KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

Kinetic Parameter of Homogeneous Saponification Reaction between

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Ethyl acetate (CH3COOHC2H5) In
CSTR and Batch Reactor at different Temperature
Lee Boon Pin and Nur Farashima Faudze
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur
Email:mulder_bpl@yahoo.co.uk

The objective of this experiment is to determine the kinetic parameter of the reaction such
as rate constant, , activation energy, and frequency factor, , and to prove that the
reaction between ethyl acetate and NaOH (saponification) is a second order reaction. The
kinetic parameters are determined by carried out a reaction in batch and continuous
stirred-tanks reactor (CSTR) at 30 oC and 50oC which is being well mixed at constant
agitation speed. The experiment is divided into three parts. In part 1, the relationship
between the conductivity and concentration is determined. And the concentration of
NAOH in the batch and continuous reactor at different time can be observed from the
graph conductivity versus concentration of NAOH which is done in this calibration
process. Part 2 is to determine the kinetic parameter of the reaction by batch reactor.
1
1

Graph
versus time, t, is plotted at temperature 30 oC and 50oC in order to
C A C A0
determine the effect of temperature on the constant rate of reaction. Part 3,for CSTR
reactor,rate constant for continuous reactor are determined by using mole balance
equation. Activation energy, E and frequency factor, A for both reactors can be obtained
by using Arrhenius equation. From the experiment, it is proved saponification of ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide is a second order overall reaction For batch reactor, rate
constant, k at 30oC = 1.1229 L/(mol-min), k at 50oC = 1.6852 L/(mol-min), activation
energy, E = 16.53 kJ/mol and frequency factor, A = 792.52 L.mol-1.min-1. For CSTR
reactor, the rate constant k at 30 oC = 2.2513 L/(mol-min), k at 50oC = 3.3407L/(molmin), activation energy, E = 16.07 kJ/mol and frequency factor, A = 1324.02 L.mol-1.min1
. The reasons lead to error is discussed in the discussion.
Keywords: Homogeneous reaction, saponification, Arrhenius equation, Activation Energy
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Homogeneous Reaction
A reaction is homogenous if it takes place in one
phase alone. All reactants are found within a
single phase, either in gas, liquid, or solid. For
example, the saponification process which is the

hydrolysis of fatty esters and typically refers

to the reaction that is carried out by a strong
base. Consider the saponification is a
homogeneous reaction:

NaOH + CH3COOHC2H5
(Liquid)
(Liquid)

(Liquid)

C2H2OH +
CH3COONa
(Liquid)

1.2 Elementary Rate Law

Many variables may affect the rate

of a chemical reaction. In
homogeneous
systems
the
temperature,
pressure,
and
composition are obvious variables.
Thus,the
reaction
rate
of
1

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

component A is a function of temperature,

pressure, and composition.
rA = f ( composition, temperature, pressure)
The rate of reaction of any reaction component A
(normally refer to limiting reatants)is defined as

rA

dC A
dt

rA is negative if A refers to a reactant, while it

is positive if A is a reaction product.
Elementary rate law
A reaction follows an elementary rate law, called
elementary reaction, if the reaction order of each
species is identical with the stoichiometric
coefficient of that species.
Consider an elementary reaction with
stoichiometric equation:
A+BC
The rate law for the above reaction:
rA=kCACB
Where, k =the specific reaction rate constant..
1.3 Reaction Order

1.5 Reactor
Batch Reactor

Reactor is charged via two holes in

the top of the tank; while reaction
is carried out, nothing else is put in
or taken out until the reaction is
done; tank easily heated or cooled
by jacket

A batch reactor has neither inflow

nor outflow of reactants or products
while the reaction is being carried
out. The extent of reaction is varies
with time. Usually, batch reactor is
operated isothermally and at
constant volume.
Constant-volume batch reactor: The
reactor is perfectly mixed so that
the concentration of the reacting
species is spatially uniform.
The batch reactor is a relatively a
simple device adaptable to smallscale laboratory setups. It needs but
little auxiliary equipment or
instrumentation. Thus it is the
preferred device for obtaining
homogenous kinetic data.
Continuous-Stirred
Tank
Reactor (CSTR)
CSTR run at steady state with
continuous flow of reactants and
products; the feed assumes a
uniform composition throughout
the reactor, exit stream has the
same composition as in the tank. A
type of reactor used very
2

