Tutorial Problems in FLUID MECHANICS

with answers and specimen solutions

L. Baranyi

TEMPUS-JEP 1501
Project 9

University of Miskolc
1994

CONTENTS
Preface
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

FLUID STATICS, RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF MOVING FLUIDS .............. 1

KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS ......................................................................... 14
APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION ... ... ..... .... .... .............. ... ...... 17
MOMENTUM EQUATION ............................................ ....... ...................... 24
PLANE POTENTIAL FLOW ...................................................................... 30
LAMINAR FLOW.. .... ............................. ................. ..... .. ........................... 34
TURBULENT FLOW. ... .................................................................. .... ....... 41

SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO
SOLUTIONS TO

CHAPTER 1 ........................... ............................................. 45

CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................ 62
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................ 69
CHAPTER 4 .............. .... ........ ........................ .. .................... 75
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................ 86
CHAPTER 6 .... ................ ......................... ..... ... ................... 99
CHAPTER 7 ........ ............ .. .. ..... ... ........................................ 11 4

List of References ..................................................... ... ........... .... ......... ... ...... 123
Appendixes
A Notation ..... ... ...... ............. .... ........... .... .. ........................... .. ......... .. ... ..... . 124
B Moody diagram ......................................... ..................... ..... .... .... .......... 127

ii

Preface
These tutorial problems are intended primarily for foreign students who study the
subject FLUID MECHANICS in English medium at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Miskolc. It is hoped, however, that it may also be of some
service to other engineering students.
The material is reasonably self-contained together with the unpublished lecture
notes of the author but references are also given for further reading. The choice of
notations largely follows the recommendations of the International Standards
Organisation, and the international system of units (SI) is used throughout the
material. The number of problems involved is relatively low, but more or less
detailed specimen solutions are given to all problems. The author encourages
students to try and solve a lot of problems by their own. I would like to emphasize
physical understanding to make students aware of the variety of phenomena that
occur in real fluid flow situations.
The study aid contains seven chapters for wording the problems and further seven
for the answers and specimen solutions. A list of symbols used and a copy of the
Moody diagram are also included.
The acceleration due to gravity should be taken g = 9.81 m/s 2 and the density of
water is to be chosen to be 1OOO kg/m 3 if it is not stated otherwise.
Figures are not to scale in this study aid.
The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the TEMPUS
JEP-1501.
Laszlo Baranyi

1 FLUID STATICS, RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF MOVING FLUIDS

1 .1 Determine the gravity force W that can be sustained by the force F acting on
the piston of the Figure.
0= 240 mm diam

"U

E
E
0

..

II

"U

'

....

F= 1 M N

. . .... "

_,

'

.. ,,... .. .

..

I\"

' -, -.. .

'

"'

--

'

.-

- _,,,,,..,,

0 I 1 .~ .'

;..

'

- .

...

,-

'

"

".

'.

,..

._

.. '-~

-,

:'J

'

\.

\
'

.
._

.,.,, .....

Hydraulic Jack

. ' ,,._,

.- .. ,. '..<.-: :.-: :.:.' _-.. ._-: : . __. _:: ,'

,

'

'..

. ,

. ,... -

1 .2 Neglecting the mass of the container find the force F tending to lift the circular
top AB.

...

""

f.h= l m

'

...,.

....
:~

.J--;..."

,.

.....::

9 =-10 kg Im

....
:7

..'

,,' .

....

.~

1.3 For isothermal air at O C, determine the pressure and density at H = 3000 m
when the pressure is p 0 = 0.1 MPa abs at sea level (gas constant
R = 287 Nm/(kgK) ).

1.4 In the Figure the liquids at A and B are water (p) and the manometer liquid is
oil (pJ.
h 1 = 300 mm; h 2 = 200 mm; h 3 = 600 mm
Find pressure difference PA - Ps .

..

...~~

.,

~ --........

1.5 h 1 = 1.3 m; h 2 = 1.5 m; h3 = 1 m

Find the gauge pressure in point A

p
0

i;
..

..
~

h1
h2

Mercury

(q m =13600kg lm'>

1.6 The ratio of cistern diameter to tube diameter is 10. When the air in the tank is
at atmospheric pressure, the free surface in the tube is at position 1 . When the
cistern is pressurized, the liquid in the tube moves 20 mm Y= 200 mm} up the
tube from position 1 to position 2. What is the cistern pressure that causes
this deflection? The density of the liquid is p = 800 kg/mJ .

Cistern

1.7 Find the gauge difference N1 11 in the U-tube if the water level in the container is
raised by ,1/-1 = 1.5 m (see the Figure).

- - -

- - - - - -

Water

=_-_-=-=-=-=--=--=-=
-=
-=-=- =- =-=- lqw=-1000 kg/~)
_-_ - _-__- _-_- _- _- ~w-

__

- - -- --- ------,__
- - - - - - - - - - - -- ---

---

c.C>
If)

Mercury
3
{qm= 13600 kg/m ) t.h

11

A'

1.8 An aquarium at Marineland has a window as shown.

Find:
(a) The resultant force from seawater (p = 1015 kg/m 3) on the window, F
(b) The line of action of the resultant force, in metre below the water surface, k.

a :0.6 m
b = 1.Sm

c:0 .3m
d ,,z.4m

1.9 Locate the pressure centre for the gate in the Figure. The gate is 1.3 m wide.
(w

= 1.3 m)

1
l

h=2m

'--

le

1.10 Determine the moment M at A required to hold the gate.

(the gate is 1.2 m wide; w = 1.2 m)

- 9

,-

=~ 0 !9 I~

h=1.5m

z~~
--- --- - _ - _ -

_-

Gate -

1.11 Find the resultant force due to water on both sides of the gate including its
line of action.

H =-3m
-GaTe_ -

~...:::.

-_-_- 9 w =-1. 3 m - (Gatewict!_h) ::_

h =2 m

6
1.12 Calculate the force exerted by water on one side of the vertical annular area
shown in the Figure.

Water

(~

.. 10 kg /m)

--

H= 2m

1.13

- _

3 -

Water (9 = 999 kg /m) _ -

H =2m

Given: rectangular gate, hinged along A, width w = 5 m.

Find: resultant force, F, of the water on the gate, and its line of action.

1.14

W=2m

- Water -

<<f=1d kg /m )
3

(width of the pool)

_ - _-_

Determine the resultant thrust

exerted by the water on the
cylindrical surface AB, and also
the line of action of the thrust.
x

1.1 5
z
A

_t~

Water -

= 10'lkg/rt) _-

- c

8
A cylindrical barrier (see the Figure) holds water as shown. The contact
between cylinder and wall is smooth.
Determine
(a) the force per metre pushing the cylinder against the wall,
(b) the density of the cylinder (pJ

1.16 Water is supported by the surface shown in the Figure. If atmospheric

pressure prevails on the side of AB, determine the magnitude and line of
action of the resultant hydrostatic force on AB per unit length.

Water -

(~ : 1oq_o kg

tm_)
5

I - - - __
-

I- - _

_-r _ - - -- --j-

H= 4m

1.17 A crude accelometer can be made liqiud-filled U-tube as shown. Find the
acceleration for L =0.4 m and Ni= 0.2 m.

-a

-:.

-_-_-_-

1.

--~--

-_-_ -_ -_.-_

.1

1 .18 Tank partially filled with water (to a depth of h) subject to constant linear
acceleration, ax. Tank height is H; length parallel to direction of motion is b .
Width perpendicular to direction of motion is c.
H = 0.3 m; b = 0.3 m; c = 0.2 m; p = 103 kg/m3
Find:

(a) Shape of the free surface

(b) Allowable water height, hmax to avoid spilling as a function of ax
(c) Water force on side A-B of the tank for h = 0.1 m and ax =g/2
z
A

_.____...... B - - - - - - - - - - - ' -

.I

-- x

1.19 A cubical box 1.3 m on an edge is open at the top and filled with water.
When it is accelerated upward 2.5 m/s2, find the magnitude of water force
on side of the box (p = 1OOO kg/mJ).

10
1.20 When the U-tube is not rotated, the water stands in the tube as shown. If
the tube is rotated about the eccentric axis at a rate of co = 8/s, what are
the new levels of water in the tube? e = 0.18 m; Neglect capillarity effects.

{~-- -~
- I
2t

1.21 The U-tube is rotated about a vertical axis through A at such a speed that
the water in the tube begins to vaporize at the closed end (A), which is at
20 C (pv = 2500 Pa).
What is the angular velocity?

