JHULELAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
NAGPUR
DEPARTMENT OF
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SYNOPSIS ON

Identification of presence of brain

tumors in MRI images using contrast
enhancement technique
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
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SUBMITTED BY
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SESSION

2016-2017

INDEX

Introduction
Literature Survey
Aim of Project
Proposed Methodology
Application
Expected Result
Work plan
References

INTRODUCTION
Automatic Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging
technique used in Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) to visualize detailed internal
structure and limited functions of the body such as brain diseases, Alzheimer
disease or movement's disorders such as Parkinson. The diagnostic values of MRI
are greatly magnified by the automatic and accurate classification of the MR
images. Different algorithms are exposed in each step on automatic brain tumor
detection; this process has its appropriate methods. One of the most powerful
methods for extraction is Wavelet transform. This is an effective tool for 2D image
feature extraction because it allows for the analysis of images at various levels of
resolution. The main advantage of wavelet is that it affords localized frequency
information about the function of a signal, which is particularly beneficial for
classification [1]. Wavelet is applied to reduction of samples and removes high
frequency noises. However, it requires large storage and is computationally more
expensive. Hence an alternative method for dimension reduction scheme is used. In
order to reduce the feature vector dimensions and increase the discriminative
power, the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and optimization process is used. SA
is engaging since it capably reduces the dimensionality of the data and therefore
reduces the computational cost of analyzing new data. This method is used for
feature reduction in [2]. In recent years, many viable algorithms are presented for
feature selection and optimization. Genetic Algorithms (GA) are realized as
computer programs that have been very successful in many optimization areas.
After obtaining the features set, we need to construct a classifier. Also at
classification step different algorithms are presented. The first category is
unsupervised classification; the other category is supervised classification such as
support vector machine (SVM) that classifies points by allowing them to one of two
disjoint half spaces. These half spaces are either in the original input space of the
problem for linear classifiers, or in a higher dimensional feature space for nonlinear
classifiers. SVM is used for classification as it gives better accuracy and
performance than other classifiers [1].
In current clinical practice, MR brain tumor images are assessed visually or assessed
by using basic quantitative measures such as largest diameter to make a diagnosis
or assess a treatment. This approach is time-consuming and has drawbacks
regarding reproducibility and inter-rater variability. Development of interactive or
fully-automated MRI brain tumor segmentation methods is an ongoing field of
research. By comparing manual segmentations from individual raters with the
consensus segmentation of a group of raters, an upper limit for the performance of
(semi-)automated methods is de- rived in Menze et al. [2]. It is shown that state-ofthe-art segmentation methods still underperform significantly com- pared to this
upper limit and more effort is needed to bring the methods into daily clinical
practice.

Brain tumor is one of the prime causes behind the increase in mortality among
people. A tumor is an abnormal growth caused by cells reproducing themselves in
an uncontrolled manner. Does anybody know the obvious reason, why brain tumor
occurs? My guess, unfortunately the answer is 'no'. Matter of hope is that regardless
of the type of tumor whether it's benign or malignant, primary or metastatic, all
brain tumors are treatable. But there is a big 'if. It is the tumor must be detected in
early stages of formation with all essential information of size, location, shape. Then
surgeons and physicians can curtail this brain anomaly and cure the patient
permanently. At present with the involvement of high resolution diagnostic
techniques e.g. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT),
functional MRI (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission
Computed Tomography (SPECT) in medical imaging we have gained more
knowledge about brain tumor than last hundred years. Now imaging facilitates
secondary prevention by offering the detection of tumors in developing stages
before symptoms start appearing. Early detection usually results in less extensive
treatment and better outcomes. Detection of tumors by image processing is known
to reduce the mortality subsequently. A sublime awareness can also be created in
this regard.
Tumor is an uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in any part of the body. Tumors are
of different types and have different characteristics and different treatments[1] . At
present, brain tumors are classified as primary brain tumors and metastatic brain
tumors. The former begin in the brain and tend to stay in the brain, the latter begin
as a cancer elsewhere in the body and spreading to the brain. Brain tumors are
divided into two types: benign and malignant. In fact, the most widely used grading
scheme has been issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2] . It classifies
brain tumors into grade I to IV under the microscope. In general, grade I and grade
II are benign brain tumor (low-grade); grade III and grade IV are malignant brain
tumor (high-grade). Usually, if low-grade brain tumor is not treated, it is likely to
deteriorate to high-grade brain tumor. The 2012 CBTRUS (Central Brain Tumor
Registry of the United States) Statistical Report has also showed that brain tumors
are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children under age 20 and
in males ages 20- 39 (leukemia is the first) and the fifth leading cause of cancerrelated deaths in females ages 20-39. An estimated 69 720 new cases of primary
brain tumors were expected to be diagnosed in 2013 and included both malignant
(24 620) and non-malignant (45 100) brain tumors. This estimate is based on an
application of age-sex-race-specific incidence rates from the 2013 CBTRUS
Statistical Report using SEER and NPCR data to project 2013 US population
estimates for the respective age-sex-race groups (www.abta.org/aboutus/news/brain-tumor-statistics/). Therefore, brain tumors are seriously endangering
peoples lives and early discovery and treatment have become a necessity. In the
clinical aspect, treatment options for brain tumor include surgery, radiation therapy
or chemotherapy. Along with the advance of medical imaging, imaging modalities
play an important role in the evaluation of patients with brain tumors and have a
significant impact on patient care.

