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Pressure
Module 12408
Prerequisites
Successful completion of the following Task Modules is required before
beginning study of this task module: Task Module 12401 through 12407.
COURSE MAP
This course map shows all of the Wheels of Learning task modules in the
fourth level of the Electrical curricula. The suggested training order begins at
the bottom and proceeds up. Skill levels increase as a trainee advances on
the course map. The training order may be adjusted by the local Training
Program Sponsor.
LEVEL 4 COMPLETE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Topic ..
Page
1.0.0
2.0.0
2.1.0
2.1.1
2.1.2
Introduction .........................................................................5
Types of Pressure Measuring Devices ..................................5
Diaphragm-Type Pressure Sensors ......................................5
Pressure Capsules ...............................................................7
Bellows Pressure Devices
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2.1.3
3.0.0
4.0.0
5.0.0
5.1.0
6.0.0
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION_
There are a wide variety of pressure sensing and measuring devices used in
industry ranging from the simple bourdon tube pressure gauge to complex
electronic digital pressure sensors. Pressure detection instruments can be
classified on the basis of the pressure levels they can measure, by the design
principles involved in their operation, or by their application.
The accurate calibration of these pressure sensing devices is essential to the
proper operation of the systems in which they are installed.
This module will cover several types of pressure sensors including
operational description, calibration procedures, and requirements.
2.1.1
Pressure Capsules
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The process pressure is connected to the fixed socket end of the tube, while
the tip end is sealed. Because of the difference between inside and outside
radii, the Bourdon tube presents different areas to pressure, which causes
the tube to tend to straighten when pressure is applied. The resulting tip
motion is non-linear because less motion results from each increment of
additional pressure.
This non-linear motion has to be converted to linear rotational pointer
response. This is done mechanically by means of a geared sector and pinion
movement. The tip motion is transferred to the tail of the movement sector
by the connector link.
The free end motion of the C-Bourdon tube is insufficient to operate some of
the motion balance devices, such as the transmitters. The spiral element
shown in Figure 6 is essentially a series of C-Bourdon tubes joined end to
end. When pressure is applied, this flat spiral tends to uncoil and produces
a greater movement of the free end requiring no mechanical amplification.
This increases the sensitivity and accuracy of the instrument because no
lost motion or friction is introduced through the links and levers.
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12
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5.1.0 Calibration/Adjustment
The following is a general procedure for calibrating a Bourdon tube pressure
gauge. Refer to Figure 7 for test equipment connection points.
Step 1: Check pneumatic simulator (gauge comparator) general condition
and ensure that low and high range master gauges are in
calibration. Also verify that the supply is still under sufficient
pressure.
Step 2: Lockout and isolate gauge from the system.
Step 3: Connect test hose to the gauge.
Step 4: Shut test rig vent valve.
Step 5: Open pressure control valve on simulator and slowly raise test
pressure to the first increment of pressure.
Step 6: Compare reading on master gauge to test gauge and note any
difference.
Step 7: Raise pressure to each subsequent test pressure increment and
note readings.
Step 8: Adjust gauge so that its reading corresponds to that of the master
gauge on the simulator.
Step 9: Open vent valve on simulator and incrementally lower pressure,
noting the gauge readings as pressure decreases.
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Step 10: Repeat the procedure as necessary to verify the correct adjustment
and repeatability.
Step 11: Disconnect test hose from gauge and vent simulator.
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Summary
Calibration/adjustment of various pressure instruments in a process system
is essential to the efficient and safe operation of the system. Each of the
components discussed in this module require different types of test
equipment and procedures for proper adjustment. A thorough understanding
of how each test is performed and the test equipment to be used will prove
invaluable to a trainee in the field.
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References
Instrument Engineer's Handbook, Chilton Book Company, Pennsylvania,
1982.
Basic Instrumentation - Industrial Measurement, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1966.
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b. 1.0 to 50 psig
c. 100 to 1,000 psig
d. 100 to 10,000 psig
5. What is the purpose of a pressure transmitter?
a. Converts an electric signal to a pressure signal.
b. Converts an electronic signal to a control valve signal.
c. Provide control function for pressure switches.
d. Converts a mechanical or pneumatic signal to an usable signal.
PERFORMANCE/LAB EXERCISES
1. Calibrate a Bourdon tube pressure gauge.
Step 1: Write a test procedure to calibrate the gauge.
Step 2: Select the proper test equipment.
Step 3: Set up test equipment and perform calibration.
Step 4: Document test results.
2. Calibrate a bellows operated pressure switch.
Step 1: Write a test procedure to set the switch to an arbitrary range.
Step 2: Select the proper test equipment.
Step 3: Set up test equipment and perform calibration.
Step 4: Document test results.
c
b
a
a
d
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