Introduction To Ns-2

Introduction to ns-2
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Outline
An introduction to ns-2
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
Writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Traces support and visualization
Emulation
Related work
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What is ns-2
History
What does it support
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Ns Goals
Support networking research and education
Protocol design, traffic studies, etc
Protocol comparison
Provide a collaborative environment

Freely distributed, open source
Share code, protocols, models, etc
Allow easy comparison of similar protocols

Increase confidence in results
More people look at models in more situations
Experts develop models
Multiple levels of detail in one simulator

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Alternatives
Experimentation
Operational details,
but
Private lab
Public testbed (e.g.
Planetlab)
Shared labs (e.g.
Utah Emulab)
Limited scale
Expensive, limited
flexibility
Higher overhead
Analysis
Other simulator
Can provide
understanding, but
Custom simulators
Other general
simulators
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Limited details
Important niches
Limited re-use
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History of ns-2
History
Cornell REAL simulator -1989

VINT project (UCB, Xerox ,USC/ISI) 1995
USC/ISI SAMAN/CONSER project 1999
Size
~220K lines of codes
45% C++
31% OTcl
23% test suite/example/documents
~400 pages of mannual
Very steep learning curve for a new user!
The most popular non-commercial discrete event packet-level

simulator
Used by 10000+ users from 1000+ institutes from 50+ countries

300+ posts to ns-users@isi.edu every month
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ns-2 support
Platform
FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Windows and Mac
Release
Periodical release: ~6 months
current release: ns-2.27, Jan 18, 2004
Daily snapshot
Validation
~100 test suites and 100+ examples
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What ns-2 can simulate

Wired network
Traffic model and applications
Transport protocol
Routing and Queuing
QoS
LANs
Wireless network
Ad hoc routing and mobile IP
Sensor network
Propagation model/Energy model
WLAN (802.11)
Satellite
Error modules
Tracing, visualization, emulation, various utilities
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Wired network
Application
HTTP, web caching
telnet, FTP, RealAudio
CBR, on-off source
Transport
UDP, TCP (almost all variants of TCP), RTP
SRM, PLM, LMS, PGM
Routing
Unicast (DV, LM, etc) and multicast routing (PIM etc)
Hierarchical routing
Manual routing
Broadcasting
MPLS
Queuing
RED, FIFO, FQ, SFQ, DRR, CBQ
Diffserv and IntServ
ECN
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Wireless network
Ad-hoc network routing
AODV, DSR, TORA, DSDV
Mobile IP
ARP
Radio propagation model
Friss-space attenuation
Two-ray ground reflection model
Shadowing model
Sensor network
Direct diffusion
SMAC
WLAN
Ad-hoc mode
Infrastructure mode
Satellite
Geostationary
LEO
Energy model
Omni-directional antenna with unity gain
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NsComponent
s
Ns, the simulator itself
Nam, the network animator
Visualize ns (or other) output
Nam editor: GUI interface to generate ns scripts
Pre-processing:
Traffic and topology generators
Post-processing:
Simple trace analysis, often in Awk, Perl, or Tcl
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Installation
Getting the pieces
Tcl/TK 8.x
http://dev.scriptics.com
OTcl, TclCL, ns-2, nam-1:

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/dist
Other utilities
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html
Tcl-debug, GT-ITM, xgraph,
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Getting Help
ns-2 build questions
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html
ns-users@isi.edu
ns-users-request@isi.edu
s
ubs
c
r
i
bens
-us
er
s
i
nbody
Archive: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
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Resources
Tcl (Tool Command Language)
http://dev.scriptics.com/scripting
OTcl (MIT Object Tcl)

~otcl/doc/tutorial.html (in distribution)
ns manual
Latex sources are included in distribution: ~ns/doc
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html
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Cautions
Abstraction of the real world is necessary
for a simulator
You must justify the usage of the
simulator based on your research goals
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Question?
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Outline
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
Writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Emulation
Related work
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Prerequisite
Some programming experience of
object-oriented language (such as C++,
Java)
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Discrete Event Simulation

Model world as events
Simulator has list of events
Scheduler: take next one, run it, until done
Each event happens in an instant of virtual
(simulated) time, but takes an arbitrary amount of
real time
Ns uses simple model: single thread of

control => no locking or race conditions to
worry about
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Discrete Event Examples

Consider two nodes
on an Ethernet:
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simple
queuing
model:
t=1, A enqueues pkt on LAN

t=1.01, LAN dequeues pkt
and triggers B
t=1.0: A sends pkt to NIC

A
s NIC starts carrier sense
detailed
t=1.005: A
s NIC concludes cs,
CSMA/CD
starts tx
model:
t=1.006: B
s NIC begins reciving pkt
t=1.01: B
s NIC concludes pkt
B
s NIC passes pkt to app
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Ns Architecture
Object-oriented (C++, OTcl)
Lots of code reuses (e.g. TCP + TCP variants)

Use TclCl to bind C++ and OTcl together
Modular approach
Fine-grained object composition
From the simulator to a single event
TclCL
OTcl
Tcl
Event
Scheduler
Reusability
Maintenance
Performance (speed and memory)
Careful planning of modularity
Network
Components
C++
ns-2
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C++ and OTcl Separation
dat
a/c
ont
r
ols
epar
at
i
on
C++ f
or
dat
a
:
per packet processing, core of ns
fast to run, detailed, complete control
OTcl for control:

Simulation scenario configurations
Periodic or triggered action
Manipulating existing C++ objects
fast to write and change
+ running vs. writing speed

Learning and debugging (two languages)
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Control vs. Data

Create topology
Setup routing
Create transport
connection
Create traffic
Details of links and

nodes
Details of a routing
protocol
Details of TCP
implementation
Details of a packet
C++
OTcl
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Otcl and C++: The Duality

C++
user
simulation
scripts
C++/OTcl
split objects
otcl
ns
OTcl (object variant of Tcl) and C++ share class

hierarchy
TclCL is glue library that makes it easy to share
functions, variables, etc
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Basic Tcl
variables:
set x 10
put
s
xi
s$x
functions and expressions:

set y [pow x 2]
set y [expr x*x]
control flow:
if {$x > 0} { return $x } else {
return [expr -$x] }
while { $x > 0 } {
puts $x
incr x 1
}
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procedures:
proc pow {x n} {
if {$n == 1} { return $x }
set part [pow x [expr $n-1]]
return [expr $x*$part]
}
Also lists, associative arrays,
etc.
=> can use a real
programming language to
build network topologies,
traffic models, etc.
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Compare Otcl to C++

Object oriented extension of Tcl
C++ constructor/destructor => OTcl
init/destroy method
C++ this => OTcl $self

OTcl met
hodsal
waysvirtual
C++ static variable => OTcl class
variable
Multiple inheritance is supported
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Basic otcl
Class Person
# constructor:
Person instproc init {age} {
$self instvar age_
set age_ $age
}
# method:
Person instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_
puts
$age_y
ear
sol
d:How
ar
ey
oudoi
ng?
}
# subclass:
Class Kid -superclass Person
Kid instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_
puts
$age_y
ear
sol
dki
d:
What
sup,dude?
}
set a [new Person 45]
set b [new Kid 15]
$a greet
$b greet
=> can easily make variations of existing things (TCP, TCP/Reno)

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Using ns
Problem
Result
analysis
Simulation
model
Modify
ns
Setup/run
simulation
with ns
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C++/OTcl Linkage
Root of ns-2 object hierarchy
TclObject
bind(): link variable values between

C++ and OTcl
command(): link OTcl methods to C++
implementations
TclClass
Tcl
Cr
eat
eandi
ni
t
i
al
i
z
eTc
l
Obj
ec
t
s
C++ methods to access Tcl interpreter
TclCommand Standalone global commands

EmbeddedTcl ns script initialization
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TclObject
Basic hierarchy in ns for split objects
Mirrored in both C++ and OTcl
Example
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]
$tcp set packetSize_ 1024
$tcp advanceby 5000
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TclObject: Hierarchy and

Shadowing
C++ class
hierarchy
TclObject OTcl class

hierarchy
TclObject
Agent
Agent
Agent/TCP
TcpAgent
*tcp
_o123
Agent/TCP OTcl
shadow object
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Agent/TCP C++
object
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TclObject::bind()
Link C++ member variables to OTcl
object variables
C++
TcpAgent::TcpAgent() {
bind(window_, &wnd_);

OTcl
$tcp set window_ 200
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TclObject::command()
Implement OTcl methods in C++
Trap point: OTcl method cmd{}
Access the shadow object
Send all arguments after cmd{} call to

