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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT (EIAR)
PROPOSED BOGAHAHENA-KUKULA MINI HYDRO POWER PROJECT AT BULATHSINHALA IN

KALUTARA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA
Project Title
: Bogahahena Kukula Mini Hydro Power

Project at Bulathsinhala in Kalutara District, Sri
Lanka
Provincial Council
District
Divisional Secretariat Division
Local Authority
: Western
: Kalutara
: Bulathsinhala
: Bulathsinhala Pradeshiya Saba
Grama Niladari Division
: Paragoda East (825A)
Installed capacity
: 2.3 MW
Annual Energy
: 11.38 GWh
Rated Flow
: 49.5 m3/s
Weir
: Height: 2.5 m, Length: 62 m
Headrace Channel
: Length: 310m
Transmission Line Length
: 0.5 km
Land Extent of the Development
: 0.57 ha
Investment
: SLR 690 Million
Name of the Project Developer

Postal Address
: Zhejiang Young Energy Co. (Pvt) Ltd.

: 95/7, Old Kottawa Road
Nawinna, Maharagama
Phone No
Contact Person:
: +94-11-2839656
: Mr. Sarath Hemachandra
: Director
: +94-71-8317129
Name
Designation
Phone
EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP
August 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................................... v
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1
Background of the project ...................................................................................................... 6
1.2
Objectives and justification of the project ............................................................................. 6
1.3
Objectives of the EIA report ................................................................................................... 8
1.4
Extent and scope of the study ................................................................................................ 8
1.5
Methodologies adopted in report preparation ...................................................................... 9
1.6
Approvals needed for the proposed development from state agencies ............................. 11
1.7
Any conditions laid down by state agencies ........................................................................ 11
1.8
Compliance with the existing plans of the Area ................................................................... 11
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES ........................ 12

2.1
Evaluation of Alternatives .................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 No Action Alternative ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Alternative Technologies ................................................................................................. 12
2.1.3 Alternative Scales, Design, Technology and Construction Techniques ........................... 13
2.2
Project Location .................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.1 Administrative Areas within Which the Project Components Fall .................................. 17
2.2.2 Extent of the Project Area ............................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Ownership of the project Site.......................................................................................... 18
2.3
Project Layout ....................................................................................................................... 21
2.4
Project Description ............................................................................................................... 21
2.4.1 Weir ................................................................................................................................. 21
2.4.2 Headrace Channel............................................................................................................ 23
2.4.3 Penstock........................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.4 Power Station .................................................................................................................. 24
2.4.5 Tail race Channel.............................................................................................................. 26
2.4.6 Transmission Line ............................................................................................................ 26
2.4.7 Temporary Structures ...................................................................................................... 27
2.5
Methodology of Construction .............................................................................................. 27
2.5.1 Site preparation ............................................................................................................... 27
2.5.2 Pre and post project construction activities .................................................................... 27
2.5.3 Other construction activities, including temporary structures ....................................... 27
2.5.4 Materials to be used ........................................................................................................ 27
2.5.5 Method of material / equipment transport and installations ......................................... 28
2.5.6 Techniques and equipment to be used ........................................................................... 28
2.6
Number of trees to be felled due to the construction activities .......................................... 28
2.7
Details of any phased development activities and time schedule ....................................... 28
2.8
Any infrastructure facilities required / provided by the project (access road etc.) ............. 28
2.9
Investment and funding sources / state the total cost of the project ................................. 29
2.10 Methodology of operation ................................................................................................... 30
2.10.1 Water utilization schedule, amount to be discharged downstream ............................... 30
2.10.2 Repair and maintenance activities .................................................................................. 30
2.10.3 Desilting requirements / arrangements with frequencies .............................................. 30
2.10.4 Disaster Management Plan (Gate opening / Flood Warning etc.) .................................. 30
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ii
3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................... 31

