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INTRODUCTION
1.1
In Nigeria, problem of poverty has for a long time been a cause of concern to
the government. Attention was initially focused on rural development and
town planning as practical means of dealing with the problem (Agu, 2013).
Youths in Nigeria suffer high unemployment due to lack of opportunities,
physical and psychological challenges resulting from poverty. Some youths
respond to these challenges by engaging in criminal or violent behaviour
while others suffer from despair or depression. Unemployment creates a
wide range of social ills and young people are particularly susceptible to its
damaging effects namely; lack of skills, low self-esteem, marginalization,
impoverishment and wasting of enormous human resources. These problems
associated with unemployment can be solved by empowering the youths
through agricultural development programmes which will enable them to
have opportunities for self employment in agriculture (Agu, 2013). According
to World Bank (2003), the bulk of the rural population has a high level of
illiteracy and unemployment and is generally poor. Poverty as measured by
low income tends to be at its worst in rural areas. The problems of
malnutrition, lack of education, low life expectancy and sub-standard housing
are prevalent in rural areas (International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), 2012). This therefore means that rural areas lack all it takes in terms
and
entrepreneurship
in
and
Africa
small
cannot
overlook
businesses
as
the
the
important
engine
for
role
of
growth.
social
development,
bringing
about
employment
opportunities.
The
business that serves other businesses (agencies) such as Nigerian Bank for
Credit (NBC) and Commerce, and Export Stimulation Loan Scheme, National
Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), Peoples Bank, Community Bank,
etc. which was created to stand as pillar of support to small business
operators when facing financial challenges such as borrowing money in
setting up or growing their businesses, as well as organizing training
programme for people who have interest in going into any type of business
in Nigeria. Aiyedun (2004) wrote that governments should offer adequate
enabling environment for the private sector to invest and run in a free
market system. In developed countries, government and different business
incubators
greatly
support
the
entrepreneurship
and
small
business
entrepreneurial firms are very small and run in informal sector (Kiggundu,
2002).
In Nigeria entrepreneurs experience difficulties in developing and sustaining
effective organizational arrangement especially as the business moves from
the informal to the formal sector when it faces external threats like new
technology and, fluctuation in the political and macroeconomic environment,
during succession or when facing regional or global competition. Okpara and
Wyn (2007), Arinaitwe (2002) wrote that scholars have pointed out that
setting up a business enterprise is uncertain and cautioned that the
probability of small-business owners to succeed it past the five years is not
certain. Arinaitwe wrote that entrepreneurs will be faced with the risks of
lacking satisfactory managerial skills, technical know-how and legislature to
back up against market competition, lack of capital and in-accessibility of
loan to run the business. In Nigeria, the policies guiding loans in some
financial institution are not favorable to entrepreneurs, they are now left with
the only option of getting loans with high interest rate thereby putting their
business at the risk of breaking down, adding to other problems they
encounter in their businesses. The problem accordingly is to arrive at how
Entrepreneurs in Nigeria can be optimistic about being successful and
sustainable in entrepreneurship comparing them with Entrepreneurs in
developed economies.
1.3
Research Objectives
6
iii.
poverty alleviation
examine the relationship between entrepreneurial development and
standard of living
1.4
Research Questions
What
is
the
relationship
between
youth
ii.
employment generation?
Is there a relationship between entrepreneurship education and
iii.
poverty alleviation?
Does a relationship exist between entrepreneurial development and
standard of living?
1.5
Research Hypotheses
empowerment
and
i.
H0:
employment
generation
H1: There is a relationship between youth empowerment and
ii.
employment
generation
H0: There is no relationship between entrepreneurship education and
poverty
alleviation
H1: There is a relationship between entrepreneurship education and
iii.
poverty
alleviation
H0: There is no relationship
development and
H1: There is a
development and
1.6
exist
between
entrepreneurial
standard of living
relationship exist
between
entrepreneurial
standard of living
Previous researchers have been very divergent in their views about the
entrepreneurship innovation and agricultural development. Therefore, this
study is relevant based on the quest to evaluate entrepreneurship innovation
and agricultural development. The significance of this study shall uncover
the benefit and contributions of SMEs to the growth and development of
Nigerian economy. This study aspires to indicate the type of entrepreneurial
characteristics and business practices that an entrepreneur will need to
have; cultivate and/ or develop, in order to drive his or her venture forward
successfully. Besides, the gains of the research will be of vital importance to
the Nigerian economy. Once the discovery is completed, basic educational
programs can/will be developed to address the need as inputs into
entrepreneurship education. In addition, banks and institutions could use the
8
result to predict SMEs success for loans and other support activities, as well
as enabling investors to judge the managerial balance of the ventures to
which they are called upon to commit themselves.
