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5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000
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I. INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL industrial power network may consist of hundreds of pieces of equipment, and even more protection
relays to protect the system are required. The protection system
consists of various relays with different operating principles to
tackle different types of faults. Very often, two or more relays
with different operating principles depending on the voltage
level and importance may be required to protect the equipment.
Each protection relay in the power system needs to be coordinated with the relays protecting the adjacent equipment. The
overall protection coordination is, thus, very complicated. Unfortunately, in a practical industrial power network, it is almost
impossible to obtain a protection setting that can satisfy the coordination between all adjacent relays. In fact, there exists a certain number of blind spots of coordination in the protection of
the power system.
In the traditional method of protection coordination, protection relays are classified according to their type, such as overcurrent and distance protection, and coordination is carried out on
each type individually. The effect of coordination on other protection systems is not usually considered. Work done on relay
setting coordination on individual types of relays is shown in
Paper ICPSD 9949, presented at the 1999 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, October 37, and approved for publication in the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Power Systems Protection Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review Ocotber 8, 1999 and released for publication March 17, 2000.
This work was supported by Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong (e-mail: paulso@clp.com.hk;
eekkli@polyu.edu.hk).
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(00)07617-9.
Fig. 1.
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TABLE I
RELAY SETTING METHODS
In the coordination of backup protection, the fastest relay operated will decide the equipment isolation time. The two adjacent pieces of equipment are formed into a coordination pair.
They are protected by the backup relays and will be operated
in sequence. The operation time difference between the coordination pair must conform to the grading margin. The number
of system constraints should be the product of the number of
combination of coordination pairs, the number of combinations
of busbar faults, the number of possible system configurations,
and the variation of fault types. For the purpose of demonstration, a single-phase-to-ground fault is considered in this paper.
The effectiveness of the relay setting is evaluated by the objective value as defined in (2). A smaller objective value indicates a good coordinated protection system
objective
(2)
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duce the next generation. Several sets of relay settings are altered by a process called mutation to produce several sets of
new relay settings as the next generation. The mutation is based
on Gaussian normal distribution noise as shown in
(3)
where
element of relay settings;
scale factor for EA mutation;
offset for EA mutation;
effectiveness of the relay settings which can be
reflected in its objective value;
Gaussian normal distribution noise.
The scale factor and the offset are to control the performance of the EA and are typically set to 1 and 0, respectively.
These newly generated relay settings should be passed to constraints checking and objective calculation for the next EA generation.
C. Constraint Checking
is the number of constraint violations. Each relay
In (2),
settings will be checked under different coordination pairs. If
the time difference of the coordination pair is less than the cowill be incremented by one. More
ordination time margin,
constraint violations of relay settings will result in a larger objective value and will lead to less chance of surviving in the next
generation. In the constraint checking, the relay operation time
and coordination margin
also be calculated. The objective value can be calculated for the next generation.
D. Termination
The process will stop after a fixed number of generations. The
number of generations required to carry out the optimum relay
setting depends on the pattern and the number of initial relay
settings.
V. SIMULATION
The simplified industrial network for this study is shown in
Fig. 4. The system parameters are listed in Tables II and III. For
the demonstration of the significance of the time-grading algorithm, all transmission lines at both ends are protected by inverse
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TABLE II
GENERATOR PARAMETERS
TABLE IV
RELAY SETTING RULES (DIST 1 IS THE ZONE 1 SETTING OF DISTANCE RELAY
TABLE III
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
definite time phase fault overcurrent (IDMTL OC), inverse definite time earth fault overcurrent (IDMTL EF), earth fault distance zone 2 (DIST 2), and earth distance zone 3 (DIST 3). The
EA method used in this paper is applied to the relays associated with the transmission lines connecting the various buses as
shown in Fig. 4. This is adequate to demonstrate the application
of EA method to relay coordination. The relays associated with
generators G1G4 are not considered in this case study. If required, they can be included in the optimization process without
any problem.
The setting ranges of the type of relays are as follows:
IDMTL OC CSM from 50% 200% in step of 1%, time
multiplier (TM) from 0.1 1.0 in step of 0.01;
IDMTL EFCSM from 20% 80% in step of 1%, TM
from 0.1 1.0 in step of 0.01;
DIST 2reaching from 100% 999% in step of 1%, time
delay from 400 ms 1000 ms in step of 1 ms;
DIST 3reaching from 100% 1999% in step of 1%,
time delay from 400 ms 2000 ms in step of 1 ms.
The EA stochastically changes the relay setting in order to
minimize the objective value. As the settings are generated in
random, some unwanted relay settings may be generated, resulting in wasting of computation. To minimize this waste, rules
are established to control the value of the relay settings. Certain
types of relays will impose a desirable pattern. For example,
zone 2 reach of distance relays are normally equal to 150% of
zone 1 reach, and zone 3 reach is equal to 200% of zone 1 reach.
In the study, as time coordination methods can find out the optimum reach in zone 2 reach and zone 3 reach, the rule set in the
simulation is that zone 1 reach must be less than zone 2 reach
and zone 2 reach must be less than zone 3 reach. The rules employed in the simulation are listed in Table IV.
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TABLE V
BEST RELAY SETTINGS AMONG 200 INITIALIZED RELAY SETTINGS
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
TABLE VI
OPTIMUM RELAY SETTINGS
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TABLE VII
PERFORMANCE OF RELAY SETTING COMPARISON