3.1
Physical Environment ........................................................................................................... 31
3.1.1 Topography ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................ 33
3.1.3 Land use within the Study Area ....................................................................................... 40
3.1.4 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 42
3.2
Biological Environment ......................................................................................................... 46
3.2.1 Proposed site ................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.2 Existing Vegetation types/ Habitats................................................................................. 46
3.2.3 River and Riverside Vegetation........................................................................................ 46
3.2.4 Flora of the Project Area .................................................................................................. 47
3.2.5 Endemic and Threatened Flora........................................................................................ 48
3.2.6 Fauna of the project area ................................................................................................ 49
3.2.7 Threatened and Endemic Fauna ...................................................................................... 50
3.2.8 Commercially Important Fauna and Flora ....................................................................... 50
3.3
Social Environment ............................................................................................................... 50
3.3.1 Socio Economic Situation of the area .............................................................................. 50
3.3.2 River uses ......................................................................................................................... 53
3.3.3 Income generation sources and patterns of the area ..................................................... 53
3.3.4 Existing environmental considerations, problems or issues prevailing in the area ........ 54
3.3.5 Cultural and Archaeological aspects ................................................................................ 54
3.3.6 Existing infrastructure facilities, transportation, communications, power supply etc ... 55
4.
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ........................................................ 56

4.1
Soil Erosion and Siltation ...................................................................................................... 56
4.1.1 Soil erosion and siltation impacts during construction ................................................... 56
4.1.2 River Bank Erosion ........................................................................................................... 56
4.1.3 Loss of soil stability and increase of slope failures .......................................................... 56
4.2
Hydrological impacts ............................................................................................................ 56
4.2.1 Anticipated flood problems in the area as the result of the project ............................... 56
4.2.2 Findings of the Hydraulic Study ....................................................................................... 62
4.2.3 Downstream Impacts ....................................................................................................... 64
4.2.4 Upstream Impacts............................................................................................................ 64
4.2.5 Increase in Water Levels Upstream under Normal Discharge due to the Weir .............. 66
4.2.6 Change in river morphology especially in steep river banks ........................................... 66
4.2.7 Anticipated reduction in downstream flow of the river .................................................. 67
4.2.8 Impacts on river water quality due to waste discharge and pollution from project
activities ........................................................................................................................... 67
4.3
Ecological impacts ................................................................................................................ 68
4.3.1 Impacts on aquatic fauna and flora due to reduced flows in downstream and inundation
in upstream during the operational stage ....................................................................... 68
4.3.2 Impacts on aquatic fauna and flora due to construction of the weir with special
reference to migration of fish species ............................................................................. 68
4.3.3 Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora including number of trees to be cut ................... 68
4.4
Impacts on bedrock stability................................................................................................. 69
4.4.1 Impacts during construction of Headrace Channel ......................................................... 69
4.4.2 Impacts during Powerhouse Construction ...................................................................... 69
4.4.3 Impacts during access road construction ........................................................................ 69
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iii
4.5
Sociological impacts.............................................................................................................. 69
4.5.1 Impacts on existing irrigation systems ............................................................................ 69
4.5.2 Possible impact on the roads ........................................................................................... 69
4.5.3 Impacts on other river uses ............................................................................................. 69
4.5.4 Impacts on existing land use forms due to inundation ................................................... 70
4.5.5 Impacts on existing infrastructure facilities..................................................................... 70
4.5.6 Impacts on commercial activities .................................................................................... 70
4.5.7 Impacts on sand miners ................................................................................................... 70
4.5.8 Impacts due to material transportation .......................................................................... 71
4.5.9 Noise pollution and vibration impacts............................................................................. 71
4.5.10 Impacts on wells & septic tanks in the vicinity due to changes in ground water level ... 72
4.6
5.
Impact on Existing Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project ....................................................... 72
PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES............................................................................................... 74

5.1
Mitigation Measures for Soil Erosion and Siltation .............................................................. 74
5.2
River Bank Protection Measures .......................................................................................... 74
5.3
Slope Stabilization Measures ................................................................................................ 75
5.4
Downstream erosion at the weir site ................................................................................... 75
5.5
Downstream erosion at the powerhouse ............................................................................. 76
5.6
Flood Control Measures ....................................................................................................... 76
5.7
Drainage Management Plan ................................................................................................. 77
5.8
Water Pollution Control Measures ....................................................................................... 77
5.9
Waste disposal methods ...................................................................................................... 78
5.9.1 Garbage Disposal ............................................................................................................. 78
5.9.2 Construction Waste ......................................................................................................... 78
5.9.3 Sewage ............................................................................................................................. 78
5.10 Measures to protect ecological resources ........................................................................... 79
5.10.1 Mitigation measures on aquatic fauna and flora due to reduced flows in downstream
and inundation in upstream during the operational stage ............................................. 79
5.10.2 Mitigation measures on aquatic fauna and flora due to construction of the weir with
special reference to migration of fish species ................................................................. 79
5.10.3 Mitigation measures on terrestrial fauna & flora including number of trees to be cut.. 79
5.11
Provisions for minimum flow release ................................................................................... 79
5.12 Mitigatory Measures for Sociological impacts ..................................................................... 79

