IP Networking

Module Objective
Discussion on Module Objective:
By End Of this Module:
Students are expected to have gained good
understanding of IP Network technologies,
Evolution and Deployment at Service Provider
Network

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6

Routing Protocols
MPLS
VoIP

Carrier Ethernet

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP
IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6
Routing Protocols
MPLS
VoIP, Converged Network

Carrier Ethernet

OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection
Reference Model
Splits communication system
into seven layers
Each layer performs their task
and passes the data to the next
layer

Layer 7: Application
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer 5: Session

Layer 4: Transport
Layer 3: Network
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 1: Physical

1.Physical Layer
This layer deals with the Hardware of network.
Physical Layer Hardware
Cables , Connectors, Hubs, Repeaters.. Etc.

Function :
Manages signaling to and from physical network connections

Physical Layer Protocols & Standards

Ethernet (802.3), Token Ring(802.5) , Wi-Fi(802.11)

2.Data Link Layer

This layer deals with MAC addresses of devices

Responsible for Physical Addressing , Error

correction & preparing the information for the
media frames.
Devices
Switches , Bridges , Wireless Access Points , NICs, etc.

Data Link Layer Protocols & Standards

L2TP, PPP,SLIP etc.

3.Network Layer
This layer deals with Packets (Data Bundles)
Responsible for logical addressing and routing

Devices
Routers, Layer 3 Switches, Firewalls.. Etc.

Network Layer Protocols

ARP, IP, RIP, IGRP.. Etc.

4.Transport Layer
This layer deals with Segments
Breaks information into segments and is responsible
for connection & connectionless communication
Hardware
Proxy Server , Gateways , Firewalletc.

Transport Layer Protocols

TCP
UDP

5.Session Layer
Responsible for establishing, managing &
terminating user connections.
Acknowledgements of data received during a
session.
Retransmission of data if it is not received by a
device.

Session Layer Protocols

RTP , SIP , Net BIOS.. etc.

6.Presentation Layer
Allows hosts & applications to use a common
language.
Performs..
Data formatting
Encryption & Decryption for security
Compression & Expansion

Examples
JPEG, MP3, MPEG. Etc.

7.Application Layer
This layer is what the user sees.
(Loading an application such as web browser or email..)

Provides Interface for users to communicate

with applications.
Examples
Email , Instant Messengers, Http , SMTP, Telnet,
Ping etc.

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model

Overview of TCP/IP
IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6
Routing Protocols
MPLS

VoIP
Carrier Ethernet

What is TCP/IP..?
TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow
cooperating computers to share resources
across a network.
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
They are Transport Layer & Network Layer
protocols in OSI model.
The most well known network that adopted
TCP/IP is --> Internet. ( The Biggest WAN)

Why TCP/IP is so popular..?

TCP/IP was developed very Early!
Technologies were widely discussed in documents
called Request For Comments (RFC) free of
charge

Supported by UNIX Operating System

TCP/IP Model
Because TCP/IP was developed earlier than
the OSI 7 layer model, it doesnt have 7 layers
but only 4 layers.
Application Layer

Transport Layer

Internet Layer

Network Access Layer

TCP/IP & OSI Layers

TCP/IP Application Layer

Application layer protocols defined the rules when
implementing specific network applications.

Examples :
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Telnet ( Remote Terminal Protocol)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

TCP/IP Transport Layer

End to End data transfer
Examples :
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Connection oriented (connection established before data
exchanged)
Reliable delivery of data

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Connectionless service
Delivery is not guaranteed (unreliable)

TCP/IP Internet Layer

Internet layer protocols define the rules of how
to find the routers for a packet to the destination.
It only gives best effort delivery. (packets can be
delayed, corrupted, lost or out of order)
Examples :
IP Internet Protocol (Provide packet delivery)
ARP Address Resolution Protocol (Defined the procedure of
network address / mac address translation)

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (Defined the

procedure of error message transfer)

TCP/IP Network Access Layer

Also known as Network Interface Layer
The Network Access Layer is the layer in the TCP/IP
model at which data is transmitted and received across
the physical network.
Mostly in hardware
A well known example is Ethernet

Examples :

Ethernet
Token Ring
Frame Relay
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

What is IP?
IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP is a Network Layer Protocol

IP specifies the format of packets, also called

datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most
networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol
called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which
establishes a virtual connection between a
destination and a source.