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$tcp send
OTcl space
no such
procedure
TclObject::unknown{}
$tcp cmd send
C++ space
TcpAgent::command()
Yes
match
s
end
?
Invoke parent:
return Agent::command()
process and return
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No
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OTcl
$tcp send 10
C++
int TcpAgent::command(int argc,
const char*const* argv) {
if (argc == 3) {
if (strcmp(argv[1], send) == 0) {
int newseq = atoi(argv[2]);
return(TCL_OK);
}
}
return (Agent::command(argc, argv);
}
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TclObject: Creation and

Deletion
Global procedures: new{}, delete{}
Example
delete $tcp
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TclObject: Creation and

Deletion
Agent/TCP
constructor
invoke parent
constructor
complete
initialization
Parent(Agent)
constructor
invoke parent
constructor
complete
which
C++
initialization
object
to create?
TclObject
constructor
create C++
object
create OTcl
shadow object
TclClass
TclObject (C++)
constructor
parent (Agent)
constructor
AgentTCP
constructor
do nothing,
return
invoke parent
constructor
bind variables
and return
invoke parent
constructor
bind variables
and return
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OTcl
C++
37
TclClass
C++
TclObject
NsObject
Agent
TcpAgent
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mirroring
OTcl
Static
::public
Static class
class TcpClass
TcpClass
public TclClass
TclClass {{
public:
public:
TclObject
TcpClass()
::TclClass(
Agent/TCP
)
{
}
TcpClass()
TclClass(
Agent/TCP
)
{
}
TclObject*
TclObject*create(int,
create(int,const
const char*const*)
char*const*) {{
return
return(new
(newTcpAgent());
TcpAgent());
??
}}
}} class_tcp;
class_tcp;
Agent
Agent/TCP
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NsObject
Other important objects:
NsObject: has recv() method
Connector: has target() and drop()
BiConnector: uptarget() &
downtarget()
Class hierarchy
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
NsObject
Connector
PingAgent
BiConnector
Mac802_11
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APPLICATION
MAC
PHY
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Class Tcl
Singleton class with a handle to Tcl interpreter
Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance();
Usage
Invoke OTcl procedure

tcl.evalc(
callbackX
)
;
Obtain OTcl evaluation results

clock_ = atof(tcl.result());
Pass a result string to OTcl

tcl.resultf(%g, clock())
Return success/failure code to OTcl
tcl.error(command not found);
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Class Tcl
if (argc == 2) {
if (strcmp(argv[1], now) == 0) {
tcl.resultf(%g, clock());
return TCL_OK;
}
tcl.error(command not found);
return TCL_ERROR;
} else if (argc == 3) {
tcl.eval(argv[2]);
clock_ = atof(tcl.result());
return TCL_OK;
}
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Class TclCommand
How to implement an OTcl c
ommand
ns
-r
andomi
n
C++
class RandomCommand : public TclCommand {
public:
RandomCommand() : TclCommand("ns-random") {}
virtual int command(int argc, const char*const* argv);
};
int RandomCommand::command(int argc, const char*const* argv)
{
if (argc == 1) {
sprintf(tcl.buffer(), "%u", Random::random());
tcl.result(tcl.buffer());
}
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Brief summary
TclObject
Unified interpreted (OTcl) and compiled
(C++) class hierarchies
Seamless access (procedure call and variable
access) between OTcl and C++
TclClass
Establish interpreted hierarchy
Shadowing objects
Tcl: primitives to access Tcl interpreter

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Question?
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Ns programming
Create the event scheduler
Turn on tracing
Create network
Setup routing
Insert errors
Create transport connection
Create traffic
Transmit application-level data
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Creating Event Scheduler

Create event scheduler
set ns [new Simulator]
Schedule events
$ns at <time> <event>
<event>: any legitimate ns/tcl commands
$nsat5.
0
f
i
ni
s
h
Start scheduler
$ns run
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Event Scheduler
Event: at-event and packet
List scheduler: default (FIFO)
Heap: good for many events (O(log n)

Calendar queue
A priority queue having N buckets each with width w. An item with

priority p goes in bucket (p/w)%N
Real-time scheduler
Synchronize with real-time

Network emulation
set ns_ [new Simulator]
$ns_ use-scheduler Heap
$ns
_at300.
5
$s
el
fhal
t
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Some scheduler-related
commands
Set now [$ns now]
$ns cancel <event>
$ns after <delay> <event>
Execute <event> after <delay>
$ns dumpq
Dump all events in the scheduler queue
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Discrete Event Scheduler

time_, uid_, next_, handler_
head_ ->
head_ ->
handler_ -> handle()

insert
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time_, uid_, next_, handler_
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Hello World - Interactive

Mode
Interactive mode:
swallow 71% ns
% set ns [new Simulator]
_o3
% $ns at 1 puts \Hello
World!\
1
% $ns at 1.5 exit
2
% $ns run
Hello World!
swallow 72%
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Batch mode:
simple.tcl
$ns at 1 puts \Hello
World!\
$ns at 1.5 exit
$ns run
swallow 74% ns simple.tcl

Hello World!
swallow 75%
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Tracing and Monitoring I

Packet tracing:
On all links: $ns trace-all [open out.tr w]
On one specific link: $ns trace-queue $n0 $n1$tr
<Event> <time> <from> <to> <pkt> <size> -- <fid> <src> <dst> <seq>
<attr>
+ 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0

- 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0
r 1.00234 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0
Event tracing (support TCP currently)

Rec
or
d
ev
ent
i
nt
r
ac
ef
i
l
e:$ns eventtrace-all
E 2.267203 0 4 TCP slow_start 0 210 1
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Tracing and Monitoring II

Queue monitor
set qmon [$ns monitor-queue $n0 $n1 $q_f $sample_interval]
Get statistics for a queue

$qmon set pdrops_
Record to trace file as an optional
Flow monitor
set fmon [$ns_ makeflowmon Fid]
$ns_ attach-fmon $slink $fmon
$fmon set pdrops_
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Tracing and Monitoring III

Visualize trace in nam
$ns namtrace-all [open test.nam w]
$ns namtrace-queue $n0 $n1
Variable tracing in nam

Agent/TCP set nam_tracevar_ true
$tcp tracevar srtt_
$tcp tracevar cwnd_
Monitor agent variables in nam

$ns add-agent-trace $tcp $tcp
$ns monitor-agent-trace $tcp
$srm0 tracevar cwnd_
$ns delete-agent-trace $tcp

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Ns Internals
Tcl commands translates into
series of object creation
plumbing of these objects
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Creating Network
Nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
Links and queuing

$ns <link_type> $n0 $n1 <bandwidth>
<delay> <queue_type>
<link_type>: duplex-link, simplex-link
<queue_type>: DropTail, RED, CBQ, FQ, SFQ,
DRR, diffserv RED queues
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Network Topology: Node

n0
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
Node entry
entry_
classifier_
dmux_
n1
Unicast
Node
Multicast
Node classifier_
Node entry
entry_
dmux_
Multicast
Classifier
multiclassifier_
set n0 [ns_ node]
Set ns_ [new Simulator multicast on]

Set n1 [ns_ node]
Node Addressing
Two basic address styles available: flat
and hierarchical
Default flat address: 32 bits each for node
and port id
Default hier address:
3 levels of hierarchy
10 11 11 or 1 9 11 11 if mcast specified
Different bit allocation possible for specific

hier addresses
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Hierarchical Node
n2
Address
classifier
Node
entry
To Port
demux
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
ns_ node-config addressing hier

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Classifiers
Table of n slots
When a packet is received
classify() identifies the slot to forward the packets
Address Classifiers
Parse address in packet
Methods
Install{}:
Elements{}
Clear{}
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Network Topology: Link

n0
n1
duplex link
head_
enqT_
tracing
queue_
drophead_
deqT_
link_
drpT_
[ns_ duplex-link $n0 $n1 5Mb 2ms drop-tail]
ttl_
simplex link
n1
entry_
Connectors
Connectors
Receive incoming packets, and transmit them to their target_
Different types of connectors

Queue
Holds a certain number of packets. Packets exceeding their

queue-s
i
z
ear
es
entt
ot
hequeue
sdrop-target_
LinkDelay
Model delay/bandwidth of the link
TTLChecker
Decrements TTL on each packet, drops the packet if the TTL

becomes 0
DynaLink
Transmit packets if the link is up, drop packet otherwise
Trace
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Creating Network: LAN