5.12.1 Provisions for the river uses ............................................................................................ 80
5.12.2 Impacts on sand miners ................................................................................................... 80
5.12.3 Restoration of damaged infrastructure facilities............................................................. 80
5.12.4 Compensation packages to the affected people ............................................................. 80
5.13
Impacts due to material transportation ............................................................................... 80
5.14 Noise and Vibration Control Measures ................................................................................ 81

5.14.1 Noise Control during Construction Phase........................................................................ 81
5.14.2 Noise Control during Operation Phase ............................................................................ 81
5.14.3 Vibration Control ............................................................................................................. 82
5.15
Protections for Blasting Impacts........................................................................................... 82
6.
PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAMME ....................................................................................... 84
7.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 93

7.1
7.2
General Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 93

Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 93
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iv
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex I
: Terms of Reference
Annex II
: Sources of data and Information
Annex III : References

Annex IV : List of Preparers including their Work Allocation and Signatures
Annex V
: Comments made by the Public, NGOs and Other Agencies during the
Informal Scoping Meetings held by the EIA Team
Annex VI : Complete set of relevant Maps, tables, charts, layout plan and other details
Annex VII : Landslide Investigation Report, NBRO
Annex VIII : Hydrology Report
Annex IX : Hydraulic Study Report
Annex X
: Detailed List of Flora and Fauna
Annex XI : Approvals and Consent Letters received from Government Agencies
August 2015
ABBREVIATIONS
CDM
- Clean Development Mechanism
CEA
- Central Environmental Authority
CEB
- Ceylon Electricity Board
DBH
- Diameter at Breast Height
DS
- Divisional Secretary
DSD
- Divisional Secretariat Division
E&M
- Electrical and Mechanical
EIA
- Environmental Impact Assessment
EIAR
- Environmental Impact Assessment Report
EMC
- Environmental Monitoring Committee
EMoP
- Environmental Monitoring Plan
FDC
- Flow Duration Curve
FSL
- Full Supply Level
GN
- Grama Niladarii
GND
- Grama Niladari Division
GS&MB - Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau
GWh
- Giga Watt Hour
HFL
- High Flood Level
LA
- Local Authority
LKR
- Sri Lanka Rupee
MCM
- Million Cubic Meters
MHP
- Mini Hydropower Project
MSL
- Mean Sea Level
NBRO
- National Building Research Organization
NCRE
- Non-Conventional Renewable Energy
NEA
- National Environmental Act
NWS&DB - National Water Supply and Drainage Board
PAA
- Project Approving Agency
PP
- Project Proponent
PS
- Pradeshiya Saba
rpm
- Revolutions per minute
SEA
- Sustainable Energy Authority
ToR
- Terms of Reference
August 2015
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in respect of the proposed Bogahahena - Kukule
Mini Hydropower Project was conducted in order to ensure that the potential adverse
impacts are appropriately addressed in line with the requirements specified in the National
Environmental Act (NEA) and to ensure that proposed project will not pose any significant
negative effect on the environment and socio economic conditions of the people living in
and around the project area.
A team of professionals who are specialists in their respective fields conducted the EIA study
and the EIA Report was prepared as per the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Central
Environmental Authority (CEA) which is the appropriate Project Approving Agency (PAA).
Objective of the Project
The objective of the project is to generate power using a run of river scheme by exploiting
the water head of Kukule Ganga in the downstream of existing Kukule Ganga Reservoir and
connect to the National Grid on an agreement entered into with the Ceylon Electricity Board
(CEB). The installed capacity of the project is 2.3 MW and the expected annual output would
be 11.38 GWh.
Justification of the Project
This renewable energy project would bring about two fold vital benefits to the nation.
Firstly, saving of much valuable foreign exchange by limiting import of fossil fuel required
for generation of equal amount of power. Secondly, it avoids emission of green house gases
to the atmosphere in equivalent amounts generated by burning of fossil fuel. The effort of
the project to prevent emission of green house gases complies with the National Policies on
combating climatic changes and hence eligible for green funding such as CDM. The annual
emissions reduction due from the project is estimated at 8,400 tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
Location of the Project
The project will be located on the right bank of Kukule Ganga in an area within the Paragoda
East Grama Niladhari Division falling within the Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat Division
in Kalutara administrative district of the Western Province.
Project Description
The Project is designed to divert the water by constructing a weir with a maximum height of
2.5 m to generate power. The effective catchment area at the weir location is 372 km2 and
the project design flow is 49.5 m3/s. The weir which will be 62 m long with a maximum
height of 2.5 m is designed as a mass concrete structure to be constructed across the Kukule
Ganga. As a result of construction of the weir, river water level will rise up to the weir top
level creating a pond that will extend about 360 m upstream. The entire pond will remain
within the banks and there will be no inundation of any land. The entire Project related
construction will be in the right bank of the river which involves construction of a head race
August 2015
channel about 310 m long, a forebay structure and a power house with two turbines of
1,200 kW each. As it is planned to convey water directly from the headrace channel to the
powerhouse through a forebay structure, no penstock will be required.
The water is finally released back into the river through a tailrace channel (approximately
9m long). The generated power will be connected to the National Grid through a