In addition, this study will also contribute to the extensive and on-going
research gathering of reliable and accurate information about entrepreneurs
in Nigeria. It will as such offer solid guidances on the combination of
entrepreneurial characteristics and business practices that will make some
entrepreneurs more successful than others.
1.7
This
study
explores
and
evaluates
entrepreneurship
innovation
and
Definition of Terms
market
industry
and
may
impart
more
entrepreneurial
10
1.8
Y2,
Y1 = Employment Generation
Y2 = Poverty Alleviation
Y3 = Standard of Living
11
Y3, Y4)
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
conceptual
framework
which
includes
definitions,
concepts,
and
Conceptual Framework
12
other
socio-economic
conditions.
In
essence,
the
entrepreneur
required
for
production
and
distribution,
organizing
and
management of human and material resources to meet up with the set goal.
According to Drucker (1995) entrepreneurship is a perceptiveness to change
and the entrepreneur as one, who always searches for change, responds to
13
within
and
to
the
environment.
He
stated
further
that
14
time and efforts, assuming the accompanying financial social risks at the end
receiving resulting reward. Entrepreneurship education is a purposeful
intervention
by
an
educator
in
the
life
of
the
learner
to
impact
areas:
technical
skills;
business
management
and
personal
developing
and
managing
an
enterprise.
The
personal
15
teaching
programme.
Entrepreneurial
training
and
17
spiritual capitalism, which will involve among others calling out the best from
every Nigerians. It will also involve individual self-development where
individuals are the key driver in developing themselves. These will be capped
by leadership with vision. One of the major thrusts of NEEDS is, growing the
private sector, and this calls for massive training and development of
indigenous entrepreneurs in Nigeria, hence the demand for refocusing on
training programme more importantly on entrepreneurship. It is commonly
believed that Entrepreneurship education is an absolute imperative that
would make a positive contribution to improving the entrepreneurial
orientation of the people.
Wiklund (1999) postulated that entrepreneurial orientation consist two
components,
namely,
action
orientation,
which
results
in
actual
18
Nigeria
According Asante, (2011) despite more than two decades of positive growth,
the
Nigerian
economy
is
yet
to
achieve
the
desirable
structural
triggered
policy
makers
into
giving
greater
importance
to
annually
(Adejimola
and
Olufunmilayo,
2009).
This,
20
The
first
is
that
entrepreneurship
education
curriculum
is
theoretical
instructions.
Nweze
and
Ojowu
(2002)
note
that
sector
in
general
has
been
serious
challenge
to
entrepreneurship, both at the institutional level and the nation at large. This
funding
constraint
has
adversely
22
affected
the
implementation
of
challenge
is
that
undergraduate
students
perceive
the
multiple
taxes,
harsh
business
regulations,
inadequate
23
friends and relatives; small-scale units carry on business on a small scale and
as such the element of risk is less; small-scale units are generally based on
local resources and as such there is no problem regarding their availability;
small-scale entrepreneur adopts labour intensive technology. Thus he
generates employment for himself as well as for others; small-scale units can
be located anywhere and thus help in the development of backward areas of
the country; small-scale units generally cater to local demand and necessary
modifications can be made in the products keeping in mind the changing
demand of people; small-scale units provide ample opportunities for
creativity and experimentation; small-scale units have shorter gestation
period and hence waiting period for getting return on investment is less;
these units are relatively more environmental friendly; small-scale units help
in building achievement motivation amongst entrepreneurs; small-scale units
are viewed favorably by the government and society because these help in
equitable distribution of income and wealth (William and Michael, 2012).