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

the right hand side of the eq(A) is the

function

commonly in industrial processing is a stirred

tank operated continuously. Sometimes it is
also refer to backmix reactor. It is normally
run at steady state and is usually operated so
as to be quite well mixed. CSTR is generally
modeled as having no spatial variations in
concentration, temperature, or reaction rate
throughout the vessel.

f ( ) k ' (C o ) 2 k " 2
,which can expand in a Taylor series
about e .Since f ( e ) 0 ,and

the third and higher derivatives of

f ( ) are all identically zero, the
right hand side of the Eq.(3)can be
represented exactly by the first two
non-zero terms of the Taylor series.
When the coefficient in this are
evaluated using Eq(B) and the
results are substituted into Eq(A):

2.0 THEORY
2.1 Saponification second order

d
dt

NaOH + CH3COOHC2H5
C2H2OH + CH3COONa

2 k ' C o

because of the near irreversibility of

the
reaction

k"
1 ;and
k'
ignore terms first order an higher in

d
k ' (C o ) 2 k " 2
dt

extent of reaction
k' rate constant in the forward direction
k" rate constant in the reverse direction

,Eq. (C )become
d

At equilibrium,
d
0
dt

Input - Output + Generation =

Accumulation

------(B)

Co
e

dt

k ' (C 0 ) 2 (Second

order)
2.2 General Mole Balance Equation

-------(1)

1
2

k"

k '

----(A)

1
2

-----(C)

If the initial concentration of NaOH and

CH3COOHC2H5 are the same and equal to Co
the rate law governing the reaction is

k ' (C o

k"

k'

F
2
i0 Fi ri dV

dN i

k
dt "

2
e

1
2

k"
1

2.3 Design Equation

k '

2.3.1 In Batch Reactor

Input Fio= 0
kv"
1
Output Fi= 0
i dv
r'
Ci spatially uniformk
No variation in ri

ri v

Then Equa. (1) become:

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

1 dN A
V dt
dC
dC
rA A B kC A C B
dt
dt
rA

The disappearance of reactant A and B at any time

t are CA0XA = CB0XB, thus

dX A
rA C A0
dt
k(C A0 C A0 X A )(C B0 C A0 X A )

The initial concentration of A (ethyl acetate)

and initial concentration of B (sodium
hydroxide) is same, CA0 = CB0. Thus, equation
above becomes
rA C A 0
C A0

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

then,

x
kt
a (a x)

where k = rate constant,

t = reaction time
By plot

x
versus t, there is a
a (a x)

straight line with slope = k

x
a(a x)

Slope = k

dX A
k (C A0 C A0 X A )(C A0 C A0 X A )
dt

dX A
2
kC A0 (1 X A ) 2
dt
dC A
2

kC A
dt

By integrated of above differential equation,

1
1

kt -------(2)
C A C A0
Assumed the initial concentration of reactant of A
and B is same and equal to a, and the
concentration of reactant had been consumed at
time t is x. The balance at time t is

2.3.2. In Continuous Reactor

Accumulation,

with well mixed and constant volume

(A0 = A). The equation (A) becomes
FA0 FA + rAV = 0
A0CA0 ACA + (-kCA2) V = 0
hence,

k
A + B
(a x) (a x)

C + D
(x) (x)

CA0 = a , and CA = a-x, hence

d ( x)
rA
k ( a x )(a x)
dt
dx

k (a x) 2
dt
x

1
0 (a x) 2 dx 0 kdt

dN A
= 0(steady state)
dt

(C A0 C A )
VC A

-----(3)

2.4. Reaction Rate Constant,

The reaction rate constant, is not
trutly a constant, but merely
independent of the concentration of the
species involved in the reaction. It
almost always strongly dependent on
temperature.

