03-Ohcnats03 WDM Principle Issue 1.00

WDM Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
With the development of telecommunication, the requirements

of the transmission capacity and service categories are
becoming bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM

technology emerged.
Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
List the technical specifications for WDM system.
Page2
Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications
Page3
How to Increase Network Capacity
TDM
SDM
STM-16 STM-64
Add fiber &
Cost &
equipment
WDM
Economical &
Mature & Quick
Complication
Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion
Page4
What's WDM
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
Page5
WDM Concept
Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

fiber for transmission.
1 2
SDH signal
IP package
ATM cells
Page6
System Structure
The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
Optical Amplifier (OA)
Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU
OTU
OTU
O
M
/
O
A
O
A
/
O
D
OLA
OSC
OSC
OSC
Page7
OTU
OTU
OTU
Transmission Modes
Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX
O
T
U
M
4
0
DMUX
M
4
0
Page8
O
T
U
Transmission Modes
Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX
O
T
U
M
4
0
DMUX/MUX
M
4
0
Page9
O
T
U
Application Modes
Integrated System
MUX
M
4
0
DMUX
M
4
0
Client
Client
Page10
Advantages of WDM
Ultra high capacity
Data transparency transmission
Long haul transmission
Compatible with existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio
High networking economy and reliability
Smooth expansion
Page11
CWDM Vs DWDM
CWDM:
Coarse Wavelength Division

Multiplex
DWDM:
Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplex
ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing

C band 160chs
196.075THz
Extended
32chs
192.100THz192.075THz
Page12
191.300THz
Questions
What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
Difference between the two transmission modes
Difference between the two application modes
List the structure of the WDM system.
Page13
Summary
Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
WDM system structure ;
Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Page14
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Page15
Structure of Optical Fiber
Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a

plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2
Cladding
n1
Core
Reflection
Coating
Page16
Attenuation
5
4
3
850~900nm
Multi-mode
dB/km
900
O
band
S C L
OH
nm
1200 1300 1400 1500
Page17
1600 1700
Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting
L1 (km)
Transmitting
L2 (km)
Time
Page18
Dispersion (Cont.)
G.652:widely used, need
dispersion compensation
for high rate transmission
G.653: Zero dispersion

at 1550nm window.
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km
G.655
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
Page19
Dispersion Compensation
The pulse will be broadened because of
Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract
positive dispersion in transmission.

Dispersion
Coefficient
G.652
wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope
Compensation Fiber
Page20
Questions
Whats difference between the refractive index of the cladding

and core?
What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?
Page21
Summary
Structure of optical fiber
Types of optical fiber
Characteristics of optical fiber
Page22
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Page23
WDM System Key Technologies
Optical Source
Optical Multiplexer
and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM
Optical Amplifier
Supervisory
Technologies
Page24
Requirements of Optical Source
Larger dispersion tolerance value
Standard and stable wavelength
Page25
Direct Modulator
Page26
Electro-Absorption (EA) External

Modulator
Page27
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) External

Modulator
Page28
Comparison of Modulators
Types
Direct Modulator
EA Modulator
1200~4000
7200~12800
Cost
Moderate
Expensive
very expensive
Wavelength Stability
Good
Better
Best
Max. dispersion
toleration (ps/nm)
Page29
M-Z Modulator
>12800
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA
Raman Fiber Amplifier
OA
Page30
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

E3 excited state
Decay
E2 meta-stable state
1550nm
signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
Er
3+
energy level diagram
Page31
Structure of EDFA
Signal input
ISO
Coupler
ISO
Signal Output
TAP
TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD
PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
Page32
Features of EDFA
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fixed gain range
attenuation window
Gain un-flatness
High energy conversion
Optical surge problem
Consistent with the low
efficiency
High gain with little cross-talk
Good gain stability
Page33
Automatic Gain Control

1~ n
Gain
1~ n
Pin
EDFA
Pout
Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin
coupler
splitter
PIN
pump
Output Power: Pout
EDF
splitter
DSP
PIN
Page34
Raman Fiber Amplifier
Stimulated Raman Scattering

Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3
30nm
70~100nm
Page35
Features of Raman
Advantages
Flexible gain wavelength
Simple structure
Nonlinear effect can be

reduced;
Disadvantages
High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost
Components & fiber

undertake the high power
Low noise
Page36
Application of OA
OTU
OTU
M
4
U
0
X
OA
Booster amplifier
M
OA4
0
M
OA4
0
Line Amplifier
D
M
4M
U
0X
Pre-amplifier
Page37
OTU
OTU
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

TFF
Thin Film Filter
AWG
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
1 2
1
2
1 2
n
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Page38
2
n
Thin Film Filter

1- 4
1 filter
Self-focusing lens
1
3 filter
2
3
4
Glass
Page39
Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1n
1
1,2 n
n
Arrayed of fibers
Page40
Supervisory Technologies
OSC
Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC
Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology
Page41
Optical Supervisory Channel
Requirements:
Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping
wavelength of OA.
Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
Available when OA fails;
Suitable for long distance transmission.

S
C
C
OTU1
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
M
4
0
F
I
U
F
I
U
OSC
M
4
0
OSC
Page42
OTU1
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
S
C
C
Typical Frame Structure of OSC

TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS14 TS15 TS16
TS0
FA
TS17
F2 byte
TS1
E1 byte
TS18
F3 byte
TS2
F1 byte
TS19
E2 byte
TS14
ALC byte
Others
Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15
D1-D12 bytes
Page43
TS31
Electrical Supervisory Channel

Features:
S
C
C
Simple structure & cost saving
Redundancy supported
Improve power budget
Reduce system complexity
OTU1
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
M
4
0
OTU1
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
M
4
0
Page44
S
C
C
Questions
What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
Page45
Summary
Optical source
Optical amplifier
Optical multiplexer
Supervisory technologies
Page46
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Page47
Related ITU-T Recommendations
G.652
Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
G.655
Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
G.661/G.662/G.663
G.671
Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957
Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
G.691
Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
Relevant recommendations of OA
and other SDH systems with OA
G.692
Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
G.709
Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
G.975
Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
Page48
Transmission Channel Reference

Points
Page49
Distribution of Optical Wavelength

Areas
Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength

corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel
frequency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing

series of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing
100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
Page50
Questions
Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems?
Page51
Thank you
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WDM Principle

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

With the development of telecommunication, the requirements

becoming bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;

Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;

Outline the key technologies of WDM system;

List the technical specifications for WDM system.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

How to Increase Network Capacity

Add fiber &

Mature & Quick

Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)

Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)

Optical Amplifier (OA)

Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultra high capacity

Data transparency transmission

Long haul transmission

Compatible with existing optical fibers

High performance-to-cost ratio

High networking economy and reliability

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coarse Wavelength Division

Dense Wavelength Division

Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

Difference between the two transmission modes

Difference between the two application modes

List the structure of the WDM system.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;

WDM system structure ;

Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structure of Optical Fiber

Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

G.653: Zero dispersion

G.655: Little dispersion

Copyright 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The pulse will be broadened because of

Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window

DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.