$ns make-lan <node_list> <bandwidth>
<delay> <ll_type> <ifq_type>
<mac_type> <channel_type>
<ll_type>: LL
<ifq_type>: Queue/DropTail,
<mac_type>: MAC/802_3
<channel_type>: Channel
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Setup Routing
Unicast
$ns rtproto <type>
<type>: Static, Session, DV, cost, multi-path
Multicast
$ns multicast (right after [new Simulator])
$ns mrtproto <type>
<type>: CtrMcast, DM, ST, BST
Other types of routing supported: source routing,

hierarchical routing
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Routing..
n0
n1
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
Node entry
entry_
0
1
dmux_
enqT_
classifier_
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n1
entry
_
head_
queue_
drophead_
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deqT_
link_
ttl_
drpT_
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..Routing
n0
n1
Port
Classifier
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
entry_
0
1
Addr
Classifier
dmux_
Link n0-n1
entry_
classifier_
1
0
dmux_
classifier_
Link n1-n0
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Class RouteLogic
Route configuration
rtproto{} -> configure{} -> compute-routes{}
Query nexthop
[$ns get-routelogic] lookup $n1 $2
Recompute route on topology change

[$ns get-routelogic] notify
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Inserting Errors
Creating Error Module
set loss_module [new ErrorModel]
$loss_module set rate_ 0.01
$loss_module unit pkt
$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform]
$loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]
Inserting Error Module

$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n0 $n1
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Network Dynamics
Link failures
Hooks in routing module to reflect routing
changes
Four models
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
rtmodel Trace <config_file> $n0 $n1

rtmodel Exponential {<params>} $n0 $n1
rtmodel Deterministic {<params>} $n0 $n1
rtmodel-at <time> up|down $n0 $n1
Parameter list
[<start>] <up_interval> <down_interval> [<finish>]
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Creating Connection and

Traffic I
UDP
CBR
set udp [new Agent/UDP] set src [new

Application/Traffic/CBR]
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp Exponential or Pareto
on-off
$ns attach-agent $n1 $null
set src [new
$ns connect $udp $null
Application/Traffic/Exponential]
set src [new
Application/Traffic/Pareto]
$src attach-agent $udp
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Creating Connection and

Traffic II
TCP
FTP

set tcpsink [new
Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
$ns attach-agent $n1
$tcpsink
$ns connect $tcp $tcpsink
set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp
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Telnet
set telnet [new
Application/Telnet]
$telnet attach-agent $tcp
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Creating Traffic: Trace

Driven
Trace driven
set tfile [new Tracefile]
$tfile filename <file>
set src [new Application/Traffic/Trace]
$src attach-tracefile $tfile
<file>:
Binary format (native!)
inter-packet time (msec) and packet size (byte)
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Transport
n0
n1
Port
Classifier
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
dmux_
entry_
dst_=1.0
Agent/TCP
agents_
Addr
Classifier
dmux_
dst_=0.0
Agent/TCPSink
agents_
entry_
classifier_
classifier_

set tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink]
ns_ attach-agent $n0 $tcp
ns_ attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink
ns_ connect $tcp $tcpsink
Application
n0
n1
Application/FTP
dst_=1.0
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
Agent/TCP
agents_
dmux_
entry_
dst_=0.0
Agent/TCPSink
agents_
dmux_
entry_
classifier_
classifier_
set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$nsat1.
2
$f
t
pst
ar
t
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Packet Flow
n0
n1
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
entry_
0
1
Application/FTP
dst_=1.0
Port
Classifier
Addr
Classifier
Agent/TCP
Link n0-n1
entry_
dst_=0.0
Agent/TCPSink
1
0
Link n1-n0
3/29/2007
NCKU
74
Application objects I
Exponential
packetSize_
burst_time_
idle_time_
rate_
CBR
packetSize_
rate_
interval_
random_
maxpkts_
3/29/2007
NCKU
75
Application objects II
Pareto
packetSize_
burst_time_
idle_time_
rate_
shape_
Telnet
interval_
FTP
maxpkts_
All above are virtual applications
f
oc
usonl
yon
s
i
z
eand
t
i
mewhendat
aar
et
r
ans
f
er
r
ed
3/29/2007
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76
Application-Level
Simulation
Simulate applications that actually transfer their
own data
e.g. simulate various webcaching algorithms
Features
Build on top of existing transport protocol
Transmit user data, e.g., HTTP header
Two different solutions

TCP: Application/TcpApp
UDP: Agent/Message
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77
Compare to Real World

More abstract (much simpler):
No addresses, just global variables
Connect them rather than name
lookup/bind/listen/accept
Easy to change implementation

Set tsrc2 [new agent/TCP/Newreno]
Set tsrc3 [new agent/TCP/Vegas]
3/29/2007
NCKU
78
Summary: Generic Script

Structure
# [Turn on tracing]
# Create topology
# Setup packet loss, link dynamics
# Create routing agents
# Create:
#
- multicast groups
#
- protocol agents
#
- application and/or setup traffic sources
# Post-processing procs
# Start simulation
3/29/2007
NCKU
79
Question?
3/29/2007
NCKU
80
Two examples
Multicast
Web traffic
3/29/2007
NCKU
81
Example: Multicast
Routing
Dynamic group membership
time
time G1
G2
1.3s
1.25s
1.35s
1.2s G2
n2
1.5Mb, 10ms
n0
1.5Mb, 10ms
n1
G1
1.5Mb, 10ms
G2
3/29/2007
n3
NCKU
82
Multicast: Step 1
Scheduler, tracing, and topology
# Create scheduler
# Turn on multicast
$ns multicast
# Turn on Tracing
set fd [new mcast.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $fd
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83
Multicast: Step 2
Topology
# Create nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
# Create links
$ns duplex-link
$ns duplex-link
$ns duplex-link
3/29/2007
$n0
$n0
$n0
$n1
$n2
$n3
1.5Mb
1.5Mb
1.5Mb
NCKU
10ms
10ms
10ms
DropTail
DropTail
DropTail
84
Multicast: Step 3
Routing and group setup
# Routing protocol: lets run distance vector
$ns mrtproto DM
# Allocate
set group1
set group2
3/29/2007
group
[Node
[Node
addresses
allocaddr]
allocaddr]
NCKU
85
Multicast: Step 4
Sender 0
# Transport agent for the traffic source
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
$udp0 set dst_addr_ $group1
$udp0 set dst_port_ 0
# Constant Bit Rate source #0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
# Start at time 1.0 second
$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0 start"
3/29/2007
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86
Multicast: Step 5
Sender 1
# Transport agent for the traffic source
set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $udp1
$udp1 set dst_addr_ $group2
$udp1 set dst_port_ 0
# Constant Bit Rate source #0
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1
# Start at time 1.1 second
$ns at 1.1 "$cbr1 start"
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87
Multicast: Step 6
Receiver with dynamic membership
# Can also be Agent/Null
set rcvr [new Agent/LossMonitor]
# Assign it to node $n2
$ns at 1.2 "$n2 join-group $rcvr $group2"
$ns at 1.25 "$n2 leave-group $rcvr $group2"
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88
Multicast: Step 7
End-of-simulation wrapper (as usual)
$ns at 2.0 "finish"
proc finish {} {
global ns fd
close $fd
$ns flush-trace
puts "running nam..."
exec nam mcast.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run
3/29/2007
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89
Example: Web traffic

8
3
10Mb, 20ms
10
11
3/29/2007
1.5Mb, 40ms
NCKU
90
Web traffic: Step 1

Scheduler and tracing
# Create scheduler
# instantiate web traffic class
set pool [new PagePool/WebTraf]
# Turn on Tracing
set fd [new web.nam w]
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91
Web traffic: Step 2

Topology
# Create nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 12} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]
}
$ns set src_ [list 2 3 4 5 6]
$ns set dst_ [list 7 8 9 10 11]
# Create links
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(1) 1.5Mb 40ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 10Mb 20ms DropTail
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Web traffic: Step 3

Set up client and server nodes
$pool set-num-client [llength [$ns set src_]]
$pool set-num-server [llength [$ns set dst_]]

set i 0
foreach s [$ns set src_]
$pool set-client $i
incr i
}
set i 0
foreach s [$ns set dst_]
$pool set-server $i
incr i
}
3/29/2007
{
$n($s)
{
$n($s)
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93
Web traffic: Step 4

Specify the distributions for page arrival,
page size, object arrival, object size
set interPage [new RandomVariable/Exponential]
$interPage set avg_ 1
set pageSize [new RandomVariable/Constant]
$pageSize set val_ 1
set interObj [new RandomVariable/Exponential]
$interObj set avg_ 0.01
set objSize [new RandomVariable/ParetoII]
$objSize set avg_ 10
$objSize set shape_ 1.2
3/29/2007
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94
Web traffic: Step 5

