Unit 1

PRESENT SIMPLE
Forma

Afirmativa

I/You/We/They
He/She/It

go
goes

Negativa

I/You/We/They
He/She/It

do not
(dont)
does not
(doesnt)

Interrogativa

Do
Does

I/you/we/they
he/she/it

go
go
go?
go?

Ortografa en la tercera persona del singular

La mayora de los verbos aaden -s para formar la 3 persona del

singular: stops, walks, develops, employs
Los verbos acabados en -ch, -o, - sh, -ss y -x aaden -es: teaches,
goes, finishes, passes, fixes
Los verbos que acaban en consonante + -y cambian la -ypor -ies:
carries, studies

Expresiones de tiempo

Adverbios de frecuencia: always, usually, often, sometimes, never.

Se colocan delante del verbo principal pero detrs del verbo to be.
o
Companies sometimes prefer to give jobs to New Zealanders.
o

It is always hard to emigrate.

Otras expresiones: every day / every week / every month /

every year, on Sunday / Tuesday / Friday, once a week, twice a year.
Normalmente se colocan al final de la oracin.
o
Small shops dont open on Sunday.
o
o

A large number of people emigrate from their countryevery

year.
Congolese people meet once a week.

Uso

Acciones repetidas, hbitos o rutinas.

o

I do my shopping in chain stores.

Hechos que son siempre verdaderos.

Immigrants tend to live in one particular area of the city.

Hechos o acciones permanentes.

My father works in a local shop.

Still / Not ... anymore

Estos dos adverbios se utilizan para indicar que algo continua stillo que ya no se sigue
haciendo not ... anymore.

Still se coloca delante del verbo principal pero detrs del verbo to be.
En oraciones negativas se coloca delante del auxiliar.
o
My family still lives in Morocco.
o

She is still unemployed.

I still havent forgotten my home country.

Not ... anymore se coloca al final de la oracin.

Traditional stores dont employ people anymore.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Forma

Este tiempo se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el verbo principal terminado en
ing.

Shes visiting her parents in Bangladesh.

I
You/We/They
Afirmativa

He/She/It

am
('m)
are
('re)
is
('s)

Negativa

You/We/They
He/She/It

am not
('m)
are not
(aren't)
is not
(isn't)

Interrogativa

Am
Are
Is

I
you/we/they
he/she/it

going
going
going

going
going
going
going?
going?
going?

Ortografa para la terminacin -ing

La mayora de los verbos aaden -ing al infinitivo:

o
study studying, work working

Los verbos que acaban en -e la pierden antes de aadir -ing:

live living, take taking

(excepto los acabados en -ee: agree agreeing)

Los verbos que acaban en vocal acentuada y consonante doblan
la consonante:
o

put putting, stop stopping, refer referring

Los verbos que acaban en vocal + -l doblan la consonante:

travel travelling

Expresiones de tiempo
Se usa: now, at the moment, nowadays, today, this morning /
afternoon / evening / this month / this year. Normalmente se colocan al final de
la oracin aunque tambin pueden colocarse al principio.

He comes from Pakistan and he's staying with some people from his
country this month.

At the moment I'm having a great time living in such a multiethnic

city.

Uso

Acciones que estn ocurriendo en el momento.

o

I'm sitting outside a caf in Hackney in north London and it

reminds me of Vietnam.

Hechos o acciones temporales, que no tienen por qu estar

ocurriendo ahora.
My girlfriend and I are looking for an apartment in this city.

En algunas ocasiones cuando en ingls se usa present continuous, en espaol

usamos presente simple.

We're staying with friends until we find a flat to rent. (Nos alojamos con
unos amigos hasta que encontremos un piso para alquilar)

Small shops aren't closing this Sunday. (Las tiendas pequeasno cierran este
domingo)

STATE VERBS
En ingls existe un grupo de verbos que normalmente no se usan en tiempos
continuos porque describen estados y no acciones. Entre los ms comunes se
encuentran verbos relacionados con:

las emociones y
los sentimientos

care, hate, hope, like, love, prefer,

want, wish

el pensamiento y
la opinin

agree, believe, forget, know, imagine,

suppose, think (creer), understand

la posesin

belong, have (poseer), need, own

los sentidos

hear, smell, taste, see (ver)

Fjate
Algunos de estos verbos pueden usarse en tiempos continuos pero con un significado
diferente que describe una accin y no un estado.

He's thinking of learning French. (think = pensar)

He thinks French is a useful language. (think = opinar)

I'm having lunch now. (have = tomar)

I have a house by the sea. (have = poseer)

PRESENT PERFECT
Forma

Este tiempo se forma con el presente del verbo to have (have / has) y el verbo
principal en participio pasado. Los verbos regulares forman el participio pasado
en -ed y los irregulares tienen una forma propia.

He's visited his family in China several times.

They've learnt new customs in Britain.

Afirmativa

I/You/We/They
He/She/It

have
('ve)
has
('s)

Negativa

He/She/It

have not
(haven't)
has not
(hasn't)

Interrogativa

Have
Has

I/you/we/they
he/she/It

I/You/We/They

gone
gone

gone
gone
gone?
gone?

Fjate

He's been to London. (Ha visitado Londres / No est all ahora)

He's gone to London. (Est en Londres o de camino)

Uso
Este tiempo tiene distintos usos y para cada uso se utilizan distintas expresiones de
tiempo.