Recent years, the emerging new imaging modalities, such as X- Ray,

Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography (CT), Magneto Encephalography (MEG),
Electro Encephalography (EEG), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single-Photon
Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),
not only show the detailed and complete aspects of brain tumors, but also improve
clinical doctors to study the mechanism of brain tumors at the aim of better
treatment. Clinical doctors play an important role in brain tumor assessment and
therapy. Once a brain tumor is clinically suspected, radiologic evaluation is required
to determine the location, the extent of the tumor, and its relationship to the
surrounding structures. This information is very important and critical in deciding
between the different forms of therapy such as surgery, radiation, and
chemotherapy. Therefore, the evaluation of brain tumors with imaging modalities is
now one of the key issues of radiology departments. MRI is a non-invasive and good
soft tissue contrast imaging modality, which provides invaluable information about
shape, size, and localization of brain tumors without exposing the patient to a high
ionization radiation[3] . MRI is attracting more and more attentions for the brain
tumor diagnosis in the clinical [4] . In current clinical routine, the images of different
MRI sequences are employed for the diagnosis and delineation of tumor
compartments. These sequence images include T1-weighted MRI (T1w), T1weighted MRI with contrast enhancement (T1wc), T2-weighted MRI (T2w), Proton
Density-weighted MRI (PDw), FLuid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), etc.
Figure 1 shows an axial slice of four standard sequences for a glioblastoma (a type
of brain tumor) patient [5] . Since T1w allows for an easy annotation of the healthy
tissues, it has become the most commonly used sequence images for the brain
tumor structure analysis. Moreover, T1-weighted contrast-enhanced sequence
images can make the brain tumor borders become brighter because the contrast
agent accumulates there due to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the
proliferative brain tumor region. In these sequence images, the necrotic core and
the active cell region can be distinguished easily. In T2w, the edema region can
appear brighter than other sequence images of MRI. Since the signal of water
molecules is suppressed in the imaging process of FLAIR, FLAIR is regarded as a
highly effective sequence image to help separate the edema region from the CSF.
Due to the large amount of brain tumor images that are currently being generated
in the clinics, it is not possible for clinicians to manually annotate and segment
these images in a reasonable time. Hence, the automatic segmentation has become
inevitable. Brain tumor segmentation is to segment abnormal tissues such as active
cells, necrotic core, and edema from normal brain tissues including GM, WM, and
CSF[6].
In recent years, medical imaging and soft computing have made significant
advancements in the field of brain tumor segmentation. In general, most of
abnormal brain tumor tissues may be easily detected by brain tumor segmentation
methods. But accurate and reproducible segmentation results and representation of
abnormalities have not been solved all the way. Since brain tumor segmentation has
great impact on diagnosis, monitoring, treatment planning for patients, and clinical
trials, this work focuses on MRI-based brain tumor segmentation and presents a

relatively detailed overview for the current existing methods of MRI-based brain
tumor segmentation.

