Issmge Bulletin 2016 Jun-Final PDF

ISSMGE Bulletin
Volume 10, Issue 3

June 2016
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Major Project
Select all items below

1 Major Project
An overview of the geotechnical damage brought
by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan
27 Conference Reports
The 1st Southern African Geotechnical Conference
The 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
19SEAGC & 2AGSSEA
19SEAGC & 2AGSSEA YGEC
38 ISSMGE Foundation report
39 Hot News
Book review: Design of Column-Reinforced
Foundations
Call for nominations of ISSMGE Awards
41 Event Diary
50 Corporate Associates
52 Foundation Donors
An overview of the geotechnical

damage brought by the 2016
Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan
Hemanta Hazarika
Professor, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Takaji Kokusho
Professor emeritus, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
Robert E. Kayen
Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Shideh Dashti
Assistant Professor, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
Yutaka Tanoue
Director, Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd.,
Kyushu Branch, Japan
Shuuichi Kuroda and Kentaro Kuribayashi
Chief Engineers, Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants
Inc., Okayama Branch, Japan
Daisuke Matsumoto
Assistant Manager, Japan Foundation Engineering Co.,
Ltd., Kyushu Branch, Japan
Hideo Furuichi
Assistant Manager, Giken Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Abstract:
EDITORIAL BOARD
Frank, Roger (Ex-officio)
Gomes, Antonio Topa (Editor for Europe)
Gonzalez, Marcelo (Editor for South America)
Leung, Anthony Kwan (Editor for Europe)
Ng, Charles Wang Wai (Editor-in-Chief)
Ooi, Teik Aun (Editor for Asia)
Rujikiatkamjorn, Cholachat (Editor for Australasia)
Sanchez, Marcelo (Editor for North America)
Sfriso, Alejo O (Editor for South America)
Shahien, Marawan (Editor for Africa)
Take, Andy (Editor for North America)
Taylor, Neil (Ex-officio)
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake with a moment

magnitude of 7.0 (Japanese intensity = 7) that struck on
April 16 brought devastation in many areas of Kumamoto
Prefecture and in parts of Oita Prefecture in Kyushu
Region, Japan. The earthquake succeeds a foreshock of
magnitude 6.5 (Japanese intensity = 7) on April 14. The
authors conducted two surveys on the devastated areas:
one during April 16-17, and the other during May 11-14.
This report summarizes the damage brought to
geotechnical structures by the two consecutive
earthquakes within a span of twenty-eight hours. This
report highlights some of the observed damage and
identifies reasons for such damage. The geotechnical
challenges towards mitigation of losses from such
earthquakes are also suggested.
ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3
Page 2
Major Project (Cont)

An overview of the geotechnical damage brought by the 2016
1. Introduction
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes were a series of earthquakes including a magnitude 7.0 main shock,
which struck at 01:25 JST on April 16, 2016, beneath Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu,
Japan, at an epicentral depth of about 10 kilometers and a foreshock earthquake with a magnitude 6.5 at
21:26 JST on April 14, 2016, at an epicentral depth of about 11 kilometers. Chain events of 6.5 magnitude
foreshock and 7.0 magnitude, the main shock that occurred within 28 hours, called the 2016 Kumamoto
Earthquake, resulted in huge loss of lives and properties. This was the strongest earthquake ever recorded
in Kyushu (since the JMA was established). A summary of the earthquakes can be found in Table 1. The
epicenter of the main shock and the distribution of aftershocks are plotted in Fig. 1. More than 1,400
aftershocks have been recorded by the Meteorological Agency of Japan since April 14. The earthquake
resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure including buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle,
roads and highways, slopes and river embankment due to earthquake-induced landslides and debris flows,
and fault-induced ground subsidence. To a surprisingly limited extent, liquefaction occurred only in a few
districts of Kumamoto City and in the port areas.
Table 1. Earthquakes exceeding JMA seismic intensity level 6 since 14 April, 2016
Date and Time
14 April 2016 21:26 JST
14 April 2016 22:07 JST
15 April 2016 00:03 JST
16 April 2016 01:25 JST
16 April 2016 01:45 JST
16 April 2016 03:55 JST
16 April 2016 09:48 JST
Hypocenter
Kumamoto area of Kumamoto
Prefecture
Prefecture
Prefecture
Prefecture
Prefecture
Aso area of Kumamoto
Prefecture
Prefecture
Magnitude
JMA Seismic Intensity (Max)
6.5
5.8
6 weak
6.4
6 strong
7.0
5.9
6 weak
5.8
6 strong
5.4
6 weak
Foreshock
Main shock
Aftershock
(Modified from JMA)
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Figure 1. Epicenter of the earthquake and distribution of aftershocks (Source: USGS)
The Fire and Disaster Management Agency of Japan (FDMA) reported that 50 people were killed (49 direct,
1 missing), 350 persons suffered severe injuries, and 1,234 suffered slight injuries. Property damage
amounted to 2,487 houses completely destroyed, 3,483 houses partially destroyed, and 22,855 houses
damaged but habitable. Fire destroyed 16 houses. In addition, about 3 billion USD has been estimated for
the civil infrastructure losses. Reconstruction cost is estimated to be around 5-6 billion USD.
The authors conducted two surveys in the devastated areas: one during April 16-17, and the other during
May 11-14. This report summarizes the damage brought by the earthquake in and around Kumamoto city.
The report also investigates some of the possible reasons for such damage and geotechnical challenges
towards the reconstructions of the devastated region.
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2. Mechanism and the seismicity of the earthquake

2.1 Earthquake mechanism
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake on
April 16, 2016 was the largest
earthquake in Kyushu island in the
last twenty years. Hinagu and
Futagawa fault zones are the sources
of the April 14 foreshock and April 16
main shock, respectively. As seen in
Fig. 2, the main shock and its
aftershocks are distributed along the
Futagawa and Hinagu active faults
(GIS). These two faults are among the
100 active faults designated by the
Central Disaster Mitigation Council of
Japan, out of more than 2000 faults
distributed throughout the Japanese
archipelago. The earthquake occurred
as the result of more than 2 m strikeslip faulting at shallow depth. Focal
mechanisms for the earthquake
indicate that slip occurred on either a
left-lateral fault striking to the
northwest, or on a right-lateral fault
striking northeast.
Epicenter
The Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ)
Active faults
reported that the epicenters of the
present earthquake sequence show
Figure 2. Futagawa fault and Hinagu fault (Source: GSI)
wide distribution in the zone of
Beppu-Shimabara Graben from the
west to the east coast of the middle
Kyushu with a distance of about 200
km and a width of a few tens of km. The earthquake sequence are presently very active at Hinagu Fault
Zone and Futagawa Fault Zone in western Kyushu, Aso Volcano area in central Kyushu, and BeppuHaneyama Fault Zone in eastern Kyushu (Fig. 3).
2.2 Geology of the Kumamoto Area
The geological map of the Kumamoto area is in Fig. 4. Kumamoto city and Mashiki town are located north
of Kumamoto alluvial plain, which is composed of pyroclastic flow deposits. The Futagawa fault cuts the
lava plateau and continues along the boundary between the Kumamoto plain and rocks. The Hinagu fault
in south juxtaposes alluvial plain with bedrocks and runs north through bedrocks to merge with the
Futagawa fault (Okumura, 2016).
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Figure 3. Seismic activity and geological information in central Kyushu (Source: GSJ)
Figure 4. Geological map of Kumamoto (Source: GeLK)
Page 6

2.3 Seismicity of the earthquake
During the M6.5 foreshock, the largest recorded ground acceleration of 1580 Gal was measured at Mashiki
town. The ground motions measured at two locations of Mashiki town (KiK-net Mashiki) and Kumamoto city
(K-NET Kumamoto) during this foreshock are shown in Fig. 5. During the main shock of 7.0 magnitude, the
peak ground accelerations again exceeded 1000 Gal at Mashiki town. The main-shock ground motions
measured at Mashiki town and Kumamoto city during the main shock are shown in Fig. 6.
The acceleration and velocity response spectra of the foreshock (NS component) are presented in Fig. 7,
while Fig. 8 shows the same for the main shock. For comparison, two past large earthquakes in Japan (The
2011 Tohoku earthquake and The 1995 Kobe earthquake) are also shown in the same figures. Fig. 9
illustrates the comparison of the velocity spectra for the two events. Comparisons of the velocity response
spectra of the two observational points (KiK-net Mashiki in red and K-NET Kumamoto in green) show that
the motion was stronger on April 16 main shock on both the locations. In Mashiki town, the increase of
predominant period from 0.6 s to 0.9 s may be attributed to the amplification of motion due to non-linear
response (or liquefaction) of the ground (ERI, University of Tokyo).
Figure 5. Ground motion due to foreshock of April 14 (Source: KiK-net and JMA)
Figure 6. Ground motion during the main shock (Source: Kik-Net and JMA)
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Figure 7. Acceleration and velocity spectra of the foreshock (Source: Kik-Net and JMA)
Figure 8. Acceleration and velocity spectra of the main shock (Source: Kik-Net and JMA)
Solid line: Main shock

Dotted line: Foreshock
Mashiki town
Kumamoto
NS Component 5% damping
Figure 9. Comparison of the velocity spectra of the two events (Source: ERI, University of Tokyo)
Page 8

3. Damage investigation and preliminary results
The authors conducted an investigation covering major locations where damage was concentrated. Fig. 10
shows a map of the locations in which the authors conducted the survey. In the following subsections, the
results of the preliminary investigation are summarized.
Figure 10. Surveyed locations (Source: Google map)