Keeping in mind the above potentials of small scale industry as a developer
of entrepreneurial talent, the government of Nigeria has facilitated this
sector by providing it with various concessions and incentives.
2.2.6 Importance of Small Scale Industries
Small-scale industries play an important role in industrial development of a
country. It is all the more important in case of developing countries like
Nigeria. The socio-economic transformation of Nigeria cannot be achieved
25
are
an
important
segment
of
the
economy
contributing
Employment:
The
small-scale
industries
offer
almost
limitless
country
like
Nigeria
where
26
there
is
big
problem
of
to the large-scale
Balanced
Regional
Development:
Small-scale
industries
utilise
local
Other advantages: These industries also confer certain other social and
political benefits such as overcoming territorial immobility, reduction of
pressure on land, relieving congestion in urban areas, self-employment, etc.
2.2.7 Roles of entrepreneurs in the Nigerian economy
The role of entrepreneurs in economic development involves increasing per
capital output and income, initiating and constituting change in the structure
of business and society; this change is accompanied by growth and
increased output. Entrepreneurship facilitates the use of local raw materials
and other resources. Being relatively labour intensive, enterprise creates
substantial employment opportunities at low capital cost and being resilient,
flexible, can better adapt to unexpected changes in the economic and
financial environments. In agreeing with this, Salvatore and Riccardo (2010)
contended that the industrial future of Nigeria depends critically on the twin
pillar of a stable macro-economic environment based on a foundation of
proactive partnership between government and the public sector. Paying of
more taxes which enable government to provide basic amenities, mobilize
savings and investments, dispersal of industries, competition globally and
earning foreign exchange for the economy (Onuoha, 2005).
Stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship in developing country like Nigeria
is made possible. Private individuals or groups are afforded the opportunity
to manage the businesses with minimal resources requirement. Parker
(2006) mentions that investment in small businesses help to transform
29
enterprise.
Competitive
capitalism
insures
freedom
of
living
for
the
people
(Saunders,
Lewis
and
Thornhill,
2007).
for
financing
business,
having
access
to
capital
and
Matanmi and Awodun (2005) acknowledged that the skills to venture indicate
the technical and business situations required for company operation.
Entrepreneurs require compilation of proficiency for them to manage the
functions like financial control and market management, which require
experience and education, research and development.
Akande (1994) explained that management problem has been known as one
of the problems in entrepreneurship in Nigeria, even though it is mostly a
part that will be played by entrepreneurs but the government still needs to
provide training programmes to enhance their knowledge in business
management. In developed countries, the programmes on entrepreneurship
are provided freely for all entrepreneurs and even the aspiring entrepreneurs
are encouraged as long as there is good business idea on ground, in 1996,
the number of entrepreneurs with post secondary school qualification
increased, around half of those that start new business had post secondary
education.
Marketing Problem: Carter and Jones (2006) stated that in marketing
conditions, small business enterprises have numerous challenges because of
their lack of knowledge for the proper technique related with procedures in
marketing. Carter and Jones (2006) further advised that the knowledge and
strengthening of small business marketing will benefit from factors like
attitude and personality of the owner manager, also the inbuilt pliability and
efficiency of small business management. Cahna (2008) classified lack of
marketing orientation as a major factor for failure in business. An
34
entrepreneur that does not have the skills or the ideas about marketing in
business tends to face marketing problem. Lthje and Frank (2002) Ability to
cost effectively, advertise and actual selling are two top problems in
marketing area. Among other problems in marketing for an entrepreneur are
developing a market plan, identifying new opportunities, branding the firm,
competition from large businesses, getting positive publicity, identifying the
customers, implementing marketing strategies, understanding the customer,
overcoming negative perceptions, effectively networking, getting business
from large corporation, getting the decision maker, and developing new
products and services.