LITERATURE SURVEY
A Survey of MRI-Based Brain Tumor Segmentation Methods, Jin Liu, Min Li, Jianxin
Wang, Fangxiang Wu, Tianming Liu, and Yi Pan, IEEE International Conference on
Biomedical Image Analysis 2015
This paper has provided a comprehensive overview of the state of the art MRI-based
brain tumor segmentation methods. Many of the current brain tumor segmentation
methods operate MRI images due to the non-invasive and good soft tissue contrast
of MRI and employ classification and clustering methods by using different features
and taking spatial information in a local neighborhood into account. The purpose of
these methods is to provide a preliminary judgment on diagnosis, tumor monitoring,
and therapy planning for the physician.
Although most of brain tumor segmentation algorithms have relatively good results
in the field of medical image analysis, there is a certain distance in clinical
applications. Due to a lack of interaction between researchers and clinicians,
clinicians still rely on manual segmentation for brain tumor in many cases. The
existence of many tools aims to do pure research and is hardly useful for clinicians.
Therefore, embedding the developed tools into more user- friendly environments
will become inevitable in the future. Recently, some standard clinical acquisition
protocols focusing on feasibility studies are trying to formulate to improve the
clinical applications more quickly. Apart from the evaluation of accuracy and validity
for the results of brain tumor segmentation, computation time is also an important
criterion. The current standard computation time is in general a few minutes. The
real-time segmentation will be hard to achieve, but computation time over a few
minutes is unacceptable in clinical routine. Another crucial aspect for brain tumor
segmentation methods is robustness. If an automatic segmentation technique fails
in some cases, clinicians will lose their trust and not use this technique. Therefore,
the robustness is also one of the major assessment criteria for each new method
applied in clinical practice. Some current brain tumor segmentation methods
provide robust results within a reasonable computation time.
Although the main attention of many researchers is brain tumor segmentation
algorithms and not the feature extraction for brain tumor, the latter might be more
important especially when considering the variance in appearance of different brain
tumor grades and types in actual applications. In the future, the feature extraction
for brain tumor might be worthwhile to take a closer look at relevant and
meaningful features and would be interesting to explore how new features can be
designed to obtain better results. This could improve the accuracy, validity, and
robustness of MRI-based brain tumor segmentation.
MRI-based brain tumor segmentation techniques have already shown great
potential in detecting and analyzing tumors in clinical practice and will undoubtedly
continue to be improved in the future. With the development of MRI techniques,
more advanced MRI modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS),
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and Perfusion Imaging (PI) are gaining more
attention in the brain tumor segmentation. For example, a group called Section of

Biomedical Image Analysis (SBIA) has worked on these modalities for over 15 years.
These modalities can be used for the localization of the different areas of the brain
tumor. PI data , DTI data , and MRS data have been used to segment brain tumor
from normal tissues by the existence of machine learning methods. Along with the
advance of studies in the area, brain tumor automatic segmentation technology has
the potential to provide better prognostic information and optimize treatment
options.
Automatic Detection, Extraction and Mapping of Brain Tumor from MRI Scanned
Images using Frequency Emphasis Homomorphic and Cascaded Hybrid Filtering
Techniques, Rana Banik. Md. Rabiul Hasan, Md. Saif Iftekhar, IEEE Int'l Conf. on
Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology 2015
The methods now present to detect brain tumors are generally three types: atlasbased methods [I, 2], feature-based methods [3, 4, 5, 6] symmetry-property-based
methods [7, 8, 9]. The methods mentioned above are mostly semi-automatic which
require the intervention of user to work with the data and process results. The
method we present in this paper is completely automatic. Here we use the most
basic property of MRI images, which is the 'intensity difference'. To isolate the tumor
from other regions the intensity property is enhanced by efficient use of frequency
emphasis. Homomorphic high pass filter based on Gaussian equation is used which
intensifies the difference in luminosity between healthy tissues and malignant
tumor affected tissues.
This method is modification of standard homomorphic filtering technique. Typically
homomorphic filter technique adopts only the real values where we dealt absolute
values. Besides illumination characteristics in Brain Tumor Imaging is a new aspect
what this paper incorporates. The main contribution made in this paper is to use
multiplicative constant rather than exponential function with homomorphic filter.
High pass filter also reduces frequency domain Gaussian noises. After that tumor
intensity is clearly segregated from other regions like WM(white matter), GM(gray
matter), background. Spatial noises are eliminated by using hybrid filter which is a
cascaded combination of Median and Wiener filters. Then other spatial filters are
also used in cascaded form to enhance the noise removing efficiency of this
algorithm. The other redundant regions which intensity or pixel information matches
to tumors like CSF (cerebral spinal fluid), intracranial skulls are separated by simple
watershed method. After thresholding, morphological operations are applied in
recurrence to ensure the accurate and approximate detection of tumors according
to its size, shape, position. Then the tumor region is extracted and it's mapped in
the edge detected brain image to its right shape, size and position. Thus by
implementing this simple, efficient algorithm on MRI scanned images a surgeon or
radiologist can get to know the particular brain tumor of patient. This method is
tested over multiple real patient images and the results are verified by medical
experts. This method doesn't include the extensive process of maxima transform
The role of extended maxima transform is to identify groups of pixels that are
significantly higher than their immediate surrounding[10].