Schedule web sessions
# Lets schedule two sessions
$pool set-num-session 2
# Lets have 10 pages per session
set numPage 10
# session 1 starts at time 0.1s
$pool create-session 0 $numPage 0.1 $interPage $pageSize
$interObj $objSize
# session 2 starts at time 1.2s
$pool create-session 1 $numPage 1.2 $interPage $pageSize
$interObj $objSize
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95
Web traffic: Step 6

$ns at 10.0 "finish"
proc finish {} {
global ns fd
close $fd
$ns flush-trace
puts "running nam..."
exec nam web.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run
3/29/2007
NCKU
96
Question?
3/29/2007
NCKU
97
Outline
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Emulation
Related work
3/29/2007
NCKU
98
Writing ns-2 codes

Extending ns
In OTcl
In C++
Debugging
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99
ns Directory Structure
ns-allinone
Tcl8.3
TK8.3
OTcl
tclcl
...
tcl
ex
examples
test
lib
validation tests
ensure new changes do not
ns-2
nam-1
C++ code
mcast
...
OTcl code
break the old codes

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100
Extending ns in OTcl
I
fy
oudon
twantt
oc
ompi
l
e
source your changes in your simulation
scripts
Otherwise
Modifying code; recompile
Adding new files
Change Makefile (NS_TCL_LIB), tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl
Recompile
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Example: Agent/Message
n2
cross
traffic
n0
128Kb, 50ms
10Mb, 1ms
n4
n5
n1
10Mb, 1ms
n3
message agent
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102
Agent/Message
pkt: 64 bytes
of arbitrary
string
Receiver-side
processing
An UDP agent (without UDP header)

Up to 64 bytes user message
Good for fast prototyping a simple idea
Usage requires extending ns functionality
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103
Agent
A protocol endpoint/enity
Provide
a local and destination address (like an IP-layer sender)
Functions to generate or fill in packet fields
To create a new agent

Decide its inheritance structure
Create recv function (and timeout if necessary) to
process the packets
Define OTcl linkage if necessary
Create new header if necessary
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104
Exercise
Def
i
neanew c
l
as
s
Sender
andanew c
l
as
s
Rec
ei
ver
whi
c
har
ebas
edonc
l
as
sAgent
/
Mes
s
age
Sender
Send a message to the Receiver every 0.1 sec
Message contains its address and a sequence number
Receiver
Receive message from the Sender
Acknowledge the receive message to the sender
The acknowledgement contains its address and the
sequence number of received message
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105
Agent/Message: Step 1
Define sender
class Sender superclass Agent/Message
# Message format: Addr Op SeqNo
Sender instproc send-next {} {
$self instvar seq_ agent_addr_
$self send $agent_addr_ send $seq_
incr seq_
global ns
$ns at [expr [$ns now]+0.1] "$self send-next"
}
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106
Define sender packet processing
Sender instproc recv msg {
$self instvar agent_addr_
set sdr [lindex $msg 0]
set seq [lindex $msg 2]
puts "Sender gets ack $seq from $sdr"
}
3/29/2007
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107
Define receiver packet processing
Class Receiver superclass Agent/Message
Receiver instproc recv msg {
$self instvar agent_addr_
set sdr [lindex $msg 0]
set seq [lindex $msg 2]
puts Receiver gets seq $seq from $sdr
$self send $addr_ ack $seq
}
3/29/2007
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108
Scheduler and tracing
# Create scheduler
# Turn on Tracing
set fd [new message.tr w]
$ns trace-all $fd
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109
Topology
for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]
}
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(1) 128kb 50ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n(0) $n(1) 5
$ns queue-limit $n(1) $n(0) 5
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110
Routing
# Packet loss produced by queueing
# Routing protocol: lets run distance vector
$ns rtproto DV
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111
Cross traffic
set
$ns
set
$ns
$ns
udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

attach-agent $n(2) $udp0
null0 [new Agent/NULL]
attach-agent $n(4) $null0
connect $udp0 $null0
set exp0 [new Application/Traffic/Exponential]

$exp0 set rate_ 128k
$exp0 attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 1.0 $exp0 start
3/29/2007
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112
Message agents
set sdr [new Sender]
$sdr set seq_ 0
$sdr set packetSize_ 1000
set rcvr [new Receiver]
$rcvr set packetSize_ 40
$ns attach-agent
$ns attach-agent
$ns connect $sdr
$ns at 1.1 $sdr
3/29/2007
$n(3) $sdr
$n(5) $rcvr
$rcvr
send-next
NCKU
113
$ns at 2.0 finish
proc finish {} {
global ns fd
$ns flush-trace
close $fd
exit 0
}
$ns run
3/29/2007
NCKU
114
Agent/Message: Result
Example output
> ./ns msg.tcl
Receiver gets seq
Sender gets ack 0
Receiver gets seq
Sender gets ack 1
Receiver gets seq
Sender gets ack 2
Receiver gets seq
Sender gets ack 3
Receiver gets seq
Sender gets ack 4
Receiver gets seq
3/29/2007
0 from
from 5
1 from
from 5
2 from
from 5
3 from
from 5
4 from
from 5
5 from
3
3
3
3
3
3
NCKU
115
Add Your Changes into ns

ns-allinone
Tcl8.3
TK8.3
OTcl
tclcl
...
tcl
ex
examples
3/29/2007
test
validation tests
mysrc
msg.tcl
NCKU
ns-2
lib
nam-1
C++ code
mcast
...
OTcl code
116
Add Your Change into ns

tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl
Class Simulator
source ../mysrc/msg.tcl
Makefile
NS_TCL_LIB = \
tcl/mysrc/msg.tcl \
Or: change Makefile.in, make distclean, then

./configure --enable-debug ,
make depend and make
3/29/2007
NCKU
117
Writing ns-2 codes

Extending ns
In OTcl
In C++
New components
3/29/2007
NCKU
118
Extending ns in C++
Modifying code
make depend
Recompile
Adding code in new files

Change Makefile
make depend
recompile
3/29/2007
NCKU
119
Creating New Components

Guidelines
Two styles
New agent based on existing packet headers
Add new packet header
3/29/2007
NCKU
120
Guidelines
Decide position in class hierarchy
I.e., which class to derive from?
Create new packet header (if necessary)

Create C++ class, fill in methods
Define OTcl linkage (if any)
Write OTcl code (if any)
Build (and debug)
3/29/2007
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121
New Agent, Old Header

Exercise: TCP jump start
Wide-open transmission window at the
beginning
From cwnd_ += 1 To cwnd_ = MAXWIN_
3/29/2007
NCKU
122
TCP Jump Start Step 1

TclObject
Handler
NsObject
Connector
Queue
Delay Agent
DropTail RED
TCP
Reno
3/29/2007
SACK
Classifier
Trace
AddrClassifier McastClasifier
Enq Deq
Drop
JS
NCKU
123

New file: tcp-js.h
class JSTCPAgent : public TcpAgent {
public:
virtual void set_initial_window() {
cwnd_ = MAXWIN_;
}
private:
int MAXWIN_;
};
3/29/2007
NCKU
124

New file: tcp-js.cc
static JSTcpClass : public TclClass {
public:
JSTcpClass() : TclClass("Agent/TCP/JS") {}
TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) {
return (new JSTcpAgent());
}
};
JSTcpAgent::JSTcpAgent() {
bind(MAXWIN_, MAXWIN_);
}
3/29/2007
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125

Create an instance of jump-start TCP in
your tcl script tcp-js.tcl
Set MAXWIN_ value in tcl
Add tcp-js.o in Makefile.in
Re-configure, make depend and recompile
Run yr tcl script tcp-js.tcl
3/29/2007
NCKU
126
Packet Format
cmn header
header
data
ip header
tcp header
rtp header
trace header
ts_
ptype_
uid_
size_
iface_
...
3/29/2007
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127
New Packet Header

Create new header structure
Create static class for OTcl linkage (packet.h)
Enable tracing support of new header(trace.cc)
Enable new header in OTcl (tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl)
This does not apply when you add a new field
into an existing header!
3/29/2007
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128
How Packet Header Works

Packet
PacketHeader/Common
next_
hdrlen_
bits_
size determined
at simulator
startup time
(PacketHeaderManager)
hdr_cmn
size determined
at compile time PacketHeader/IP
size determined
at compile time
size determined
at compile time
hdr_ip
PacketHeader/TCP
hdr_tcp
3/29/2007
NCKU
129
Example: Agent/Message
New packet header for 64-byte message
New transport agent to process this new
header
3/29/2007
NCKU
130
New Packet Header

Step 1
Create header structure
struct hdr_msg {
char msg_[64];
static int offset_;
inline static int& offset() { return offset_; }
inline static hdr_msg* access(Packet* p) {
return (hdr_msg*) p->access(offset_);
}
/* per-field member functions */
char* msg() { return (msg_); }
int maxmsg() { return (sizeof(msg_)); }
};
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131
New Packet Header