Open

p =10 1300 Pa
o

l
"--A

Closed z

'\.,_

~~~~~~~~~~-

E
....,

,,

~ = 998.2 kg

trr?

1.22 Locate the vertical axis of rotation and the speed of rotation of the U-tube
shown in the Figure so that the pressure of liquid at the midpoint of the
U-tube and at A are both zero guage.

11

Closed

----- --""'

--- - - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~,_A
L ... 0 .6 m

.. 1

1.23 Water stands in this cylindrical tank as shown when no rotation occurs. If
the system is rotated about the axis of symmetry of the tank, determine the
allowable angular velocity, m1, to avoid spilling.

---,I

Hl m

- h .. 0. 7 5 m -

Water -

-- - -

1.24 A cylindrical container of radius R = 0.5 m and height H = 1.5 m with axis
vertical is open at the top and totally filled with water (p = 103 kg/m3).
Determine
(a) The maximum rate at which the container can be rotated before the liqiud
free surface just touches the bottom of the tank,
(b) The force acting on the bottom of the tank (neglect the weight of the tank).

1.25 A circular cylinder of radius r0 and height h0 with vertical axis is open at the
top and filled with liquid. At what angular velocity must it rotate so that half
the area of the bottom is exposed?
(h 0 = 1 m, r0 =0.5 m)

12

1.26 Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the spherical
surface and explain why the line of action goes through the centre 0.
z

p
otm

- Water
-

3 -

(q =-10

kg/m)

H-=3m _ - _ - -

-=--- - - _
__ _
x

1 .27 Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B if

= 300 mm, d2 = 1500 mm, d3 = 460

Pw = 103 kg/m3, Pm= 13.6 x 103 kg/m 3

d1

mm, d 4

M~rcury

= 200

mm, a

= 45,

13
1 .28 What is the resultant force from the fluid acting on the door AB which is a
quarter circle? The width of the door is w = 1.3 m. Give the elevation above
the ground of the pressure centre.
z

-_ -

Water - -

=1000

k-,J
----g
- - -

-- -- ------ - s

1.29 An open tube is connected to a tank. The water rises to a height of

h3 = 900 mm in the tube. A tube used in this way is called a piezometer.
What are the gauge pressures PA and p 8 of the air above the water. Neglect
capillarity effects in the tube.
h 1 = 200 mm, h 2 = 400 mm.

p
A

-:.... Water--_
-

- 3-

- ~: 10_ kg !'._rn~
-

- - -

__

_....__

__, _ -

- -

14

2 KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS

2.1 Which of the following motions are kinematically possible for an incompressible
fluid? (k is constant)

(a)

vx =loc, vy =-ky, vz =0

(b)

vx =/()(', vy =-ky, vz =kz

(b)

(c)

Vx

kx
2;
x +y
2

Vy

ky
2

x +y

2; Vz

=Q

2.2 The velocity potential of a two-dimensional motion is 4> = kxy. Find the
streamlines.

2.3 Find the streamlines when

vx = ax; vy = -ay; vz =c.

2.4 Parametric equation for the position of a particle in a flow field are given as

Find the equation of the pathline for a location at (x,y) = (1,2) at t = 0. Compare
with a streamline through the same point.

2.5
y [mm)

u
3
h

bt2 ,3)
a(i,[)
!---+--'~ c

1 -~ I

Lines marked
influidat t O
(3,2)

I
I

d(21)
o
I

-..-~...--.....--.....--.....--.....---.&--~~~~,.._..,...~~~- x [mm J

/ 4 /5

15
A viscous flow in the narrow gap between parallel plates is shown. The velocity
field in the narrow gap is given by v = U y I h T, where U = 4 mm/s and
h = 4 mm. At t = O two lines, ac and bd, are marked in the fluid as shown.
Evaluate the positions of the marked points at t = 1 .5 sec and sketch for
comparison. Calculate the rate of angular deformation and the rate of rotation
of a fluid particle in this velocity field.

2.6 Consider the flow described by the velocity field

v = x( 1+ At)T + y J
with A

=0.5 sec- 1 For the point, (1, 1,0), calculate

(a) the streamline through the point at t =0, and

(b) the pathline traced out by the particle that passes through the point at this
instant.

2. 7 A three-dimensional flow is described by the velocity field

v= v

0 [

x 2T+ yJ +(z + 1)k]

where v0 is a constant.
Determine:
(a) the derivative tensor of
(b) the acceleration
(c) the velocity potential (provided it exists)

v,

2.8 Consider the flow described by the velocity field

v = -ayT + f3xl
where

a and f3 are positive constants. Calculate

(a) the streamlines,

(b) the acceleration field,
(c) the rate of rotation,
(cl) the rate of volume dilation.
(e) Determine the relation between the parameters a and f3 for the case when
the fluid elements do not undergo angular deformation.

16
2.9 The velocity field of a fully developed laminar flow in a pipe is described as
V x =Vy
Vz

=0

=A[ R2 -(x2 + y2)]

(where x 2 + y 2 5 R2)

with A = 5 x 104 s I m and R = O. 02 m.

Determine:
(a) the symmetric part of the derivative tensor of
(b) the acceleration field,
(c) rate of linear and angular deformation,
(d) rate of rotation ,
(e) velocity potential (if exists).

v,

2.10 A two-dimensional flow is described by the velocity field

v = -<iljl + (J}l(J
with

m=

1O s- 1.

Calculate

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

the sheamlines,
the acceleration field,
the vorticity vector,
the velocity potential (provided it exists),
Determine the motion of a fluid element.
(~ Is the flow steady or unsteady?
{[]) Is this motion kinematically possible for an incompressible fluid?

2.11 Given the velocity field

v =101 +(x2 +y2 )J -2xyk

[m/s]

What is the acceleration of a particle at position (3, 1,0) m?

2.12 Given the velocity field

v = 10x2 y T+ 20(yz + x) 7+ 13 k

[m I s]

What is the strain rate tensor (symmetric part of derivative tensor 0) at

P(6,1,2) m?

18

p
atm

- -

3.4 Water may be considered to flow without friction through the siphon. The
water flow rate is 0.03 m3 /sec, its temperature is 20 C, and the pipe diameter
is 75 mm. Compute the maximum allowable height h, so that the pressure at
point A is above the vapour pressure of the water.

p = 998.2 kg/m3 ;

Patm

(Pv = 2. 5 kPa;

=100.5 kPa)
A

0
D=75mrn

- _ - _ - - - - q -_ - - -

Lar g e tank

3.5 A smoothly contoured nozzle is connected to the end of a garden nose. At the
nozzle inlet where the velocity is negligible, the water pressure is 160 kPa
(gauge). Pressure at the nozzle exit is atmospheric. Assuming that the water
remains in a single stream that has negligible aerodynamic drag, estimate the
maximum height above the nozzle outlet that the stream could reach.

17

3 APPUCATON OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

3.1 Air flows steadily and at low speed through a horizontal nozzle, discharging to
the atmosphere. At the nozzle inlet, the area is 0.1 m2 At the nozzle exit the
area is 0.02 m2 . The flow is essentially incompressible, and frictional effects
are negligible. Determine the gauge pressure required at the nozzle inlet to
produce an outlet speed of 50 m/s. (p=1 .23 kg/m 3 )

ICD
I
%,

At =- 0 .1 m

3.2 Neglecting losses determine the discharge Q in the Figure.

(p 1 = 750 kg/m 3 ; p2 =1 OOO kg/m 3 ; h1=1 m; h2 =1.5 m; d=0.1 m)

Large
t an k

lnrniscible
fluids

- -

- -- 9 - - - -- - h-2 --- -2 - -

_- - -

x -- - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - --

3.3 A glass tube with a 90 bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into a flowing
stream of oil so that one opening is directed upstream and the other is
directed upward. Oil inside the tube is 50 mm higher than the surface of the
flowing oil. Determine the velocity measured by the tube.

19

3.6 Two probes are often combined, as in the pitot-static tube in the Figure. The
inner tube is used to measure the the stagnation pressure at point B while the
static pressure at C is sensed by the small holes in the outer tube. In flow
fields where the static pressure variation in the streamwise direction is small,
the pitot-static tube may be used to infer the velocity at point A in the flow, by
assuring PA =Pc- (Note that when PA:.i: Pc this procedure will give erroneous
results).

(p=l000kg/m3 ;

Pm =13600kg/m3 ;

.1h=300mm)

Static pressure holes

Flow
0

- - - - - - --

~ >

~--

E-

20

3.7 Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the static
pressure is 260 kPa (gauge). the velocity is 3 m/s, and the elevation is 10 m
above ground level. The elevation at a section downstream is O m, and the
pipe diameter is 0.15 m. Find the gauge pressure at the downstream section if
frictional effects may be neglected.

3.8 An airspeed indicator used frequently on World War II aircraft consisted of a

converging-diverging duct as shown in the Figure. The diameter of the duct at
2 is three-quarters of the entrance diameter at 1. The differential pressure
gauge records a pressure of 4000 Pa, and the density of the air is 1 kg/m 3 .
The air flow is steady, incompressible, inviscid and irrotational. Determine the
airspeed U.

3.9 A

large

tank

contains

air,

gasoline

PG = 680 kg / m3

},

light

oil

( p0 = 800 kg / m3 ) and water. The pressure p of the air is 150 kPa gauge. If we
neglect friction, what is the mass flow
of oil from a 20-mm-diameter jet?

..

"

. .. .. ..

~.""~~:..-:;

- Gasoline- -

( .. 2m
1

... ~ ' . 0 1l , .. . ._ .
' .
.. ..... .
I

'

'

\.

- - - - qG -- - - _:::

-_-_-_-_- _ s--=--

t - ',;' :' ' \

\

'. .~ :,"' '

'

. ..

-_ -_- _c -=--_ ---=-

- _ -_ - ---water-- - -

-- - - -

--

-----------

21
3.10 For the venturi meter and manometer installation shown in the Figure
determine the volume rate of flow for the manometer reading .1h.
Data: 0 1 =200mm; 0 2 =150mm; z 1 = 1m; z 2 =1.3m; .1h = 0.2m;
p=1000kg/m3 ; Pm =13600kg/m3

......__ __

-~L---z = O

'Sm

3.11 Neglecting losses and surface tension effects, derive an equation for the
water surface r of the jet of the Figure in terms of y/H.

- -------- - - -1-----------

-- -

--

.. 1 1. 2r
3.12 Neglecting losses, calculate R in terms of H for the Figure.

22

pa.m
I

- vlarge tank
-- -- - -- - - - - - -- -- - - -,...-

>----

q =-1000

kg /m

!'--.

tI

""'

3
~ -3000
kg/m
m

3.13 The tank shown in the Figure has a well-rounded orifice with area Aj = 7cm2
At the time t=O, the water level is at height H=2 m. Develop an expression for
the water height, z 1 , at any later time, t. The cross-sectional area of the tank is

A = 0. 7 m2.

You can neglect frictional effects, and the quasi-steady form of

the Bernoulli's equation can be used.

Tank area -

3.14 The tank with hemisphere shape has a well rounded orifice with area
Ai= 0.01 m2 At time t=O the water level is at height R=2 m. Develop an

23
expression for the water height,
belonging to
equation.

z1

at any later time,

t. Determine time T,

z1 = R/2. You can neglect the unsteady term in the Bernoulli's

24

4 MOMENTUM EQUATION
4.1 Water in an open channel flows under a sluice gate as shown in the sketch.
The flow is incompressible and uniform at section <D and @. Hydrostatic
pressure distributions may be assumed at sections <D and @ because the flow
streamlines are essentially straight there. Determine the madnitude and
direction of the force (per unit width) exerted on the gate by the flow.

w idt h - w
v1-0.1 m I sec

4.2 Water flows steadily through the reducing elbow in the diagram. At the inlet to
the elbow the absolute pressure is 221 kPa and the cross-sectional area is
0.01 m2 . At the outlet the cross-sectional area is 0.0025 m2 and the velocity is
16 m/s. The pressure at the outlet is atmospheric (patm = 101 kPa). Determine
the force required to hold the elbow in place. (You can neglect the weight of
the elbow and that of the water in it).

L.
4.3 Calculate the pressure loss at abrupt enlargement of the cross-section
(Borda-Carnot head loss) shown in the Figure.
Data:

0 1 = 100 mm,

v1 = 5 m/s,

0 2 = 200 mm
p = 1OOO kg/m3

25

4.4 Fluid issues from a long slot and strikes against a smooth inclined flat plate
(see the Figure). Determine the division of flow (0 1 and 0 2) and the force R
exerted on the plate, neglecting loss due to impact.
Data:

e = 60

= 10 m/s

= 0 1 m3/s

Vo

4.5

o,

(j)

Q.

p = 1OOO kg/m3

26
Water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3} flows steadily through a horizontal nozzle, discharging
to the atmosphere. At the nozzle inlet the diameter is 0 1, at the nozzle outlet
the diameter is 0 2 . Derive an expression for the minimum gauge pressure
required at the nozzle inlet to produce a given flow rate, Q. Evaluate the inlet
gauge pressure if 0 1 = 75 mm, 0 2 = 25 mm, and the desired flow rate is 0.01
m3/s. Determine the force required to hold the nozzle in place.

4.6 Plate A is 500 mm in diameter and has a sharp-edged orifice at its centre. A
water jet strikes the plate concentrically with a speed of 30 m/s. With the plate
held stationary, what external force is needed to hold the plate in place if the
jet issuing from the orifice also has a speed of 30 m/s? The diameters of the
jets are 0 = 100 mm and d = 40 mm (p = 1OOO kg/m3 ).

4.7 What is the force on the elbow-nozzle assembly from the water? The water
issues out as a free jet from the nozzle. The interior volume of the nozz.le elbow