3.1 Seismic subsidence, landslides, debris flow, and slope failures in Aso area
In Aso area, damage due to seismic subsidence and strong motion led to landslides, slope failures and
debris flow, which killed many people, and jeopardized the transportation network in that area.
3.1.1 Seismic subsidence in Uchinomaki area
In Uchinomaki area of Aso city, a co-seismic
subsidence (depression) covering an area of about
2 km long and 1 km wide was found (Fig. 11). Fig.
12 shows the condition of the road passing through
the depression zone and the state of the house
across the road. The adjacent house was not
affected. According to the local resident (owner of
the non-damaged house), the shaking was mostly
vertical and the subsidence was simultaneous to
the earthquake as they could hear a huge sound
while shaking was still continuing. At the greatest
offset, the subsidence was more than 2 m (Fig.
13). The geotechnical bore hole data within 1 km
of that area suggests that the area has more than
70 m of thick clay containing water content within
Figure 11. Seismic subsidence in Uchinomaki area
the range of 150 to 280 % and void ratio ranging
from 5 to 8. The N value of the soil layer between 20 to 40 m depth is almost equal to zero. Thus, it can
be inferred that the surface soil in that area was sitting on the top of a soft soil layer, which may have
caused such subsidence. In another location around the area, more than 1.5 m wide cracks were observed
leading to the damage of a bridge abutment and failure of the retaining wall (Fig. 14).
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Figure 12. Road damage and building damage due to subsidence
Failed retaining wall
More than 2.0 m deep

Figure 13. Damage due to subsidence on the
opposite side
More than
1.5 m wide
Bridge abutment
Figure 14. Abutment failure and retaining wall
3.1.2 Earthquake-triggered landslides, debris flow and slope failures

In the Aso Caldera area, the damage was mostly related to earthquake-triggered shallow landslides and
slope failures of the volcanic soils. These have led to bridge and road failures in that area.
Fig. 15 shows one of the biggest landslides in the Minamiaso village area, the west side of Mt. Aso. The
landslide covering a length of about 700 m, and width of about 200 m caused damage to the roads and
bridges blocking the entire transportation network in that area. Route 57 and Japan Railway Hohi line
were buried under the debris. The bridge abutment failed during the main shock, causing the Aso bridge
to collapse. Fig. 16 shows the state of the slope when the authors visited the area. It is clear that the flow
of deposits is still continuing, and the debris may cause subsequent debris flows during the rainy season.
There was a surficial landslide (Fig. 17) close to the Aso volcanological laboratory of Kyoto University
along route 299 prefectural road. Many houses were swept away by the landslide (Fig. 18). The authors
observed that the soils in that area were composed of typical Andisols (Fig. 19). They are highly porous,
dark-colored soils developed from parent material of volcanic origin and have excellent water holding
capacity. Many cracks still remain in the slopes (Fig. 20). In some places, cracks as deep as 3 m were
found. With the rainy season starting soon, rain water may infiltrate through these cracks, causing slopes
with cracks vulnerable to secondary disaster. More than 90 such vulnerable slopes exist.
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Figure 15. Huge landslide and collapse of the Aso bridge (Photo Courtesy: American Geophysical Union)
Figure 16. State of the landslide on May 12
Figure 17. Surficial failure in Aso
Figure 18. Swept away houses
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Figure 19. Andisols of the failed slope
Figure 20. Cracks in the slope
In another location, the Hinotori Onsen hot spring was swept away by a landslide (Fig. 21) that occurred
during the main shock. A honeymoon couple from Kagawa prefecture was killed due to that landslide. The
soils in that area (Fig. 22) were found to be Haido volcanic soil with very low plasticity. The water content
was also found to be very high. This kind of soil loses strength easily during cyclic loading. Such soil
characteristics in that area may have caused slope failure triggered by the earthquake loading. Since the
slope failed during the main shock, the cyclic loading effect of the foreshock is another factor, which
needs attention in the damage analysis of such slopes.
Figure 21. Hinotori hot spring disaster
Figure 22. Soils in that area (Haido)
A check dam was found to have collapsed in Nagano area of the Aso village (Fig. 23). As we can see the
right side of the check dam was swept away by about 100 m, and completely overturned (Fig. 24). Also,
debris was found near the overturned block (Fig. 25). Due to the collapse of the dam, the Tarutama river
was eroded at some locations as seen in Fig. 26. The exact reason of the failure is still unknown. However,
continuous water flow close to the dam even before the earthquake can be one potential cause of such
catastrophic failure.
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Figure 23. Concrete check dam collapse
Figure 24. Collapsed part of the dam
Figure 25. Debris around the dam
Figure 26. Erosion of the river channel
3.2 Fault-induced damage in Nishihara village

Nishihara village towards the south of Aso area (refer to Fig. 10) is located along the Futago fault. In this
area, damage to an irrigation dam, many landslides and slope failures, road damage, retaining wall
failures and bridge damage were observed.
3.2.1 Damage to Ohkirihata dam and related failure around the area
The Ohkirihata dam is located in the Nishihara village of Kumamoto prefecture. It is an earth fill dam with
a height of 23 m for irrigation. Our first survey team arrived in that area around 10 A.M. on April 16 (the
day of the main shock) and conducted surveys on the dam, control room, regulating pond, slopes and the
roads along the dam. This section describes the state of damage of the reservoir, spillway, drainpipes,
regulating pond, etc. Fig. 27 shows a picture of the entire reservoir and the associated damage due to the
earthquake.
Due to damage inflicted on the control room (Fig. 28), as an urgent measure, the water level in the
reservoir was lowered by about 2 m. Fig. 29 shows some of the damage in the upstream of the dam
including the road, slopes, and the retaining wall.
Page 13

Figure 27. A complete view of the reservoir before the earthquake and the related damage (Source: Asia
Air Survey Co. Ltd., Japan)
Figure 28. Damage to control room
Figure 29. Damage to roads and retaining wall
Due to strong motion of the earthquake and proximity of the fault zone, the control room tilted, and as a
result, spindles were lifted off, rendering the switch gears non-functional and leading to loss of the water
storage function. This ultimately led to the overflow in the regulating pond of the dam (Fig. 30). The
overflowed water crossed the road and created an artificial fall (Fig. 31), which caused tremendous
scouring of the road embankment. The scouring could also be observed in the road embankment, which is
vulnerable to collapse at any time (Fig. 32).
The spillway did not suffer damage; however, retaining walls on the both sides of the embankment were
displaced (especially the right side displaced by more than 50 cm) as seen in Fig. 33. During the second
visit of the authors, it was observed that deformation of the sides of the spillway and the subsidence of
the road increased further. The succession of many aftershocks may have exacerbated the situation.
Page 14

Figure 30. Overflow of the regulating pond
Figure 31. Overflowing water crossing the road
Figure 32. Scouring of the road embankment
Figure 33. Wall damage on the embankment

adjacent to spillway (Right)
The continuous overflow almost emptied the reservoir, which the authors observed in their second survey
within four weeks (Fig. 34). We could see the effect of faults that pass through the dam. Therefore, it
could be concluded that the major damage was due to these faults. We could also see slope failures at
two locations of the dam embankment (Fig. 35). The regulating pond has come to the normal state (Fig.
36); however, the scouring caused to the road embankment is severe, and it is vulnerable to collapse at
any time (Fig. 37).
Figure 34. Emptied reservoir and exposed fault

lines
Figure 35. Slope failures along the embankment
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Figure 36. Regulating pond (no overflow)
Figure 37. Scouring of the road embankment
3.2.2 Roads and retaining wall damage around the area and landslide-induced road damage
There were also a lot of landslides and slope failures and road damage (Fig. 38) around the road including
a bridge within 1 km of both sides of the faults. The main road suffered landslides as well as subsidence
(Fig. 39). About 90% of the houses down the road completely collapsed including an engineered retaining
wall (Fig. 40). Preliminary survey results of the damage to dam are described in Hara et al. (2016).
Figure 38. Landslide blocking the access road
Figure 39. Slope failure on the main road
Figure 40. Retaining wall (about 5 m high) failure
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3.3 Damage in Mashiki town due to strong motion and liquefaction
Mashiki town is the area where major building damage was observed due to the strong motion. There were
a lot of geotechnical damage mostly related to liquefaction and associated with lateral spreading. Fig. 41
and Fig. 42 show the Akitsu river embankment with sand boils and displacement of the quay wall due to
lateral spreading respectively. Fig. 43 shows the lateral displacement-induced failure of the embankment
road. About 30 cm subsidence of the river bank and more than 20 cm of lateral displacement of road were
measured. The dark colored sand boils (Fig. 41) indicate the existence of volcanic soils in the area. In a
parking lot belonging to JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Group) office of Mashiki town, which is close
to the Akitsu river, sand boils were observed (Fig. 44). The color of the sand boils (appears to be clean
sand), however, was different from the one found in the bank of Akitsu river. In few national and
prefectural roads liquefaction-induced settlement (Fig. 45) and upliftment of manhole (Fig. 46) were
observed. Many traditional Japanese houses were damaged due to the strong motion in that area.
Figure 41. Liquefaction in Akitsu river dike
Figure 42. Lateral displacement of quay wall
Figure 43. Lateral spreading in the embankment

road
Figure 44. Sand boils in JA parking lot
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Figure 45. Subsidence of the road
Figure 46. Uplifting of manhole
3.4 Liquefaction-induced damage in Minami ward of Kumamoto