Most of the processes to detect brain tumors are based on extensive, complicated
mathematics and equations. This method we present here is very simple and
focuses on the extraction of the desired regions rather complex mathematics which
will help radiologists to understand this process easily. This method presented here
is completely automatic that means it does not require any user intervention alike
ROI(region of interest) based methods. Moreover though it's not tested on multiple
tumors in same image due to lack of data. But this method can also detect and
extract with multiple tumor cases.
This is not symmetry or atlas detection based method so it can operate without any
pre-condition of the tumor. Edge mapping used in our work not only shows the
intracranial skull like other methods but also shows the abnormality as well as other
brain tissues which is one of the main contributions of our work. The filter
combination of Homomorphic filter with frequency emphasis and hybrid filter takes
the filtering to a new extent of eliminating noises.
We applied Gaussian high pass filter in our experiment but in case of Homomorphic
filtering Butterworth high pass filter equation works much better. Application of
Fuzzy logic in this method for segmentation could have launched new scope of
processing. In order to make this method simple for medical use we intentionally
avoided Fuzzy Clustering methods. Gaussian noise and other noises were preferred
as premonition in our work. So we didn't use noise estimation. Noise estimation
gives quality and quantity of different noises. So using Noise estimation technique
filter efficiency would have been better.
AN UNTRAINED AND UNSUPERVISED METHOD FOR MRI BRAIN TUMOR
SEGMENTATION, Tom Haecka, Frederik Maesa Paul Suetens, IEEE International
Conference on Biomedical Image Processing 2016
In this work we have presented an untrained and unsupervised MRI brain tumor
segmentation method, which makes the method well suited for clinical or research
settings for which only a limited amount of patient images needs to be segmented,
or not sufficient annotated training data are avail- able. The problem is formulated
as an L1-regularized optimization problem and is solved by a split Bregman iteration
technique, which guides the search for outlier voxels towards a global optimum. By
using spatial priors of WM, GM and CSF, this global optimum coincides with the
clinically meaningful notion of normal and tumor regions. On the BraTS 2012-2013
training data, the presented method performs better than the unsupervised
Bayesian method by Menze et al.
Diagnose Brain Tumor Through MRI Using Image Processing Clustering Algorithms
Such As Fuzzy C Means Along With Intelligent Optimization Techniques, N. Nandha
Gopal, Dr. M. Karnan, IEEE Symposium on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis,
2010
A Review of the significant result obtained in the course of the work and scope for
future research are highlighted in this work. The primary objective of this thesis is to
develop more accurate, efficient for detection of brain tumor. A novel approaches to
segmentation using image processing clustering algorithm such as Fuzzy C Means