assembly is 0.1 m 3. Give answer in terms of Patm (the effect of atmosphere
should be taken into consideration)
Data:
v1 = 1.5 m/s

0 1 =0.3 m
0 2 = 0.15 m
P1 = 100 kPa (gauge)
p = 103 kg/ m3

27

Nozzle
p

alm
01

-- -

L.

- --

P,

o,

-------

'

E.lbow

4.8 Water fills the piping system of the Figure. At one instant p 1

70 kPa,

p 2 = 0 kPa, v, = 3 m/s and the flow rate is increasing by Q= 0. 0032 m3 I s2 .

Find the force Fx required to hold the piping system stationary at the
mentioned istant.

4.9

~
v - ----~A

28
The sketch shows a vane with turning angle of 60. The vane moves at
constant speed, U = 6 m/sec, and receives a jet of water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3)
that leaves a stationery nozzle with speed, V = 25 m/sec. The nozzle has an
exit area of 0.002 m2. Determine the force that must be applied to maintain
the vane speed constant.

4.10 A jet of water of area Aj = 1290 mm2 and speed vj of 18 m/s impinges on a
trough which is moving at a speed u of 3 m/s. If the water divides so that twothirds goes up and one-third goes down, what is the force on the trough?

4.11 Water issues from a large tank through a 1300 mm2 nozzle at a velocity of
3 m/s relative to the cart to which the tank is attached. The jet then strikes a
trough (long open vessel) which turns the direction of flow by an angle of 30 ,
as is shown in the Figure. Assuming steady flow, determine the thrust on the
cart which is held stationary relative to the ground by the cord. (You can
neglect friction between the ground and the cart wheels.)

29
4.12 Assume that the scoop shown which is 200 mm wide (w = 200 mm), is used
as a braking device for studying decelerating effects such as those on space
vehicles. If the scoop is attached to a 1OOO kg sled that is initially haveling
horizontally at the rate of 100 m/s, what will be the initial deceleration of the
sled? The scoop dips into the water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3J 80 mm
(d = 80 mm).

4.13 The sprinkler of the Figure discharges 0.3 Vs water through each nozzle.
Neglecting friction, find its speed of rotation. The area of each nozzle opening
is 100 mm2.
w

r-+-~~~~-+-'2--~~~~~~~--J

r1 .. 300 mm

I1

30

5 PLANE POTENTIAL FLOW

5.1 The 2-D stream function for a flow is

'l' = 9+6x-4y+7.xy
Find the velocity potential.

5.2 A velocity potential in two-dimensional flow is

<!> = y +x2 -y2

Find the stream function for this flow.

5.3 The x component of velocity is vx = x 2 +z 2 +5, and the y component is

vY = y 2 + z 2 . Find the z component of velocity that satisfies continuity for

incompressible fluid.

P 3 and P4 ,

= 1m3/s perm are located

at points P1, P2.

as shown in the Figure. Find the velocity distributions along x and y

5.4 Four sources of equal strength Q

axes.

y
Pz(- 2,1)

P,<2 ,1)

Q,

Q,

x
.Q.
Q
~(-2,-1)

Q
f?,
2
,- 1)
4

31
5.5 Two infinite straight vortexes of equal strength 111=7r: m2 Is are located at
points P 1 and P2 , as shown in the Figure. Vortex at point P 1 has the clockwise
direction of spin, while those at P2 has the reversed direction of spin.
Find the velocity distribution along y axis.
y
~ (2 ,1)

~(-2,1)

5.6 In an infinite 2-D flow field a sink of strength -3 m3/s per metre is located at the
origin and another of strength -4 m3/s per metre at (2 m, 0). What is the
magnitude and direction of velocity at (0,2 m)? Where is the stagnation point?

5. 7 A source with strength 0.2 m3/(sm) and a vortex with strength 1 m 2/s are
located at the origin. Determine the equations for velocity potential and stream
function. What are the velocity components at x = 1 m, y = 0.5 m?

5.8 The nozzle in the Figure is shaped such that the velocity of flow varies linearly
from the base of the nozzle to its tip. Assuming one-dimensional steady flow,
what is the convective acceleration midway between the base and tip if
diameters D an dare 0.9 m and 0.3 m, respectively, the nozzle length L is
5.4 m, and the discharge is 0. 7 m3/s? Also, what is the local acceleration
midway between the base and tip?

5.9 The x component of velocity of a 2-D incompressible flow is given by vx = Axy,

where A is a constant. What is a possible vY component? What must the y
component be if the flow is irrotational?

32

5.10 The nose of a solid strut 100 mm wide is to be placed in an infinite twodimensional air stream of velocity 15 m/s and density 1 .23 kg/m3 and is to be
made in the shape of a half body. Determine the strength of the corresponding
source, the distance between the stagnation point and the source, the
equation of the surface in rectangular co-ordinates based on the source as
origin, and the difference in pressure between the stagnation point and the
point on the strut where it is 50 mm wide.

5.11 To produce a Rankine oval of length 200 mm and breadth 100 mm in an

otherwise uniform infinite two-dimensional stream of 3 m/s (parallel to the
length) what strength and positions of source and sink are necessary? What is
the maximum velocity outside the oval?

5.12 Consider a uniform flow in the x direction at speed v.. superposed on a

source of strength Q and at x = -a and a sink of strength -Q at x = +a. The
streamline along the x axis will split and form an oval shaped region which is
called a Rankine oval. First, show that the streamlines that go through points A
and B must be 'P = 0. Then show that the width of the oval h satisfies the
equation

5.13 Select the strength of doublet needed to portray a uniform flow of 20 m/s
around a cylinder of radius 2 m.

5.14 A circular cylinder 3 m in diameter rotates at 500 r.p .m. When in an airstream,
p = 1.2 kg/m3, movig at 120 m/s, what is the lift force per metre of cylinder,
assuming 90 percent efficiency in developing circulation from the rotation.
5.15 On a long circular cylinder of radius R = 1 m, with its axis perpendicular to an
otherwise uniform, infinite, 2-0 stream, the stagnation points are at
<p = 2 40 and <p = 300. The pressure at infinity p.. = 105 Pa and at the
stagnation points Ps = 1.1 x 105 Pa.
Find
(a) the velocity distribution along the surface of the cylinder,
(b) the value and position of the maximum velocity,
(c) lift force per metre of cylinder (p = 1OOO kg/m3).

33

5.1 6 On a long circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular to an otherwise uniform,
infinite, two-dimensional stream, the stagnation points are at <p
<p =300. what is the value of the lift coefficient?

= 240

and

5. 17 A flat plate of length L = 2 misplaced in a uniform airstream, p = 1.2 kg/m3 ,

moving at v.. = 10 m/s. the angle of inclination of the airstream relative to the
aerofoil is a= 10 (see the Figure).
Determine the velocity distribution along the upper and lower side of the plate
by applying the Kutta-Joukowski condition at point B. Find the pressure
difference

4J = p0 - Pc . Calculate the lift force per metre of plate.

y

5.18 A flat plate of length L = 1.2 m is placed in a uniform airstream,

p = 1 .2 kg/m 3 moving at v = 12 m/s. The angle of attack a = 15 (see the
Figure). Find the difference in velocity and pressure between points E and F,
00

i.e., L1v = vE -vF,

4J = pF -pE , respectively.
y

34

6 LAMINAR FLOW

6.1 Fully developed laminar flow of an incompressible, Newtonian liquid flows

down a vertical wall. The thickness, o, of the liquid film is constant. Since the
liquid free surface is exposed to atmospheric pressure, there is no pressure
gradient. Find the velocity and shear stress distribution, flow rate (considering
width= w), average and maximum velocities, i.e., c and vmax, respectively.

p
atm

6.2 A viscous oil flows steadily between horizontal parallel plates. The flow is
laminar and fully developed. The total gap width between the plates is
h = 3 mm. The oil viscosity is 11 = 0.5 Ns/m2 , and the pressure gradient is
-1200 N/ m2/m. Find the magnitude and direction of the shear stress on the
upper plate, and the volume flow rate through the channel, per metre of width.

6.3 A film of water (p = 103 kg/m3 ; v = 106 m2/s) in steady laminar motion runs
down a long slope, inclined a = 30 below the horizontal. The thickness of the
film is o = 0.8 mm. Assume that the flow is fully developed, and at zero
pressure gradient. Determine the surface shear stress and the volume flow
rate per unit width.

35
6.4 A continuous belt passing through a chemical bath at speed, U = 0.5 m/s,
picks up a liquid film of thickness, h = 1 mm, density, p = 900 kg/m 3 , and
kinematic viscosity, v = 10-3 m2/s. Gravity tends to make the liquid drain down,
but the movement of the belt keeps the liquid from running off completely.
Assume that the fluid is fully developed laminar flow with zero pressure
gradient, and that the atmosphere produces no shear stress at the outer
surface of the film. Determine the velocity profile, the shear stress distribution
and the average velocity.

p .. p
atm
)(

1---

belt

-1--- y

bath

6.5 A crankshaft journal bearing in an car engine is lubricated by SAE 30 engine oil
at 21 OF (71 = 0.0096 Ns/m2). The bearing is 76 mm in diameter, has a
diametrical clearance of 0.064 mm and rotates at 3600 rev/min. It is 32 mm
long. The bearing is under no load, so the clearance is symmetric. Determine
the torque required to turn the journal, and the power dissipated.

6.6 A continuous belt passing through a chemical bath at speed, U = 0.5 m/s,
picks up a liquid film of thickness, h = 0.8 mm, density, p = 850 kg/m 3 , and
kinematic viscosity, v = 103 m 2/s. Gravity tends to make the liquid drain down,
but the movement of the belt keeps the liquid from running off completely.
Assume that the fluid is fully developed laminar flow with zero pressure
gradient, and that the atmosphere produces no shear stress at the outer
surface of the film. Determine the velocity profile, the shear stress distribution
and the average velocity.

36

atm

Belt

Bath

6.7 In the Figure U = 0.7 m/s. Find the rate at which oil is carried into the pressure
chamber by the piston and the shear force and total force F acting on the
piston.
Data:
p=900kg/m3 ;
u=0.0005 m2 / s;
8=0.05 mm;
A,o=0.15 MPa (gauge)

0=50mm; L=150 mm;

6p

'))

Pressure chamber

6.8 The data for the steady, fully developed laminar flow between two plates
shown in the Figure:

L = 1. 3 m; a = 1. 8 mm;

e = 30;

U = 1. 3 m I s; p1 = 56 kPa; p2 = 42 kPa;

p = 800 kg I m3 ; TJ = 0. 08 Pa s.
Determine the tangential force per square metre exerted on the upper plate
and its direction.

37

6.9 Water at 60 C ( p =983 kg/ m3 ; v =4. 5x10-7 m2 Is) flows between two
large flat plates. The lower plate moves to the left at a speed of 0.3 m/s. The
plate spacing is h = 3 mm, and the flow is fully developed, steady and laminar.
Determine the pressure gradient required to produce zero net flow at a cross
section.

_ u_

L~L~1~//h~L~ L/ /L,/
x

6.10 A sealed journal bearing is formed from concentric cylinders. The inner and
outer radii are 25 and 26 mm, the journal length is 100 mm, and it turns at
2800 rpm. The gap is filled with oil in laminar motion. The velocity profile is
linear across the gap. The torque needed to turn the journal is 0.2 Nm.
Calculate the viscosity of the oil. Will the torque increase or decrease with
time? Why?

6.11 The basic component of a pressure gauge tester consists of a piston-cylinder

apparatus as shown. The piston, 6 mm in diameter, is loaded to develop a
pressure of known magnitude. (The piston length is 25 mm). Calculate the
mass, M, required to produce 1.5 MPa (gauge) in the cylinder. Determine the
leakage flow rate as a function of radial clearance, a, for this load if the density
and kinematic viscosity of the fluid are p = 900 kg/m 3 and
v = 5 x 104 mi/s , respectively. Specify the maximum allowable radial
clearance so the vertical movement of the piston due to leakage will be less
than 1 mm/min.

38
6.12 A simple and accurate viscosimeter can be made from a length of capillary
tubing. If the flow rate and pressure drop is measured, and the tube geometry
is known, the viscosity can be computed. A test of a certain liquid in a capillary
viscosimeter gave the following data:
Flow rate:
880 mm 3/sec
0.5 mm
Tube diameter:
Tube length:
1m
Density:
999 kg/m3
Pressure drop:
1.0 MPa

Determine the viscosity of the fluid.

6.13 Consider fully developed laminar flow in the annulus between two concentric
pipes. The inner pipe is stationary, and the outer pipe moves in the z direction

with speed, U. Assume the axial pressure gradient to be zero

(% = 0).

Obtain a general solution for the shear stress -r, as a function of the radius, r, in
terms of a constant C1. Obtain a general expression for the velocity profile, v(r)
in terms of two constants, C 1 and C2 . Evaluate the constants, C 1 and C2.
6.14 A water injection line is made from smooth capillary tubing with inside
diameter, O = 0.25 mm. Determine the maximum volume flow rate at which