Technology Problem: The technology problem for entrepreneurship has a
lot of causes that worsen it. Basic physical infrastructure needed for
economic development like good transport facilities, power supply are in a
very bad shape in most developing countries consequently posing a problem
to entrepreneurship. An example is the damage of equipment as a result of
power surges and down time caused by unavailability of electric power
during production hours. Cogbun and Adeya (2000) wrote about the
weakness of infrastructure for information and communication in most
African countries. Right or the ability to use information infrastructure is
measured as an essential provision for general socio-economic improvement
in this time of globalization and information economy, though these
infrastructures are in different level of exhibition in African countries. David
and John (2005) explained technology as one problem in small business
35
enterprises in Nigeria. Okpara and Wynn (2007) wrote that it is pathetic that
access to internet services, modern information and
communication
36
2.2.10
development
The Federal Government in collaboration with foreign bodies continues to
make
capital
available
to
SMEs.
For
instance,
some
international
African
Development
Bank
(ADB)
and
International
Finance
The
Small
Scale
Industries
and
Graduate
Employment
38
2.2.12
Empowerment in
Nigeria
ii.
iii.
iv.
It is unfortunate that young farmers club and farm settlement scheme are
no longer functioning effectively in involving youths in agriculture. In the
past, myriad of nonchalant policies and programmes of youths development
39
viii.
information; and
Natural hazards such as flooding, among others.
issues
include
inadequate
land,
continuous
poor
harvests
and
soil
crime.
Akpan
(2010)
reiterated
that factors
constraining
problems
associated
with
agricultural
production,
high
Strategies
to
Effective
Participation
of
Youths
in
44
potable water, etc. DFRRI had tremendous impact in rural areas of Nigeria.
For instance, between the time of inception in 1986 and 1993, DFRRI had
completed over 278,526 km of roads. Over 5,000 rural communities
benefited from its rural electrification programme. DFRRI also impacted
positively on food production (Akpan, 2010). Poverty reduction programmes
will have to adopt a holistic approach involving the three tiers of government
and the civil society for it to be sustainable. Given the nature of the social
structure
in
rural
areas,
government,
NGOs,
international
agencies,
successes in order to attract more young people. There should also be the
incorporation of information communication technologies such as the
Internet, mobile phones, computers, and global positioning systems,
associated or not with traditional communication technologies such as radio,
television, print and video. With this in mind, the emerging Youth in
Agriculture Strategy must demonstrate a clear understanding of the youth's
affinity for technology, efficiency and a strong voice in the decision-making
processes. The strategy must also emphasis the need for the incorporation of
agriculture in the regular curriculum (Onwubiko, 2011).
There is an urgent need to remove all visible constraints in gaining access to
land, credit, training, information and new technologies by the youths. It is
also necessary to expand access to agro-enterprise knowledge to secondary
and tertiary institutions so as to create and expand rural job opportunities,
build capacity and promote agro entrepreneurship among the youths thus
reducing
migration
to
urban
areas.
Involving
youths
in
agricultural
sustainable
rural
economy
requires
access
to
productive
small-scale
agro-processing
46
technologies,
credit
institutions,
specialized agricultural careers across the value chains, etc. The sector is
seen as highly unattractive due to ignorant assumptions which often times
limit it to labour-intensive engagement; ignoring many other professional
and entrepreneurial opportunities across the value chain (Obert, 2012).
Promotion and support of advocacy work that is aimed at creating
entrepreneurial awareness among youths about countless opportunities
existing across the value chain remains paramount. The following are some
recommendations for increasing youths involvement in agriculture:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
best practices;
Linking school agricultural operations with general curriculum;
More opportunities for on-farm training for youths;
Enterprise development training particularly in value added activities
vi.
vii.
and information;
Facilitating access to and encouraging the use of appropriate
viii.
technologies;
Developing a data base of agencies that can provide access to youths
ix.
x.
on information in agriculture;
Facilitating market opportunities;
Providing targeted marketing opportunities for primary and valueadded agricultural products produced by young entrepreneurs through
xi.
47
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
Nigeria,
tackling
unemployment
requires
development
and
the poor, by
Agricultural
engineering,
Agricultural
economics,
Agricultural
Agricultural
Insurance
Corporation,
Local,
State/Federal
Theoretical Framework
"pull"
and
"push"
schools)
and
sociological
-psychological
51
persons
are
reluctant
to
become
entrepreneurs.