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

In gas phase reaction, it depends on the catalyst

and may be a function of total pressure.
In liquid system, it can also be function of total
pressure, and in addition can depend on other
parameters, such as ionic strength and choice of
solvent.

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

reaction will occur. From the

kinetic theory of gases, the factor eE/RT
gives the fraction of the
collision between molecules that
together have this minimum energy
E. Although this might be an
acceptable elementary explanation,
some suggest that E is nothing
more than an empirical parameter
correlating the specific reaction rate
to temperature. The activation
energy or the pre-exponential factor
can be determined experimentally
by carrying out the reaction at
several different temperatures.
After taking the natural logarithm
of Equation (4), we have:
ln k A ln A

2.5 Arrhenius Law

The temperature dependence of the
specific reaction rate, k, could be correlated
by an equation of the type:
kA(T) = Ae-E/RT -----(4)
where

= pre-exponential factor or
frequency factor
E = activation energy, J/mol or
cal/mol
R = gas constant = 8.314 J/mol.K
T = absolute temperature, K

Equation (4) is known as the Arrhenius

equation and has been verified empirically to
give the temperature behaviour of most
reaction rate constants within experimental
accuracy over fairly large temperature ranges.
The activation energy E has been
equated with a minimum energy that must be
possessed by reacting molecules before the

E 1

R T

----

(5)
A plot of ln kA versus 1/T should be
a straight line whose slope is
proportional to the activation
energy.
The frequency factor A and
the energy of activation E are
usually considered as constants and
independent
of
temperature.
However, it has since been
established that both parameters A
and E are actually not constants at a
wide range of temperature. In this
experiment,
seemingly
the
temperature difference between the
two separate experiments are not
large, therefore it can be assumed
that both the parameters remain
constant throughout the entire
experiment.
At

two

different temperatures,
E
(6)
ln k (T1 ) ln A
RT1

E
(7)
RT2
Solving (6) and (7) simultaneously,
ln k (T2 ) ln A

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

ln

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

k1 E 1
1
( ) - - - -(8)
k 2 R T2 T1

Thus (8) can be solved for E and A by known

value of reaction rate constant, k1 and k2 at
different temperature.

3. Procedure
3.1. Description of the experimental set up
Liquid phase chemical reactor is used in this experiment .
Input

Reactor
A

Heater

Output

Tank containing
reactant A & B

Figure : Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

3.2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Experiment Methodology
Part (1) Calibration Process

1) The reactor was filled with

water until of the tank. The
reactor was switched on and
set at room temperature, 28oC.

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

2) The 40ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide

solution was prepared. The conductivity
of 0.1M NaOH was measured. (Make sure
conductivity returns to 0mS/cm when the
conductivity measuring sensor put into
distill water.)
3) The NaOH solution with different
concentration: 0.09M, 0.08M, 0.07M and
0.06M were prepared. Step 2 was
repeated for every concentration solution.
4) The graph of conductivity versus
concentration of NaOH was plotted to get
the equation.

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

5. When the reactor is full and

stabilizes, step 6 to 7 in (a) is
repeated.

Part (2) - Batch system

1) The refrigerated bath is checked to make
sure it filled with distilled water.
2) The reactor is washed with distilled water.
3) 500ml of 0.1M NaOH is poured into the
stirrer tank reactor and the stirrer was
turned on.
4) The temperature of reactor was set at
30oC.
5) When temperature is achieved. 500ml of
0.1M ethyl acetate solutions were poured
into the stirrer tank reactor
6) The conductivity (t = 0min) was taken
when the solution is mixed well. After 2
minutes, the reading was taken again. The
readings were taken every 2 minutes until
a few constant values were obtained.
7) The experiment was repeated at 50oC by
following steps (1) to (6).
Part (3) - CSTR system

1. The reactor is being empty and the stirrer

speed is turned on.
2. Tank A and Tank B is filled with 5 liter
NaOH and ethyl acetate respectively.
3. Pump A and B is set at 14(value for both of
pump must same.)
4. The reactor is set at required temperature
like in (a) (30oC and 50oC).