flow is laminar. Evaluate the pressure drop required to produce this flow rate
through a section of tubing with length, L = 0. 75 m.

(p = 1000

kg I m3 ; v = 10-6 m2 I s)

6. 15 A liquid drug with the viscosity and density of water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3 and
v = 1o-6 m2/s) is to be administered through a hypodermic needle. The inside
diameter of the needle is 0.25 mm and its length is 50 mm.
Determine
(a) the maximum volume flow rate for which the flow will be laminar,
(b) the pressure drop required to deliver the maximum flow rate,
(c) the corresponding wall shear stress.

6.16 A cube weighing 200 N and measuring 30 cm on a side is allowed to slide

down an inclined surface on which there is a film of oil having a viscosity of
0.01 Ns/m2. What is the terminal velocity of the block if the oil has a thickness
of 0.1 mm?

39

-----x
6.17 A board 1 m by 1 m that weighs 220 N slides down an inclined ramp with a
velocity of 0.15 m/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a layer of oil 0.5
mm thick. Neglecting the edge effects of the board, calculate the approximate
dynamic viscosity 71 of the oil.

6.1 8 A circular horizontal disk with a 20 cm diameter has a clearance of 2 mm from

a horizontal plate. What torque is required to rotate the disk at an angular
velocity of 100 rad/s when the clearance space contains oil
(71 = 6 Ns/m2)?
6.19 If a thin oil (v =0.001 m2/s) 3.5 mm thick flows down a surface inclined at 30
to the horizontal, what will be the maximum and mean velocity of flow?

40

6.20 Two vertical parallel plates are placed 2 mm apart. If the pressure decreases
at a rate of 9 kPa/m in the positive z direction (vertically upward} in the fluid
between the plates, what is the maximum fluid velocity in the z direction? The
fluid has a viscosity of 0.1 Ns/m2 and a density of 850 kg/m3.

41

7 TURBULENT FLOW
7.1 60 Vs oil, 11 = 0.016 Pa.s, p = 866.46 kg/m3, is pumped through a 30 cm
pipeline of cast iron (Rouhgness height E = 0.25 mm). If each pump produces
560 kPa, how far apart may they be placed?

7.2 For water at 65 C (p = 980.6 kg/m3; v

discharge for the pipe of the Figure.

---- ----+---- --- ------t----~ -_-- -- _- --;- _- v - - - - -

= 4.5

x 10-7 m 2/s) calculate the

Large tank

80m

73m
SO mm diam
Wrought i ron (E =- 0. 046 ml
.....______._ _ Z=

7.3 Water

(p =998. 2

kg I m3;

v =10-6

m2 I s) is to be pumped through a

kilometre of 200-mm-diameter wrought-iron pipe ( E= 0.046mm) at the rate of

60 Vs. Calculate the head loss and power required.

7.4 A racing car weighing 7110 N attains a speed of 386 km/h (vo) in the first
400 m. Immediately after passing through the timing lights, the driver opens
the drag chute. The chute area is 2.32 m2 and it has a drag coefficient of 1.2.
Air and rolling resistance of the car may be neglected. The local air density is
1.237 kg/m3. Find the time required for the machine to decelerate to 160 km/h
(v 1).

7 .5 Water (p = 1OOO kg I m3) flows in the pipe shown and the manometer deflects

HJ= 800 mm. What is f for the pipe if c

=3

ml s .

42

q .: 2500
m

kg /n{

L.

7.6 Air ( 71 =1.81 x10...o N s/m2 ) flows in a 3-cm smooth tube at a rate of 0.012
m3/s. If T = 20 C and p = 11 O kPa absolute, what is the pressure drop per
metre of length of tube?

7. 7 Estimate the elevation required in the upper reservoir to produce a water

(p = 1OOO kg/ m3)

discharge of 0.283 m3/s in the system. Where is the point

of minimum pressure in the pipe, and what is the magnitude of pressure at

that point?
Elevation=?
-

- -

L 1 -90 m

- i - - - -- - - - - - --t

Elevation= 30 m

/i

43
7 .8 Points A and B are 1 km apart along a 15-cm new steel pipe
( e= 4. 6x1 o-s m). Point B is 20 m higher than A With flow from A to B of
0.03 m3/s of crude oil

(p = 820

kg/ m3) at 1O C ( 71 = 0.01 Ns / m2 )

what

pressure must be maintained at A if the pressure at B is to be 350 kPa?

7.9 Points A and B are 3 km apart along a 60-cm new cast-iron pipe
( e= 0. 26 mm) carrying water ( v = 10-6 m2 Is) . Point A is 10 m higher than
B. If the pressure at B is 140 kPa greater than that at A, determine the

direction and rate of flow.

7.10 What diameter of cast-iron pipe (e=0.26 mm) is needed to carry water

( v = 10-6 m2 Is) at a rate of 0.283 m3/s between two reservoirs if the

reservoirs are 3.2 km apart and the elevation difference between the water
surfaces in the reservoirs is 6 m? (Loss coefficient at entry, K0 = 0.5).

7 .11 A pipeline is to be designed to carry crude oil

(p = 930 kg I m3;

v = 10-Q m2 Is ) with a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s and a head loss per kilometre of
30 m. What diameter of steel pipe (e= 0. 046 mm) is needed? What power
output from a pump is required to maintain this flow?

7.12
Valve

LT

- ) " :-

f 1- 4m

--

---.. .

d0.1m

. O.OC005

Large

----_ - _-

-_- - - -

tank

~-=--=-- =-= -_~~~~-~

L ___
'l

--1

~--+-----1

-=--=-- e
K
0 5 ---- -- -_, .z,
v10 m /.s
-

J -

Large

tank

.. l~OO!g l ~ - _ - _ :- - - - - - - : water - - ~--

--

44
Find the loss coefficient Kv of the partially closed valve that is required to
reduce the discharge to 50 % of the flow with the value wide open (Kvo = 0. 2)
as shown in the Figure.

7 .13 Determine the elevation of the water surface in the upstream reseNoir if the
discharge in the system is 0.15 m3/s.

(p =103

kg/ m3;

v =1o-s

m2 Is

_ - _ - _ - _- water -:_ Hi?

- - - - - ~ --'- V :_ - - E

Ill

d 1 0,3m

f 0.02

Hi-2m - _- _- _- _ - _- _-

-0

K0 =0.39 (fordi)

.1

L1= 20 m

L2 -1om

7 .14 The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa gauge. What size of pipe is needed
to carry water

(p =103

kg/ m3;

v = 1o-s

m2 Is

from the main at a rate of

0.025 m 3/s to a factory that is 140 m from the main? Assume galvanized-steel
pipe ( E= 0. 2 mm) is to be used and that the pressure required at the factory
is 60 kPa gauge at a point 1O m above the main connection.

45
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1
1.1 The pressure p can be considered to be constant in the container:

Solving for W, yields

1 .2 The gauge pressure (p AB - pc) at the inner side of the top is

1.3 Equation of hydrostatics for this barotropic fluid:

gz+P =canst

where for isothermal change of state

P = Po
P Po

pd

P= J..!. = Po ln.E._
p P
Po Po
0

Hence

gz + Po In .E._ =const
Po Po
Boundary condition: p

=p

at z =0, so canst= 0

Solving the equation for p yields the variation of pressure with elevation

p=Po exp(-_JJ_z)
RTO

46
Then

P1 =p(z =H) =p0 exp(-_J/_H)=0.687kPa

RTO
From the perfect gas law

Hence

P1 = p(z = H) =A= 0.8764 kg/ m3

RT0

1.4 PA - Pw9h, - Po9h2 + Pw9h3 = Pa

PA -Pa =-1373.4 Pa

1.5 PA - Po9h1 + Pw9h2 - Pm9h3 =Po

PA -Po= Q (p0 h1 +pmh3-pwh2)=1.3018

1.6. Continuity:
Pcistem

e At= NIAC.

Then .6.h = eA,

= pg( f sin a+ NI) =261. 24

105 Pa

= 2 mm

Pa

1.7 PA=Pe
Po + pgH = Po + Pm9'1h1

(1)

where H is the height of the water column above point A.

When the level of the water in the container is raised by .6.H: pi

=p 9 .
(2)

Combining equations (1) and (2), yields

47

p + gz

1.8

Hence the gauge pressure:

(a)

= const = Po + gd
p

p = p - p0

= pg( d - z)

= p/A =pg(d-zc )ab;

where C is the centroid of area of the window,

=d - c - a / 2
F = Fx = 5.3769 kN

Zc

(b) The moment of the resultant force is equated to the moment of

distributed forces about the axis A-A

whence
k =0.65 m

1.9
wh 3
I
y =H - k= -r-+y
P

A Ye

}2
wh( H - ~)

h 13
+ H - -= - m

k = H-yp =5 16 m.

1.10 The moment at A have to be equal in magnitude to the moment of the

resultant of individual forces acting on the gate.
The gauge pressure distribution in the fluid:

p - p0

= pg( H - z)

48

= J(h-z)(p-p0 )dA =pgw J(h-z)(H -z)dz =pgwh 2 ( ~ - ~)

Agate

M =1.9865 x 104 Nm

1.11 Gauge pressure at the left-hand side (LHS) of the wall: p - p0 = pg( H - z)
Force at the LHS:

- - ( ) - (H-2h)hwi=5.1012x10
i

4-

F; = F;i = p-p0 c, Agate i = pg

C1 ... centroid of area on the LHS of the gate

[N)

(see the Figure)

Line of action at the LHS:

=-h -

h2

2 12( H-;)

=-5

(see the Figure)

lx1 second moment of inertia in centroidal axes

Calculations for the right-hand side (RHS) can be accomplished similarly as
above:
Gauge pressure:

p - p0 = pg( h - z)

Force at the LHS:

F-2

=-F2i- =- ( p -

Po )c Agate i2

F2 = -2.5506 x 10
Line of action at the RHS:

T [N]

=-pg -h2 hw i-

49

wh 3
h 2
-h +12
- - =-= - m
3 3
2 whh
2

The resultant of the forces

Fr and F2 :

The line of action of the resultant force F:

The moment of F about 0 = The sum of the moments of F1 and F2 :

----i-- --

P1 P2 pressure centres
at the LHS and RHS of
the gate, respectively

- -- - - - - - - - -----

H
h

2
h

N.B.

The same results can be obtained by the integration of elementary

forces and their moments.

50
4

1.12 F =(p -p0 )c A = pgH(rJ- r/) ir = 4.62285x10 N

c...centroid of area
1.13 We introduce new co-ordinate systems:

Fr~e

surface

:=. - 9 - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -_ - -_ - - -

x
y

Force

F is perpendicular to the surface of the gate; F = F

wl3

y,=Yc +_!,_= H + ~sina+

Aye

( 12
)=6.222m
Lw H + L sin a
2

yp-Yc=0.22 m

51

1.14 Fx= force on the vertical projection of surface AB

Fx =(p-p0 )cA =pgH2Rvv =7.848 x 104 N

Fz= the weight of the fluid in the half-cylinder

r2 'fr

Fz =-W = --0 - wpg =-3.0819

2

F =(7. 848 T- 3. 0819 k) x 104

Since all elementary forces
resultant thrust

104 N

dF = (p-p0 )c1A

go through point C, the

F does so, too.

(see the Figure)

1.15
(a) The force exerted against the wall is due to the horizontal force on AB. The
horizontal components of force on BC and CD cancel. Hence,

Fx = FABx
Here

=pg R2 R 1 =19 620

NI m

pg R I 2 = gauge pressure at the centroid of the projected area,

R . 1 = area of the projection of AB into a vertical plane

(b} For equilibrium the weight of the cylinder must be equal to the vertical
component of force exerted on it by the water. The vertival force on
BCD is

F zBCD

The vertical force on AB is

=pg

1( 2'lrR. +2R

2)

52

FzAB = -prJ 1( R

R n) .
-4
2

Hence

Fz

=FzBCD +FzAB =prJR 2 ( ~ n+ 1)

(1)

The weight of the cylinder is

W = p0 g 1R2 n.

(2)

F-W
z-

(3)

Equilibrium:

Combining equations, yields

Po=(~+ :)p=1068.31 kg/m

1 .16

Fx = force on the vertical projection of surface A B

~ =(p-p0 )cA = ro(H +R I 2)R1 =98.1 kN

Fz = the weight of the fluid above surface A B

G = -w = -ro(R2 nl 4 +RH) =-109.299 kN

Since the elementary forces go through 0, the resultant force goes through
0, as well.

53
1.17
Equation of motion for the relative equilibrium

pf -Vp =pa,
Vp =p(f -a)

Hence

1st solution:

(1)

The free surface is perpendicular to vp, hence

NI

tana= -

=L g

NI

a =-g =4.905 ml s2
L

2nd solution:

Equation (1) in componential form:

~=-pa

dx

~ =-pg
dz

Integration of these equations, yields

p = -p( ax + gz) +canst
Boundary condition 1:

x =0:

z =NI;

p = p0

p( x, z) = Po - P[ ax + g( z - NI)]
Boundary condition 2:

x = L:

z = 0;

p =p

54

HI
a =-g =4.905 ml s2 .
L
1.18
(a)

p( x, z) = -p{axx + gz) +canst

Boundary condition: x =b/2: z = h, p =p

Hence

p( x, z) = Po

-r[a, (x - ~)

+ g( z - h)

(1)

Free surface: p(x,z) =P0

Hence
(2)

(b} Height above the original horizontal water level at x

From (2)

e = bax
2g

critical case: e

Hence

(c) From (1)

= H - hmax
hmax =H-bax

29

p(x =O,z)-p0

=p[b~x -g(z-h)]

ba
e = -x
=0.075 m
2g

= 0 is e.

55

f --Vp =a

1.19 Newton's 2nd law:

or

Vp = p(t -a)= -p(g +a)k

Integration yields

p = -p(a +g)z +canst

z =H: p =Po
p-p =p(a+g)(H-z)

Boundary condition:
Hence

Force on one side

H
F = (p - PJcA = p(a+ g) - H 2 =13.523 N
2

Gauge pressure

---9 _:- _-_.-_-_-_-_ C

di stribution

-::_-_-_-_-_-_
-=- ~- J - --~2 -_
-

= =j= = ---- - -- -

l..

----1=:;:=:7----tl-

qgH

Top v iew

- ---x

1.20 Equation of motion for relative equilibrium:

f --Vp =a
p

r= -gez;

a= -role,

Hence

Vp = p(t -a)= p[ra>2e, -gez]

or in componential form

_,

56

()p=prol
()r

dp
dz

- = -pg
Integration yields
2

)
p(r,z) =p -r ol
( 2 - -gz +canst
Since P 1 = P2 = p 0

on the other hand z 1 + z2

=2 e (no spilling).

Hence
Z1

= - 3e2ol =0. 0215 m

z2

4g

2e-z1 =0.3385 m

1.21
2

)
p(r,z) =p -r ol
( 2 - -g z +canst
Boundary condition 1: r
Hence

=r

p(r,z) =Po +p
Boundary condition 2:
Hence

r =0:

z =h;

(r2 _ r.2)
ro2
0
2

z =h;

=P

+p<J(h-z)

p =Pv

57
1.22
~

x
h
.__

L/2

--

J
. __ _
L

_ J<._

>

PA= Pa= Pc= 0 Pa (gauge)

2

p =p -r ol
--gz ) +canst

( 2

Boundary condition 1:

r = L - x: z = h; p = 0 (gauge)

p(r, z) = ~ g(h- z) + ~ [r' - (L - xJ']} (*)

Boundary condition 2:
Hence from (*)

=x:

=O;

=0

(gauge)

(gauge)

(1)
Boundary condition 3:
Hence from (*)

=U2:

=O;

=0

(gauge)

(2)
Combining equations (1) and (2), yields

58

L
4

w=

x = - =0.15 m

2
L

..J9h = 5.7184

s-1

1.23
z

p(r,z) =p( -r ol
--gz ) +canst
2
Boundary condition:
r =0: z =zo1 p =p 0