Step 2
Otcl linkage: PacketHeader/Message
static class MessageHeaderClass :
public PacketHeaderClass {
public:
MessageHeaderClass() :
PacketHeaderClass("PacketHeader/Message",
sizeof(hdr_msg)) {
bind_offset(&hdr_msg::offset_);
}
} class_msghdr;
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132
New Packet Header

Step 3
Enable tracing (packet.h):
enum packet_t {
PT_TCP,
,
PT_MESSAGE,
PT_NTYPE // This MUST be the LAST one
};
class p_info {
name_[PT_MESSAGE] = message;
name_[PT_NTYPE]= "undefined";
};
3/29/2007
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133
New Packet Header

Step 4
Register new header (tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl)
foreach prot {
{ Common off_cmn_ }
{ Message off_msg_ }
}
add-packet-header $prot
3/29/2007
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134
Packet Header: Caution

Some old code, e.g.:
RtpAgent::RtpAgent() {
bind(off_rtp_, &off_rtp);
}
hdr_rtp* rh = (hdr_rtp*)p->access(off_rtp_);
Don
tf
ol
l
ow t
hi
sex
ampl
e!
3/29/2007
NCKU
135
Agent/Message Step 1
TclObject
NsObject
Connector
Queue
Delay Agent
DropTail RED
TCP
Reno
3/29/2007
Classifier
Trace
AddrClassifier McastClasifier
Message Enq Deq
Drop
SACK
NCKU
136
C++ class definition
// Standard split object declaration
static
class MessageAgent : public Agent {
public:
MessageAgent() : Agent(PT_MESSAGE) {}
virtual int command(int argc, const char*const*
argv);
virtual void recv(Packet*, Handler*);
};
3/29/2007
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137
Packet processing: $msgAgent s
end
dat
a1
int MessageAgent::command(int, const char*const* argv)
{
if (strcmp(argv[1], "send") == 0) {
Packet* pkt = allocpkt();
hdr_msg* mh = hdr_msg::access(pkt);
// We ignore message size check...
strcpy(mh->msg(), argv[2]);
send(pkt, 0);
return (TCL_OK);
}
return (Agent::command(argc, argv));
}
3/29/2007
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138
Packet processing: receive
void MessageAgent::recv(Packet* pkt, Handler*)
{
hdr_msg* mh = hdr_msg::access(pkt);
// OTcl callback
char wrk[128];
sprintf(wrk, "%s recv {%s}", name(), mh->msg());
tcl.eval(wrk);
Packet::free(pkt);
}
3/29/2007
NCKU
139
Writing ns-2 codes

Extending ns
In OTcl
In C++
Debugging: OTcl/C++, memory
Pitfalls
3/29/2007
NCKU
140
Debugging C++ in ns
C++/OTcl debugging
Memory debugging
purify
dmalloc
3/29/2007
NCKU
141
C++/OTcl Debugging
Usual technique
Break inside command()
Cannot examine states inside OTcl!
Solution
Execute tcl-debug inside gdb
3/29/2007
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142
C++/OTcl Debugging
(gdb) call Tcl::instance().eval(debug 1)
15: lappend auto_path $dbg_library
dbg15.3> w
*0: application
15: lappend auto_path $dbg_library
dbg15.4> Simulator info instances
_o1
dbg15.5> _o1 now
0
dbg15.6> # and other fun stuff
dbg15.7> c
(gdb) where
#0 0x102218 in write()
......
3/29/2007
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143
Memory Debugging in ns
Purify
Set PURIFY macro in ns Makefile
Usually, put -colloctor=<ld_path>
Gr
ayWat
s
on
sdmalloc library
http://www.dmalloc.com
make distclean
./configure --with-dmalloc=<dmalloc_path>
Analyze results: dmalloc_summarize
3/29/2007
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144
dmalloc: Usage
Turn on dmalloc
alias dmalloc
eval
\dmalloc C \!
*`
dmalloc -l log low
dmalloc_summarize ns < logfile

ns must be in current directory
Itemize how much memory is allocated in
each function
3/29/2007
NCKU
145
Pitfalls
Scalability vs flexibility
Or, how to write scalable simulation?
Memory conservation tips

Memory leaks
3/29/2007
NCKU
146
Scalability vs Flexibility
I
t
st
empt
i
ngt
owr
i
t
eal
l
-OTcl simulation
Benefit: quick prototyping
Cost: memory + runtime
Solution
Control the granularity of your split object by
migrating methods from OTcl to C++
3/29/2007
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147
THE Merit of OTcl

high
Program size, complexity
low
OTcl
C/C++
split objects
Smoothly adjust the granularity of scripting to

balance extensibility and performance
With complete compatibility with existing
simulation scripts
3/29/2007
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148
Object Granularity Tips

Functionality
Per-packet processing C++
Hooks, frequently changing code OTcl
Data management
Complex/large data structure C++
One-time configuration variables OTcl
3/29/2007
NCKU
149
Memory usage
Simulator
Unicast node
Multicast node
Duplex link
Packet
3/29/2007
NCKU
268KB
2KB
6KB
9KB
2KB
150
Memory Conservation Tips

Remove unused packet headers
Avoid trace-all
Use arrays for a sequence of variables
Instead of n$i,
n$i say n($i)
Avoid OTcl temporary variables

temp=A; B=temp
Use dynamic binding

delay_bind() instead of bind()
See object.{h,cc}
Use different routing strategies

Computing routing tables dominate the simulation setup time
Run on FreeBSD
use less memory for malloc()
Memory Leaks
Purify or dmalloc, but be careful about split
objects:
for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomVariable/Constant]

}
I
tl
eaksmemor
y
,butc
an
tbedet
ec
t
ed!
Solution
Explicitly delete EVERY split object that was new-ed
3/29/2007
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152
Final Word
My extended ns dumps OTcl scripts!
Find the last 10-20 lines of the dump
I
st
heer
r
orr
el
at
edt
o
_o***cmd ?
Check your command()
Otherwise, check the otcl script pointed by

the error message
3/29/2007
NCKU
153
Questions?
3/29/2007
NCKU
154
Outline
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
Writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Emulation
Related work
3/29/2007
NCKU
155
nsnam Interface
Color
Node manipulation
Link manipulation
Topology layout
Protocol state
Misc
3/29/2007
NCKU
156
nam Interface: Color

Color mapping
$ns
$ns
$ns
color
color
color
40
41
42
red
blue
chocolate
Color flow id association

$tcp0 set fid_ 40 ;# red packets
$tcp1 set fid_ 41 ;# blue packets
3/29/2007
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157
nam Interface: Nodes

Color
$node color red
Shape(
c
an
tbec
hangedaf
t
ersim starts)
$node shape box
;# circle, box, hexagon
Mar
k
s(
c
onc
ent
r
i
c
s
hapes
)
$ns at 1.0 $n0 add-mark m0 blue box
$ns at 2.0 $n0 delete-mark m0
Label (single string)
$ns at 1.1 $n0 label \web cache 0\

$node label-at up
$node label-color blue
3/29/2007
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158
nam Interfaces: Links

Color
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 color "green"
Label
$ns
$ns
$ns
duplex-link-op
duplex-link-op
duplex-link-op
$n0
$n1
$n1
$n1
$n2
$n2
label "abced
label-color blue
label-at down
Queue position
$ns duplex-link-op queuePos right
Dynamics (automatically handled)

$ns rtmodel Deterministic {2.0 0.9 0.1} $n0 $n1
Asymmetric links not allowed

3/29/2007
NCKU
159
nam Interface: Topology

Layout
Manual
l
ay
out
:s
pec
i
f
yev
er
y
t
hi
ng
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
duplex-link-op
duplex-link-op
duplex-link-op
duplex-link-op
$n(0)
$n(1)
$n(2)
$n(3)
$n(1)
$n(2)
$n(3)
$n(4)
orient
orient
orient
orient
right
right
right
60deg
If anything missing automatic

layout
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nam Interface: Misc

Packet color
$ns color $n blue
$agent set fid_ $n
Annotation
Add textual explanation to your simulation
$ns at 3.5 "$ns trace-annotate \packet drop\"
Control playback
$ns at 0.0 "$ns set-animation-rate 0.1ms"
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The nam user interface
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Summary of nam
Turn on nam tracing in your Tcl script
As easy as turning on normal tracing
$ns namtrace $file
Specify color/shape/label of node/link

$ns duplex-link-op $node1 $node2 orient left
Execute nam
exec nam $filename
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A live demo
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Cmd.exe
164
namgraph
Display a graph showing when packets
are received/dropped.
Enabling namgraph
Run the namfilter script on your nam trace
file:
exec tclsh /path/to/namfilter.tcl out.nam
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namgraph
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The nam editor