and optimization tools such as GA and PS0 were proposed. In Preprocessing and
enhancement the proposed method has been used to remove the film artifacts
using tracking algorithm. In the enhancement stage for remove high frequency
components, the Median is used to enhance the image and the performance of the
system was investigated.
Segmentation was done by Fuzzy C Means along with metaheuristic algorithms such
as GA and PSO. The population based optimization Genetic algorithm is investigated
in that the pixel intensity values were considered as population strings, reproduction
was applied to those strings to generate parent strings using fitness values.
Crossover and mutation operator were used to generate the new population. The
optimum value was considered to select the initial cluster point to find the adaptive
value (the output of the FCM) for tumor detection. In that 33, 55, 77, 99,
1111 windows are analyzed the GA with Fuzzy C Means of 33 window is chosen
based on the high contrast than 55, 77, 99, and 1111.
In the PSO the optimum value was considered to select the initial cluster point to
find the adaptive value (the output of the FCM) for tumor detection. In that 33,
55, 77, 99, 1111 windows are analyzed the PSO with FCM of 33 window is
chosen based on the high contrast than 55, 77, 99, and 1111. In performance
of the MRI image in terms of weight vector, execution time and tumor pixels
detected using the PSO with Fuzzy C Means. PSO which is computationally very
efficient optimization technique is proposed for brain tumor image segmentation.
The proposed method is relatively simple, reliable, and efficient. The efficiency was
compared with GA. PSO provides better performance comparing with GA. PSO with
FCM algorithm has been used to find out the optimum value. It can be concluded
that the proposed approach has lower tumor value and lesser execution time. There
is a decrease beyond 80% in both the values when compared to any other existing
approach.
The average classification error of GA is 0.078%. The average accuracy GA is
89.6%. PSO gives best classification accuracy and average error rate. The Average
classification error of PSO is 0.059% and the accuracy is 92.8% and tumor detection
is 98.87%. The average classification error is reduced when the number of sample is
increased. The results have provided substantial evidence that for brain tumor
segmentation of PSO algorithm performed well.
MRI Brain Cancer Classification Using Support Vector Machine, Hari Babu Nandpuru
Dr. S. S. Salankar Prof. V. R. Bora, 2014 IEEE Students' Conference on Electrical,
Electronics and Computer Science
Automated and efficient diagnosis of medical images is very important. Computer
and Information Technology are very much useful in medical image processing,
medical analysis and classification. More often Medical images are usually obtained
by X-rays and MRI. MRI is essential tool in the clinical and surgical environment due
to superior soft tissue differentiation, high spatial resolution, contrast and it does
not use any harmful ionizing radiation which may affect patients. Cancer develops
in a part of the body when cells begin to grow out abnormally. Radiologists examine

MRI Images based on visual interpretation to identify the presence of tumor. There
might be a possibility when large volume of MRI to be analyzed then there is a
possibility of wrong diagnosis by radiologists because sensitivity of the human eye
decreases with escalating number of cases, predominantly when only a small
number of slices are affected. Hence there is a need for efficient automated
systems for analysis and classification of medical images. The MRI image may
contain both normal and abnormal image.
The methodology includes following modules: Image preprocessing, Features
extraction, Feature reduction Training and Classification/Testing.
Image preprocessing is used to improve the quality of images. Medical images are
corrupted by different type of noises like Rician noise etc. It is very important to
have good quality of images for accurate observations for the given application.
Median filter is simple to understand. It preserves brightness differences resulting in
minimal blurring of regional boundaries. It also preserves the positions of
boundaries in an image, making this method useful for visual examination and
measurement.
Feature extraction refers to various quantitative measurement of medical images
typically used for decision making regarding the pathology of a structure or tissue.
In image processing, feature extraction is a special form of dimensionality
diminution. When the input data to an algorithm is too large to be processed and it
is assumed to be disgracefully unnecessary then the input data will be transformed
into a compact representation set of features. Transforming the input data set into
the set of features is called feature extraction. If the extracted features are
cautiously selected, it is expected that the features set will extract the important
information from the input data in order to perform the desired task using this
reduced representation instead of the full size input.
Principle Component Analysis (PCA) [4] is used to reduce the dimensionality of data
i.e. reduced features. Martinez and Kak showed that if training sets are small
comparing to feature dimension, PCA can outperform LDA [13].
The reduced features are submitted to a support vector machine for training and
testing. Therefore this method will decrease the computation time and complexity.
Classifiers such as SVM, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN),
Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), Hidden Markov Model (HM), etc. are used for
various applications such as hand written digit identification, object identification,
speaker identification, face identification, text classification and for medical
applications. Each of the classification schemes previously mentioned has its own
unique properties and associated strengths and problems. In KNN, the major
limitation is that it uses all features in distance computation ally intensive, mainly
when the size of training set increases. Beside this, the accuracy of k- nearest
neighbor classification is severely degraded by the presence of noisy or not related
features, mainly when the number of attributes grows. In PNN, limitations is that it
is slower than multilayer perceptron networks at classifying new cases and it
requires more memory space to store the model. ANN, it performs better than other