What is IP? (cont.)

IP by itself is something like the postal system.
It allows you to address a package and drop it
in the system, but there's no direct link
between you and the recipient.
TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a
connection between two hosts so that they
can send messages back and forth for a period
of time.

Purpose of the IP.

The Internet Protocol defines the basic unit of
data transfer (IP Datagram)
IP software performs the routing function
IP includes a set of rules that process the idea of
unreliable packet delivery.
How hosts and routers should process packets
How & when error messages should be generated
The Conditions under which packets can be discarded.

Construction of Datagrams.
Each #datagram has two components
Header
Payload
Header

Data (Payload)

Packet

IP Service
Delivery service of IP is minimal.
IP provides an unreliable connectionless best
effort service
Unreliable : IP doesnt make an attempt to recover
lost packets
Connectionless : Each packet is handled
independently
Best Effort : IP doesnt make guarantees on the service
( No through output , No delay guarantee)

IP Service (Cont.)
IP supports the following services
One-to-one
One-to-all
One-to-several

unicast

broadcast

(unicast)
(broadcast)
(multicast)

multicast

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model

Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to

IP V6
Routing Protocols

MPLS

VoIP

Carrier Ethernet

IP Address
What is an IP address?
An IP address is a unique global address for a network
interface

- is a 32 bit long identifier

- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number
10000000

10001111

10001001

10010000

1st Byte

2nd Byte

3rd Byte

4th Byte

= 143

= 137

= 144

= 128

128.143.137.144

Class Ranges of IP Addresses

Subnetting.
Subnetting enables the network administrator
to further divide the host part of the address
into two or more subnets.
In this case, a part of the host address is
reserved to identify the particular subnet.
This is easier to see if we show the IP address
in binary format.

IP Addressing Challenges
Administrative challenges
Network Administrator to track and distribute the
IP Addresses Manual configurations leads to
mistakes
Mobility is not easy as getting IP address of a
particular network becomes complex process
Leads to IP Address conflict

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol

It is a method for assigning

Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to
individual computers in an
organizations network
DHCP lets a network administrator
supervise and distribute IP
addresses from a central point
Automatically sends a new IP
address when a computer is
plugged into a different place in
the network

Advantages of DHCP
DHCP minimizes the administrative burden
By using DHCP there is no chance to conflict IP
address

By using DHCP relay agent you provide IP address to

another network
Client addresses are assigned automatically and
provides Mobility

Disadvantages of DHCP
When DHCP server is unavailable, client is unable to
access enterprises network
Your machine name does not change when you get a
new IP address

DHCP is an unauthenticated protocol

When connecting to a network, the user is not required to
provide credentials in order to obtain a lease

Limitations of DHCP
Some machines on your network need to be
at fixed addresses, for example servers and
routers
You need to be able to assign a machine to
run the DHCP server continually as it must be
available at all times when clients need IP
access

IPv4 & IPv6

Features of IPV4
Connectionless protocol and best effort based.
Simplicity
It is simpler and easy to remember
Require less memory

Familiarity
Millions of devices are already knowing it
Existing infrastructure already support it

IPv4 Header
Version

IHL

Type of Service

Identification

Time to Live

Total Length

Flags

Protocol

Fragment Offset

Header Checksum

Source Address
Destination Address
Options

Padding

Limitations of IPv4
Addressing Range Limited as it uses only 32 bits,
unable to support the number of devices getting
connected
Auto configuration Dependency on DHCP
Security IPSec, but not mandatory
Mobility IP Address changes when connected to
different network

Quality of Service Limited differentiated Service

Solution is IPv6..
Large address space

New header format

IPV6

Built in Security

Extensibility

Better support for QoS

Efficient & hierarchical addressing and routing

infrastructure

IPv4 Vs IPv6
IP Service

IPv4 Solution

IPv6 Solution

Addressing Range

32-bit, Network
Address Translation

128-bit, Multiple
Scopes

Autoconfiguration

DHCP

Serverless,
Reconfiguration, DHCP

Security

IPSec

IPSec , works End-toEnd

Mobility

Mobile IP

Mobile IP with Direct

Routing

Quality-of-Service

Differentiated Service,
Integrated Service

Differentiated Service,
Integrated Service

IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison

IPv6 Header

IPv4 Header
Version

IHL

Type of Service

Total Length
Version

Identification
Time to Live

Protocol

Flags

Traffic Class

Flow Label

Fragment
Offset

Header Checksum

Payload Length

Next
Header

Hop Limit

Source Address
Destination Address

Legend

Options

Padding

Source Address

- fields name kept from IPv4 to IPv6

- fields not kept in IPv6

- Name & position changed in IPv6

- New field in IPv6

Destination Address

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6

Routing Protocols
MPLS

VoIP
Carrier Ethernet

What is Routing
When you need to go from your home (A) to a
new place (B), how do you find the route?