Create simple scenarios graphically
Goodf
ort
hos
ewhodon
twantt
ol
ear
n
Tcl, but only a limited subset of ns is
currently available
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The nam editor
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Topology generator
Inet
GT-ITM
TIERS
BRITE
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Inet topology generator

from University of Michigan
AS level Internet topology
Create topologies with accurate degree
distributions
Conversion of Inet output to ns-2 format
inet2ns < inet.topology > ns.topology
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GT-ITM
Installation
Comes with ns-allinone
Requi
r
eKnut
h
scweb and SGB
Usage
itm <config_file>
Three graph models

Flat random: Waxman
n-level hierarchy
Transit-stub
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GT-ITM: Transit-Stub
Model
transit
domains
sit link
n
a
r
t
it
s
t ra n
stub-stub link
stub
domains
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Converters for GT-ITM

sgb2ns
Convert SGB format to ns config file
sgb2ns <SGB_file> <OTcl_file>
ts2ns:
ts2ns output lists of transit and stub nodes
sgb2hier
Convert transit-stub information into
hierarchical addresses
sgb2hierns <SGB_file> <OTcl_file>
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Tiers topology generator

3-level hierarchy
Conversion of Tiers output to ns-2 format
an awk script tiers2ns.awk is included in
~ns-2/bin to convert the output of tiers into
ns-2 scripts.
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BRITE
From Boston University
Supports multiple generation models
flat AS
flat Router
hierarchical topologies
Object-oriented design to allow the flexibility to

add new topology models
Can import from Inet, GT-ITM, Skitter,..
Can export to ns-2, JavaSim, SSFNET format
Written in Java and C++
GUI support
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Summary
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-topogen.html
Packages
Graphs
Edge Method
NTG
n-level
probabilistic
RTG
Flat random
Flat random, nlevel, Transit-stub
Waxman
3-level
spanning tree
GT-ITM
TIERS
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various
176
A case study: class webtraf
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177
Outline
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
Writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Emulation
Related work
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Wireless support in ns-2

Introduction
Wireless basics
Wireless internals
Ad hoc routing
Mobile IP
Satellite networking
Directed diffusion
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Contributions to wireless
in ns
Original wireless model in ns contributed
byCMU
sMonar
c
hgr
oup
Other major contributions from UCB, Sun
microsystems, univ of cincinnati, ISI etc
Other contributed models (not integrated)
in wireless ns includes Blueware, BlueHoc,
Mobiwan, GPRS, CIMS etc
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Wireless model
Mobilenode at core of mobility model
Mobilenodes can move in a given topology,
receive/transmit signals from/to wireless
channels
Wireless network stack consists of LL, ARP,
MAC, IFQ etc
Allows simulations of multi-hop ad hoc
networks, wireless LANs, sensor networks etc
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Wireless Example
for ad hoc routing
Scenario
3 mobile nodes
moving within 670mX670m flat topology
using DSDV ad hoc routing protocol
Random Waypoint mobility model
TCP and CBR traffic
ns-2/tcl/ex/wireless-demo-csci694.tcl
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An Example Step 1
# Define Global Variables
# create simulator
# create a flat topology in a 670m x 670m
area
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 670 670
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An Example Step 2
# Define standard ns/nam trace
# ns trace
set tracefd
[open demo.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefd

# nam trace
set namtrace [open demo.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace 670 670
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GOD
(General Operations Director)

An omniscient observer
Stores smallest number of hops from one
node to another
Optimal case to compare routing protocol
performance
Automatically generated by scenario file
set god [create-god <no of mnodes>]
$god set-dist <from> <to> <#hops>
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Example Step 3
Create God
set god [create-god 3]
$nsat900.
00
$gods
et
-di
s
t231
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An Example Step 4
# Define how a mobile node is configured
$ns node-config \
-adhocRouting DSDV \
-llType LL \
-macType Mac/802_11 \
-ifqLen 50 \
-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \
-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \
-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \
-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \
-channelType Channel/WirelessChannel \
-topoInstance $topo
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace OFF \
-macTrace OFF
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An Example Step 5
# Next create a mobile node, attach it to the
channel
set node(0) [$ns node]

# disable random motion
$node(0) random-motion 0
# Use for loop to create 3 nodes:
for {set i < 0} {$i < 3} {incr i} {

set node($i) [$ns node]
$node($i) random-motion 0
}
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Mobilenode Movement
Node position defined in a 3-D model
However z axis not used
$node set X_ <x1>
$node set Y_ <y1>
$node set Z_ <z1>
$node at $time setdest <x2> <y2>
<speed>
Node movement may be logged

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Scenario Generator:
Movement
Mobile Movement Generator
setdest -n <num_of_nodes> -p pausetime -s
<maxspeed> -t <simtime> -x <maxx> -y
<maxy>
Source: ns-2/indep-utils/cmu-scengen/setdest/
Random movement
$node random-motion 1
$node start
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A Movement File
$node_(2) set Z_ 0.000000000000
$node_(2) set Y_ 199.373306816804
$node_(2) set X_ 591.256560093833
$node_(1) set Z_ 0.000000000000
$node_(1) set Y_ 345.357731779204
$node_(1) set X_ 257.046298323157
$node_(0) set Z_ 0.000000000000
$node_(0) set Y_ 239.438009831261
$node_(0) set X_ 83.364418416244
$ns_ at 50.000000000000 "$node_(2) setdest 369.463244915743
170.519203111152 3.371785899154"
80.855495003839 14.909259208114"
283.494644426442 19.153832288917"
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Scenario Generator: Traffic

Generating traffic pattern files
CBR/TCP traffic
ns cbrgen.tcl [-type cbr|tcp] [-nn nodes] [-seed
seed] [-mc connections] [-rate rate]
CBR traffic
ns cbrgen.tcl type cbr nn 20 seed 1 mc 8 rate 4
TCP traffic
ns cbrgen.tcl type tcp -nn 15 -seed 0 mc 6
Source: ns-2/indep-utils/cmu-scen-gen/
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A Traffic Scenario
set udp_(0) [new Agent/UDP]
$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $udp_(0)
set null_(0) [new Agent/Null]
$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $null_(0)
set cbr_(0) [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr_(0) set packetSize_ 512
$cbr_(0) set interval_ 4.0
$cbr_(0) set random_ 1
$cbr_(0) set maxpkts_ 10000
$cbr_(0) attach-agent $udp_(0)
$ns_ connect $udp_(0) $null_(0)
$ns_ at 127.93667922166023 "$cbr_(0) start"
.
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An Example Step 6
# Define node movement model
source <movement-scenario-files>
# Define traffic model
source <traffic-scenario-files>
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An Example Step 7
# Define node initial position in nam
for {set i 0} {$i < 3 } { incr i} {
$ns initial_node_position $node($i) 20
}
# Tell ns/nam the simulation stop time
$ns at 200.0 $ns nam-end-wireless 200.0
$ns at 200.0 $ns halt
# Start your simulation
$ns run
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Energy Extension
Node is energy-aware
Define node by adding new options:
$ns_ node-config \
energyModel EnergyModel
-initialEnergy
100.0
-txPower
0.6
-rxPower
0.2
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nam Visualization
Use nam to visualize:
Mobile node position
Mobile node moving direction and speed
Energy consumption at nodes (color keyed)
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nam Visualization
Replace
with
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $fd
At the end of simulation, do

$ns nam-end-wireless [$ns now]
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Wireless support in ns-2

Introduction
Wireless basics
Wireless internals
Ad hoc routing
Mobile IP
Satellite networking
Directed diffusion
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Wireless Internals
Mobilenode
Basic node that has address and port demuxes, routing agent etc
Stack of network components consisting of
LL, MAC, NetIF radio-model etc
Wireless channel
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Portrait of A Mobile Node

Node
port
classifier
protocol
agent
Classifier: Forwarding
255
addr
classifier defaulttarget_
LL
Agent: Protocol Entity
routing
agent
Node Entry
ARP
LL
IFQ
IFQ
IFQ: Interface queue
MAC
MAC: Mac object
PHY
PHY: Net interface
MAC
PHY
MobileNode
Propagation
and antenna
models
CHANNEL
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Prop/ant
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LL: Link layer object
Radio propagation/
antenna models
201
Mobile Node : Components

Classifiers
defaulttarget_ points to routing agent object
255 is the port id assigned for rtagent_
Routing agent
May be ad hoc routing protocol like AODV,
DSDV or directed diffusion
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Mobile Node: Components

Link Layer
Same as LAN, but with a separate ARP module
Sends queries to ARP
ARP
Resolves IP address to hardware (MAC) address
Broadcasts ARP query
Interface queue
Gives priority to routing protocol packets
Has packet filtering capacity
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MAC
802.11
IEEE RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK for unicast
Sends DATA directly for broadcast
SMAC (for sensor network)
Network interface (PHY)

Used by mobilenode to access channel
Stamps outgoing pkts with meta-data
Interface with radio/antenna models
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Radio Propagation Model
Friss-space model attenuation at near

distance (1/r2)
Two-ray ground reflection model for far
distance (1/r4)
Shadowing model -probabilistic
Antenna
Omni-directional, unity-gain
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Wireless Channel
Duplicate packets to all mobile nodes
attached to the channel except the sender
I
ti
st
her
ec
ei
v
er
sr
es
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
yt
odec
i
de
if it will accept the packet
Collision is handled at individual receiver
O(N2) messages grid keeper, referencecopying etc
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Grid-keeper: An
Optimization
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207
Mobile Node: Misc.