than other classification method with high dimensional features and contradictory
data. But the high computing cost which consumes high CPU and physical memory
usage is the main disadvantage of ANN. Bayesian approach outstanding with its
simplicity and low computational cost in both the training and classifying stage and
it has been widely implemented in various types of domains and applications. But
this generative method has been reported to be less accurate than the
discriminative methods such as SVM. SVM has shown to be more accurate than
other classification approaches [14].
The classification process is divided into two parts i.e. the training and the testing
part. Firstly, in the training part known data are given to the classifier for training.
Secondly, in the testing part, unknown data are given to the classifier and the
classification is performed after training part. The accuracy rate and error rate of
the classification depends on the efficiency of the training.
Brain Tumor Detection in MRI: Technique and Statistical Validation, K. M.
Iftekharuddin J. Zheng M. A. Islam, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
2004
Among many texture analysis methods, Fractal Dimension (FD) analysis is a useful
tool in characterizing textural images and surface roughness [ 10]. We have
successfully exploited the fractal models in analyzing brain tumor in MRI [6, 7, 11].
Further, the stochastic fractal Brownian motion (fBm) 12], which offers a framework
for integration of fractal and multi-resolution analysis, can successfully describe the
tumor characteristics [13]. Thus, the fractal analysis combining with multi-resolution
analysis (MRA) is a promising candidate in characterizing the content of an image in
general and segmenting the tumor in particular.
The fractal feature is obtained using Piecewise-Triangular-Prism-Surface-Area
(PTPSA) algorithm [6, 7]. The fractal wavelet feature is computed using our novel
fBm model that integrates both fractal and multiresolution wavelet analysis for
tumor tissue detection [8, 13]. The Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) algorithm is used as
the segmentation tool. Two classification methods, such as a neural network and
Support Vector Machine (SVM) are used to classify the tumor segments,
respectively.
In this work, we exploit the effectiveness of fusing two novel fractal-based features
with intensity values to segment and classify tumor regions from non-tumor regions
in multimodality pediatric brain MR images. Our simulation results show the feature
fusion of our two novel fractal-based features along with intensity values offer
excellent tumor segmentation and classification results when compared to other
texture based technique. We plan to explore algorithms for specific tumor type
detection on MR images as well as to improve the sensitivity of current algorithms
for general tumor cases in future.
Brain Tumor Extraction From MRI Image Using Mathematical Morphological
Reconstruction, Yamini Sharma Yogesh K. Meghrajani, Member, IEEE, IEEE
Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 2014

In this work the authors propose a method for extracting brain tumor from labeled
MRI images affected by impulse noise. Using global thresholding method, grayscale
image converts to binary image. Then morphological opening by reconstruction
operation is applied that consists of two steps i.e. erosion by disk structuring
element (SE) followed by a morphological reconstruction. Eroded image of the first
step provides marker point at tumor region and is used as a marker image for the
second step. This morphological operation removes salt noise, labels, and provides
binary image containing tumor as a foreground. The proposed algorithm works well
for almost uniform tumor region else, tumor is eroded completely in first step.
Hence, the proposed algorithm is revised by incorporating hole filling algorithm
based on morphological reconstruction. The revised algorithm fills the non-uniform
portion and retains the marker point of tumor. Furthermore, morphological closing
operation is applied for removing pepper noise of tumor region. Finally, tumor
region is extracted by multiplying resultant image with input MRI image.
The proposed method presents brain tumor extraction using mathematical
morphological reconstruction operations. In this technique, input image is
considered as labeled image and affected by impulse noise. Brain tumor is
extracted using pro- posed method besides impulse noise and label or artifacts are
removed. Experimental results are presented for uniform and non-uniform intensity
images. The proposed method performs well if the width of tumor is larger than the
radius of the SE. The proposed method is also compared with other well-known
algorithms.