transmission line (about 500 m long) which will be connected to the existing 33kV
transmission line. Consequently the Project will result in a reduction in the water flow
between the weir and the powerhouse and mandatory discharge which is equivalent to
base flow will be released throughout the Project life to avoid any impact on river
ecosystem.
Bio-Physical Environment
In order to assess and document the baseline conditions in the project area, several studies
were undertaken by the environmental experts, specially related to ecology (terrestrial and
aquatic), hydrology, geology and geomorphology of the area.
In the ecological study, a line transect survey was conducted starting at a point 100 m above
the weir to a point located 50m below the tail race outlet covering 25 m on either side of
the river bank. Terrestrial fauna and flora observed were recorded.
River and riverside vegetation are the only natural habitats observed in the project
impacted area. More than 90% of the project activities will take place in man-made habitats
such as cultivated lands (Oil Palm or Rubber) and abandoned lands.
A total of 33 endemic plants were recorded within the river and riverside vegetation during
the study. Three nationally vulnerable (VU) native plant species and eight nationally near
threatened (NT) native plant species were also recorded within the river and riverside
vegetation.
A total number of 153 plant species recorded from the study area. This included 33
endemics, 15 nationally threatened and 12 nationally near threatened plant species.
Majority of the plant species recorded are trees (72) followed by climbers or creepers (31),
herbaceous species (29) shrubs (20) and epiphytes (1). Further, about 22 % of the recorded
flora is endemic to Sri Lanka and about 23 % of the recoded flora is exotic to the country.
The plant species richness was found to be significantly high in the riverside vegetation
compared to plantations and abandoned lands
Total number of 85 faunal species was recorded in and around the project area representing
land snails, butterflies, dragon flies, freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. This
included 9 endemic species and 1 exotic species. Further, one species listed as a nationally
vulnerable and five species including three endemic species listed as nationally near
threatened was recorded among the fauna observed in the direct and indirect impact zone
of the project.
The faunal diversity in these habitats is comparatively low compared to natural riverine
vegetation observed in the indirect impact zone of the project.
Even though, a number of endemic and threatened species has been recorded at the project
site, it does not support any critical habitats. The project will have a temporary impact on
the terrestrial fauna such as disturbance due to noise and vibration and generation of dust.
August 2015
However, these impacts will arise only during the construction phase and can be avoided by
employing best practices during the construction phase. The project will not result in
removal of trees.
As the water will be released back to the river only about 460 m downstream of the weir, it
is proposed to release environmental flow of 0.34m3/s at all times from the weir to meet
the ecological demands of the stretch of the river between the weir and the tail race.
Socio-Economic Environment
The direct project impact area of the proposed mini-hydro power project is confined to
Paragoda East Grama Niladari Division (No 825 A), coming under the Bulathsinhala
Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in the District of Kalutara. As the power evacuation
system traverses through Molkawa GN division and some indirect impacts of the project
may extend to Paragoda West GN division these two GN divisions were also studied in the
socio- economic considerations. The total population of Paragoda East, Molkawa and
Paragoda West Grama Niladhari divisions is 2,873 as of 2012 which belong to 873 families.
There is an ethnic mix of Sinhala and Tamil in three GN divisions. Other than flooding, no
major social impact is prevailing in this area.
The proposed project land area is owned by the Government of Sri Lanka (Land Reform
Commission) and managed by the privately owned plantation company. The weir, part of
conveyance and part of powerhouse area land falls within the river reservations of the right
bank.
Impacts on the Environment and Proposed Mitigation Measures
The project-related impacts are mainly restricted to construction sites extent of which is less
than 0.6 hectare. These impacts are short term in nature and could be minimized through
good engineering practices during construction period. No significant environmental
impacts are envisaged outside these areas during construction period.
The proposed project will not result in any significant negative impacts on the Socio
Economic Status of the project area. Instead, the Project will bring in positive impacts on
the Socio Economic Status of the area as its construction activities will provide employment
to the people in the suburb during the construction period and additional business to the
suppliers of construction materials.
A hydraulic study was conducted to estimate the possible impact of enhanced flooding due
to the construction of the proposed weir. Floods of 10, 25, 50 and 100 return periods and
sudden opening of flood gates of Kukule Ganga CEB Hydro Power Project were studied. The
study reveals that the impact of the proposed 2.5 m high weir could influence the flood
levels up to a distance of 1,550 m upstream from the proposed weir. Submergence of lands
due to enhanced flooding are very marginal. Only six houses could be affected due to
enhanced flooding and suitable compensation packages are proposed to mitigate those
impacts.
The hydraulic study confirms that there is no enhanced flood impact due to the proposed
weir along the river reach downstream of the weir.
August 2015
There will be no impact on the existing Kukule Ganga Hydropower project during the
construction or operational phases of the proposed mini hydropower project.
Sand mining areas are located downstream of the proposed weir and far from the project
area. Most of locations are now not functioning. However, downstream sand mining will not
be affected due to the project as sufficient sand flushing openings are provided in the weir
and intake designs.
The following Table summarizes the significant environmental and social impacts and
mitigation measures.
Anticipated Impact
Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation
impacts
River Bank Erosion
Increase of Slope
Failures
Flood impacts
Drainage issues
Proposed Mitigatory Measure