Recently, in the last years, several times, lots of times, all my

life...
Se refiere a hechos o acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero cuyo
resultado permanece en el presente.
o
Many immigrants have come to my town recently.
o

I've tried to learn Spanish several times in the last

years because I want to speak to my neighbours.

For y since
Se usan for y since para referirse a acciones que empezaron en el pasado
y continan en el presente.
- For indica la duracin de la accin y se utiliza con periodos de
tiempo (two hours, three years...).
o
I've had a British passport for eight years.
- Since indica el comienzo de la accin (2009 / I came to Britain).
o
A lot of immigration has taken place since the 1940s.

How long se usa para preguntar por la duracin de una accin o

situacin.
o
How long has he lived in this country?
Ever y never
- Ever se usa para preguntar sobre experiencias vividas o hechos que han
ocurrido en algn momento de nuestra vida.
o
Have you ever eaten Vietnamese food?
- Never se usa para hacer oraciones negativas.
o
I've never felt part of this community.

CONTRASTE DE PRESENT SIMPLE YPRESENT PERFECT

En algunas ocasiones cuando en ingls se usa present perfect, en espaol
usamos presente simple.

I know Reza. He's from Iran. (Conozco a Reza. Es de Irn)

I've known my best friend Reza since he arrived to this

country (Conozco a mi mejor amigo Reza desde que lleg a este pas).

He has a British passport. (Tiene pasaporte britnico)

He's had a British passport for 8 years. (Tiene pasaporte britnico desde hace
8 aos)

Fjate
En espaol los verbos de las dos oraciones en present perfectse traducen por
presente, igual que las oraciones en present simple.

FORMACIN DE PALABRAS: SUFIJOS

Los sufijos se utilizan para formar nuevas categoras de palabras, por ejemplo
sustantivos a partir de adjetivos, sustantivos o verbos, o adjetivos a partir de
sustantivos.

BASE

SUFIJOS PARA FORMAR SUSTANTIVOS

Verbo

-(a)tion:
-(s)sion:
-ment:

produce
admit
improve

production
admission
improvement

Adjetivo

-ity:
-ness:
-ism:

diverse
happy
real

diversity
happiness
realism

Sustantivo

-ist:

science

scientist

Sustantivo

-al:
-ian:

ethnics
Italy

ethnical
Italian

CONECTORES
Para relacionar ideas se utilizan distintos tipos de conectores.

Conectores para expresar contraste

Cuando queremos expresar que existe un contraste u oposicin entre dos ideas
podemos utilizar diferentes conectores.

but (pero)

Es el conector ms comn. Se coloca entre las dos

ideas que se desea contrastar.
I like living in this country, but I sometimes miss
my family.

however(sin
embargo)

Se usa tras una pausa fuerte (punto / punto y

coma) y va seguido de coma.
Chain stores offer value and quality.However, they
can't give each customer a personalized attention.

although(aun
que)

Introduce una oracin completa. Puede ir al

principio o en medio de la oracin. Cuando va al
principio se separa de la siguiente oracin con una
coma.
Although some people are afraid of immigration,
I've never had any problems with them.
New Zealanders are helpful although it's not easy
to make friends.

On the one
hand..., on
the other
hand...
(Por un
lado..., por
otro...)

Contrastan ideas en dos oraciones o prrafos

separados.
On the one hand, a multicultural society can help
us be more tolerant with other cultures.On the
other hand, we tend to think that our customs are
the best.

CONECTORES
Conectores para indicar una conclusin
Para indicar que lo que sigue es un resumen y/o una conclusin de lo expuesto
anteriormente podemos utilizar tambin varios conectores.
Finally,

Finally, living in a village has more advantages than disadvantages.

In
conclusion,
To sum up,

To sum up, I think immigrants have to enjoy both their own

traditions and British customs.

Adjectives
cultural /klt()rl/
ethnic /enk/
foreign /frn/
historical /hstrk()l/
industrial /ndstrl/
local /lk()l/
low /l/
mixed /mkst/
multicultural /mltikltrl/
multiethnic /mltienk/
own /n/
racial /re()l/
stereotypical /stritpk()l/

Adverbs
abroad /brd/
anymore /enim(r)/
culturally /klt()rli/
ethnically /enkli/
still /stl/
Nouns
benefit /benft/

immigration /mre()n/

brain drain /brendren/

brand /brnd/
chain stores /tenst(r)z/
consumer /knsjum(r)/
consumerism /knsjumrz()m/
custom /kstm/
descendant /dsendnt/
dictatorship /dktet(r)p/
drawback /drbk/
ginger /dnd(r)/
globalisation /lblaze()n/
heritage /hertd/
high street /hastrit/
Verbs
close down /klzdan/
emigrate /emret/
immigrate /mret/
make up /mekp/
own /n/
queue /kju/
shop /p/
smell /smel/
taste /test/

inhabitant /nhbtnt/
integration /ntre()n/
marriage /mrd/
minority /manrti/
oppression /pre()n/
persecution /p(r)skju()n/
poverty /pv(r)ti/
produce /prdjus/
queue /kju/
refugee /refjdi/
segregation /sere()n/
store /st(r)/
trade /tred/