It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in

terms of generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony
3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony
(including video telephony)
4G: IP-based anytime, anywhere voice, data,
and multimedia telephony at faster data rates
than 3G (to be deployed in 20122015)
GSM Frequencies:
Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also
available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz
ranges.
GSM Architecture:

*3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000

4G (LTE):

 Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps

Based on UMTS 3G technology
Optimized for All-IP traffic
Advantages of LTE:

LTE was designed by a collaboration of national and

regional telecommunications standards bodies known as
the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and is
known in full as 3GPP Long Term Evolution.LTE evolved
from an earlier 3GPP system known as the Universal
Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which in turn
evolved from the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM).
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(early 1980s The first generation (1G) systems used
analogue communication techniques, which were similar
to those used by a traditional analogue radio)
(second generation (2G) systems in the early 1990s.
These systems were the first to use digital technology,
which permitted a more efficient use of the radio spectrum
and the introduction of smaller, cheaper devices. They

were originally designed just for voice, but were later

enhanced to support instant messaging through the Short
Message Service (SMS))

third generation (3G) systems in the years after 2000. 3G

systems use different techniques for radio transmission
and reception from their 2G predecessors, which increases
the peak data rates that they can handle and which makes
still more efficient use of the available radio spectrum.

Unfortunately, early 3G systems were excessively hyped

and their performance did not at first live up to
expectations. Because of this, 3G only took off properly
after the introduction of 3.5G systems around 2005. In
these systems, the air interface includes extra
optimizations that are targeted at data applications, which
increase the average rate at which a user can upload or
download information, at the expense of introducing
.greater variability into the data rate and the arrival time

the ITU had helped to drive the development of 3G

technologies by publishing a set of requirements for a 3G
mobile communication system, under the name
International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) 2000.

The ITU launched a similar process in 2008, by publishing

a set of requirements for a fourth generation (4G)
communication system under the name IMT-Advanced [9
11].
The success of 2G communication systems came at the
same time as the early growth of the internet. It was

natural for network operators to bring the two concepts

together, by allowing users to download data onto mobile
devices. To do this, so-called 2.5G systems built on the
original ideas from 2G.

3G systems use different techniques for radio transmission

and reception from their 2G predecessors, which increases
the peak data rates that they can handle and which makes
still more efficient use of the available radio spectrum.
3G system is the Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS). UMTS was developed from GSM by
completely changing the technology used on the air
interface, while keeping the core network almost
unchanged. The system was later enhanced for data
applications, by introducing the 3.5G technologies of high
speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) and high speed
uplink packet access (HSUPA), which are collectively
known as high speed packet access (HSPA).

Time division synchronous code division multiple access

(TD-SCDMA) is a derivative of WCDMA, which is also
known as the low chip rate option of UMTS TDD mode. TDSCDMA was developed in China,to minimize the countrys
dependence on Western technology and on royalty
payments to Western companies. It is deployed by one of
Chinas three 3G operators, China Mobile.
There are two main technical differences between these
implementations. Firstly, WCDMA usually segregates the
base stations and mobiles transmissions by means of
frequency division duplex, while TD-SCDMA uses time
division duplex. Secondly, WCDMA uses a wide bandwidth
of 5MHz, while TD-SCDMA uses a smaller value of 1.6 MHz.

There are three main technical differences between the air

interfaces of cdma2000 and UMTS. Firstly, cdma2000 uses
a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. Secondly, cdma2000 is
backwards compatible with IS-95, in the sense that IS-95
mobiles can communicate with cdma2000 base stations
and vice versa, whereas UMTS is not backwards
compatible with GSM. Thirdly, cdma2000 segregates voice
and optimized data onto different carrier frequencies,
whereas UMTS allows them to share the same one. The
first two issues hindered the penetration of WCDMA into
the North American market, where there were few
allocations of bandwidths as wide as 5MHz and there were
a large number of legacy IS-95 devices.

There are three main ways to increase the capacity of a

mobile communication system:
first, is the use of smaller cells. In a cellular network, the
channel capacity is the maximum data rate that a single
cell can handle. By building extra base stations and
reducing the size of each cell, we can increase the
capacity of a network, essentially by using many duplicate
copies of Equation: C = B log2 (1 + SINR)
second technique is to increase the bandwidth. Radio
spectrum is managed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and by regional and
national regulators, and the increasing use of mobile
telecommunications has led to the increasing allocation of
spectrum to 2G and 3G systems. However, there is only a
finite amount of radio spectrum available and it is also
required by applications as diverse as military
communications and radio astronomy.
third technique is to improve the communication
technology that we are using. This brings several benefits:

it lets us approach ever closer to the theoretical channel

capacity, and it lets us exploit the higher SINR and greater
bandwidth that are made available by the other changes
above. This progressive improvement in communication
technology has been an ongoing theme in the
development of mobile telecommunications and is the
main reason for the introduction of LTE.

