Aspects

Concepts

View of Human

Roles of
counsellor /
counselling

Techniques

Behavioural
Pavlov, Skinner
- humans can be trained to be
whatever they want
- behaviours are strengthened
through reinforcements and
consistency
- suitable for mental serious cases
(addiction, phobias, anxiety, OCD)
- have equal chances to be good or
evil
- behaviours are results from
conditionings (stimulus - response)

- counsellors are dominant, decisionmakers

- counselling
: action oriented, clients take actions
to solve issues
: responsibility : client must follow
suggestions, behaviour management
- classical conditioning (behaviour to
overcome behaviour)
: desensitisation gradual exposure
to fear
: aversion therapy do something
bad to stop client doing the
behaviour
(have suicidal thoughts -> take cold
shower -> cold shower with full
clothes -> head dip in ice bowl)
- operant conditioning (reinforcement
positive and negative)
: token

Cognitive Behavioural
- humans behave as how they believe
is right
- irrational belief leads to negative
behaviours
- disputing irrational beliefs to help
clients see better of themselves

Humanistic
Carl Rogers
- give trust and responsibility to client
- focus on person, not problem they
caused
- probs happen because psychology
incongruence (what you are VS what
ppl perceive of you)

- belief (mindset) influences negative

emotion
- do irrational things (behaviour)
when an event they thought
irrational to their belief system
happens
- cognitive restructuring of clients
belief system to a more positive and
rational beliefs

- all humans are good and reliable

- able to solve own problem, do selfimprovements

Rational Emotive Behavioural

Therapy

Person Centred Therapy

A: activating event
B: irrational belief (must, should)
C: emotional consequences (negative
emotion + negative behaviour)
Meet counsellor
D: dispute beliefs
: cognitive - restructure mindset
: behaviour homework, selfmanagement
: emotive imagery, humour and

- active listener, appropriate

encouragement, empathy
- SOLER (counselling skills)
- help client to define own goals, not
decide for them

- relationship with client is

everything!
: gain trust
: offer empathy
: active listening
: share own experience
: dont force own belief

: modelling, role play

jokes
: contingency contract
E: positive emotions
: positive and negative reinforcement F: new feelings, new beliefs
SOLER
S: face Squarely
O: Open posture L: Lean towards client

E: Eye contact

R: relatively Relaxed