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

Figure 1: Graph of Conductivity vs

Concentration NaOH

From the Figure 1, a straight line obtained

and the equation is y 225.45 x . So, we
can get the concentration equation,
y
x
for the calculation later.
225.45
Part (2) - Batch system
Time, t Conductivity, Concentration, 1
1

(min) k (mS/cm)
c (mole/L)
C A C A0

4. Result and Discussion

Part (1) Conductivity
CNaOH(M)
VNaOH(ml)

Vwater(ml)

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02

0
20
40
60
80

100
80
60
40
20

Table 1: Value of Conductivity at Different

Concentration of NaOH Solution

0
7.8
0.0345
2
6.6
0.0292
4
6.0
0.0266
6
5.7
0.0252
8
5.5
0.0243
10
5.3
0.0235
12
5.2
0.0230
14
5.1
0.0226
16
5.0
0.0221
18
5.0
0.0221
20
5.0
0.0221
Conductivity Table 2: Concentration of NaOH at Various
Conductivity at 30oC
(mS/cm)

22.5
18.1
13.5
9.1
4.4

0.0000
5.2548
8.6707
10.6483
12.0866
13.6335
14.4515
15.3016
16.1857
16.1857
16.1857

Time, t Conductivity, Concentration, 1

1

(min) k (mS/cm)
c (mole/L)
C A C A0
0
2

6.7
5.7

0.0297
0.0252

0.0000
5.9029

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

4
5.3
0.0235
8.88806
6
5.1
0.0226
10.5562
8
5
0.0221
11.4403
10
5
0.0221
11.4403
12
5
0.0221
11.4403
14
5
0.0221
11.4403
16
5
0.0221
11.4403
18
5
0.0297
11.4403
20
5
0.0221
11.4403
Table 3: Concentration of NaOH at Various
Conductivity at 50oC

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

30oC(303.15K):

At

ln k1 ln A

E
RT1
50oC(323.15K):

At
ln k2 ln A

E
RT2

By solving these two equation

simultaneously,

ln

k1 E 1
1
( )
k 2 R T2 T1

where R = 8.314 J/(mol-K)

By substituting the k1, k2, T1, T2 and R
values in to the equation given
1
1
1
k
E R
ln 1
T
T
k
1
2
2
1
1

E (8.314)

323.15 303.15

Figure 2: Graph of Concentration of NaOH vs

Time at 30oC and 50oC

1
1

kt ,
C A C A0

From Arrhenius equation

Slope = specific rate constant, k.

k (50oC) =1.6852 L/ (mole-min)

k1
exp( E / RT1 )
1.1229
16532

exp

8.314 303.15

k (30oC) =1.1229 L/ (mole-min)

A = 792.52 L/(mol.min)

The slope of 40oC was steeper than the slope of

30oC. So, the value of k40oC, was greater than k30oC,
Thus, this experimental show that specific rate
constant is higher at higher reactor temperature.

Part (3) CSTR system

The volume of the tank, V = 1 L.
Table 5: Conductivity and
Concentration of NaOH at 30oC

From Arrhenius Equation:

k A (T ) Ae

1.1229
In

1.6852

E = 16.532 kJ/mol

A
According to equation:

RT

Time,t
(min)
0

Conductivity Concentration, c
, k (mS/cm)
(mole/L)
10.2

0.0452

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

9.0
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1

0.0399
0.0381
0.0372
0.0368
0.0359
0.0359
0.0359
0.0359
0.0359
0.0359

Table 6: Conductivity and Concentration of

NaOH at 50oC

Time,t
(min)

Conductivity, Concentration, c
k (mS/cm)
(mole/L)

10.4

0.0461

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

8
7.7
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3

0.0354
0.0341
0.0332
0.0332
0.0328
0.0328
0.0323
0.0323
0.0323
0.0323

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

Figure 4: Graph of Concentration

NaOH vs Time at 30oC and 50oC

The concentration of NaOH was

0.0359 mole/L and 0.0323 mole/L
at 30oC and 50oC respectively.
v v AO v BO = 2 x 0.156 L/min
= 0.312 L/min
0. 1
CA0 =
= 0.05 mol/L
2