The southern part of Kumamoto city (Minami ward) experienced liquefaction in limited areas causing
damage to residential houses including a hospital building due to differential settlement.
Most of the liquefaction related damage were concentrated in the area, which are old river channels or
floodplains. Sand boils observed in a school ground, which is the designated disaster evacuation place in
that residential area, are shown in Fig. 47. Fig. 48 shows a residential building, where sub-meter
settlements of the ground around the building were observed. The building itself did not undergo any
differential settlement, as according to the owner of the building, pile foundations were used in the
building. However, subsidence-induced voids beneath the foundation is a concern of the owner (Fig. 49).
Another building adjacent to the above building (Fig. 50) was found to suffer from differential settlement
and tilted by more than 1 degree making it unsuitable to live. Apparently, this building was founded on
spread footing. The geomorphology of this area indicates that it was developed by reclamation of an old
river channel.
Figure 47. Sand boils in a school ground
Figure 48. Settlement of the ground around a pile

supported building
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Figure 49. Subsidence and voids beneath the

foundation
Figure 50. Differential settlement and tilting of

another building supported on spread footing
In the Hirata district of the Minami ward, several buildings were damaged due to ground subsidence.
Differential settlements of the buildings were common features. Some boundary walls were partially or
fully collapsed. Sand boils and liquefaction-induced settlement of the buildings (Fig. 51) were observed.
The sand boils were found to be black in color (Fig. 52) indicating volcanic soils.
Figure 51. Building damaged due to differential

settlement (Left)
Figure 52. Dark colored sand boils around the

building (Right)
One of the most affected buildings in that area was a new private hospital. As shown in Fig. 53,
subsidence of as much as 40 cm was observed around the building. Ground subsidence can also be seen
near the stairs (backside) of the building (Fig. 54). The hospital building itself was safe with no
differential settlement due to use of pile foundation. Liquefied soil can be seen around a residential
building located at backside of the hospital building (Fig. 55). About 15 cm differential settlement, and
about 2 degree tilting were observed in this building. The boundary wall of the building was found to have
tilted and also contained many cracks, indicating the effect of liquefaction. For comparison, the state of
the building before the earthquake is shown in Fig. 56.
Many roads were damaged in the affected area near the hospital. Fig. 57 shows one of the damaged roads
with uplifted manhole. About 18 cm lateral spreading of that road was observed. Drainage system was also
damaged at several locations along the road.
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Figure 53. Subsidence around a new private

hospital building
Figure 54. Subsidence at the backside of the

hospital building
Figure 55. Building damage due to differential

settlement
Figure 56. The building before the earthquake

(Source: Google map)
Figure 57. Liquefaction-induced road damage (Uplifted manhole)
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3.5 Liquefaction-induced damage in Kumamoto port
Although some infrastructural facilities within the Kumamoto port complex, such as roads and building
entrance, were damaged due to liquefaction, the main port itself did not suffer much loss. The first
author arrived in the port area in the morning of April 17. A lot of sand boils were observed in the port
complex (Fig. 58), which resulted in the settlement of the entrance of the ferry terminal and road
damage. Fig. 59 shows some sand boils with maximum diameter of 1.5 m in the port complex resulting in
the maximum settlement of about 30 cm. Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and sinking of the road
were also observed (Fig. 60). The liquefaction in the areas also led to some minor lateral spreading as
seen. No significant damage to the quay wall (Fig. 61), however, was observed.
Figure 58. Liquefaction in port complex
Figure 59. Sand boils (max. dia. > 1.5 m)
Figure 60. Lateral spreading and sinking of road
Figure 61. Quay wall of the port (no damage)
The entrance of the ferry terminal was affected by differential settlement (Fig. 62) that led to the closure
of the terminal for few weeks. Maximum settlement around the building was observed to be more than 80
cm (Fig. 63). The over-bridge connecting the port terminal also suffered damage due to differential
settlement (Fig. 64). In the second visit to the area by the authors on May 11, a temporary retrofitting of
the bridge (Fig. 65) was seen to prevent any further damage by the aftershocks.
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Figure 62. Differential settlement of the ferry

terminal
Figure 63. Subsidence around the terminal building
Figure 64. Damage to over-bridge due to

differential settlement
Figure 65. Bridge with scaffolding (May 11)
Interestingly, the soils in the port area are different from those found in the other liquefied areas
discussed before. According to some information gathered by the authors, sand mats that were used to
consolidate the thick clay layer in the port areas may have liquefied. The liquefied sands were found to be
clean sand as opposed to the volcanic soils found in most of the other liquefied areas.
3.6 Liquefaction-induced damage in some river dikes of Kumamoto city
River dikes of Kase river, Midori river and Shira river were damaged due to liquefaction and lateral
spreading. Fearing danger of further erosion due to forthcoming rainy season, the local government was
very quick to carry out repair work. Fig. 66 shows the temporary repair work in the Kase river dike using
recycled concrete. Fig. 67 shows the immediate repair work in the dike of Midori river. Some traces of
sand boils and liquefaction-induced subsidence were still found in that area (Fig. 68).
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Figure 66. Repaired river dike (Kase river)
Figure 67. Repaired river dike (Midori river)
Figure 68. Sand boils, subsidence and lateral spreading in Midori river dike
3.7 Damage to highways
The authors do not have any direct information on the damage to highways, as the admission were
restricted to those sites, when the authors arrived there. Based on the collected information from various
sources, some damage to the Kyushu Highway are summarized in this subsection.
Fig. 69 shows the damage to Kyushu highway in Kumamoto Prefecture. Fig. 70 shows the blocking of the
highway due to landslides in Oita expressway, Oita prefecture. Fig. 71 shows the highway embankment
damage and retaining wall failure in Kyushu highway near Mashiki town. A part of the highway was closed
for about two weeks. The immediate repair work of the highway is underway as seen in the figure.
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Figure 69. Highway damage in Kyushu highway

(Source: AGU and AAS)
Figure 70. Highway damage in Oita expressway

(Source: AGU and AAS)
Figure 71. Highway abutment damage in Kyushu expressway (Photo courtesy: Dr. Y. Sagawa, Kyushu
University)
3.8 Damage to Kumamoto castle
Kumamoto castle, one of the most popular tourist attractions, and part of Japans rich cultural heritage,
suffered heavy damage due to the earthquake. The roof of some parts of the main castle was damaged.
The outer masonry retaining wall of the castle collapsed as shown in Fig. 72. One inner wall of the castle
was also found to be damaged (Fig. 73). Apparently, the outer wall was renovated after the World War II.
Although no seismic design against a Level 2 earthquake seems to have adopted in the design of the wall,
the cross section of the original wall (Japanese Geotechnical Society) shows that the wall is supported on
timber pile foundation (Fig. 74).
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Figure 72. Damage to the outer masonry wall of

the Kumamoto castle
Figure 73. Damage to inner (foundation) wall of

one of the castle buildings
Figure 74. Cross section of the outer wall of the castle (Source: JGS)
4. Conclusions
Some of the important conclusions derived based on this reconnaissance survey are as follows.
1. The damage was localized in areas lying above or close to the faults.
2. The reason for damage is a combination of many factors including the fault location, succession of
high intensity foreshock, main shock and aftershocks, soil characteristics and liquefiable areas
without liquefaction prevention methods.
3. Landslides and slope failures were due to special characteristics of volcanic soils in the Aso Caldera
areas.
4. Liquefaction was found in the river embankments and in areas developed by reclaiming the old river
estuaries.
5. Landslides with fissures still remain, making them vulnerable to the secondary sliding during the
summer rainy season.
Page 25

6.
7.
8.
9.
Most of the damaged structures were not seismically designed for a Level 2 event.
The nature of soil from the river banks to Aso caldera areas differ in their nature and characteristics.
The mechanism of such widespread damage can only be ascertained through proper testing of those
soils.
Improvement of the existing hazard maps in mountainous areas is needed.
Repeated loading due to high intensity foreshock and main-shock motions resulted in an elevated
levels of damage. The effect of successive foreshocks, main-shock, and aftershocks, may have to be
considered in the future design in areas where such fault-induced earthquakes are expected.
Acknowledgements
First of all, the authors express their heartfelt thanks to many victims of the Kumamoto earthquake,
whom the authors met during their surveys in Kumamoto area for their cooperation in our surveys, in spite
of the hard times that they have been going through.
The authors also express their sincere gratitude to Prof. Kenji Ishihara, past president of ISSMGE and
presently at Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan for his helpful guidance during the second survey by the JapanUSA joint investigation team.
The authors also would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their great contributions in
various capacities towards this survey, without whose support this report would not have been possible to
compile:
Mr. Katsuji Takematsu, Mr. Takayuki Morinaga, Mr. Akira Shigeoka and Mr. Takehiko Aoyagi (Japan
Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan); Mr. Yuta Kitano (Giken Ltd., Japan); Mr. Hitoshi Tanaka, Mr.
Takeshi Tochio and Mr. Shogo Endo (Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd., Japan); Mr. Masanori Tajiri (Tajiri
Engineering Office, Kumamoto); Mr. Babloo Chaudhary, Mr. Kengo Nishimura, Ms. Chu and Ms. Wa Ode
Sumartini (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan); Ms. Jenny Ramirez Calderon and Ms. Samantha Guillies
(University of Colorado, Boulder, USA); Dr. Kevin Franke and Mr. Dallin Briggs (Brigham Young University,
USA); Dr. Brad Wham (Cornell University, USA); and Dr. Nick Oettle (AECOM, USA).
The last but not the least, the first author also would like to acknowledge Dr. Tsuneo Ohsumi of National
Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Tsukuba, Japan for sharing many
valuable data, which were instrumental in preparing this document.
References
Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd. (AAS): http://www.ajiko.co.jp/en/ retrieved 05/25/2016.
American Geophysical Union (AGU): https://sites.agu.org/
Central
Disaster
Prevention
Council:
Cabinet
office,
Government
of
Japan:
http://japan.kantei.go.jp/policy/index/bousai/index_e.html.
Earthquake
Research
Institute
(ERI):
University
of
Tokyo,
http://www.eri.utokyo.ac.jp/en/2016/04/15/15th-april-2016-earthquake-in-kumamoto-prefecture/
retrieved
05/20/2016.
Epstein, W., Nishimoto, T., Okumura, K., Swan, S., and Yanev, P. (2016): The Kumamoto Earthquake
Investigation: A Preliminary Report, http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2016-04-15-kumamoto/files/
retrieved 05/20/2016.
Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA), Government of Japan: http://www.fdma.go.jp/en/
Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ): https://www.gsj.jp retrieved 05/20/2016.
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI): http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamotoearthquake-index.html
Global Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption Risk Management (G-EVER): http://g-ever.org/ retrieved
05/20/2016.
Page 26