This
preposition is referred to the theory based on the fact that individuals treat
self-employment as a "survival strategy", rather than generator of ideas or
source of higher income.
2.3.3 Cultural Theory
The disadvantage theory is supplemented by cultural theory which explains
the self-employment growth among ethnic minorities, representatives of
other race or emigrants. Cultural theory is one of the oldest theories that can
explain the differences arising among entrepreneurs. Its pioneer Max Weber
(1930) argues that differences between entrepreneurs in each country
52
emerged due to the existing distinctive cultural norms and values. Lights
(1972) cultural theory states that some immigrants are more likely to go into
business than others because of their socio-cultural origins. Cultural theory
argues that ethnic minorities and immigrants have cultural characteristics:
commitment to hard work, membership of a minority community, economical
livelihood, risk-taking, social values, loyalty and unity as well as the tendency
toward self-employment (Masurel, Nijkamp, Vindigni, 2004; Voler, 2007).
These features provide national minorities with resources which facilitate and
encourage people to become self-employed (E. Fregetto, 2004). According to
R. Q Agrawal, M. Chava (1997), minority business is unique because of its
history, and often becomes a new niche in a foreign country to start own
business.
2.3.4 Middleman Minority Theory
Presumptions
of
both
the
disadvantage
and
cultural
theories
are
if a worker thinks that the disutility of work is greater than the benefit of
work or the utility of the real wage, this worker will decide not to work. This
type
of
unemployment
is
called
voluntary
unemployment.
Frictional
therefore,
entrepreneurship
in
Least
Developed
Countries
is
Creative Imitation. This takes place when the imitators better understand
how an innovation can be applied, used or sold in their particular market
niches, to wit, their own countries and neighbours. Mbaegbu (2008) opined
that in Nigeria this brand of entrepreneurship abound in the South East
among the Ibos as revealed by Nafziger (1967) and Harris (1967). These
brands of entrepreneurs imitate and adapt products of innovation. To Druker,
what underscores entrepreneurship is change The entrepreneur always
searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity
(Druker, 1986).
56
2.4
Empirical Review
There is need to review some literatures and studies in order to account for
different perspective to this study or those that will validate the result of this
research work. According to a report conducted by Action Aid Nigeria (2013)
cited from Ayansina (2013) noted that the countrys commitment towards
agricultural financing was decreasing on yearly basis, it stated that within
five years 2007-2011 the Nigerian federal government has allocated and
average of seemingly 3.5 percent of national budget to agriculture exposing
even greater hunger across in the country. Action Aid Nigeria (2013) also
revealed that contrary to Nigeria, some African countries like Rwanda, Ghana
and Burundi ensure budgetary allocation of 9-10 percent, 10.2 percent and
10.9 percent respectively this aligned them as the few countries that
conformedto the 2003 Maputo declaration, cited from Ayansina (2013). This
is similar to a study of Ghanas agricultural sector; solution to youth
unemployment by Bress-Biney (2013) he observed that the most possible
solutions to youth unemployment in Ghana being hyped now a days is the
greater participation of the youth in agriculture also see Hall (2013). He
stated that agriculture is the bedrock of most developing countries in which
Ghana is one.
Bress-Biney (2013) concludes that the importance of agriculture to the
development of Ghana economy cannot be overemphasized and therefore
should be attractive and lucrative to employ the youth and serve as a
57
catalyst for the overall development of the country's economy. It is the major
sector that can rescue our country from its current economic devastation.
Government must therefore invest significantly in the rehabilitation of this
sector financially. He said major reasons why industries are failing to perform
and many collapsing has been that the country has not invested much time,
energy and other resources into agriculture. This is as result of little attention
is drawn to the important industrial crops like palm tree (oil), cotton, sugar
cane, tobacco, and kenaf (used in the production of fiber bags).