AIM OF PROJECT
1. Brain MRI image enhancement using histogram contrast enhancement algorithm.
2. Image segmentation using clustering algorithm.
3. Feature extraction using texture algorithm.
4. Feature reduction using principal component analysis algorithm.
5. Classifier training using support vector machine algorithm.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Due to the large amount of brain tumor images that are currently being generated
in the clinics, it is not possible for clinicians to manually annotate and segment
these images in a reasonable time. Hence, the automatic segmentation has become
inevitable. Brain tumor segmentation is to segment abnormal tissues such as active
cells, necrotic core, and edema (Fig. 1) from normal brain tissues including GM, WM,
and CSF[6].

Fig 1: Three main regions of brain tumor

The methodology used to classify MRI image of human brain is shown in Fig. 1. This
method uses the steps of preprocessing, feature extraction, feature reduction,
training, storing the database and testing. Initially MRI images are given as input to
the classifiers for training, then the features of new MRI images are given as input,
based on the training, trained classifier classify it efficiently. It performs better than
other classification method with high dimensional features and contradictory data.
But the high computing cost which consumes high CPU and physical memory usage
is the main disadvantage of ANN. Bayesian approach outstanding with its simplicity
and low computational cost in both the training and classifying stage and it has
been widely implemented in various types of domains and applications. But this
generative method has been reported to be less accurate than the discriminative
methods such as SVM. SVM has shown to be more accurate than other classification
approaches.

Fig 2: Brain tumor detection methodology

MRI brain image is a RGB image. This image is first converted into gray scale image.
Gray scale image is also known as an intensity image. Array of class pixel values
specify intensity values. For single and double arrays, values range from [0, 1]. For
uint8, values range from [0,255]. For uintl6, values range from [0, 65535]. For intl6,
values range from [-32768, 32767]. Intensity or brightness of an image as two
dimensional continuous function F(x, y) where (x, y) denotes the spatial coordinates
when only the brightness of light is considered.
Filtering is the process of removing noise from MRI images. Medical images are
corrupted with different kinds of noise while image acquisition. In this paper median
filter is used to remove noise from the MRI images.
Skull masking means the removal of non-brain tissue like scalp, skull, fat, eyes,
neck, etc, from MRI brain image. It helps to improve the speed and accuracy of
diagnostic and predictive procedures in medical applications. This procedure is also
referred as Brain-Extraction/Skull-Stripping [2]. Dilation and erosion are two
fundamental morphological operations. An opening is erosion followed by dilation
with the same structuring element:
Erosion removes pixels on object boundaries in an image. Dilation adds pixels to the
boundaries of objects in an image. The number of pixels added or removed from the
objects in an image depends on the size and shape of the structuring element used
to process the image.
Image enrichment is a very basic image processing task that defines us to have a
better subjective decision over the images. Power law Transformation [2] is used for