Google Maps: https://maps.google.co.jp/
Ground
Water
Environmental
Leader
Program
of
Kumamoto
University
(GeLK):
http://en.gelk.info/kmmt.php, retrieved 05/20/2016.
Hara, T., Hazarika, H., Kuroda, S., Notani, M., Fujimoto, T., Kuribayashi, K., Nakamura, K., and
Nishimura, K. (2016): Report on damage to agricultural dam caused by the 2016 Kumamoto
Earthquake, Annual Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural
Engineering, August 30-September 2, 2016, Sendai, Japan (Submitted for publication: In Japanese).
Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS): Handbook of Earth Pressure, Japanese Geotechnical Society
Publication.
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA):
(http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/menu/h28_kumamoto_jishin_menu.html, retrieved 05/20/2016.
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA): A report on the Kumamoto earthquake,
(http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/2016_04_14_kumamoto/yoshin.pdf, retrieved
04/20/2016.
National
Research
Institute
for
Earth
Science
and
Disaster
Prevention
(NIED):
(http://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/, retrieved 05/20/2016.
Okumura, K. (2016): Earthquake geology of the April 14 and 16, 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake,
http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2016-04-15-kumamoto/files/ retrieved 05/20/2016.
United States Geological Survey (USGS): https://www.usgs.gov/ retrieved 05/20/2016.
Page 27
Conference Reports
The 1st Southern African Geotechnical Conference
i)
The 1st Southern African Geotechnical Conference took place at Sun City in South Africa on 5 and 6 May
2016. It was organised by the Geotechnical Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
(SAICE) under the auspices of the ISSMGE.
It has long been the opinion of members of the SAICE Geotechnical Division that a need existed for a local
forum where geotechnical practitioners and academics from the Southern African region can present their
work and interact. This is because it is often difficult for local engineers and engineering geologists to
attend the African Regional Conferences on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, due to the
distances and costs associated with travelling in Africa. The 1st Southern African Geotechnical Conference
was organised to take place approximately one year after the 16 th African Regional Conference so as to
not detract from this conference, while presenting a regional forum for geotechnical engineers and
engineering geologists.
The conference was attended by more than 200 participants and more than 60 papers were received from
South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Algeria, Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, France
and Switzerland. The authors included consulting engineers, engineering geologists, contractors,
academics and product specialists. The papers were grouped into the following themes:
Foundations
Mining and Tailings
Modelling and Design
Site Investigation
Soil Properties
Soil Reinforcement and Slopes
The wide range of topics is considered to be thoroughly representative of the current activities of the
geotechnical industry in the Southern African Region. The conference proceedings were published and are
available from CRC Press/Balkema, part of the Taylor & Francis Group.
The conference took place approximately
two years after the passing of Professor
Geoffrey Blight, Professor of Soil Mechanics
at the University of the Witwatersrand and
world renowned expert in unsaturated soils.
The organising committee thought it
appropriate to organise a memorial lecture in
honour of Professor Blight. Professor Andy
Fourie from the Department of Civil,
Environmental and Mining Engineering at the
University of Western Australia delivered the
Geoffrey Blight Memorial Lecture. Professor
David Toll, Chair of Engineering in the School
of Engineering and Computing Sciences at the
Figure 1. Opening ceremony of the conference
University of Durham, presented a keynote
lecture on the behaviour of unsaturated soils. In addition, Professor Fatma Baligh from Egypt and the
ISSMGE Vice President for Africa gave a presentation on the activities of the ISSMGE in Africa.
Prior to the conference a highly successful one day seminar was held on Tropical and Unsaturated Soils.
The speakers at the seminar were Professor David Toll and Dr. Ashraf Osman from the University of
Durham and Professor Andy Fourie from the University of Western Australia.
Prof. Gerhard Heymann
Chair of the organising committee
Page 28
Conference Reports
The 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering
ii)
th
The 15
Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering (XV PCSMGE), held from 15 to 18 November
2015 in Buenos Aires, Argentina was an ISSMGE regional conference
for PanAmerican countries. Previous conferences have been held in
Mexico (1959), Brazil (1963), Venezuela (1967), Puerto Rico (1971),
Argentina (1975), Peru (1979), Canada (1983), Colombia (1987), Chile
(1991), Mexico (1995), Brazil (1999), USA (2003), Venezuela (2007),
Canada (2011) and for a second time in Argentina in 2015.
In this opportunity, PCSMGE XV Buenos Aires 2015 was run in parallel
with three other important events for geo-professionals: the 6th
International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of
Geomaterials, the 8th South American Congress on Rock Mechanics,
and the XXII Argentinean Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering (CAMSIG XXII).
This meeting brought together international experts, researchers, academics and professionals to
exchange ideas and discuss current and future practices in the areas of soil mechanics, rock mechanics,
and their applications in civil, mining and environmental engineering.
ISSMGE President, Prof. Roger Frank opened the Inauguration Ceremony and ISSMGE VP for South America
Prof. Jarbas Militisky and ISSMGE VP for North America Prof. Paul Mayne addressed the state of Groups and
the new events in the Closing Ceremony. The conference included the welcome Lecture by Carlos
Santamarina, the Casagrande Lecture by Luis Valenzuela, the Mercer Lecture by Jorge Zornberg, the
Bishop Lecture by Herv di Benedetto, and plenary lectures of Prof. M. Dusseault, Dr. Nick Barton and
Prof. F. Tatsouka.
The Conference was arranged into nine technical tracks covering the modern trends and classical topics of
Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, namely Transportation Geotechnics, In-situ testing, Geoengineering for Energy and Sustainability, Numerical Modeling in Geotechnics, Foundations & Ground
improvement, Unsaturated Soil Behavior, Embankments, Dams and Tailings, Excavations and Tunnels, and
GeoRisks.
Four chairs per track were appointed by the Organizing Committee among the best-known and respected
colleagues in their various fields of expertise. This large group of experts organized the anonymous peerreview of all the articles published in the Proceedings, appointed a keynote lecturer and a panel session,
and chaired two technical sessions per track. In total, nine keynote lectures, nine panel sessions and
eighteen parallel technical sessions completed the schedule of XV PCSMGE.
Attendance was 941 people for the four Conferences combined. In total, 24 lectures and 578 papers were
published in the Proceedings, which are available at IOS Press website.
Page 29
Conference Reports
The 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering (Cont)
iii)
Picture 1. Inauguration ceremony (From right to

left: Diego Manzanal, Alejo Sfriso, Roger Frank,
Jarvas Milititsky, Paul Mayne, Eda Cuadros, Sergio
Fontoura)
Picture 2. Speech by Prof. Roger Frank at the

Inauguration Ceremony
Picture 3. Group photo
Picture 4. During coffee break. From right to left:

Carlos Santamarina, Maurice Dusseault and Enrique
Romero
Dr. Ing. Diego Manzanal

Secretario
Sociedad Argentina de Ingeniera Geotecnica
Page 30
Conference Reports
The 19th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference (19SEAGC) & The
2nd Association of Geotechnical Societies in Southeast Asia (2AGSSEA)
iv)
The 19SEAGC & 2AGSSEA was successfully held on 31 May 3 June 2016 in Dorsett Grand Subang Hotel with
more than 500 participants. The conference was organized jointly by the Southeast Asian Geotechnical
Society (SEAGS), the Association of Geotechnical Societies in Southeast Asia (AGSSEA), the Geotechnical
Society of Malaysia (MGS) and The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM). The Organizing Committee did
an excellent job to bring about a very successful and memorable conference with 550 participants. There
were 4 Keynote Lectures namely: Opening Keynote Address delivered by Dr. Za-Chieh Moh on
Professionalism and Ethics of Geotechnical Engineering: Keynote 1 (Chin Fung Kee Lecture) on Recent
Advances in Pile Testing delivered by Kenji Ishihara: Keynote 2 (S. L. Lee Lecture) delivered by Jian Chu
on Innovations in Soil Improvement Methods: Keynote 3 (Za-Chieh Moh Lecture) delivered by Harry
Poulos on Lessons Learned from Designing High-rise Building Foundations. The 10 Special Lectures are:
Special Lecture 1 delivered by Ikuo Towhata Vice President Asia, ISSMGE on Grain Crushing Under Pile Tip
Explored by Acoustic Emission; Special Lecture 2 delivered by Buddhima Indraratna, representing SEAGS,
on Advancements in Rail Track Geotechnology at Increased Speeds and Axle Loads; Special Lecture 3
delivered by Thien Seng Yee (Malaysia) on A Brief Perspective on Forensic Geotechnics; Special Lecture
4 delivered by C. W. W. Ng (Hong Kong) on Modelling the Effects of Strain- and Path-dependent Soil
Stiffness on Soil-Structure Interaction Problems: An Engineer's Perspective; Special Lecture 5 delivered by
Siu-Mun Woo (Taiwan) on Long Term Study on Pile-Soil Interactions in Subsiding Ground with Surcharge
Effects A Case History; Special Lecture 6 delivered by P.V. Long (Vietnam) on Performance and
Analyses of Thick Soft Clay Deposit Improved by PVD with Surcharge Preloading and Vacuum Consolidation
- A Case Study at CMIT; Special Lecture 7 delivered by Paulus P. Rahardjo (Indonesia) on The Unwanted
Effect of Dewatering for Excavations and Its Counter Measures; Special Lecture 8 delivered by Tiong Guan
Ng (Singapore) on Trenchless Construction Method for Roads and Underpasses in Singapore; Special
Lecture 9 delivered by Suttisak Soralump (Thailand) on Rehabilitation of Leakage and Seismic Damaged
Problem of Mae Suai Earth Zone Composited RCC Dam and Special Lecture 10 delivered by Lean Hock Ooi
(Malaysia) on Deep Excavation Works in Kuala Lumpur Karsts Some Considerations. In addition to the
Keynote and Special Lectures the conference has a total of 26 Technical Sessions divided into four parallel
sessions in each day for 3 days with one day of Technical Site Visits. The participants of the conference
were treated to a Conference Banquet and Cultural Shows on the second day of the conference.
The 3-day conference also attracted 180 technical papers which were all presented by the presenters in
parallel sessions. Hard bound and soft copies of the proceedings of over 1200 pages were produced and
given to the participants together with a complimentary DVD on the late Professor Chin Fung Kee. Prof.
Chin was an Honorary Fellow of both the Institution of Civil Engineers and The Institution of Engineers,
Malaysia of which he was a founder Council member in 1959 and a President from 1966 to 1968. He was
also President of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society from 1973-1975 and the Vice President for Asia
of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1981-1985. He was Chairman
of the Commonwealth Engineers Council in 1973-1977.
President of MGS, Dr. Sin Fatt Chan delivering his welcoming Speech; Dr Teik Aun Ooi, Immediate Past
President SEAGS delivering his welcome message: Prof. K Y Yong, Immediate Past Chairman of AGSSEA
delivering his welcome speech; President of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM), Ir. Yean Chin Tan
delivering his Opening Address and declared open the conference.
In conjunction with the conference, the respective council meeting of SEAGS & AGSSEA and the General
meeting of SEAGS membership were also held. Dr. Noppadol Phienwej and Prof. San Shyan were elected as
President and Chairman of the SEAGS and AGSSEA respectively. Dr Noppodol Phienwej was also elected as
the Honorary Secretary General Cum Treasurer of SEAGS. Ir Kenny Yee was re-elected Honorary Secretary
General as well as Treasurer of the AGSSEA. The meetings commended on the devotion and contributions
of Prof. A. S. Balasubramaniam and confirmed that starting from 20SEAGC 3AGSSEAC a named lecture in
the name of A. S. Balasubramaniam will be instituted. The meetings also confirmed Prof . A. S.
Balasubramaniam as the Editor-in-Chief of the SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal. The meetings also confirmed that
the 20SEAGC-3AGSSEAC will be held in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2019. The conference will be organized by
Page 31
Conference Reports
v)
(Cont)
the Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering (HATTI), the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society
(SEAGS) and the Association of Geotechnical Societies in Southeast Asia (AGSSEA).
On 30th May 2016, a one day conference was held successfully for young geotechnical engineers with more
than 60 participants.
Pre and Post Conference short courses were also held with overwhelming attendance.
Picture 1. Opening Ceremony of the 19th SEAGS

and 2nd AGSSEA Conference in Dorsett Grand
Subang Hotel, Malaysia
Picture 2. Partial View of the Audience at the

19th SEAGS and 2nd AGSSEA Conference in Dorsett
Grand Subang, Malaysia
Picture 3. View of the Conference Hall at the

19th SEAGS and 2nd AGSSEA Conference in
Dorsett Grand Subang, Malaysia
Picture 4. Opening Ceremony and Presentation of

Token of Appreciation to the Guest of Honour,
President of IEM
Page 32
Conference Reports
vi)
(Cont)
Picture 5. Dr. Za-Chieh Moh delivering his

Opening Keynote Address
Ir. Dr. Teik Aun Ooi

Immediate Past President SEAGS
June 7, 2016
Picture 6. Prof. Kenji Ishihara delivering his ZaChieh Moh Keynote Lecture
Page 33
Conference Reports
The 19SEAGC & 2AGSSEA Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference
vii)
Event Information
Conference venue:
Date:
Time:
Theme:
Professor Chin Fung Kee Auditorium, Wisma IEM, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia.
30th May 2016
8:30AM 5:30PM
Contribution of Young Geotechnical Engineers to Nation Building
Topics:
Numerical Modelling
Soil Characterization & Properties
Ground Improvement & Stabilization
Shallow and Deep Foundations
Slope Stability, Excavations
Retaining Structures
Geosynthetics & Geo-Products
Field Testing & Monitoring
Engineering Geology
Rock Mechanics
Design Analysis & Modelling
Embankments & Dams
Tunnelling & Underground Space
Number of participants:
44 (including speakers)
Number of Papers:
2 Keynote Lectures
2 Invited Lectures
14 Technical Papers (but 4 speakers did not turn up)
Organization Structure
Advisory Committee:
Ir. Dr. Wen Hui Ting, Ir. Dr. Sin Fatt Chan, Ir. Dr. Teik Aun Ooi, Ir. Yew Weng Yee, Ir. Thien Seng Yee, Ir.
Kenny Kwong Sing Yee, Ir. Shaw Shong Liew, Ir. Dr. Swee Huat Chan, Ir. Jack Kok Loong Pan, Ir. Peng Tean
Sin, Ir. Peir Tien Lee, Ir. Balakrishnan Etty Gaunder, Mr. Wooi Chuan Loh, Mr. Richard Ong, Ir. Raftah
Mahfar
Organizing Committee:
Chairman:
Deputy Chairman:
Organizing Secretary:
Committee Members:
Ir. Dr. Dominic Ek Leong Ong

Mr. Kuo Jun Tan
Dr. Chung Siung Choo
Mr. William Ee
Mr. Fredrik Phangkawira
Mr. Mohd. Irfaan Peerun
Reviewers of Technical Papers:

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Siti Noor Linda Taib, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Min Lee Lee, Dr. Chung Siung Choo, Dr. Fauzan
Sahdi, Dr. Janaka Kumara, Dr. Kok Shien Ng, Dr. Kwong Soon Wong
Editors:
Ir. Dr. Dominic Ek Leong Ong, Dr. Chung Siung Choo
Page 34
Conference Reports
(Cont)
viii)
Publisher:
The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, Bangunan Ingeniur, Lots 60 & 62, Jalan 52/4, P.O. Box 223, Jalan
Sultan, 46720 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, ISBN: 978-983-40616-5-4
Acknowledgements:
The Organizing Committee would like to express its appreciation to all who have contributed to this
Conference, including the authors of papers, the keynote and invited lecturers, paper reviewers,
Conference delegates, staff members of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, sponsors, advertisers and
volunteers.
Conference Sponsors:
The Organizing Committee wishes to express its gratitude and appreciation to the following sponsors:
Profiles of Speakers and Participants

Keynote Speakers:
Prof. Ikuo Towhata, Emeritus Professor at University of Tokyo, President of Japanese Geotechnical
Society, Vice-President for Asia, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering
Ir. Y.C. Tan, President of IEM, Board member of BEM, Secretary General of AFEO
Invited Speakers:
Asst. Prof. S.C. Chian, Assistant Professor at National University of Singapore
Ir. T.W. Yee, Asia Technical Manager at TenCate Geosynthetics, Founding member of South East
Asian Chapter of the International Geosynthetics Society
Open Forum discussion

Objective:
Theme:
Chairperson:
Open-floor discussion among the audience to share their experiences

Contribution of Young Geotechnical Engineers to Nation Building
Ir. Dr. Dominic Ong, Dr. Choo Chung Siung
Topics discussed:
Site experience vs office experience
Value of PhD in achieving success
Support from employers for professional growth
Real-time instrumentation
Professional ethics
Route to PENG
Page 35
Conference Reports
(Cont)
ix)
Awards
Category: Best Paper
Recipient: Mr. E.Y. Kencana
Category: Best Speaker

Recipient: Mr. C.H. Lin
Token of Appreciation to Sponsors:
Ansah Asia Sdh Bhd
Tradimas Sarawak Sdn Bhd
Swinburne Sarawak Research Centre

for Sustainable Technologies
Page 36
Conference Reports
(Cont)
x)
Photo gallery:
Keynote Lecture 1: Prof. Ikuo Towhata
Keynote Lecture 2: Ir. Y.C. Tan
Invited Lecture 1: Asst. Prof. S.C. Chian
Invited Lecture 2: Ir. T.W. Yee
Open Forum: Ir. Dr. Dominic Ong and Dr. Chung