Hence

h
2

p(r,z) =Po +p[-r ol

- -g(z -z0 ) ]
2

Free surface:

p(r,z) = p0 , hence

r 2 ol

z - z 0 = -2g- (paraboloid of revolution)

The height of fluid at the wall (r = R):

(1)

The volume of the paraboloid of revolution = one half of its circumscribing

cylinder (see the Figure)

1
(zR-zJR 2 n=(h-zJR2 n
2

(2)

Combination of equations (1) and (2), yields

R2 ol
z0 =h--4g

Hence

R2ro2
ZR=h + - 4g
Critical case: w = w1,

zR

=H

(3)

59

Thus

w1 =

!~g(H-h) =3.132

1.24 (a) see solution of Problem 1 .23

w1 =~ ~ 2gH

(h

=H/2)

=1O.845

(b) Gauge pressure at the bottom:

sec-

sec-

p(z =O,r) - p

=pgH(r/ R)2

The integration of the gauge pressure over the bottom yields

2

F= f[p(z=O,r)-p ]dA=pgHfR( !_ ) 27rfdr=pgH~=5.7786 kN

R2

(acts downward)
(Fis equal to the weight of the fluid contained in the tank after rotation, which
is one half of the weight of the fluid originally in the container)

1.25

' .....

/
/

ro

60

p(r,z) = {' ~ - gz )+const

Boundary condition 1:

r =ro: z =hOI p =Po

(1)

r,

1t =

2 ro 1t

so

Boundary condition 2: r =r 1: z =O;

Substitution into equation (1 ), yields

1.26

Fx =pgH R2 tr=92457.07 N
F =
z

4
!_
R3tr =20546.02 N
pg 2 3

Force goes through 0 since the elementary forces are normal to the sphere

at all points and hence points to 0.

1.27 PA +Pw9d1 -pmg(d3 +d4 sina-d2) = Pe

PA-Pa =p,.JJ(d3 +d4 sina-d2 )-pwgd1 =57283.8 Pa

1.28

61

F, =-W =-pgw[ R(h+R)- R;1! ]=-11.6639 kN

F

=~~2 +~2 =19.2418 kN

sinE> = ~
d = RsinE>= R ~
=0.6062
p'
F
1.29

Hence

Pa -Patm = pg(h3 -h2 )

PA +pght =Pa
Hence

= 4905

Pa

62
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 2
2.1

diw =()..Ix + ().;r + ().;z = 0 for incompressible fluid

dx ~ dz
(a)
(b)
(c)
(cl)

yes ( diw = o)
no (diw
yes
yes

~ o)

2.2

v = grad</J;

v =ky
X

vy =/()(' vz =0

The differential equation for the streamlines:

dx dy
-= -

(1)

Substituting the velocity components into equation (1 ), and integrating yields

the equation of streamlines

x 2 - y 2 = const
2.3
Basic equation:

dx

dy

dz

=-= -

(1)

Separating equations (1) into two and substituting the velocity components
leads to the system of streamlines

xy =k,

x= k

exp(~

where k 1 and k 2 are arbitrary constants.

z)

(2)

(3)

63
N. B. Streamlines are obtained as intersections of cylindrical surfaces (2) and (3).

2.4
It follows from the initial condition that
C1

=1

and

C2

=2

hence

Eliminating parameter t and dropping subscript p the equation of a pathline

b

y =2x

dxp

at

vx =dt- =ae =ax

v = ();P = -2be-bt =-by
y
dt
Differential equation for streamline

dx

dy

-= -

After substitution the velocity components and integration the equation of the
streamline through point (1 ,2) is obtained as
b

y =2x

2.5

vy =0,

.1x --vt
x
.1xa

=.1xc =v)yJ& =3

mm

.1xb = vx(Yb)L1t = 4.5 mm

.1xd=v)y)L1t=1.5m

y lmm)

3 +---t--

---+--i--t-.

'---4---1-__.1---....___,___.__,__

x [mm]

64
The rate of angular deformation:

The rate of rotation:

2.6
(a) streamline at t

= 0 through point (1, 1,0):

Y=X

(b) pathline

dx
dt

v =X (1+At)=-P
xp

--7

x
t2
fn_E_=t+AXpo

(1)

dy

(2)

vyp =Yp = - dtP

The combination of equations (1) an (2) (taking into account that xpo = 1 and
dropping subscript p), yields

x = exp[ln y +;(In y)

2.7

a=~ +(vV)v=Qv=v![2x3T +yJ+(z+1)k]

(b)

(c)

curl

v =Vx v = 6,

hence

cp exists

mls

65

v = VcI>

(1)

Writing equation (1) in componential form, and integrating, yields

4>=V0

x3 y2 z2 )
-+-+
- +z +const
(
3

2.8
dx dy
-=-

(a)

x2

y2

a2

b2

- + - = 1

Normally these are ellipses (a :1;

where

a2

= 2ac ,

They are circles if

~)

2
b2 = c
f3
a

=f3

v = -<; T+f3x 7

(b)

- dV
a = dt = D v =

-a/3( x 1 + y 1
7

-:)

=a

where

D=

(c)

(d) rate of volume dilation : div

v = <Nx +<NY + <Nz =o

dx

0-1

dz

66
(e) Symmetric part of D:

S. = .!_(o +De)= [{3 0

-

2 -

-a

{3-02

a]

2
where De is the conjugate of 0.

Hence the rate of angular deformation is: 2 {3- a = {3- a

2
If a

={3 ... there is no angular deformation.

2.9
0
0

(a)

-Ay

-Ax]
-~y

(b)

cN a=-=O

(c)

rate of angular deformations are:

dt

rate of linear deformation is

(d)

curl

v=

(e)

curl

v # 6 ~ <1> does not

Vx

=0

v =2A(-yT +xJ)
exist!

2.10
(a)

x2 + y2

= c = R2

circles with centres at the origin

-2Ax
-2Ay

(in x,z plane)

(in y,z plane)

67

(b)

~=~ +(v V)v=Qv=-al(xT +y7)

(c)

curl v = Vxv = 2rok =20k [ s-11

(d)

does not exist (curl v 'i: o)

(e)

Symmetric part of D:

s= =!_(o+o)
=O
2 =
c
=

there is no deformation at all.

Skew-symmetric part of D:

a =!_(o-oc) =D
=
2 = =
=
so there is rotation

(~

dV
steady since dt

=-O

{g)

yes, since div v = O

2.11

()./

()./

()./
x dx

()./

()./
z()z

a =-+(v V)v =-+v -+v1 -+v dt

(}(

a(3,1,0) =80j-80k m/s2

69
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 3

3.1 Basic equations

Bernoulli's equation:

v2

v2

P +gz +-1-=_g_+gz +-2_1

p
1
2
p
2
2

(2)

Equation of continuity:
Since

(1)

z1 = z2 , the combination of equations (1) and (2) yields

3.2 Basic equation:

P
v2
- + gz + - =canst
p
2

(1)

Application of equation (1) between points 1 and 2:

v2 p
v2
P +gh + -1= atm +2
P2
2
P2
2

_1

(2)

Application of equation (1) between points 0 and 1:

v2 p
2
Patm +g(fli +h2) + -o=-1 +gh2 +~
~
2 ~
2

(3)

v1 =V0 =0 here.
Equation of continuity:
d21r

Q=-V
4

The combination of equations (2)-(4), yields

(4)

70

3.3
Apply Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2:
(1)

From the hydrostatic pressure variation:

P1

= Patm + pgh

and

P2

=Pa1m + pg(h + '111)

Hence
(2)

Combining equations (1)and (2), yields

3.4
Bernoulli's equation between points O and A:
(1)

From the equation of continuity:

v2

8Q2

2- 0

(2)

rr2

The combination of equations (i) and (2), yields

h =Po -Pv -

8Q2

D4rr2g

=7.604m

71

3.5
Neglecting friction write the Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2:

P1 =Potm +gH
p

whence

H = p1 -Patm =16.310m

pg

3.6
Apply Bernoulli's equation between points A and B:

(1)

Apply hydrostatic equation for the two limbs of the U-tube:

(2)
Taking into account that PA= Pc and combining equations (1) and (2). yield

3.7
Application of the Bernoulli's equation and the equation of continuity, yields

p2

=p, +pg{z2 -z,)+ ~[1-( ~J] =2906kPa

3.8
The combination of the Bernoulli's equation and the equation of continuity
written between points 1 and 2, yields

72

3.9
Bernoulli's equation between points C-D:

Pc= Po+~ +g/2

Po Po 2

(1)

Equation of hydrostatics between points A and B:

(2)

Equation of continuity:
.

d2 7r

m=pv
-4
o

(3)

Taking into account that p8 =Pc and the combination of equations (1) -(3),

yields

3.10
Bernoulli's equation:
v2 p
v2
P +gz + -1-=2
_1
+gz + -2p
1
2
p
2
2

(1)

Equation of continuity:
(2)

Equation of hydrostatics for the two limbs of the U-tube:

(3)

73

The combination of equations (1)-(3), yields

& _7

0 = D12 te
4

()'-

2gLlh = 0.02653

m' /s

3.11
Application of the Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2, and 1 and 3,
yield
(1)

V3

=.J2g(H+y)

(2)

Equation of continuity between points 2 and 3 (neglecting jet contraction):

(3)

Combination of equations (1 )-(3) gives

d (
)--0.2
r=--2..
1+l...
2
H

3.12
Bernoulli's equation between points 0 and E:

Equation of hydrostatics for the two limbs of the U-tube (PA

Patm+pgH =Po +(Pm-p)gR

Combination of equations (1) and (2), yields

R =0

( for an arbitrary value of H )

= p8 ):
(2)

74

3.13
Bernoulli's equation for points 1 and 2, yields
(1)

Equation of continuity:
(2)

The definition of v1 :
dz
dt

v = - -1
1

(3)

Combination of equations (1) and (2) gives

2g

(~)

r:;-

.yz,

(4)

-1

Combination of equations (3) and (4) can be integrated finally to give

Jii-~
2

(~) -1

=(1.414213562 - 0.0022 14725t)2

3.14
The method of solution is the same as in Problem 3.13. The only difference is

that the cross-sectional area of the tank varies with z 1

A1 =(2Rz 1 -z/ )ir

The relation between z 1 and t is obtained as follows

Ti =213.70 sec

75
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 4
4.1 Choose the control volume (C\/) (see the Figure)
Basic equation:

Jpt dV - JpciA = ~ Jpv dV + Jvpv .dA

CV

CS

CV

Assumptions
- steady incompressible flow
- hydrostatic pressure distributions at <D and

(1)

CS

a>

Let us multiply equation (1) by unit vector T

-Jpd A. T- Jpd A.T- Rx = JvxPV .dA

~

A,

Water

A,

I
G)1

_ ,

v1 =0. 'l m/sec

______. vz- 5 .33 m I sec

--

Lx

(2)

......
,7~7~7~7~7...;:/;;;::/:;.../:::;:;/;,.../:::;:;/:.,..::/:;;:./.;:/:;:../.,.::/:;:=/;.-/..-/,...,1--7.,...7..-7..-7..,._.7
Hz-0 . 056~

-Jpd AT= Jpd A = pgrJ(H

At section <D

A,

A,

1-

z )wdz = pg w

- I pdA-T =-I pd A =-pg1(H, -z)wdz =-pgwHJ

At section@

A2

Jvxpv dA = -rhv Jvxpii dA = rhv

1;

A,

A2

76
Collecting terms, yields

Rx =P9(Hf-Hff)-pH1v1(v2 -v1 ) =9.482 kN/m

w 2
4.2

G)

p
olm

CS

--

dAi

------ """

CV

L.

Choose CV as shown by the dashed line

Assumptions: - uniform flow at sections CD and
- neglect weight
- incompressible flow

Basic equations:

Jp] dV- Jpd.4 = ~ JvpdV + JvpvdA

CV

d/ CV

CS

(1)

CS

(2)

Taking into account the assumptions equation, (1) will have the form

-JpciA

+F = m(v2 -v1),

Ai

Here p means gauge pressure (p2 gauge

Collecting terms, gives

= 0).

F= -(p,,,,,, -P,1m)A, T-p42v~( ~ T+k) = -1.361 -0.64k

(kN]

77

4.3
G

r-------,
I

CV

I
I

,.--r--=-:=-=r~

I
- - -I
I
q
I

L ______

JI

Assumptions:
- steady, incompressible flow
- uniform flow at sections and (2)
- pressure over the annular face GD (experimental evidence)= p 1
- neglect weight of the fluid in CV
- neglect friction along the wall
Basic equations:

JptdV - JpctA = ~ JpvdV + Jvpv .cJA

CV

CS

CV

(1)

CS

(2)

Taking into account assumptions, equation (1) can be written as

P1AT +P1(A2-A)T -p2A2T =m(v2-V1)

from which
(3)

In case of ideal (frictionless) flow the application of Bernoulli's equation

between points 1 and 2, yields
(4)

The pressure loss .t1p' due to abrupt enlargement of the cross-section is

78

4.4

....

R ... - F

Choose CV as shown in the Figure.

Assumptions: v1 = v2 = v0 (since elevation differences and friction is neglected)
- steady, incompressible flow
The steady state momentum equation yields

F =-rh0 v0 +rh1v1 +rh2 v2

(1)

where

rh; =/)4;

V;

=p0;

(i =0,1, 2)

Equation of continuity:

~=O,+~

The combination equation (2) with the s component of equation (1), yields

0, = Oo 1+cos e = 0.075 m3 I s
2

02

= Qo 1 -

cos e = 0. 025 m3 Is
2

The force R exerted on the plate must be normal to it. For the momentum
equation normal to the plate,

79
R =-F =pQ,v0 sine=866.025 N

4.5
Basic equations:
(1)
(2)

J J !J J
ptdV -

CS

CV

vpv. ciA

pvdV +

pciA =

(3)

CS

CV

Assumptions:
- steadly, incompressible, frictionless flow
- uniform flow at sections 1 and 2
- the weight of the fluid in CV can be neglected.
The combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the inlet gauge pressure p 1g as
a function of flow rate Q

For the data given:

P1g = 2. 04944x105 Pa
Taking into account the assumptions, equation (3) will have the form

-JPgdA + F = m( v v
2 -

Ai

whence

Fx=F=-847.77 N

1)

80
4.6

L.
Choose CV as shown in the Figure. The steady state momentum equation:

f = Jvpv ctA

(1)

CS

v1 =v2 = v3

Assumptions:

=v

- steady, incompressible frictionless flow

- uniform flow at sections 1 and 3
(1) in more detail

CS

Ai

A2

AJ

F = vpv .clA = 111 pv .ciA + vpv .clA + v3 pv .clA

F is perpendicular to the wall, i.e., F =FT
The x component of equation (1) gives
F

= -pv 2 (0 2 -d2 ) ~ = -5937.61

4

F = - 5937.61 7 [N]

81

4.7
Nozzle
p
a tm

L.

- - -

,...

o,

CV-0--

Vz

-- .......
~

~I
dAz

~CV \

- --

P,

r-- -~

dA1

Elbow

"<:

o,

1G)

--

--

h
l,l

.&

Choose CV as shown in the Figure.

The application of the steady state momentum equation and equation of
continuity, yields

R =pi\,v;'( 1+ ~ )1-pgVk +(p, -P.1m)A, T=7863.8 T-981 k

[N]

4.8
The x component of the momentum equation for CV

p 1A1 +Fx

= rh(v2 -v1) +

f~
p

dV

(1)

CV

The integral in (1) can be divided into two parts:

f~
p

dV = p 8 1L1A1 + p 8 2 L2 A2

(2)

CV

where 8 1, 8 2, A 1, A 2 are accelerations and cross-sectional areas at sections 1

and 2, respectively.
Equation of continuity:

(3)

~(3) yields:

(4)

dt

82
Collecting terms gives

4.9
Select control volume (CV) moving with the vane at constant velocity, U, as
shown in the Figure.
CV is inertial

Assumptions:
- Flow is steady relative to the vane
- Magnitude of relative velocity along the vane is constant

w =lw1I =lw2 1=V-U =19

-

m /s

Properties are uniform at sections 1 and 2

The weight of the fluid in the CV may be neglected
The flow is incompressible
Frictional effects can be neglected.

Basic equation:

f
CV

pfdV-

f
CS

pcJA =

f
CV

pA!dV + wpAl dA

(1)

CS

Taking into account assumptions above, equation (1) can be written as

F =pwA(w2 -w1 ) =pA(V-U) 2 [(cose-1) T+sinek] =-361 T+625.27 k

[N]

83