CA is the concentration of NaOH while

the CSTR reach the steady state and
obtained from graph 2. CA is varying
with temperature.
From figure 2,
CA = 0.0359 mol/L
CA = 0.0323 mol/L.
From equa(3).,

at T = 30C
at T = 50C

v(C A0 C A )
VC A

k30C = 2.2513 L/(mol-min)

k50C = 3.3407 L/(mol-min)
From Arrhenius equation:
E = 16.07 kJ/mol
A = 1324.02 L/ (mol-min)

5. Discussion

Batch reactor
Graph

1
1

VS t is plotted
C A C A0

to determine the kinetic parameter

such as rate of reaction, k, the
activation energy, E, and the frequency
factor, A.A straight line which pass

through origin point is obtained for

both temperature 30oC and 50oC
(Figure2).Implicitly, it shows that
it was a second order reaction

10

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate.

It was an elementary reaction. Our
assumption is proven.
Besides, it is found that the slope of
the graph for 50oC is steeper than 30oC.
According to the equation (2), the slope of
the graph is equal to the specific reaction rate
constant, k. so at T= 30oC;k =1.1229 L/
(mole-min) and at T=50oC; k = 1.6852 L/
(mole-min). The rate constant, k is always
strongly dependent on temperature.Therefore,
at higher temperature, k values are greater.
This result obeys the theory kinetic: When the
temperature increase, molecules of the
reactant obtain more energy that cause the
kinetics energy of the molecules becomes
higher and rate of collision between
molecules of reactant are also increases.
Therefore the reaction rate will increase as
well as specific reaction rate constant.
The value of activation energy, E and
frequency factor, A can be calculated by using
the Arrhenius equation, In our experiment, the
values for E = 16.532kJ/mol and A =
792,52L/mol-min. The activation energy E
has been equated with a minimum energy that
must be possessed by reacting molecules
before the reaction will occur. It is not
influence by temperature over the moderate
temperature range usually encountered. So the
E = 16.532 kJ/mol is same at 25oC and 30oC.

Table 7: Tabulated result for Batch reactor

Temperature
(K)
Rate constant,
k (L/mol-min)
Activation
Energy, E
(KJ/mol)
Frequency
factor, A
(L/mol-min)

303.15

323.15

1.1229

1.6852
16.532
792.52

CSTR reactor
From figure 4, both lines for 30C
and 50C are decrease slightly
before it becomes constant. It
maybe cause by taking the value of
conductivity too early during the
experiment before the reactor
achieved steady state. The graph
shows that constant NaOH
concentrations are obtained after
10-14 minutes for both cases. This
means the reactor achieved steady
state after 10-14 minutes.
After that, there is a nearly horizontal
line,
concentrations
sodium
hydroxide remains constant with
time, indicating the reactor was in
steady state and both reactants were
well mixed. There are no spatial
variations
in
concentration,
temperature,
or
reaction
rate
throughout
the
vessel.
The
concentration, CA is equal to the
concentration of NaOH when the
reactor reaches the steady state.
Table 8: Tabulated result for CSTR
reactor

Temperature
(K)
Rate constant,
k (L/mol-min)
Activation
Energy,
E
(KJ/mol)
Frequency
factor,
A
(L/mol-min)

303.15

323.15

2.2513

3.3407
16.07
1324.02

Comparing the results between

Batch reactor and CSTR reactor
Theoretically, the k value for both
reactors should be identical at the
same temperature because the rate
constant is a function of
11