Energy consumption model for sensor
networks
Visualization of node movement,
reachability, and energy
Validation test suites
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208
Wireless Trace Support

Original cmu trace format
A separate wireless trace format
developed later at ISI
Current ongoing effort to have ONE
format to combine all wired and wireless
formats
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209
Ad Hoc Routing
Four routing protocols currently supported:
DSDV
Contributed by CMU
DSR
Contributed by CMU
AODV
Recently updated version from univ. of cincinnati;
TORA
Contributed by CMU
Examples under tcl/test/test-suitewireless- { lan-newnode.tcl, lan-aodv.tcl,
lan-tora.tcl }
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A Brief on MobileIP Support

Developed by Sun
Require a different Node structure than MobileNode
Originally implemented for wired nodes
Wired-cmu-wireless extension
Originally CMU wireless model only supports ad-hoc
and wireless LAN
Base-stations, support hier-rtg
Standard MobileIP
Home Agent, Foreign Agent, MobileHosts
Example
Under tcl/test/test-suite-wireless-lannewnode.tcl (tests: DSDV-wired-cum-wireless and
DSDV-wireless-mip)
A Brief on Satellite
Networking
Developed by Tom Henderson (UCB)
Supported models
Geostationary satellites: bent-pipe and
processing-payload
Low-Earth-Orbit satellites
Example: tcl/ex/sat-*.tcl and

tcl/test/test-suite-satellite.tcl
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Simulate sensor network

with ns-2
Currently support
Routing
Direct diffusion
MAC
SMAC
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213
Sensor network
Wireless sensor network
Special ad hoc wireless network
Large number of nodes w/ sensors & actuators
Battery-powered nodes
energy efficiency
Unplanned deployment
self-organization
Node density & topology change
robustness
Sensor-net applications
Nodes cooperate for a common task
In-network data processing
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Introduction to Direct
Diffusion
Properties of Sensor Networks
Data centric, but not node centric
Have no notion of central authority
Are often resource constrained
Nodes are tied to physical locations, but:

They may not know the topology
They may fail or move arbitrarily
Problem: How can we get data from the

sensors?
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Basic idea of Directed

Diffusion
Data centric nodes are unimportant
Request driven:
Sinks place requests as interests
Sources are eventually found and satisfy interests
Intermediate nodes route data toward sinks
Localized repair and reinforcement

Multi-path delivery for multiple sources, sinks,
and queries
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A toy example
Sensor nodes are monitoring a flat space
for animals
We are interested in receiving data for all
4-legged creatures seen in a rectangle
area
We want to specify the data rate
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Interest and Event Naming

Sink: Query/interest:
Type=four-legged animal
Interval=20ms (event data rate)
Duration=10 seconds (time to cache)
Rect=[-100, 100, 200, 400]
Source: Reply:
Type=four-legged animal
Instance = elephant
Location = [125, 220]
Confidence = 0.85
Timestamp = 01:20:40
Attribute-Value pairs, no advanced naming

scheme
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Diffusion (High Level)

Sinks broadcast interest to neighbors
Interests are cached by neighbors
Gradients are set up pointing back to
where interests came from at low data
rate
Once a source receives an interest, it
routes measurements along gradients
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Gradients
Gradients from Source (S) to Sink (N) are
initially small
Increased during reinforcement to find the
best path
How gradients are increased/decreased
based on only local rules
Application-specfic
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Interest Propagation
Flooding
Constrained or Directional flooding based on location.
Directional Propagation based on previously cached data.
Gradient
Source
Interest
Sink
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Directed Diffusion (Data)

The source matches signature waveforms from
codebook against observations
The source matches data against interest cache,
compute highest event rate request from all gradients,
and (re) sample events at this rate
Intermediate node:
Finds matching entry in interest cache, no match silent drop
Checks and updates data cache (loop prevention, aggregation)
Retrieve all gradients, and resend message, doing frequency
conversion if necessary
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Data Propagation
Reinforcement to single path delivery.
Multipath delivery with probabilistic forwarding.
Multipath delivery with selective quality along different path.
Gradient
Source
Data
Sink
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Directed Diffusion
(Reinforcement)
Reinforcement:
Sink/intermediate nodes pick a neighbor based on
some local rules and increase the gradient (e.g.
higher event rates)
This neighbor, in turn, reinforces upstream nodes
Passive reinforcement handling (timeout) or active
(weights)
Multiple sinks: Exploit prior setup (i.e., use cache)
Intermediate nodes use reinforcement for local repair
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Local rules
Reinforce one of the neighbor after receiving initial data.
Which neighbor ?
Neighbor(s) from whom new events received.
Neighbor who
s consistently performing better than others.
Neighbor from whom most events received.
Gradient
Source
Data
Reinforcement
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Sink
225
Negative Reinforcement
Time out
Explicitly Degrade the path by re-sending interest with lower data
rate.
Gradient
Source
Data
Reinforcement
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Sink
226
A Brief on Directed
Diffusion
Developed by SCADDS group at USC/ISI
Diffusion model in ns consists of
A core diffusion layer
A library of APIs for diffusion applications
Add-on filters (for gradient routing, logging, tagging,
srcrtg, GEAR etc)
Much in development
Source code in ~ns/diffusion3
Examples under tcl/ex/diffusion3 and test/testsuite-diffusion3.tcl
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Medium Access Control in

Sensor Nets
Important attributes of MAC protocols
3/29/2007
Collision avoidance
Energy efficiency
Scalability in node density
Latency
Fairness
Throughput
Bandwidth utilization
NCKU
Primary
Secondary
228
Energy Efficiency in MAC

Major sources of energy waste
Idle listening
Energy consumption of typical 802.11 WLAN cards
idle:receive 1:1.05 to 1:2 (Stemm 1997)
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Energy Efficiency in MAC

Major sources of energy waste (cont.)
Idle listening
Dominant in sensor nets
Long idle time when no sensing event happens
Collisions
Control overhead
Overhearing
Common to all
wireless networks
We try to reduce energy consumption from

all above sources
Combine benefits of TDMA + contention
protocols
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230
Sensor-MAC (S-MAC)
Design
Tradeoffs
Latency
Fairness
Energy
Major components in S-MAC

Periodic listen and sleep
Collision avoidance
Overhearing avoidance
Massage passing
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Periodic Listen and Sleep

Problem: Idle listening consumes significant
energy
Solution: Periodic listen and sleep
listen
sleep
listen
sleep
Turn off radio when sleeping

Reduce duty cycle to ~ 10% (200ms on/2s off)
Latency
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Energy
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232

Schedules can differ
Node 1
Node 2
listen
sleep
listen
sleep
listen
sleep
listen
sleep
Prefer neighboring nodes have same schedule

easy broadcast & low control overhead
Schedule 1
Schedule 2
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Border nodes:
two schedules
broadcast twice
233

Schedule Synchronization
Remembernei
ghbor
s
s
c
hedul
es
to know when to send to them
Each node broadcasts its schedule every few

periods of sleeping and listening
Re-sync when receiving a schedule update
Schedule packets also serve as beacons for
new nodes to join a neighborhood
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Collision Avoidance
Problem: Multiple senders want to talk
Options: Contention vs. TDMA
Solution: Similar to IEEE 802.11 ad hoc
mode (DCF)
Physical and virtual carrier sense
Randomized backoff time
RTS/CTS for hidden terminal problem
RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK sequence
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235
Overhearing Avoidance
Problem: Receive packets destined to
others
Solution: Sleep when neighbors talk
use in-channel signaling
Who should sleep?

All immediate neighbors of sender and receiver
How long to sleep?