Siung Choo as Chairpersons
Open Forum: Discussion among audience
Page 37
Conference Reports
(Cont)
xi)
YGEC 2016 Group Photo
YGEC 2016 Organizing Committee
Dinner Group Photo
Page 38
ISSMGE Foundation report
xii)
The 17th Nordic Geotechnical Meeting was held at Harpa Congress Center in Reykjavik, Iceland from 25 th
May to 28th May, 2016. All the presentations were divided into various themes such as Experimental
Investigations, Deep Foundations, Modelling analysis and Design etc. and nearly covered all aspects of
Geotechnical Engineering. The conference started with a short welcome program in which a stand-up
comedian performed and made us all laugh. It was followed by three plenary lectures by Prof. Suzanne
Lacasse, Douglas F. VanDine and Jorgen S. Steenfelt respectively. All the sessions were quite informative
and useful for young geotechnical engineers. After the key lectures, parallel sessions were organized and
were dedicated to various themes of geotechnical engineering. The presentation led me to realize that
the geotechnical challenges are common to some extent despite the distance between nations. I found out
that landslides are major threat to Nordic countries. I was impressed by their research studies towards
mitigating landslide hazards. Poster sessions were also organized during the lunch and coffee breaks. I had
the opportunity to interact with many professionals and researchers working in my similar area during
poster session. I also discussed with few people for potential cooperation in geotechnical engineering. I
visited some of the exhibitions and stalls of few companies and came to know about the latest
instrumentation technologies and software in geotechnical engineering. Apart from the conference, I also
had the opportunity to visit some of the attractive and world famous places in Iceland. Some of the places
which I visited are Gullfoss waterfall, Geysir, ingvellir National Park.
Overall, I can say that NGM gave me the opportunity to learn and understand the challenges that occur in
geotechnical engineering throughout the world. Last but not the least, I would like to thank the ISSMGE
Foundation for their financial support in attending this conference.
Picture 1. Photograph taken with Prof. Antonio

Gens, Vice-President of the ISSMGE for Europe
Anil Kumar Sharma
Amrita University, Coimbatore, India
Picture 2. Photograph taken with Prof. Vikas

Thakur from NTNU, Norway
Page 39
Hot News
Book review: Design of Column-Reinforced Foundations
xiii)
Publication: Design of Column-Reinforced Foundations
Publisher: J. Ross Publishing Inc. (Florida, USA).
Author: Mounir Bouassida
Overview: The design of foundations on reinforced soil by columns is tackled within a general framework
where several aspects are taken into consideration: modeling of reinforced soil, bearing capacity,
settlement, acceleration of consolidation, and improvement of soil characteristics with selected case
histories. Unlike existing books on unique improvement techniques (deep soil mixing, stone columns, sand
compaction piles) that focus on installation and equipment issues, this one-of-a-kind guide details design
purpose. It is an important work for all in the geotechnical field, including practitioners, academics, and
students.
Key Features:
Introduces a novel methodology of design for all columnar-techniques, via an optimized improvement
area ratio determined by combining the bearing capacity and settlement verifications that constitute
an original result
Provides case histories that show this optimized design is cost effective compared to existing methods
based either on bearing capacity or settlement considerations
Shows the value of the optimized design achieved by elaborated columns through software already in
use by geotechnical engineers
Analysis of the behavior of reinforced soil by columns, carried out by finite element and finite
difference codes, subjected to various vertically loaded structures, shows the effectiveness of floating
columns that can be adopted for reinforcement of thick compressible deposits
Rationally handles the design of column-reinforced foundations from modeling up to the study of
behavior predicted by numerical analysis and assessed by field test results.
Page 40
Hot News
Call for nominations of ISSMGE Awards
xiv)
The ISSMGE offers the following awards to recognise those members who have made important
contributions to our profession, society and the world. For more information and guidelines for the
nomination of the various awards please visit http://www.issmge.org/en/awards.
Awards for:
Outstanding
Outstanding
Outstanding
Outstanding
Outstanding
Outstanding
Outstanding
Technical Committee
Geotechnical Project
Innovator
Member Society
Paper Published in the International Journal of Geo-Engineering Case Histories
Public Relations Award
Young Geotechnical Engineer Award (3)
Member Societies are hereby called to submit nominations for ISSMGE awards for the 19 th International
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering to be held in Seoul, South Korea, in
September 2017. Nominations are to be submitted to the Secretary General from 1 st October 2015 and will
close on 1st July 2016. For more information and guidelines for the nomination of the various awards
please visit http://www.issmge.org/en/awards.
Page 41
Event Diary
ISSMGE EVENTS
Please refer to the specific conference website for full details and latest information.
2016
12th International Symposium on Landslides
Date: Sunday 12 June 2016 - Sunday 19 June 2016
Location: Naples, Italy
Language: English
Contact person: Italian Geotechnical Association (AGI)
Address: Viale dellUniversit, 11 - 00185, Roma, Italy
Phone: +39 064465569 - 0644704349
E-mail: agi@associazionegeotecnica.it
Website: http://www.isl2016.it/
8me Journes Africaines de la Gotechnique
Date: Monday 20 June 2016 - Friday 24 June 2016
Location: Hotel Sawa, DOUALA, Cameroon
Language: French and English
Organizer: CTGA
E-mail: http://www.8jag-cngc.org/8jag/contact/
Website: www.8jag-cngc.org
1st International Conference on Natural Hazards & Infrastructure: Protection, Design, Rehabilitation
Date: Tuesday 28 June 2016 - Thursday 30 June 2016
Location: Minoa Palace Resort & Spa, Chania, Crete, Greece
Address: Pampouki 3, N. Psychiko,15451, Athens, Greece
Phone: +30 210 7723383, +30 210 6721798
E-mail: secretary@iconhic2016.com
Website: http://iconhic2016.com/
Conference in Honour of Michele Maugeri
Date: Friday 01 July 2016 - Friday 01 July 2016
Location: University of Catania Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAR) Auditorium Edificio della Didattica Cit, Catania, Italy
Language: English
Organizer: Italian Geotechnical Society
Contact person: AGI
Address: Viale dell'Universit 11, 00185 Rome, Italy
Phone: +39 06 4465569
Fax: +39 06 44361035
E-mail: agi@associazionegeotecnica.it
Website: www.associazionegeotecnica.it
Page 42
Event Diary (Cont)
GeoChina 2016
Date: Monday 25 July 2016 - Wednesday 27 July 2016
Location: Shandong, China
Language: English
Organizer: Shandong University in Cooperation with Shandong Department of Transportation and
University of Oklahoma
Contact person: Antony Warden
Address: Shanghai, China
Phone: +86-021-54721773
E-mail: geochina.sec@gmail.com
Website: http://geochina2016.geoconf.org/
8th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineering Conference (8 AYGEC)
Date: Friday 05 August 2016 - Sunday 07 August 2016
Location: Astana, Kazakhstan
Language: English
Organizer: Kazakhstan Geotechnical Society
Contact Person: Prof. Askar Zhussupbekov - Chairman of Organizing Committee of the 8th AYGEC
Address: 2 Satpayev Str, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010008,
Phone: +7-7172-35-37-40
Fax: +7-7172-34-47-96
E-mail: astana-geostroi@mail.ru
Website: http://kgs-astana.wix.com/8aygec
5th African Young Geotechnical Engineering Conference
Date: Wednesday 10 August 2016 - Friday 12 August 2016
Location: KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
Language: English
Organizer: Ghana Geotechnical Society
Contact person: Ing. Felix Jojo Ayeh
Address: Civil Engineering Department, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana
Phone: +233(0)264452786
E-mail: 5aygec16@gmail.com
1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics ICEGT 2016
Date: Monday 29 August 2016 - Wednesday 31 August 2016
Location: Auditorium Maximum (Audimax) of Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
Language: English
Organizer: ISSMGE TC308 on Energy Geotechnics
Contact person: ICEGT 2016 Secretariat
Address: Ludewig Meyn Str. 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
Phone: +49 - (0) 431 - 880 1976
Fax: +49 - (0) 431 - 880 4376
E-mail: secretary@icegt-2016.de
Website: http://www.iceg-2016.de/
Page 43
Event Diary (Cont)
3rd ICTG International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics

Date: Sunday 04 September 2016 - Wednesday 07 September 2016
Location: Vila Flor Cultural Centre and University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal
Language: English
Organizer: Portuguese Geotechnical Society and University of Minho
Contact person: Prof. A. Gomes Correia (Chair)
Address: University of Minho, School of Engineering, 4800-058, Guimares, Portugal
Phone: +351253510200
Fax: +351253510217
E-mail: agc@civil.uminho.pt
Website: http://www.webforum.com/tc3
5th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characteristion (ISC5)
Date: Monday 05 September 2016 - Friday 09 September 2016
Location: QT Hotel, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
Language: English
Organizer: Leishman Associates
Address: 113 Harrington St, 7000, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Phone: 03 6234 7844
E-mail: hannah@laevents.com.au
Website: http://www.isc5.com.au
8th International Conference on Scour and Erosion,
Date: Monday 12 September 2016 - Wednesday 15 September 2016
Location: University of Oxford Mathematical Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom
Language: English
Organizer: HR Wallingford
Contact person: Sarah Moxon
Address: HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, OX10 8BA, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
Phone: +44 (0)1491 835381
E-mail: icse2016@hrwallingford.com
Website: www.icse2016.com/
3rd European Conference on Unsaturated Soils - Paris 2016
Date: Monday 12 September 2016 - Wednesday 14 September 2016
Location: Ecole des ponts ParisTech, Marne la Valle, France
Language: English
Organizer: Ecole des ponts
Contact person: Severine Beaunier
Address: PFC, Maison des ponts, 15 Rue de la Fontaine au Roi ,75011 Paris, France
Phone: 33144582700
E-mail: severine.beaunier@enpc.fr
Website: http://eunsat2016.sciencesconf.org/
Page 44
Event Diary (Cont)