Many ways of getting from A to B

Go everywhere, stop when you get to B, never ask for
directions (Like me)
Continually ask which place is closer to B, go there,
repeat stop when you get to B (like my Wife)
You get directions like Going to B? Youd better go to X first its on
the way & then ask someone there

Take a route map that lists all the places & directions
that eventually lead you to B (My Son)
Going to B? Go straight 5 blocks, take the next left, 6 more blocks
and take a right at the lights

Many ways of getting from A to B

Go everywhere, stop when you get to B, never ask for
directions BROADCAST
Continually ask whos closer to B go there, repeat stop
when you get to B HOP BY HOP ROUTING
You get directions Going to B? Youd better go to X, its on the way

Take a route map that lists all the places to go that

eventually lead you to B - SOURCE ROUTING
Going to B? Go straight 5 blocks, take the next left, 6 more blocks
and take a right at the lights

Routing & Forwarding

Routing = building
maps and giving
directions
Forwarding = moving
packets between
interfaces according
to the directions

48

What is Routing
Routers use routing
table to discover
the best path for
reaching the
destination
address

Routing is determining the best path to send

the packets to the destination address

Best Path

Best-path to a network:
optimum or shortest path
Routing protocol dependent
Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics.
A metric is the quantitative value used to measure the distance to a
given route.
The best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.

Routing happens at Layer 3

Autonomous System (AS)

AS 100

Collection of networks with same routing policy

Single routing protocol
Usually under single ownership, trust and administrative
control
53

Routing flow and packet flow

packet flow

AS 1

accept
announce

routing flow

announce
accept

AS 2

packet flow

For networks in AS1 and AS2 to communicate:

AS1 must announce to AS2
AS2 must accept from AS1
AS2 must announce to AS1
AS1 must accept from AS2
54

Routing Protocols

We now know what routing means

but how do routers do this ?

56

Routing Protocols
Routers use routing protocols to exchange
routing information with each other
IGP is used to refer to the process running on
routers inside an ISPs network
EGP is used to refer to the process running
between routers bordering directly connected ISP
networks

57

What Is an IGP?
Interior Gateway Protocol
Within an Autonomous System
Carries information about internal
infrastructure prefixes
Two widely used IGPs:
OSPF
ISIS

58

What Is an EGP?
Exterior Gateway Protocol
Used to convey routing information between
Autonomous Systems
De-coupled from the IGP
EGP enables Scaling to large network
BGP is an example of EGP

59

Interior versus Exterior

Routing Protocols
Interior
automatic neighbour
discovery
generally trust your IGP
routers
prefixes go to all IGP
routers
binds routers in one AS
together

Exterior
specifically configured
peers
connecting with outside
networks
set administrative
boundaries
binds ASs together

60

Interior versus Exterior

Routing Protocols
Interior
Carries ISP infrastructure
addresses only
ISPs aim to keep the IGP
small for efficiency and
scalability

Exterior
Carries customer
prefixes
Carries Internet prefixes
EGPs are independent of
ISP network topology

61

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6

Routing Protocols

MPLS
VoIP
Carrier Ethernet

Google Map to find the route

Have a person go to B ahead of you using one of the previous
techniques. At every road, junction giving directions on which
way to turn and what new lane to take

LANE#1 TURN RIGHT USE LANE#2

LANE#1

LANE#2

Label Substitution

SO WHAT IS MPLS ?
Multi Protocol Label Switching
It is like using Google Map to reach the
destination
What is the Benefit?
No Need to worry about the route at
every hop

MPLS
Objectives
Enhance performance and scalability of IP routing.
Facilitate explicit routing and traffic engineering
Separate control (routing) from the forwarding
mechanism so each can be modified
independently.
Develop a single forwarding algorithm to support a
wide range of routing functionality