4.10

Select CV fixed to the moving trough as shown in the Figure.

Assumptions as in problem 4.9.
The steady state momentum equation for the fluid in CV yields

F = -R = Jwpw ctA =p(02W2 +03W3 -0,w,)

CV

Taking into account assumptions

4.11

... __ _

The momentum equation applied for fluid in CV:

84
(1)
where W is the weight of the fluid in CV
The equilibrium of the cart:

(2)
where We ... is the weight of the cart.
The combination of the x components of equations (1) and (2) yields
/=i11rust

= -Fcord = -Fx = -mv2 x - pAv2 cos 0 = - 10.13 N

4.12
Select CV fixed to the scoop (see the Figure).

Assumptions as in Problem 4.9.

The momentum equation for the CV:

F = -R = m(w2 -w1),
where

w1 = VT; w2 =V(cosa T+sin a i<);

Collecting terms yields:

Rx= {M'dV 2 (1-cos a)

Applying Newton's 2nd law

Rx

=-ma

ri1 = fM'dV

85
gives the initial deceleration of the sled
2

a= - Rx = _pwdV (1-cosa) = -80 ml s2

4.13
The fluid entering the sprinkler has no moment of momentum, and no torque
is exerted on the system externally; hence the moment of momentum of fluid
leaving must be zero. Let m be the speed of rotation, then the moment of
momentum leaving is

(1)
in which vt1 and v12 are the whirl components of the absolute velocities. Then

V11 =Vr1

- mr, = ~ -mr,;

(2)

where v, is the relative velocity.

Substituting equations (2) into (1), yields

m=

r,1 +r2

r:2
+ r.2
A
1
2

=11. 538

rad I s .

86
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5

5.1 Cauchy-Riemann equations:

()tp d<l>
Vx = - = - =-4+7x
C>yt
dx

(1)

()tp
d<l>
Vy =- dx =~=-6-ly

(2)

The integration of equations (1) and (2), yields

<I>(x,y) = -4x + ~ (x 2 - y 2 )-6y +canst

5.2 Following the procedure shown in the solution of Problem 5.1 we have

'P(x,y) = 2xy-x +canst

5.3 From the equation of continuity

vz can be determined:
vz

= -2( x + y) z +canst

5.4 The complex potential and conjugate complex velocity for the four sources

v = -dW
_ =-Qdz

21t

[ _ 1_+

Z-Z1

Z-Z2

+ +-1-]
1

Z-Z3

Z - Z4

Substituting the complex co-ordinates of the points P 1, .. , P4 and separating

the conjugate velocity into real and imaginary parts and finally substituting
y = O and x = O into these equations to yield

87

v (y = 0) = Q [
1C

x - 2a
+ x +a
]
2
(x-a) +b2 (x + a) + b2

vy(y =O) =O
vx(x=O)=O

v(x=O)= Q[
1C

y-b
+
y+b ]
a2 + (y-b )2 a2 + (y + b)2

5 .5 The complex potential and conjugate complex velocity are

iI'

iI'

21C

21C

W(z) =- ln(z-z1 )- - (z-z 2 )

v{z) = dW =; r(_1__
dz

21C

Z-Z1

1 )
Z-Z2

Substitution and separation of the real and imaginary parts, yield

v)x = o) =

)2

4+ y - 1

5.6

Q. = - 3 m2 I s

Q2 =- 4

a:: 2m

Is

88
Complex potential:

W(z) =~lnz+ 02 1n(z-a)

2n

2n

(1)

Conjugate complex velocity:

v(z) =~.!__+ 0 2 _ 1_
2nz

Stagnation point:

v(zs) =0

From equation (2):

6
z =-m
s

2nz-a

Velocity at z 1

1
(1-2.Si) ,
2n

v(z1 ) = i.e.,

2 5

vx =-1- [m / s]; vy =-
2n

2n

[m/s]; v=0.42854 m/s; <p1 =291.80

5.7
y

The complex potential:

Q+i r
.
W ( z) =
In z =<P + / 'l'
2n
Separating into real and imaginary parts, yields

(2)

89

d>(x, y)

=;,.[Qin Jx + y rtan- ~)]

'P(x,y) =

;,.[ Q

tan-t)+rlnJx' +y

The conjugate complex velocity at z 1 = 1+ 0.5 i

_ _(z ) = o + i r

V1 = V
Vx 1

2 tr

Z1

( +i r ) 1

_ = Vx 1 -I Vy 1
2 tr Z1 Z1

= 0.089127 m/s;

Vy 1 =0.114592

m/s

v1 =0.14517 m /s; <p=52.125

5.8 The velocity distribution can be written as

where

40
and
0 tr

4Q
dtr

Vbase = -2-

(1)

Vtp = -2-

Acceleration:
dv

Vbase (

dx

8 ( X ) = V - = --

Vtp -Vbase

from which

a(x =LI 2) = 8.9683 m / s2

Local acceleration:

dv

a =-= 0
L

df

5.9 From the equation of continuity

vy =-AL+c(x)
2

+ 2X
L

Vtp -Vbase

)2

(2)

90
where C{x) is an arbitrary function of x.
For irrotationality:

whence
Vy

x2
=A2+D(y)

where Ofy) is an arbitrary function of y.

2

If we let D(y) = AL then the equation will also satisty continuity

2

5.10
y
As y m pt~le_ _

2b =0.1 m

- -

strea mline

The complex potential:

Q

W(z) =v_z + nlnz

2

The stream function:

Y+_9_tan(Y)
2n
x

'I'= v..

or

(1)

91

Q
p =v_y+ - <p
2tr

(2)

where cp is the polar angle.

Stagnation point z5 is on the dividing streamline which separates the 'inner'
and 'outer' flow.

so the constant 'P0 for the dividing streamline is

'P = Q
0
2

whence the equation for the dividing streamline is

(3)

When cp

O then y ~ b, so from equation (3)

Q=

2 b v_ = 1. 5 m3 I s I m

Differentiating equation (1) yields

V=V

+-

2TrZ

(4)

At the stagnation point v( z) = o,

so
Z5

=-

2tr v_

=-0.01592 m

Taking into account equation (3) and that

<p =

tan- 1 (~)

the equation of the dividing streamline can be written as

x

=-y co{ 2 ~-

y) =-y cot(201t}')

Substituting into equation (5), gives the x co-ordinate of point 1

(5)

92
Xi = 0

(or

<p1 = rr I 2)

Using the Bernoulli's equation between the stagnation point and point 1, the
pressure difference is

4o =p, -p = ~( v~ + ,:;, )

=194.46 Pa

5. 11
y
A

2b=0.1 m

Find:

a,

{=0.2 m

Q, vmax

Complex potential:

W(z) = v. .z +_g_tn(z

+a).

2rr

z-a

Qa

Conjugate complex velocity:

-( )

V Z =V... - -

n z 2 -a2

(1)

(2)

Flow rate Q originated at z

= -a goes through AB

93

bla

2 bv.. + 2Qa !_
rr:

d(y I a) 2
1+(y I a)

= 2b v.. + 20 tan-1(b) = Q
rr:

(3)

Equation (3) can be reshaped

t(

b v..rr:)
b =aco Q

Equation (2) and (4) contain two unknowns: Q and a.

The combination of (2) and (4) gives

a=b tan( e2/a

b 2)
4 -a
which by using the method of trial and error gives

a =0.078103 m
Substituting this result into equation (2) yields

0 = 0.470600 m3 /s
The maximum velocity outside the oval can be obtained from equation (1):
1
2 -- 4 3604 m I s
rr: a +b

- +
vmax -- -v ( z_ lb) -- v"" + Qa
5.12
y

(4)

94

W(z) = V

00

+..9..[tn(z +a)-ln(z -a)]

(1)

2Tr

Stream function (see the Figure):

At points A and B

'l'A

= 'P(y = o; <p, = <f'2 = 7r) = o;

'Pa=

'P(y = o;

<p,

= <f'2 = o) = o

hence the constant for the Rankine oval is 0 ('P = 0)

The derivative of (1) gives
_

dW

Oa

Tr

z -a2

V= - = V - - -2

az

00

l a2 =vx(x=O,y)
y2 +

v(x=O,y)=v"'+ Qa
7r

Equation of continuity {flow rate 0 originated at z = -a goes through AB)

1112

2 Jvx(x=O,y)dy=Q
0

which gives
h1(2a)

h v + 20a !__
00

Tr

J 1+(y
d(y I a) =h v + 20 tan-1(}}_) =0
I a)2
... Tr
2a
0

The latter equation can easily be reshaped to give

h = 2 tan( 7r - TrV..,h)

20

5.13

M = R 2 v = 80 m3 I s
00

5.14

(2)

95
The circulation:

0
2

I' = 11Drr- w
Since

(J.)

2 '!TI)
= 60

F;. = ir1-D n1Jpv"' =95.933 kN / m

60

5.15
As it is known the velocity around the cylinder can be calculated as

v'P( <p)

= -2v_sin <p - ~

(a) From Bernoulli's equation between a point at infinity and stagnation point,
gives

v_ =~ 2 (p, ;p~)

=J20

m/s

Since

Whence

vqi( <p) = - 2J20 sin <p - ./60

(b)

lvmaxl= 2J20 + J60=16.6902 m / s; <p = ;

(c)

FL =pI'v =217.656 kN /m
00

5.16
vIP ( <p) = -2v _ sin <p Since

~R

96

- - --- x

St > 52 ore stagnation points

Lift coefficient:

5 .17

The conjugate complex velocity around a circle with radius

uniform stream (see Fig. 1) can be written as

=[ 2v"sin(<p-a)+ 21r8]e (
I'

Vcircle

~,,_c_'

0
a

O'

Figure 1

By using the mapping function

ft)

- I <p - 2

placed in a

(1)

97

a2

(2)

'=f(z) = z+ z

the circle in Figure 1 can be mapped into a plate (see Fig. 2)

"l

2a- -L
2

2a-- -L
2

Figure 2

; =2x; ri =0
As it is known

vplate -

vcrol&

(3)

df I
dz

Zc1c19

The Kutta condition means that

The derivative of the mapping function along the circle

Hence the velocity around the plate from equation (3) is obtained as

_
V plate

=V plate =V -

sin( <p - a) + sin a

Stn<p

(4)

98
becomes infinity at point A (cp
at point B (cp = 0), gives

vp1ate

= 7t), but the application of e'Hospital's rule

Jim vplate= voo cos a

91-.0

The pressure difference between points C and D can be obtained from the
Bernoulli's equation

'1{J=p0 -Pc = P(v~

2

-v;) =41.04 Pa

Here

vc = vpfete ( <p = TC I 2) and vD = vpfete ( <p = 3 TC I 2).

The lift force

FL =p rv_ =TCpLv:sina=130.9276 N/m

5.18
Velocity around the plate is given as (see the solution of Problem 5.17)
Vplate

sin( <p - a) +sin a

= V oo - -- .- - Stn <p

Taking into account the properties of the mapping (the circle into plate) angles
belonging to points E and F are easily obtained as
<pE= l20; <pp= 240.

Hence
VE = Vp/ate( <p

=120) =16.9706

VF= vp/ate( <p

= 240) = 6. 2117 m / s.

ml S

By using the Bernoulli's equation the pressure difference '1p can also be
obtained

99

SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 6
6. 1 The Navier-Stokes equation for steady, incompressible fluid flow:

(v.v)V = f _!_ Vp + v.1v

p

Here

(vV)v =O

(the flow is supposed to be fully developed)

f =gT

(body force per unit mass)

Vp =O

(see the wording of the text)

v = v(y) T
Hence equation (1) reduces to

the solution of which is

v(y) =JL.(2y8-y 2 ).
2v
Here the boundary conditions
y =0:

V=O

y =0:

T=TJ-=0
dy

dv

were taken into account.

Shear stress distribution:

i( y) = 11 ~; = pg( 8 - y)
Flow rate:

=J vdA = wg83
3v

Average velocity:

(1)

100

o go2

C=-=A
3v
The velocity maximum:

02

vmax =v(y =o) =L

2v
6.2
y

The Navier-Stokes equations for steady, incompressible, fully developed fluid

flow is
- - 1
0= f--Vp+ v!Jv

Here

f = -g

(1)

v=vx(y)T
Hence the x component of equation (1) is

(2)
The boundary conditions

y =0:

vx =0

y =h:

vx =0

Hence the solution of equation (2):

v (y)=--1 ap(hy-y2)
x

The shear stress distribution:

21] dx

101

't(y) = 11 dvx = _.!._ (fJ (h-2y)

2 dx

dy

't( y = h) = .!._ (fJ h = -1. 8 NI m2

2 ()y

Flow rate per metre of width:

6 .3 The x component of the Navier-Stokes equations is reduced to

d 2 vx

dy2 =-

g sina

the solution of which under the boundary conditions

y=O: vx =0
dv
Y = 8: 't = 11-x =0
dy

is as follows

g sin a ( 2

vx ( y ) = 2v

s:-

yu-y

2)

The shear stress distribution:

't( y) =77 dvx =pg sin a( 8 - y)

dy

The flow rate per unit width:

0=

f
A

vxdA=1 vxdY=
O

g 83 sin a
-3
3
v =1.67424x10 m /s/m
3

102

6.4 The x component of the Navier-Stokes equations is

(1)

Boundary conditions:

y = 0: vx = u
dv
y= h: 'r = 1J-"=0
dy

Hence the velocity distribution:

vAy) =U+L(y 2 -2hy)

2v
The shear stress distribution:

t(y) = 11 dvx = g (y-h)

dy
v
Average velocity:

Control:

Re =eh

=0. 4967 <<Reem = 1500 ---? laminar flow

6.5
Model
(since a << R 1 curvature effects
can be neglected )

c::::;====::::::;::::::::::::::;;==========+=====:::iu ~ Rw
1

/?//J~?;1~77 7/

Assumptions:

777_.,-

103
- steady, incompressible, laminar, fully developed flow
- infinite width (Ua = 32/0.032 = 1OOO; so this is a reasonable assumption)

- :

= 0: (flow is symmetric in the actual bearing at no load)

Taking into account the assumptions the solution of the Navier-Stokes

equations is

v(y)=Omy
x
2 a
The shear stress

dv
mD
2
-r=71-x =71-=4297.7 N/m
dy
2a
The necessary torque:

T =-cAR =-r

02

'1CL =1.2478 Nm

6.6 The x component of the Navier-Stokes equations:

d 2 v =-sina
g
2
dy
v

__
x

Boundary conditions are as in Problem 6.5.

Hence the velocity distribution:

v)y) = U+ gsina(y2-2hy)
2v
Shear stress distribution

i{y) = pg sina(y-h)
Average velocity:
h

J ()

c = h1 vx y dy =U- gh sin
v a =0.4982 m/s
0

104
Control:

Re = eh = 0. 4 <<Reem = 1500 ~laminar flow

6 .7 Since () << D, the curvature effects can be neglected.

Model:

- -u

Boundary conditions:

y = 0: vx = u
y

= 8:

vx

=0

Taking into account these boundary conditions the velocity distribution can be
written as

v (y) =
x

1
u(1-Y)
+ - L1p (y
8
21} L

-y8)

The flow rate:

0

0 = Dn[ vx(y)dy =

J U 8 - ,1p83L
D"l
2 1211

The shear stress at the piston (y

=2.7482x10~

m Is =2. 7482 cm Is

= 0):

The shear force acting on the piston:

Fs = r0 D1CL = -DnL(11 U + ,1pl)) = -149. 03 N

8

2L

(~)

105
The pressure force acting upon the piston:

The total force which is needed to move the piston:

F =-F5 -FP

=443.55

N (+-)

6.8 Boundary conditions

vx = 0
y =a: vx = U
y

= 0:

Velocity distribution:
v

1
(y) =Uy +(!_ P1 -p2

2v p

-gsin e){ay-y2 )

Shear stress distribution:

t(y) = 1J dvx = 1J U +P(!_P1 -P2 -gsine)(a-2y)

dy

2p

Shear stress acting on the fluid on the upper plate:

i-0

-r( y = a) = 11 U - ~ ( P1 - P2
a 2
L

p g sin

e)

= 51. 61 7 N I m2

Force per square metre exerted on the upper plate:

F =-iA
0

=-51.617 N I m2

(downward)

6.9

x - --

// 1:-L L LrL.L:~LLL /L /
--U

106

Bounday conditions:

y =0: vx =u
y

= h:

vx

=0

Velocity distribution:
1

vx(y) =u(1-Y)- --~(hy -y 2 )

h

2pu (Jx

The volume flow rate per unit width must be zero:

h

Q=

~h
v(y)dy=U -h - - 1 --=0
3

2pu (Jx 6

Hence

~ = BpuU
=88.470 NI m2
2
dx

6.10

Mode l

The gap width a

0.5 mm is small, so the flow may be modelled as flow
between infinite parallel plates.
The velocity distribution:

The shear stress:

107

dv

-r=11- x = - 11 R1 m
dy a

Torque:
(1)

Since
2m
60

(J)= -

the viscosity of oil from equation (1) is