image enrichment. Image enrichment simply means the transformation an image f

into image g using T. The values of pixels in images f and g are denoted by r and s.
As said, the pixel values r and s are related by the expression,
S = T(r)
Feature extraction calculates features on the basis of which image can be easily
classified as normal or abnormal one. The feature extraction is the process to
represent raw image to facilitate decision making such as pattern classification.
Features will be extracted from the tumor regions from MRI images. Feature
extraction involves reducing the amount of data required to describe a large set of
data accurately. Features are used as inputs to classifiers that assign them to the
class that they represent. The intention of feature extraction is to reduce the
original data by measuring positive properties, or features, that discriminate one
input sample from another sample. Following features are extracted.
Gray Scale
Texture
Symmetrical
Accordingly, 3 kinds of features are extracted, which tell the structure information of
gray scale, symmetrical and texture [1]. These features certainly have some
redundancy, but the idea behind this is to find the potential by useful features.
Excessive features used for classification not only increase computation time but
also increase storage memory. They sometimes make classification more
complicated. It is required to reduce the number of features to overcome the above
mentioned problem.
PCA [4] is a proficient tool to reduce the dimension of a data set consisting of a
large number of interconnected variables while retaining most of the variations.
Reduce dimension means reduced feature set which is act as an input to the SVM
during training part as well as testing part. Steps to be followed in PCA:
Compute the mean of the data matrix
Subtract the mean from each image.
Compute the covariance matrix.
Compute the Eigen vectors and values for covariance matrix.
Arrange the Eigen vectors according to the Eigen values and as per the threshold
value.
Compute the feature matrix (the space that will use it to project the testing image
on it).
SVM algorithm was first developed in 1963 by Vapnik and Lerner. SVM [12] is a
binary classifier based on supervised learning which gives better result than other
classifiers. SVM classifies between two classes by constructing a hyperplane in highdimensional feature space which can be used for classification. SVM is a
classification algorithm, which is based on different kernel methods. SVM is
classified in two groups.

APPLICATION
1. MRI brain tumors are assessed visually and this is a time consuming process.
Automated tumor detection will help speed up the process of diagnosis and
treatment.
2. Tumor databases can be created and maintained for diagnosis of cases in the
future and this will help to increase the accuracy of future tumor detection systems.
3. Automated MRI detection is a noninvasive procedure and thus will help reduce
the incidence of invasive procedures such as CSF analysis and surgical biopsy.

EXPECTED RESULT
1. Histogram based contrast image enhancement module
2. Image segmentation module
3. Feature extraction module
4. Principal component analysis module for feature reduction
5. Support vector machine based classifier module
6. Comparative result showing detection accuracy

WORK PLAN
Literature review

July-Aug

Study and implementation of image enhancement algorithm

Study and implementation of clustering algorithm
Study and implementation of texture feature algorithm
Study and implementation of feature reduction algorithm
Study and implementation of classification algorithm

Aug-Sep
Sep-Oct
Oct-Nov
Nov-Dec
Jan-Feb

Training and testing of classifier

Feb-Mar

Result analysis

Mar-Apr

Thesis writing

Apr-May

REFERENCES
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for the enhancement of brain tumor patterns, International Journal of Advanced
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1611-1615, 2013.
[2] J. Ferlay, H. R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D.M. Parkin, GLOBOCAN
2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide, International Agency for
Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
[3] Additional facts on brain tumor, http://www.braintumourresearch.org/statistics
[4] E. B. George, and M. Karnan, MRI brain image enhancement using filtering
techniques, International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Technology,
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[5] P.S. Babu, and B. Savitha, MRI brain image analysis for tumor detection using
optimization technique, International Journal of Computer Science Engineering and
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[6] K. Selvanayaki, and P. Kalugasalam, Pre-processing and enhancement of brain
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[10] S. Bauer, C. Seiler, T. Bardyn, P. Buechler, and M. Reyes, segmentation of brain
tumor images using a tumor growth model and non-rigid registration, IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 2010.
[11] S. Roy, K. Chatterjee, I. K. Maitra, S. K. Bandyopadhyay, Artifact removal from
MRI of brain image, International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science, vol.
2, no. 3, pp. 24-30, 2013.
[12] M. Prastawa, E. Bullitt, and G. Gerig, Simulation of brain tumors in MR images
for evaluation of segmentation efficacy, Medical Image Analysis, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.
297311, 2009.

[13] R. Gonzalez, and R. Woods, Image restoration and reconstruction, Digital Image
Processing, Third edition, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 316-317, 354.
[14] R. Gonzalez, and R. Woods, Morphological image processing, Digital Image
Processing, Third edition, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 660.
[15] Computation of peak signal-to-noise ratio
http://www.mathworks.in/help/vision/ref/psnr.html.

(PSNR)

between

images,