13th Baltic States Geotechnical Conference
Date: Thursday 15 September 2016 - Saturday 17 September 2016
Location: Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Language: English
Organizer: Baltic Sea states Geotechnical Societies / Main organizer Lithuanian Geotechnical Society
Contact person: Danut Sliyt
Address: Saultekio ave. 15-510, LT-10224, Vilnius, Lithuania
Phone: +37068690044
Fax: +37052500604
E-mail: danute.slizyte@vgtu.lt
Website: http://www.13bsgc.lt
International Geotechnical Engineering Conference on Sustainability in Geotechnical Engineering
Practices and Related Urban Issues
Date: Friday 23 September 2016 - Saturday 24 September 2016
Location: Ramada Powai Hotel and Convention Centre, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai Maharashtra, India
Language: English
Organizer: Indian Geotechnical Society Mumbai Chapter with Indian Geotechnical Society (IGS) and ISSMGE
Contact person: Prof. Deepankar Choudhury
Address: Professor and Organising Secretary, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, 400076
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Phone: +91-22-25767335
Fax: +91-22-25767302
E-mail: igsmumbai@gmail.com
Website: http://www.igsmumbaichapter.in/
69th Annual Canadian Geotechnical Conference - GeoVancouver2016
Date: Sunday 02 October 2016 - Wednesday 05 October 2016
Location: Westin Bayshore Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Language: English and French
Organizer: The Canadian Geotechnical Society (see: www.cgs.ca)
Contact person Dr. Mustapha Zergoun, P.Eng., P.E.
Address: Suite 900, 1281 West Georgia Street, V6E 3J7, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Phone: 604-684-4384
Fax: 604-684-5124
E-mail: mzergoun@thurber.ca
Website: http://www.geovancouver2016.com
GEO-EXPO 2016 Scientific and Expert Conference
Date: Friday 07 October 2016 - Saturday 08 October 2016
Location: Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Language: English, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Organizer: Geotechnical Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Contact person: Prof. Sabid Zekan
Address: Univerzitetska 2, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Phone: + 387 61 56 22 77
Fax: + 387 35 32 05 70
E-mail: geotehnika@geotehnika.ba, info@geotehnika.ba
Website: http://www.geotehnika.ba
Page 45
Event Diary (Cont)
9th All-Ukrainian Scientific-Technical Conference Soil mechanics, geotechnics and foundation

engineering: Geotechnical innovations and implementation of Eurocodes in Ukraine
Date: Tuesday 11 October 2016 - Thursday 13 October 2016
Location: Dnieper state academy of construction and architecture, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
Language: English, Ukrainian, Russia
Organizer: Ukrainian society of soil mechanics, geotechnics and foundation engineering
Address: SE NDIBK, 5/2 Preobrazhenska street, 03037, Kiev-37, Ukraine
Phone: (056) 247-08-88
E-mail: iepi@pgasa.dp.ua
Website: www.niisc.com (section: Conferences)
XVIII Brazilian Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering - COBRAMSEG 2016
Date: Wednesday 19 October 2016 - Saturday 22 October 2016
Location: Minascentro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Language: Portuguese and English
Organizer: ABMS - Brazilian Society for Soils Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
E-mail: contato@cobramseg2016.com.br
Website: http://www.cobramseg2016.com.br/
SFGE 2016 Shaping the Future of Geotechnical Education International Conference on GeoEngineering Education
Date: Thursday 20 October 2016 - Saturday 22 October 2016
Language: English
Organizer: ISSMGE TC306 and ABMS - Brazilian Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Contact person: Michele Calvello
E-mail: sfge2016@cobramseg2016.com.br / michele.calvello@gmail.com
Website: http://cobramseg2016.com.br/index.php/sfge-sobre/?lang=en
V South American Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference - SAYGEC/GEOJOVEM 2016
Date: Thursday 20 October 2016 - Saturday 22 October 2016
Language: Portuguese, Spanish, English
Organizer: ABMS - Brazilian Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Contact person: Profa. Terezinha Esposito
E-mail: geojovem@cobramseg2016.com.br
Website: http://www.cobramseg2016.com.br
11th ANZ Young Geotechnical Professionals Conference (11YGPC)
Date: Tuesday 25 October 2016 - Friday 28 October 2016
Location: Queenstown, New Zealand
Language: English
Organizer: NZGS
Contact person: Frances Neeson
E-mail: 11ygpc@gmail.com
Website: http://www.nzgs.org/resources/pdfs/YGP_11Queens2016formsv1.pdf
Page 46
Event Diary (Cont)
5th International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics

Date: Monday 14 November 2016 - Wednesday 16 November 2016
Location: Tehran, Iran
Organizer: International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics
Contact person: 009888931328
Address: Unit2, No 14, Eftekharnia Alley, Larestan St, Motahari Ave, 1595914911 Tehran, Iran
Phone: 9888931507
Fax: 9888931275
E-mail: info@igs.ir
Website: www.igs.ir
Geotec Hanoi 2016
Date: Thursday 24 November 2016 - Friday 25 November 2016
Location: JW Marriott Hotel Hanoi, No 8 Do Duc Duc Road, Me Tri Ward, South Tu Liem District, Hanoi,
Vietnam
Language: English
Organizer: FECON, VSSMGE, and JGS
Contact person: GEOTEC HANOI 2016 Secretariat
Address: FECON Corp, 15th Floor, CEO Tower, Lot HH2-1 Urban Me Tri Ha, Pham Hung Street, Ward Me Tri,
Nam Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Phone: +84 4 6269.0481 / 82
Fax: +84 4 6269 0484
E-mail: secretariat@geotechn.vn
Website: www.geotechn.vn
IX Chilean Congress of Geotechnics
Date: Monday 05 December 2016 - Wednesday 07 December 2016
Location: Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, XIV Regin de Los Ros, Chile
Language: Spanish - English
Organizer: SOCHIGE
Contact person: Macarena Tugas
Address: San Isidro 53, Santiago, Santiago, Chile
Phone: +56994253193
E-mail: directorio@sochige.cl
Website: http://www.congresosochige.cl
International Conference on Forensic Geotechnical Engineering
Date: Thursday 08 December 2016 - Saturday 10 December 2016
Location: Satish Dhawan Auditorium,Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Language: English
Organizer: ISSMGE TC 302
Contact person: Dr. Anbazhagan
Address: Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Phone: 00918022932467
E-mail: anbu@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Page 47
Event Diary (Cont)
2017
Advances in Laboratory Testing and Modelling of Soils and Shales
Date: Wednesday 18 January 2017 - Friday 20 January 2017
Location: Swiss Alps, Switzerland
Language: English
Organizer: Prof. Lyesse Laloui and Prof. Alessio Ferrari
Contact person: Ms Valentina Favero
Address: EPFL-ENAC-IIC-LMS, Station 18, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
Phone: +41 (0)21 693 23 13
E-mail: valentina.favero@epfl.ch
Website: http://atmss.epfl.ch
International Conference on New Challenges In Geotechnical Engineering, ICNCGE-2017
Date: Monday 23 January 2017
Location: FAST National University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Language: English
Organizer: Pakistan Geotechnical Engineering Society - PGES
Contact person: Syed Badar Ul Hussnain
Address: NESPAK House, 1-C, Block N, Model Town Lahore-Pakistan, 54700, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Phone: +92 42 99090325
Fax: +92 42 99231950
E-mail: icncge2017@gmail.com
Website: http://www.pges-pak.org/home/icncge-2017
9th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, IS So Paulo 2017
Date: Tuesday 04 April 2017 - Thursday 06 April 2017
Location: Centro de Convenes Rebouas,So Paulo,SP,Brazil
Language: English
Organizer: Brazilian Association for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ABMS) and the Brazilian
Tunnelling Committee (CBT)
Contact person: MCI So Paulo
Address: Rua George Ohm, 230 Torre A, 19 Andar, 04576-020, So Paulo, SP, Brazil
Phone: 55 11 3056-6000
Fax: 55 11 3056-6000
E-mail: atendimento@mci-group.com
Website: http://www.is-saopaulo.com
BCRRA 2017 - Tenth International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and
Airfields.
Date: Wednesday 28 June 2017 - Friday 30 June 2017
Location: ATHENS, Greece
Language: English
Local Organizer: National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
Contact person: Prof. Andreas Loizos
Address: 5, Iroon Polytechniou str.,15773, ATHENS, Greece
Phone: + 30 210 7721279
Fax: + 30 210 7724254
E-mail: aloizos@central.ntua.gr
Website: http://www.bcrra2017.com/
Page 48
Event Diary (Cont)
GeoMEast 2017
Date: Saturday 15 July 2017 - Wednesday 19 July 2017
Location: Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt
Language: English
Organizer: The Egyptian Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC) in cooperation with the SoilStructure Interaction Group in Egypt (SSIGE)
Contact person: Hany Farouk Shehata
Address: Tower C, Maamora Towers, 7th District, Nasr City, 11727 ,Cairo, Egypt
Phone: +201110666775
E-mail: hanyfarouk808@gmail.com
Website: http://www.geomeast2017.org/
PBD-III Vancouver 2017 - The 3rd International Conference on Performance Based Design in
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering
Date: Sunday 16 July 2017 - Wednesday 19 July 2017
Location: Westin Bayshore Hotel (http://www.westinbayshore.com/) Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Language: English
Organizer: TC203 (Earthquakes)
Website: http://pbdiiivancouver.com/
ICSMGE 2017 - 19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Seoul
Date: Sunday 17 September 2017 - Thursday 21 September 2017
Location: Coex Convention Center, Seoul, Korea
Language: English and French
Organizer: Organising Committee of ICSMGE 2017
Contact person: Ms. Soi LEE
Address: 4F, SUNGJI Building, 192, Bangbae-ro, Seocho-gu, 137-835, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Phone: +82-2-6288-6347
Fax: +82-2-6288-6399
E-mail: secretariat@icsmge2017.org
Website: http://www.icsmge2017.org
2018
4th International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing (CPT18)
Date: Thursday 21 June 2018 - Friday 22 June 2018
Location: Delft University of Technology (TUD), Delft, Netherlands,
Language: English
Organizer: Delft University of Technology (endorsed by TC102)
Contact person: Prof. Michael Hicks, Dr. Federico Pisan and Ir. Joek Peuchen
Address: Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Section of Geo-Engineering, Building 23, Stevinweg
1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Phone: +31 70 31 11299
E-mail: info@cpt18.org
Website: http://www.cpt18.org
Page 49
Event Diary (Cont)
The 7th International Conference on Unsaturated Soils (UNSAT2018)