15aT
R13 n L

11 = rr2

=0.034739

Ns Im

Torque will decrease, since the temperature of the oil will increase with time
and so its viscosity will decrease.

6.11

/ Q

tx
y

~-O(gouge)

p" p (gauge)

108

Mass producing given gauge pressure in the cylinder:

2

M = D 11:p = 4.323 kg
4g
Since a<< D, the curvature effects can be neglected.
Boundary conditions:

y =0,a: vx =0
(N. B.: In reality at x =a: vx

=-v

pieton )

The velocity distribution

v = _l_(ay-y 2 )
2v

where
J = 2. p - g (which is the energy loss per unit mass per unit length)
pL

The leakage flow rate:

a

Q=

011:J vx(Y )dy = 12vL

011: (p_-g)a3 = 209408. 69a3
pL

[m3 Is] if a [m]

(1)

=40211:

Vpiston

Hence the combination of equations (1) and (2), yields

30v .

amax =

ti.

p1Ston

= 1. 31x10-.s m = 13.1 m

- -g
pL

6.12 It is known that for laminar incompressible flow in a horizontal pipe

Q = 11:'1pD4
12817L

(2)

109
From this equation T\ can be calculated:
4

= ni1pD =0.00174 N/m2

TJ 128 QL
Checking the Re number:

c = -Q = -40 = 4. 482 m I s (average velocity)

A

Re= pcD
TJ

1dJ2

=1284.25 < Recrit =2300 ~laminar flow

6.13

The z component of the Navier Stokes equations will be

which can be written as

u !!._(r dvz) = 0

r dr

dr

to yield

(1)
where C1 and C2 are constants.

110

The shear stress distribution:

-' ) =
-~,r

C
11 -dvz = 11-1
dr

Constants C 1 and C2 can be determined by the boundary conditions

r=r;: Vz =O
r =ro: Vz =U
to give

and

In( 'i)
C2 =-U I ( ( 0 )

in -

'i
6.14 The critical Re number can be written as

c nt D

Recnr = 2300 = - 0-V

Critical flow rate:
2

Qcrit = 0

1C Cent

D 1CV

Reem = 4.51604 x10- 7 m3 Is = 27.096 cm3 I min

On the other hand

1Ct1p 04

0=---

128pvL

whence the pressure drop:

t1p = 128 pvLQ

1C D4

6.15

=3. 5328

MPa

111

(b) ..1p =

128 pvLQ =0.23552 MPa

n04

(c) Since the velocity distribution can be written as

v(r) = ..1p

4pvL

(024 -r2)

and the shear stress can be obtained as

i_r) = 11 dv = - tlp r
dr
'rwa1i

2L

=li.r =DI 2)1 = ~i =294.4 N/m2

6.16 From the equilibrium of the cube in x direction

wsine= 'rCl.lbe b

(1)

On the other hand it follows from the Navier-Stokes equations that the velocity
distribution of oil below the cube is

(2)
where U is the constant sliding velocity of the cube.
The shear stress can be determined from equation (2)

dv

17U

'r=fl-x = dy
8
Equating the shear stresses in equations (1) and (3), yields

U = WDsine =3.859 m/s

17b2

(3)

112

6.17 As in Problem 6.16:

wsine = 'rboerd L2

(1)

The velocity distribution is linear below the board giving

'r

dv
71U
=71x =-

dy
h
Equating the shear stresses occuring in equations (1) and (2), yields

., = HWsine
L2U =0.28063

(2)

Ns/m2

6.18

Oil

Cylindrical co-ordinate system should be used. The velocity:

v = v'P(r,z)e'P
Boundary conditions:

z =0: v'P =0
z=O: v'P=rw

(1)

The cp component of the Navier-Stokes equations for this case can be written
as

0=

v(d2v'P + (J2v'P
ar2

(Jz2

+I ().;'P - v'P)
r (%

r2

A solution which satisties equation (2) with boundary conditions (1) is

(2)

113

The shear stress distribution:

The torque required:

6.19
Vx (

sin ex ( 2 ~ 2 )
y ) = g 2v
yu-y
2

vme.x

=vx (y =8) =g 82vsin ex =0. 030

mI s

''"' = g 8 sin ex = -2 V
c =-1 Jli v ( YJ-iY

80

3v

me.x

=0.020 ml

6.20 The z component of the Navier-Stokes equations can be written as

d vz =!__( 9
~)
dy 2
v
p dz
Taking into account the no-slip condition on the walls we have
2

+2-

vz(y) =-1
2v

(g+!_p ~)(y2
-8y)
dz

8 ( g +-..1!_
1 a ) = 0.0033075 m / s (upward)
vmax=vz(y=812)=-8t>
p dZ

114

SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 7
7 .1 The pressure drop:
(1)
Reynolds number:

4
Re=co = pO =13790.14
v
71Dn
The relative roughness:
El D =8.33x10-4
The friction factor f can be obtained from the Moody diagram as a function of
Re and e/O
f = 0.0293
By using this value the distance L to be found can be obtained from equation
(1)

L=

05n2 An
LJtJ

8pfQ 2

= 18.369 km

7.2 The application of the energy equation between points 1 and 2, gives

(1)
where the head loss

L c2

hL =f - 0 2g

(2)

The combination of equations (1) and (2) gives

C=

2g

(z1 - z 2 )

L
1+f D

(3)

The average velocity c can be calculated by only iteration since the friction
factor f also depends on c.

115
Relative roughness: e ID = 0. 00092
1st approximation: the pipe is considered to be completely rough, so

t, =f(e!D) =0.0192 (from Moody diagram)

Substituting this value into equation (3), yields

c1 = 7. 353

mI s

The Re number:

co

Re1 = - 1- =8.17 x10

The new friction factor from Moody diagram:

f2 =f(Re1,e ID) =0.0195

With this
C2

= 7.298 m/ S

Flow rate

0 2 rc
0 = - c =0.01433 m3 /s
4
N.B.: If higher accuracy is expected in c, further iterational steps are needed.

7 .3 Relative roughness:

EID = 0. 00023
Re number:

40

Re= cD =
= 3.82 x105
v
Drcv
Friction factor from Moody chart:

f(Re,e /0) =0.0154

Head loss:

L 80 2
hL =f- 4 rc2 =14.32 m
DO
g
Power:

P=pgOhL =8.4107kW

116

7.4 Writing Newton's second law for the car in the direction of motion gives

-Fo

dv

=m dt

(1)

where

1
2
F0 =-C0 pv A

(2)

is the drag force

Substituting (2) into (1), separating variables and integrating, we obtain

1
A ft
vJ dv
--c
p - dt = - 2 .

m0

V0

Finally,

7 .5 Energy equation between points CD and @, gives

(1)
where the head loss:

L c2

hL =f- -

02g

(2)

The application of hydrostatic law to the two legs of the U-tube, gives

P1 +pgz1 = P2 +pg(z2 -NI) +Pm9'1h

(3)

The combination of equations (1) and (2), yields

hL

;(p;

-1

).1/J

By using equations (2) and (4), f can be obtained

0 29
-1)
'1h
p
c

f =(Pm

=0.0327

(4)

117

7 .6 The average velocity:

40
c = -2- =16.977 m/s
D

1t

Density of the air:

p=

:T

= 1.308 kg/ m

Reynolds number:

Re= pcd = 36807

11
From Moody diagram:

f =0.0225
Hence the pressure drop:

L c2

L1p =pt - - =141.37 Pa

d 2

7.7 Write the energy equation between water surfaces of the reservoirs
Z1 -Z2

= hL

(1)

where

(2)
and

(3)
The combination of equations (1)-(3), yields

To determine the magnitude of the minimum pressure, write the energy

equation from the upstream reservoir to just downstream of the first bend:

p _c2
(
~
) c2
g( z1 -zb) _ _!2..
_ = K 2 +t- +Kb p 2
d
2
Since

(4)

118

zb

=12 m+4 sin45 =33.213 m

the substitution into equation (4) gives

7.8
Re= cO = 4 0p = 20881.1

OmJ

E/0=3.07 X10-4
f(Re, E /0) = 0.027 (from Moody diagram)
Energy equation between points A and B

whence

7.9 The specific energy of fluid at points A and B:

eA

c2

-2 = ;

+ g zA; ea -

c2

2 =;

+ g Za

From these equation

(1)

Since

e8 > eA, fluid flows from B to A.

Energy equation between points B and A:

Pe
-+g
p

Ze

PA
=-+g
p

ZA

+g hL

(2)

119
where
(3)

Comparison of equation (1) and (2), yields

g hL

=e8 -

eA

=41. 9 Nm I kg

The flow rate can be obtained from equation (3):

(4)
E

/0 = 0.000433
Re= cD = 40

0'1t'V

(5)

First trial (Re is unknown)

fr =f(e ID) =0.0162

(Moody diagram)

From (4): 0 1 = 0.2876 m3 Is

From (5): Re1 =

401
0'1t'V

= 6. 103 x10 5

Second trial
f2 = t(Re1, e ID)= 0.017

From (4): 0 2 = 0.2807 m3 Is

The result of the third trial:

0 :03 =0.280 m3 Is
7.10
(1)

120
where

P1 = P2 =Parm
The combination of (1) and (2), yields

(3)
Re= 40

(4)

D7rV
Neglect minor losses and for the first trial assume f = 0.02; then from (3):

D =s

Then Re=

8fL0 2
2
1t

Z1 -Z2

= 0. 5885

0 = 6.123 x10 5

07rV
e/0=4.4x10-4
t(Re, e/O) =0.0172

2nd trial:

D =0.5710 m.

Use next commericial size larger than 0 .571 m.

7.11

whence

D =s

B02f
0.03 1t2 g

(1)

Re= cD = 40

(2)

D7rV

121
Assume f
From (1)

=0.015
D =0.2105 m

Then E /0 = 0.00022; Re= 6.05 x10 4 , so f = 0.021

D = 0.225 mm

Try again; from (1)

ThenE/0=0.0002; Re=5.66x104,
From (1) 0

so

f=0.0212

=0.226 mm

Use next commercial size larger than 226 mm.

z=

Still assume

0. 03

Then P = pg QhL = 27.37 kW (for 1 km long pipeline)

7 .12 The energy equation between points 1 and 2, yields

!lf-1 =ht

=(t f1+f2a +e3 +Ke +2Ke1> +Kvo +Kexit) 2gc2

Assume f= 0.015
Then from (1)

cd
5
Re=- =2.65x10;

so
f

c = 2.647 m/s.

=0.0186 (from Moody diagram)

Then from (1)

c = 2.535 m/s

Re= 2.535x105 , (O.K.)

For 1/2 Q:
f =0.021

Re1 = 1. 268 x 10 5 ;

c1 = 1. 268 m I s

(Moody diagram)

Writing Kv instead of Kvo in equation (1 ), yields

Kv =2g'11"1-(r,e1+f2+f3 +Ke+2Ke1b+Kexi1)=18.176
C1
d

(1)

122
7.13 The energy equation between points 1 and 2 gives
(1)

Taking into account the equation of continuity, we obtain

(2)

7 .14 Energy equation between the water main (m) and the factory (0
(1)

where the head loss:

h =f~ 802

(2)

d d4tr2g
The combination of equations (1) and (2) gives
L

d=

Bf LQ

s ,('[Pm ;Pt +g(zm

Assume f = 0.02; Then from (3)
d = 0.100 m
Then e/d = 0.002;
f

=0.024

Re= cd = Q = 3.18xl05
u dTro
(Moody diagram)

Try again:
from equation (3):

= 0.1037 m

Use next commercial size.

-z,)]

(3)

123

List of References
1. Baranyi L: Fluid Mechanics
Unpublished lecture notes (manuscript)
Miskolc, 1987
2. Baranyi L.- Kalmar L.: Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics (in Hungarian)

Tankonyvkiad6, Budapest, 1990

3. Blaho M.: Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics (in Hungarian)

Tankonyvkiad6, Budapest, 1977
4. Czibere T.: Fluid Mechanics (in Hungarian)
Tankonyvkiad6, Budapest, 1985
5. Fox, R. W.-McDonald AT: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
John Wiley &Sons Inc.
6. Massey, B. S.: Mechanics of Fluids
Von Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd,
Wokingham (England), 1986
7. Roberson J. A-Crowe, C. T.: Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston, 1985

8. Roberson J. A-Crowe, C. T.: Solutions Manual (Engineering Fluid Mechanics)

Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston, 1985
9. Shames, I. H. : Mechanics of Fluids
McGraw-Hill International Book Company
Auckland, 1982
10 Streeter, V. L.-Wylie, E. B.: Fluid Mechanics
McGraw-Hill Book Company
Auckland, 1983

124

APPENDIX

A
NOTATION
Symbol

Quantity

Unit

a
a

Acceleration
Distance
Area
Distance
Distance
Lift coefficient
Diameter

m/s2
m
m2
m
m

A
b

c
CL

D
d
d

e
e

J
f

fr
g
h

H
hl
I
J

k
K
L
L
I

e
M
M

m
ii

p
p

Derivative tensor of
Diameter
Distance
Specific energy
Distance

Specific body force vector

friction factor
Force vector
Acceleration of gravity
Vertical distance
Vertical distance
Head loss
Second moment of area
Energy loss per unit mass per
unit length
Distance
Minor loss coefficient
Lift force
Length
Length
Length
Strength of a doublet
Moment
Mass
Mass flow rate
Normal unit vector
Speed of rotation
Pressure
Pressure potential

1/s
m
m
Nm/kg
m
m/s2
N
m/s2
m
m
m
m4
m/s2
m
N
m
m
m
m3/ s
Nm
kg
kg/s
rev/min
N/m2,Pa
N/m, Pam

125
p
Q
Q

r
R
R
R

R.
Re

s
t

T
T
T

u
v

v(z)
v

v
v

w
w

W(z)

y
Ye
Yp

z
z
W(z)

f3
r
8

r
r

v
fl

i1h
i1p

Power
Volume flow rate
Strength of a source/sink
Radius
Radius
Distance
Gas constant
Force vector
Reynolds number
Distance

Symmetric part of D
Time
Time
Temperature
Torque
Velocity, velocity component
Velocity
Velocity vector
Complex conjugate velocity
Velocity, velocity component
Velocity
Volume
Relative velocity
Width
Weight
Complex potential
Distance, depth
Distance to centroid of area

1/s
s
s

Distance to pressure centre

Vertical distance
Complex position vector
Complex potential
Angle
Angle
Rate of angular deformation
Thickness
Circulation
Strength of the potential vortex
Nabla operator
Laplace operator
Manometer reading
Pressure drop

m3/s
m3/s/m
m
m
m
Nm/(kgK)
N
m

oc

Nm
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m3
m/s
m
N
m2/s
m
m
m
m
m
m/s2

1/s
m
m2/s
m2/s
1/m
1/m2
m
N/m 2

126

(JJ

Roughness height
Viscosity
Angle
Kinematic viscosity
Velocity potential
Density
Shear stress
Stream function , two dimensions
Angular velocity vector
Rate of rotatation

m2/s
m2/ s
kg/m3
N/m2
m2/s
rad/s
rad/s

Skew-symmetric part of D

1/s

l1

v
<1>
p

-r
tp

m
Pas

0.
1
1
I
I I I I 11
I
I
I
0.0 1-.\.~l~ll---,t-_
--r:C::c-'r i t1ca I I I I . .N
0.0
Irazone
nsi tlQn , '
._,_~ flow
,
I
A
0.0

:,_Laminar~ zone~

--u.

,_ \\

0.05 ..._._

-,
i

--.

._

~ 2. \

3u

I \

l/0 Vll
I

v,

'

......

...

I'.

...

'" ',._

88:

'

~~

._ ,
i-...

l.J..

~r--.._

'"'
"'

.~

- ~-

I '\. '\

r-....
I

rI

......

- - ...

'

,
.

t -

,.._

-~'-+--+-+-:i-+-tH-H-T-111

"

I
I

i-

,....

. '

ij_

II

I
:

:- .... -

..........

~['.....

~"-.

::i

0.004

--i--+-t-+-t-H-tt-t-r-r-n
l 1- - - t ---,i- -

-I

ll>

>
.;;;,

0.002

ll>

a::

'
J

'

,...,_

'''

..... ,_

0.001
0.0008
0.0006

ii

I
''

I
'

0.0004

J_..j;2:~::J~~:;::!~J::t-t:::::~~:f
::f==f-t-t-r+-+~-r~~;:;::~:==t==j==fl=il=f1=19Ff9 0.0002
~
~
,_
r-...

L---l--W-i.-~~++-+-t-HH--+--H-tt--t-J-jHT111
I
Smooth pipes
-W++--+-l-~t-H+HH-1"i1r-,_,_ - --
- -

.: J ti'..r--,..

r--;:

........

~ I"!'
~

1'

~ ......

--1--l--l-+-H-HH-+r-H

...._

1-

'

'

r--..-,...,._

0.0001

l ~t:::::- . . . .