Hall (2013) also concluded that those youth within the school system must
be targeted and those outside the school system must be lured and
sensitized. World Bank (2008) states that as traditional job-for-life career
paths become scarce, youth entrepreneurship offers an additional way of
incorporating youth into nowadays changing labour markets and enhancing
their economic freedom. Self-employment provides income for some young
people around the world, self-reliance and a dynamic route for growth and
the development of human capital. In addition, agricultural practice
embraces self-reliance and self-development. Alawode (2013) in a report
analyzed in the Punch newspaper stated that although the Nigerian
government is not investing financially in agricultural development, some
factors like discovery of oil by other countries, increasing unemployment
rate, have necessitated and compelled its greater attention to the sector by
developing policies that encourage greater private sector investments in the
sector.
58
to
be
far
more
complex
problems.
He
grouped
Nigerias
unemployment into two groups: the older unemployed who are jobless
through retrenchment, structural changes, dismissal or liquidation and the
younger unemployed, mostly without working experience.
Furthering on the discussion some scholars like Echebiri (2005) and Onah
(2001) described youth unemployment as the corporation of youth with
different background, willing and able to work, but cannot find any. This
means supply of labour exceeds the demand and it results into joblessness,
unemployment and underemployment. Due to the insufficient employment
59
programmes
like:
Agricultural
development
programme;
Youth
61
Osim (2010) study explained the objective of the lofty plan and the
imperativeness of revamping the small and medium scale enterprises
subsector which is the most essential element in the growth strategy. A
survey of small and medium scale enterprises was done to appraise their
contributions toward macroeconomic objectives realization and their peculiar
problems
especially
those
anchored
on
government
policies
and
programmes. An overview of policies and incentives for promoting the subsector by government over the years was equally assessed, upon which
policy proposals for creating enabling environment for SMEs operations were
proffered
which
include
fiscal
incentives
and support,
infrastructural
Adegbite, Ilori, Irefin, Abereijo and Aderemi carried out a study to evaluate
the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on the performance of smallscale manufacturing industries in Nigeria. This was with a view to identifying
these entrepreneurial characteristics and the factors that influence their
translation to optimum business performance. Primary data, through
structured questionnaire, were collected from the samples of 100 firms
randomly selected from among the small-scale manufacturing industries
engaged in food and beverage; textile and wearing apparel; wood and wood
products; chemical and pharmaceuticals; and fabricated metal products.
Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of
Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS). Also, the correlation analysis
and regression analysis were carried out to examine the relationship
between contextual variables and business performance. The results showed
that human resource factors and the sales revenue were found to be
inadequate and severely inhibited the potential of the entrepreneurs for
performance and growth. However, length of years in business and working
experience were found to have positive contribution on their performance.
While majority (7) of the 10 Personal Entrepreneurial Characteristics (PEC) of
the respondents made negative contribution on the sales revenue, only
demand for efficiency and product quality, information seeking; and
systematic planning and monitoring had positive impact.
Mohammed and Obeleagu-Nzelibe (2012) carried out a study to critically
examine the skills required by entrepreneurs for the enhancement of the
63
skills,
proper
record
keeping,
access
to
financing,
entrepreneurs
and
apprenticeships
from
five
recognized
local
and education are significantly related to the youth empowerment and social
welfare services. Findings revealed that youth empowerment are influenced
by their acquired technical skill. The study recommends effective technical
education, youth empowerment, and social welfare service as a catalyst for
poverty alleviation.
2.5
Several
researchers
have
attempted
to
study
the
problem
of
65
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
The chapter described the proposed research method that was to be used.
This includes the research design, population of the study, sample and
sampling techniques, data collection instrument, administration of data
collection instrument, validity and reliability of the research instrument,
procedure of data analysis and limitations of the study.
3.2
Research Design
66
The survey research design will be used in carrying out this research. It
involves a plan that guided the researcher in data collection phase of the
research work. The design of this work followed a quantitative approach.
Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process to describe
and test relationships and examine cause and effect interactions among
variables. A descriptive survey will be selected because it provides an
accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics, for example, behavior,
opinions, abilities, beliefs and knowledge of a particular individual situation
or group. This design was chosen to meet the objectives of the study.
3.3
3.4
Sampling is usually done when the study population is too large for the
researcher to come in contact with each and every element in the
population. Mark Slovin, which is concerned with the application of normal
approximation with 95% confidence level and 5% error tolerance, was used
to determine the sample size in the organization.
