35, 38, adversis for adveris.
for mild.
42, 33, object for objective.
43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus, us
n.
60, 10, Ro47, 25, vitupero for vitupero.
51, 5, quoddam for quodam.
for Roman.
61. 1 (ob) for (ab).
68, 25, ate
62, 26, Aenea for Aena.
for were.
83, 29,
69, 5, frater for fater.
71, 7, premature for primature.
porticus for portlcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man.
90, 8, amatus for
amamatus. 105, 5, comparo for comparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1,
coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitiafor flagita. 1.52, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10,
spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pluit for puit. 253, 23, molestus for molcstus.
255, 7, idonei for idoni.
263, 23, sentence for sentences. 291, bottom, third
mam
for second.
303, 10,
note, pick for prick.
or Canto.
Hac for Haec.
307, 10, flectendum for lectendum. 307,

310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 329, 14, Canio
y-f
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Elementary Grammar of The Latin Language With A Series of Latin and English Exercises For Translation and A Collection of Latin Reading Lessons, With The Requisite Vocabularies

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Elementary Grammar of The Latin Language With A Series of Latin and English Exercises For Translation and A Collection of Latin Reading Lessons, With The Requisite Vocabularies

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'

THE LATIN LANGUAGE,

LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN

in the year 1845,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine.

the Greek and Latin languages, renders

unnecessary that any

apology should be made for presenting to the American public the

few of our riper

Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and

familiar to all through the excellent translation of his

same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary

who duly considers the

within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ-

new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax,

ing Latin and a

But with the exby Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted

matical helps for studying the language critically.

to its purpose, is not

designed to supply the place of a gram-

mar, nothing of importance has been published during this period to

needed then, more

without being impressed with

one can take a

admirable order, precision and

adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction.

most happy arrangement of

will here find the

for the following, the simplest

and most philosophical

ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius

presents a selection of principles so judiciously made, so

comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that

in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as

many much more

or principle of syntax, as soon as learned,

be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations

prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla-

plest sentences are given at the outset,

and a few simple rules of syn-

tax as they are required, while on almost every page,

words with their

definitions are given to

are collected and arranged in alphabetical

cabularies at the end of the book.

plan of the work, as given by the author,

meet the demands of

nary students in the usual course of preparation

Every grammatical form

were selected unaltered from the

slightly altered to suit the cases for

of the examples for

which they were em-

ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as

and turns of thought.

be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing,

at the discretion of the teacher.

translation here presented

original work, published in 1844.

the second edition de novo.

the last almost a

work a few months, no