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

temperature only. But in this experiment, the

k value obtained at batch reactor is smaller
than the k value in the CSTR reactor. The
discrepancy between the k values obtained
from both reactors at the same temperature
caused by some error and some factors as
discuss below:
The electronically controlled pumping
system.
This is the most crucial factor affecting the
accuracy of the results obtained. Supposedly,
the pumps are used to control the flow rate of
ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide from tank
A and B respectively at the same flow rate.
Initially, 5 liters each of the solution is poured
into the respective tanks Although the
volumetric flow rate of both solutions is set to
be the same, we noticed that one of the
solutions finished faster than the other. This
phenomenon show that the inefficiency of the
pump, thus gives rise to inaccuracy of the data
obtained, especially the continuous reaction
where continuous feed are fed into the reactor
at different molar flow rates.
Discrepancy between two flow rates
In this experiment, we assumed v is
0.312L/min, but in fact it is less than 0.312
L/min. During experiment, we measured each
flow rate and realized that both flow rate were
different, one is 0.157ml/min the other is
0.156ml/min. At CSTR reactor, the reactants
flow in and flow out continuous for more than
30 minutes. This cause the concentration
different between the two reactants is greater.
Durind derivation equation,we assumed that
both reactants feed at the same molar flow
rate. Else, the equation is inapplicable. So, the
k value obtained from equation is relatively
variance from the k value from theory.
Rotational speed of the stirrer
For CSTR reactor where the inflow and
outflow of the reactants take place, required
adequate time and sufficient mechanical
agitation as well to promote spatially uniform
throughout the entire reactor. The rotational

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

speed of the stirrer is consider too

slow to create a uniform mixing of
the solutions. Moreover, the
conductivity measuring sensor is
located at upper path of the solution
meanwhile the stirrer are located
nearly at the bottom part of the
solution, this cause the upper part
of the solution are not well mixed
and occur different concentration
of the upper part of the solution.
Bubbling
During the heating process, the
bubbles exist at the heating
electrode. These bubbles form a
resistance to heat transfer caused
the heating process is not uniforms.
Thus, influences our results.
Temperature
The temperature of the reactor is
not constant when we took the
reading, around + 0.02oC. This may
also lead to the error in our results.
Normally, the rate constant of
reaction is determined in batch
reactor.
This is because k value obtained
from batch reactor is more accurate
than the k value obtained from
CSTR reactor. The error occur in
CSTR reactor are greater than
batch reactor. And then the value is
applied in continuous reactor in big
scale-up for industrial purpose. So
determining the value of rate
constant in continuous reactor in
considered not very suitable.
Theoretically,
the
activation
energy,E of batch is identical with
the CSTR reactor.because it is
independent from temperature and
the type of the reactor. So, the E is

12

KKEK3171 lab and communication II

P4E2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction

16.532 kJ/mol in batch reactor 16.07 kJ/mol

in CSTR reactor.
8. Reference
6.Conclusion
Saponification of ethyl acetate and sodium
hydroxide is a second order overall reaction. The
kinetic reaction constant and the rate of reaction
are increasing with temperature. The kinetic
reaction parameters obtained from this experiment
is show below:

Table 9: Kinetics parameters at Batch and

Continuous System
Kinetics
Parameters

System
Batch

Continuous

1.1229

2.2513

k2 at 50oC (L/
(mole-min)

1.6852

3.3407

E (kJ/mole)

16.53

16.07

792.52

1324.02

k1 at 30oC (L/
(mole-min)

A (L/(mole/min)

1.

Octave Levenspiel,
Chemical Reaction
Engineering, 2nd edition, John
Wiley & Sons.
2.
Fogler, H. Scott, Elements
of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, 3rd edition,
Prentice-Hall International
3.
Charles G. Hill, Jr. An
Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Kinetics and Reactor
Design, John Wiley & Sons.
4.Perry, J. H. (2003), Chemical
Engineers Handbook. McGraw-Hill,
Inc.

The results form batch reactions are more reliable.

7. Recommendation
The result obtained in this experiment is not
very accurate, to improve the accuracy of
results, some suggestion are recommended:
The inefficiency pump A used in
experiment to pump the reactants A to
reactor should repair.
A flow meter can be replaced between
the pump and reactor so that the flow
rate of the reactants is determined with
accurate. Although the pump is
inefficiency, the flow meter will show
the actual flow rate of the reactants.
This can eliminate the assumption to
determine the reactants flow rate and
the result getting is more accurate.
The stirrer are located nearly at the
bottom part of the solution, this cause
the solution is not well mixed. The
stirrer should locate at the center of
the solution,

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