67
N
1+ N (e) 2
Where:
n = Sample size
N = Total population
e = Error Margin
n = 127
1 + 127(0.05)2
n = 127
1 + 127 x (0.05)2
n = 127
1 + (127 x 0.0025)
n = 127
1 + 0.32
n = 127
1.32
n = 96 Staff
A sample size of ninety-six (96) farmers out of the one hundred and twentyseven (127) farmers is chosen. All members of the population will have equal
chances to be chosen as part of the sample because the questionnaires will
be administered randomly to the entire farmers.
3.5
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary was collected through
questionnaires that were to be distributed by the researcher. The questions
were structured and the respondents fully informed about the purpose of
data collection. The questionnaires consisted of both open ended and closed
68
ended questions. The open ended questions were meant to avoid limiting the
respondents in answering the questions. A Likert scale was also used for
close-ended questions. The questionnaire was made up of two sections.
Section (A) solicited for information on respondents bio-data, while section
(B) focused on information relating to entrepreneurship innovation and
agricultural development in a Likert scale format.
3.6
Sampling Technique
Due to the large size of the population of this study, the researcher decided
to use random sampling procedure to select a sample size that adequately
represents the population.
3.7
Sample Frame
This is the list of sampling entities and properties used as basis to determine
the factors to include in sampling frame, such as organizations, institutions,
people, men, women, departments and others in a study. In this study, the
sampling frame is made up of the one hundred and twenty-seven (127) small
scale farmers within Abeokuta, Ogun State.
3.8
Research Instruments
Two types of research instruments will be used in this study. They are
questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaires will be pre-tested to allow
the researcher determine if the respondent would have any difficulty in
understanding them, or if there are ambiguous or biased questions. The
design of the questionnaire will be simple and respondent-friendly. The
questions will be formulated in order to elicit information on efficacy of
69
sex,
marital
status,
and
position
in
organization,
educational
background, etc.
3.9
Validity test will be carried out in order to ensure that the research
instrument measured what it was meant to measure. The methods of
measuring validity will be face; content; criterion and construct validity. Face
and content validity will be deployed for this study through the judgment of
the supervisors and experts both in academic institutions and organizations.
Content Validity will be used to determine the appropriateness of the wording
of the instrument and the objectives of the study while face Validity will be
ensured to enable the researcher to assert if she had measured what he set
out to measure.
3.10 Reliability of Research Instrument
Reliability test ensures that the instrument measures consistently as
required. It also shows the extent to which the researcher can confidently
rely on the information obtained through the use of the instrument adopted
to gather data for the research work. Consequently, data collected will be
subjected to reliability analysis to establish the reliability of the measures
and ensure consistent measurement among the various measurements in
the instrument. Analysis to the reliability of coefficient will be used. To ensure
the reliability of the study instrument, a pilot study will be conducted by the
70
71
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79
QUESTIONNAIRE
College of Management Sciences,
Department of Entrepreneurship
Studies,
Federal University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta,
Ogun State.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a final year student of the above named institution and
department; I am conducting a research of the topic Entrepreneurship
Innovation and Agricultural Development.
The study is in partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Science
(B.Sc.) degree in Business Administration. The findings will definitely
be of immense help to the entrepreneurs, please kindly provide the
appropriate response by ticking the right box to the best of your
knowledge of those questions, I plead for your co-operation and be rest
assured that the information obtained from this exercise is purely for
academic purpose and will be hold strict confidence.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully,
..
Researcher
SECTION A: RESPONDENTS BIO-DATA
INSTRUCTION: Please indicate appropriate information.
1.
Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )
2.
3.
Age Group: 20 29 (
4.
education (
5.
Single (
) 30 39 (
Divorce (
) 40 and above (
)
) No Formal
Years (
)
80
6-10 Years (
) 11-15
SECTION B
SA
= Strongly Agree
U
= Undecided
SD
= Strongly Disagreed
S/N
A
D
= Agree
= Disagreed
ITEMS
SA
SA
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
S
D
S
D
S
D
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
SA
S
D
S
D
S
D
82