Additional Motivations
Three other issues are driving the move to LTE.
Firstly, a 2G or 3G operator has to maintain two core
networks: the circuit switched domain for voice, and the
packet switched domain for data. Provided that the
network is not too congested, however, it is also possible
to transport voice calls over packet switched networks
using techniques such as voice over IP (VoIP).

3G networks introduce delays of the order of 100

milliseconds for data applications, in transferring data
packets between network elements and across the air
interface. This is barely acceptable for voice and causes
great difficulties for more demanding applications such as
real-time interactive games. Thus a second driver is the
wish to reduce the end-to-end delay, or latency, in the
network.
Thirdly, the specifications for UMTS and GSM have become
increasingly complex over the years, due to the need to
add new features to the system while maintaining
backwards compatibility with earlier devices. A fresh start
aids the task of the designers, by letting them improve the
performance of the system without the need to support
legacy devices.

The design of LTE took place at the same time as an

initiative by the International Telecommunication Union. In
the late 1990s.
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1G being the analog mobile radio systems of the 1980s,
2G the first digital mobile systems, and 3G the first mobile
systems handling broadband data.

Packet data over cellular systems became a reality during

the second half of the 1990s, with General Packet Radio
Services (GPRS) introduced in GSM.
With the advent of 3G and the higher-bandwidth radio
interface of UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
came possibilities for a range of new services that were
only hinted at with 2G and 2.5G. The 3G radio access
development is today handled in 3GPP. However, the initial
steps for 3G were taken in the early 1990s, long before
3GPP was formed.
GSM was a pan- European project.
LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not
satisfy the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as
specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series, for
LTE Advanced.
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the
Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007),
and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard
(in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009).
What is optimization?
Optimization is the fine-tuning of a nominal cell plan to a
real environment.

The RF design of a wireless system revolves around three

main principles. Those principles are coverage, capacity
and quality.
The RF Planning is the process of assigning frequencies,
transmitter locations and parameters of a wireless
communications system to provide sufficient coverage and
capacity for the services required.
LTE-Advanced:
Enhanced performance can in principle be achieved in two
ways by using more radio spectrum, and by using the
available spectrum more efficiently.
In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT2000 specifications for what standards that should be
considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market
brands only some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g.
WCDMA and CDMA2000), not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT and
mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are
formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not
branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced
(International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced)
requirements for 4G systems.

Objectives:
1-Understand the LTE general principles.
2-Provide the number of sites (cells) needed in order to
support a certain subscriber population with a given
capacity.
The link budget calculations estimate the maximum
allowed signal Attenuation, called path loss.
Network dimensioning requires determination the number
or cells (Number of sites) to cover a certain region and to

determine the radius of each cell and the spacing between

them either using traffic or coverage criteria.
Input requirements for the capacity and coverage
dimensioning process consist of a bit rate at the cell edge,
one for downlink and one for uplink.
Limitations to the calculation method include the
following:
-1Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) is considered
only for downlink for a maximum of two antennas.
2-Quality of Service (QoS) is not handled by the method.

Link budget is defined sometimes as the difference

between transmitter effective isotropic radiated power
(EIRP) and the minimum signal strength at the receiver i.e.
the receiver sensitivity for acceptable quality.
Link budget means to catalog all losses and gains between
the two ends of communication i.e. mobile station (MS)
and eNodeB to yield the maximum allowable (or available
or acceptable) loss in signal strength that can be tolerated
between the transmitter and receiver.
Link budget traces power expenditures along path from
transmitter to receiver to identify or determine the
maximum allowable path loss and to determine the
maximum feasible cell radius using propagation model.

There are two link budgets:

Reverse link budget (up link budget) i.e. as signal is
transmitted from mobile station (MS) and received by
eNodeB.

 Forward link budget (down link budget) i.e. as signal is

transmitted from eNodeB and received by mobile station
(MS).
The reverse link budget has to be considered in system
design first then forward link budget and finally link
balance will be made. But since coverage is usually
reverse link limited, we will focus on reverse link budget
(up link budget).