IP Routing
Routing Table
Network Next Hop
X
B

Routing Table
Network Next Hop
X
D

Routing Table
Network Next Hop
X
B

Network X
E
Routing Table
Network Next Hop
X
C

IP routing protocols are used to build IP routing tables on all

Routers

This is HOP BY HOP ROUTING

STANDARD IP Routing Table

Destination
27.1
27.2
27.3

Destination
27.1
27.2
27.3

Out
1
2
3

Destination
Out
1
2
3

27.1
27.2
27.3

IP 27.1.22.5 Data
1

Out
1
2
3

1 27.1
2

IP 27.1.22.5 Data

2
IP 27.1.22.5 Data

27.3 3
2
IP 27.1.22.5 Data

At each router, the packet is forwarded on IP Address

27.2

MPLS: HOW DOES IT WORK

UDP-Hello

UDP-Hello

TCP-open

Initialization(s)
Label request

IP
#L1
Label mapping

MPLS Label Distribution Protocol

Intf Label Dest Intf
In In
Out
3
5
27.1 1

Intf Dest Intf

In
Out
3
27.1 1

Label
Out
5

Intf
In
3

Request: 27.1 3
1

Label
Out
4

Label Dest Intf

In
Out
4
27.1 1

1 27.1
2

Mapping: 4

27.3 3
Edge Label
Switch Router

27.2
2

Label Switch
Router (LSR)

Label Switched Path (LSP)

Intf Label Dest Intf
In In
Out
3
5
27.1 1

Label
Out
4

Intf
In
3

Label Dest Intf

In
Out
4
27.1 1

IP 27.1.22.5 Data

1 27.1
Intf Dest Intf
In
Out
3
27.1 1

Label
Out
5

27.3 3

27.2
2

IP 27.1.22.5 Data

At Edge:
Process packets &
Label them

In Core:
Forward using
labels (as opposed
to IP addr)
Label indicates
destination

MPLS Operation
MPLS allows:
Packet classification only where the packet enters the
network
The packet classification is encoded as a label.
In the core, packets are forwarded without having to
re-classify them.
No further packet analysis
Label swapping

Label Switch Path (LSP)

IGP domain with a label

distribution protocol

LSP follows IGP shortest path

IGP domain with a label

distribution protocol

LSP diverges from IGP shortest path

LSPs are derived from IGP routing information

LSPs may diverge from IGP shortest path
LSPs are unidirectional
Return traffic takes another LSP

Explicitly Routed LSP ER-LSP

Intf Label Dest Intf
In In
Out
3
5
27.1 1
Intf
In
Intf
3
In
3
3

Intf
Label
Out
Out
Dest
Intf
Label
27.1.1 2
3
Out
27.1 Out
1
5
27.1 1
5

Label
Out
4

Intf
In
3

Label Dest Intf

In
Out
4
27.1 1

IP 27.1.22.5 Data

Dest

1 27.1
3

27.3 3

27.2
2

IP 27.1.22.5 Data

MPLS Services
MPLS L2 VPN
MPLS L3 VPN

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6

Routing Protocols
MPLS

VoIP
Carrier Ethernet

Voice Over IP
Voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP) is a technology that
enables one to make and
receive phone calls through
the Internet instead of using
the traditional analogy
PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) lines.

What is VoIP?
VoIP is packetisation and transport of
classic public switched telephone system
audio over an IP network.

It allows 2-way voice transmission over

broadband connection.
It is also called IP telephony, internet telephony, voice over
broadband, broadband telephony.

PSTN vs. INTERNET

PSTN
Voice network use circuit
switching.
Dedicated path between
calling and called party.
Bandwidth reserved in
advance.
Cost is based on distance
and time.

INTERNET
Data network use packet
switching.
No dedicated path between
sender and receiver.
It acquires and releases
bandwidth, as it needed.
Cost is not based on
distance and time.

Earlier Networks

Converged Network

VoIP How does it work?