~~~

-"

0.01
0.009 t=tx:ii::r:==:=r:::::=i==t-J--t-ti-l--l-+-t+-l---t--t--t-J-+-rt-r--t-t1H-t=:===t==:~J=::-J
8

104

3 4 56

8 105

..... ~
~

;:,::--._ .......

::::

3 4 5 6 8 106
pVU

Reynolds numbe r. Re= --

0.000,05

~IJ]::[__,_-l--J--l-1-++-~~-++-~-t--t~j--j---t-Jl-<-t=ttt::::::=jt==t=::
._~
I
3 4 5 6

00

-----

"'"'"""

,
1-

'

~ ........ r--....._-- 1
'
' ~ -....... .......... ._

0.03

0.01 w I ~
0.008 vi
V>
ll>
c:
0.006 .s=.

! ,_. -

f-- _,_ f'

'

T"'tr-..

[]~~f--+-~!-l-t-j~~l-J-t-l-+i--t--/--lr-J-J-j-ti-t-t-t--rt---i-'~~~::::-r-- -~~

10 3

.,...

~ ;:;::::,,....
~
~ ~,.,,._. . . . ,-....._r--.,....

0.008

0.04

'

"
r.-,

0.0 15

'

r--

'~"""""-

a.
a.

0.015
"

'

0.02

'<

r--

,,, ;:.,_
,...,

'

0.02

~~ ...
~W=l=+--+--~1!-+-H+~1rl-ti--t-~~~~-'~~

u
;::

~CD )>
0
""O
0
""O

'\

_g 0.025

,_ ,__ ,__ - ---::

~ ......

---

to._

rou~g[!:h~z~o~n.'..'.e~~r+=+:+=i:=t=t--+-H-t+rrc=.jt:::t.::ttt:ttt:l=l:it:1
-

----

""\: ~

...

I"' "-"'

V/

c:

w,v,

I \ 1 ~ ,,.
~

'

0.03 1---'-++- Recr

v,"

II

'~

II

I'\.

~.....

.....

I
'--

I I

'

r-

/, ,,.;r,

0.04 ,_ ~\~ 6 \
-

~,~

II

\
Ol \
'3 \

II I

0.05

I
~ r-r:::i-0.06 1-+++-+\--t--i--+-*X~
L...J'-'-~(".' I\

Fu""

I ~~

3 4 5 6
(

~~
~ ,. .

8 107

'

--,..........
-i-.......

0.000,0 1
~ 2-;: - 4 ~ 8108

= 0.000.001 _/'

\~

15

= 0.000.005

.....
N

.....i