Date: Friday 03 August 2018 - Sunday 05 August 2018
Location: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong, China
Language: English
Organizer: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)
Contact persons: Prof. Charles W. W. Ng (Chair), Miss Shirley Tse (Administrative Secretary) or Dr Anthony
Leung (Technical Secretary)
Address: Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Kowloon, HKSAR, China
Phone: (852) 2358-0216
Fax: (852) 2243-0040
E-mail: unsat2018@ust.hk
Website: http://www.unsat2018.org
2019
ISDCG 2019 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials
Date: Wednesday 26 June 2019 - Friday 28 June 2019
Location: Technology and Innovation Centre (TIC) of the University of Strathclyde, Scotland, UK,
Language: English
Organizer: TC101
Website: in construction
ECSMGE 2019 XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Date: Sunday 01 September 2019 - Friday 06 September 2019
Location: Harpa Conference Centre Reykjavik, Iceland
Language: English
Organizer: The Icelandic Geotechnical Society
Contact person: Haraldur Sigursteinsson
Address: Vegagerdin, Borgartn 7, IS-109, Reykjavik, Iceland
Phone: +354 522 1236
E-mail: has@road.is
Website: http://www.ecsmge-2019.com
FOR FURTHER DETAILS, PLEASE REFER TO THE WEBSITE OF THE SPECIFIC CONFERENCE
Page 50
Corporate Associates
S.N. Apageo S.A.S.

ZA de Gomberville
BP 35 - 78114 MAGNY LES HAMEAUX
FRANCE
Deltares
PO Box 177
2600 AB Delft,
THE NETHERLANDS
Golder Associates Inc

1000, 940-6th Avenue S.W.
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA T2P 3T1
SOLETANCHE BACHY SA
133 boulevard National, 92500 RueilMalmaison,
FRANCE
Tensar International Ltd

Cunningham Court
Shadsworth Business Park
Blackburn, BB1 2QX,
UNITED KINGDOM
TenCate Geosynthetics
9, rue Marcel Paul
B.P. 40080
95873 Bezons Cedex
FRANCE
RCF Ltd
4C Ologun Agbeje
Victoria Island
Lagos,
Nigeria
Terre Arme
280, avenue Napolon Bonaparte
92506 Rueil Malmaison Cedex
France
Coffey Geotechnics
8/12 Mars Road
Lane Cove West
NSW, 2066
AUSTRALIA
Jan de Nul N.V.

Tragel 60,
B-9308 Hofstade-Aalst
BELGIUM
Zetas Zemin Teknolojisi AS

Merkez Mah. Resadiye Cad. No. 69/A
Alemdag, Umraniye
Istanbul, 34794
TURKEY
A.P. van den Berg
IJzerweg 4
8445 PK Heerenveen
THE NETHERLANDS
NAUE GmbH Co KG
Gewerbestrasse 2
32339 Espelkamp-Fiestel
GERMANY
Siemens Energy
Kaiserleistrasse10
63067 Offenbach
GERMANY
Pagani Geotechnical Equipment

Localita Campogrande 26
29010 Calendasco (PC)
Italy
www.pagani-geotechnical.com
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadion
N-0806 OSLO
NORWAY
International I.G.M. s.a.r.l.

P.O.Box: 166129 Achrafieh
Beirut
LEBANON

Corporate Associates (Cont)
Huesker Ltda
Rua Romualdo Davoli, 375
Cond. El Dorado
CEP 12238.577 So Jos dos Campos SP
BRAZIL
AECOM Asia Company Ltd

8/F, Tower 2, Grand Central Plaza
138 Shatin Rural Committee Road
Shatin, NT
HONG KONG
Ove Arup & Partners Ltd.

13 Fitzroy Street
London W1T 4BQ
UNITED KINGDOM
GHD Pty, Ltd.

57-63 Herbert Street
Artarmon NSW 2064
AUSTRALIA
Hayward Baker Inc.

1130 Annapolis Road, Suite 202
Odenton, MD 21113
UNITED STATES
Terrasol
42/52 Quai de la Rape - CS7123075583
Paris CEDEX 12
FRANCE
LLC GEOIZOL
Bolshoy PR PS h.25//2 lits E.
197198 Saint Petersburg
Novosibirsk Engineering Center Ltd.

Televisionnaya Street,15
Novosibirsk 630048
RUSSIA
Maccaferri
Via Kennedy 10
40069 Zola Predosa (Bologna)
ITALY
Page 51
Page 52
Foundation Donors
The Foundation of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) was
created to provide financial help to geo-engineers throughout the world who wish to further their geoengineering knowledge and enhance their practice through various activities which they could not
otherwise afford. These activities include attending conferences, participating in continuing education
events, purchasing geotechnical reference books and manuals.
Diamond: $50,000 and above

a. ISSMGE-2010
http://www.issmge.org/
b. Prof. Jean-Louis and Mrs. Janet Briaud
https://www.briaud.com and
http://ceprofs.tamu.edu/briaud/
Platinum: $25,000 to $49,999
Gold: $10,000 to $24,999

a. International I-G-M
http://www.i-igm.net/
b. Geo-Institute of ASCE
http://content.geoinstitute.org/
c. Japanese Geotechnical Society

http://www.jiban.or.jp/
d. The Chinese Institution of Soil Mechanics

and Geotechnical Engineering CCES
www.geochina-cces.cn/en
e. Korean Geotechnical Society
www.kgshome.or.kr
f. Comit Franais de Mcanique des Sols et de Gotechnique

www.cfms-sols.org
Silver: $1,000 to $9,999

a. Prof. John Schmertmann
b. Deep Foundation Institute
www.dfi.org
c. Yonsei University
http://civil.yonsei.ac.kr
Page 53
Foundation Donors (Cont)
d. CalGeo The California Geotechnical

Engineering Association
www.calgeo.org
e.
Prof. Ikuo Towhata

towhata.ikuo.ikuo@gmail.com
http://geotle.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
f.
Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society
www.tgs.org.tw
g. Prof. Zuyu Chen

http://www.iwhr.com/zswwenglish/index.htm
h. East China Architectural Design and Research Institute
ECADI
http://www.ecadi.com/en/
i.
TC 211 of ISSMGE for Ground Improvement

www.bbri.be/go/tc211
j.
Prof. Askar Zhussupbekov www.enu.kz/en, www.kgs-astana.kz
k. TC302 of ISSMGE for Forensic Geotechnical Engineering

http://www.issmge.org/en/technical-committees/impact-on-society/163-forensicgeotechnical-engineering
l.
Prof. Yoshinori Iwasaki yoshi-iw@geor.or.jpwww.geor.or.jp
m. Mr. Clyde N. Baker, Jr.

n. Prof. Hideki Ohta
o. Prof. Eun Chul Shin
www.incheo@incheon.ac.kr n.ac.krecshin
p. Prof. Tadatsugu Tanaka
Bronze: up to $999
a. Prof. Mehmet T. Tmay
mtumay@eng.lsu.edu
b. Nagadi Consultants (P) Ltd
c. Professor Anand J. Puppala
University of Texas Arlington
http://www.uta.edu/ce/index.php
d. ARGO-E (Geoengineer.org)
http://www.argo-e.com
http://www.coe.lsu.edu/administration_tumay.html
www.nagadi.co.in

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ISSMGE Bulletin

Volume 10, Issue 3

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

Select all items below

An overview of the geotechnical

The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake with a moment

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

JMA Seismic Intensity (Max)

(Modified from JMA)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 1. Epicenter of the earthquake and distribution of aftershocks (Source: USGS)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

2. Mechanism and the seismicity of the earthquake

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 4. Geological map of Kumamoto (Source: GeLK)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Solid line: Main shock

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 10. Surveyed locations (Source: Google map)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 12. Road damage and building damage due to subsidence

Failed retaining wall

More than 2.0 m deep

3.1.2 Earthquake-triggered landslides, debris flow and slope failures

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 16. State of the landslide on May 12

Figure 17. Surficial failure in Aso

Figure 18. Swept away houses

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 19. Andisols of the failed slope

Figure 20. Cracks in the slope

Figure 21. Hinotori hot spring disaster

Figure 22. Soils in that area (Haido)

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 23. Concrete check dam collapse

Figure 24. Collapsed part of the dam

Figure 25. Debris around the dam

Figure 26. Erosion of the river channel

3.2 Fault-induced damage in Nishihara village

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 28. Damage to control room

Figure 29. Damage to roads and retaining wall

ISSMGE Bulletin: Volume 10, Issue 3

Major Project (Cont)

Figure 30. Overflow of the regulating pond

Figure 31. Overflowing water crossing the road

Figure 32. Scouring of the road embankment

Figure 33. Wall damage on the embankment

Figure 34. Emptied reservoir and exposed fault

Figure 35. Slope failures along the embankment