The 1-2-3s of VoIP
1. Compression voice is compressed
typically with one of the following codecs, G7.11
64k, G7.29AB 8k, G723.1 6.3k
2. Encapsulation the digitized voice is
wrapped in an IP packet
3. Routing the voice packet is routed thru
the network to its final destination
Transmission of voice traffic in packets

VoIP Architecture?
Public Switched
Telephone Network
Initially, PC to PC
voice calls over the
Internet

PSTN
(NY)
Gateway

Multimedia
PC

IP Network
Gateway
Multimedia
PC

PSTN
(DC)

or phones to reach
phones

Gateways allow PCs

to also reach phones

VoIP Network Model

SIP
RTP, RTCP, RTSP
Transport Layer (UDP, TCP)
Network Layer (IP, IP Multicast)
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

VoIP Gateway
A VoIP gateway is a gateway device that
uses Internet Protocols to transmit and
receive voice communications (VoIP).

VoIP Codecs
Codecs are used to convert an analog voice
signal to digitally encoded version. Codecs
vary in the sound quality, the bandwidth
required, the computational requirements,
etc.

Benefits of VoIP

Supports Multimedia
Better Utilization of Bandwidth
Economical
Easier Network Management

Security Risks
As VoIP uses the Internet, for example, it is
vulnerable to the same type as security risks
Hacking
Denial of service
Eavesdropping

Agenda
Over view of OSI Model
Overview of TCP/IP

IP Addressing Fundamentals (IP V4), DHCP, Introduction to IP V6

Routing Protocols
MPLS

VoIP

Carrier Ethernet

Drivers for Carrier Ethernet

Globally Data traffic (Enterprise Services, Mobile
Boradband and Residential broadband) is
increasing exponentially compared to Voice
traffic
Revenue from Packetized data traffic is becoming
more than PSTN voice traffic
Business Data Services revenue share is
increasing
Packetized services can be supported well on
Ethernet driving service providers to use
Carrier Ethernet

Packet switching
Legacy Circuit
based data
services are
expensive
Data traffic is
increasing
Economical for
packetized traffic

As Packetized data traffic is increasing, service providers are

transforming their network into Ethernet based services

MEF and Carrier Ethernet

Service providers wanted a standard that would
guarantee:
They could meet SLAs (Traditional Ethernet services
suffered from non-guaranteed SLAs)
Consistency when circuits crossed multiple Carriers
networks

Carriers wanted:
A choice of hardware manufacturers
Interoperability between manufacturers equipment

Metro Ethernet Forum defined Carrier Ethernet

Carrier Ethernet over ??

Fiber yes fiber has played a big role but MEF
Carrier Ethernet is not confined to one
media.

Carrier Ethernet Attributes

Five core attributes of Carrier Ethernet

Attribute 1: Standardized Services

E-Line, E-LAN provide transparent, private line, virtual private line
and multi-point to multi-point LAN services.
A common service providing globally & locally via standardized
equipment
Requires no changes to customer LAN equipment or networks and
accommodates existing network connectivity such as, timesensitive, TDM traffic and signaling
Ideally suited to converged voice, video & data networks
Wide choice and granularity of bandwidth and
quality of service options

Attribute 2: Scalability
The ability for millions to use a network service that is
ideal for the widest variety of business, information,
communications and entertainment applications with
voice, video and data
Spans Access & Metro to National & Global Services over
a wide variety of physical infrastructures implemented
by a wide range of Service Providers
Scalability of bandwidth from 1Mbps to 10Gbps
and beyond, in granular increments

Attribute 3: Reliability
The ability for the network to detect & recover
from incidents without impacting users
Meeting the most demanding quality and
availability requirements
Rapid recovery time when problems do occur,
as low as 50ms

Attribute 4: Quality of Service

Wide choice and granularity of bandwidth and
quality of service options
Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that deliver
end-to-end performance matching the
requirements for voice, video and data over
converged business and residential networks
Provisioning via SLAs that provide end-to-end
performance based on CIR, frame loss, delay
and delay variation characteristics

Attribute 5: Service Management

The ability to monitor, diagnose and centrally
manage the network, using standards-based
vendor independent implementations
Carrier-class OAM
Rapid service provisioning

Questions
1)Carrier Ethernet is just a fancy marketing term for Ethernet
used by carriers. Yes/No?
2)The Carrier Ethernet standard was created by a) Carriers b)
Electronics Manufacturers c) Service Providers d) MEF e) all
the above
3)Carrier Ethernet has a) been around a long time and is now
being phased out b) in the prime of its existence c) Only
just beginning to be implemented by carriers
4)What does MEF stand for? a) Metro Ethernet Framework b)
Metro Ethernet Forum c) Model Ethernet Forum
5)By the end of this presentation I should know everything
about Carrier Ethernet, True or False