The duration field in each packet informs other
nodes the sleep interval
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236
Message Passing
Problem: Sensor net in-network processing
requires entire message

Solution: Don
ti
nt
er
l
eav
edi
f
f
er
entmes
s
ages
Long message is fragmented & sent in burst
RTS/CTS reserve medium for entire message
Fragment-level error recovery ACK
extend Tx time and re-transmit
immediately
Other nodes sleep for whole message time

Energy
Msg-level latency
Fairness
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237
Msg Passing vs. 802.11

fragmentation
S-MAC message passing

Data 19
RTS 21
ACK 18
CTS 20
...
Data 17
ACK 16
Data 1
...
ACK 0
Fragmentation in IEEE 802.11

No indication of entire time other nodes keep listening
If ACK is not received, give up Tx fairness
Data 3
RTS 3
CTS 2
3/29/2007
Data 3
ACK 2
...
ACK 2
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Data 1
...
ACK 0
238
A brief on SMAC
SMAC MAC designed for sensor
networks
Similar RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK like 802.11
Additional sleep-wakeup cycles
Reduce energy consumptions during idle
phases
Examples under tcl/test/test-suitesmac.tcl
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239
Outline
What is ns-2
Fundamentals
Writing ns-2 codes
Wireless support
Emulation
Related work
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240
What is Emulation ?
Ability to introduce the simulator into a
live network
Application:
Allows testing real-world implementations
Allows testing simulated protocols
Requirements:
Scheduler support
Packet capture and generation capabilities
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241
Emulation in ns-2
ns
Read packets
Write packets
Network
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242
Scheduler
ns operates in virtual time using eventdriven simulation
Real-time scheduler
Does not advance the virtual clock to next
event
Dispatches event at real-time
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243
Emulation Objects
Interface between ns
and network traffic
Network Objects
Access to live network via
BPF and raw sockets
Capture: BPF
network to ns
ns
Tap Objects
Conversion between ns
and
network packet formats
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ns to network
Inject: Raw socket
244
Modes of Operation
Packet conversion leads to two modes of
operation
Opaque Mode
Network packet fields are not interpreted
Protocol Mode
Network packet is interpreted
TTL values reflect hop count in simulator
Network packet fields are generated

Ping responder, TCP application
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Opaque Mode
Network packet is passed unmodified
through simulator
Extern
Source
Destination
Size
Source
Destination
Size
Ns packet contains
a pointer to the
network packet
Data
ns
Read packets
Network Packet
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Write packets
Network
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246
Protocol Mode
Network packet fields are generated by
the simulator
Source
Destination
Size
The ns packet
header is
mapped onto the
network packet
header and visa
versa .
Source
Destination
Size
Host A
Host B
TCP Agent
TCP
Application
Data
Network Packet
ns
Send/receive
packets from
application
Send/receive
packets from
ns
Network
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247
Applications
Opaque Mode
Cross-traffic interaction leading to drop, delay
and re-ordering of packets
End to End application testing
Protocol Mode
Protocol and conformance testing
Evaluate effect of DDoS attacks
Wireless networks
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Example: Setup
Goal: Make a ns TCP agent interact with a TCP server
B 192.168.1.2 port 8000
A 192.168.1.1
nse
Disable IP forwarding
sysctl w
net.inet.ip.forwarding=0
Assign 10.0.0.1 and 6000

to TCP agent
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TCP server
Switch
NCKU
Add route to dummy IP

address
route add 10.0.0.1 192.168.1.1
Disable IP redirects
sysctl w net.inet.ip.redirect=0
249
Example Script
Activate ns and
Change to real-time
scheduler

$ns use-scheduler RealTime
set entry_node [$ns node]
set tcp_node [$ns node]
Create topology
$ns duplex-link $entry_node
$tcp_node 10Mb 1ms DropTail
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp]

$ns attach-agent $tcp_node $tcp
Create TCP Agent

TCPTap
TCP Agent
tcp_node
entry_node
TCPTap
3/29/2007
BPF
NCKU
RawSocket
250
Example Script
set bpf [new Network/Pcap/Live]
TCP Agent
set dev [$bpf open readonly eth0]
$bpf filter "src 192.168.1.2 and src port 8000 \ tcp_node
and dst 10.0.0.1 and dst port 6000
set capture_tap [new Agent/TCPTap]
$capture_tap network $bpf
$ns attach-agent $entry_node $capture_tap
$ns simplex-connect $capture_tap $tcp
set rawsocket [new Network/IP]
$rawsocket open writeonly
set inject_tap [new Agent/TCPTap]
$inject_tap advertised-window 512
$inject_tap extipaddr 192.168.1.2"
$inject_tap extport 8000
$inject_tap network $rawsocket
$ns attach-agent $entry_node $inject_tap
$ns simplex-connect $tcp $inject_tap
3/29/2007
NCKU
CaptureTap
InjectTap
entry_node
BPF
RawSocket
251
Example Script
$ns at 0.01 "$tcp advance 1"
$ns at 20.0 exit 0"
$ns run
A 192.168.1.1
start nse
B 192.168.1.2
TCP Agent
TCP Server
(8000)
BPF
Raw Socket
Switch
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Further Information
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-emulation.html
Scripts ~ns/emulate
Opaque Mode:
em.tcl
Protocol Mode
thrutcp.tcl
pingdemo.tcl
tcpemu.tcl
Kevin Fall, Network Emulation in the Vint/NS Simulator,

ISCC July 1999
3/29/2007
NCKU
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Ns-2 related work

Other simulators
Researching uses ns-2
Using ns-2 for education
3/29/2007
NCKU
254
Other simulators
GloMoSim
Developed by UCLA
Based on Parsec
Good support for wireless simulation
SSFNET
Java-based (with some C++ components)

Use DML (Domain Modeling Language) for model configuration
OPNET and QualNet
Commercial software
Good support for all layers
PDNS (parallel/distributed ns)
Developed by Georgia Tech

Can distribute a simulation on several 8-16 workstations
Aim to support very large simulation (memory & CPU)
JavaSim
Another Java-based simulator
3/29/2007
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Research using ns-2

Routing
MIT Click Router
Zone routing protocol
Wireless
Mobility generator
MIPv6
Bluetooth
802.11 PSM
Cellular IP
Hierarchical Mobile IP
GPRS
UMTS
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Research using ns-2..

Generator
Web traffic generators
MPEG
Several topology generators
Others
MPLS
WFQ, CSFQ
RSVP
RIO
BLUE
TCP westwood
SCTP
Multistate error model
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Using ns-2 for education

Ns-2 scripts/nam traces repository
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/repository/index.
html
~ns-2/tcl/ex
~nam/ex ~nam/edu
Some ns scripts and nam animations
can be used in widely-used textbooks
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/edu/index.html
3/29/2007
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Introduction To Ns-2

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Introduction To Ns-2

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Introduction to ns-2

Provide a collaborative environment

Allow easy comparison of similar protocols

Multiple levels of detail in one simulator

Cornell REAL simulator -1989

~220K lines of codes

~400 pages of mannual

Very steep learning curve for a new user!

The most popular non-commercial discrete event packet-level

Used by 10000+ users from 1000+ institutes from 50+ countries

What ns-2 can simulate

AODV, DSR, TORA, DSDV

OTcl, TclCL, ns-2, nam-1:

OTcl (MIT Object Tcl)

Discrete Event Simulation

Ns uses simple model: single thread of

Discrete Event Examples

t=1, A enqueues pkt on LAN

t=1.0: A sends pkt to NIC

Lots of code reuses (e.g. TCP + TCP variants)

Fine-grained object composition

From the simulator to a single event

C++ and OTcl Separation

OTcl for control:

+ running vs. writing speed

Control vs. Data

Details of links and

Otcl and C++: The Duality

OTcl (object variant of Tcl) and C++ share class

functions and expressions:

Compare Otcl to C++

C++ this => OTcl $self

=> can easily make variations of existing things (TCP, TCP/Reno)

bind(): link variable values between

TclCommand Standalone global commands

TclObject: Hierarchy and

TclObject OTcl class

Send all arguments after cmd{} call to

$tcp cmd send

process and return

TclObject: Creation and

TclObject: Creation and

Invoke OTcl procedure

Obtain OTcl evaluation results

Pass a result string to OTcl

Tcl: primitives to access Tcl interpreter

Creating Event Scheduler

Heap: good for many events (O(log n)

A priority queue having N buckets each with width w. An item with

Synchronize with real-time

Discrete Event Scheduler

handler_ -> handle()

time_, uid_, next_, handler_

Hello World - Interactive

swallow 74% ns simple.tcl

Tracing and Monitoring I

+ 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0

Event tracing (support TCP currently)

Tracing and Monitoring II

Get statistics for a queue

Record to trace file as an optional

Tracing and Monitoring III

Variable tracing in nam