Excavations must be limited to minimum level. All exposed ground surfaces
shall be progressively grass turfed;
Excavated excess soil material shall be used for backfilling of necessary areas;
Excess soil material shall be dumped in a pre-identified site;
Surface drainage system of slopes over the project area must be properly
maintained. No any perennial or seasonal streams must be disturbed or blocked
during construction and operational phase;
On-site protective measures against sediment transport at all construction sites
will be installed prior to commence construction.
River bank erosion at the weir site could be avoided using rubble pitching or
gabion support as appropriate;
Establishment of vegetative soil conservation measures such as deep rooted
grasses at stable slopes in places where river banks are stable.
Vegetation cover and the top soil cover will be carefully removed within the
stretch from the intake area to powerhouse site. This clearance will be limited
to the proposed dimensions of structures. Extra lands must not be disturbed in
any case;
Any rock blasting activity must be planned to carry out at minimum required
level with controlled techniques. Even chemical blasting method must be used
in critical areas, those are located on potentially unstable slopes;
Adequate drainage facilities must be provided around each project component
to maintain its stability at a satisfactory level.
For the affected households due to enhanced upstream floods, pay suitable
compensation package including livelihood support in consultation with
Divisional Secretary;
For any affected land due to enhanced upstream floods, pay suitable
compensation in consultation with the Divisional Secretary;
Contribute for any future efforts on improvement of flood control system of
these areas such as improvement of early warning system, evacuation planning
with training and Kukule Ganga upper catchment rainfall monitoring etc under
the leadership of relevant Govt. agencies.
Storm water will be allowed to flow freely to the river without any disturbance
or accumulation;
All natural streamlets, dry valleys and gullies in and around the project area will
be kept free from obstructions by any kind of construction activities or waste
dumping as much as possible;
All existing constructed drainage paths, contour drains, cascade drains if any will
not be disturbed and they will be maintained during the entire life span of the
project.
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Anticipated Impact
River water
pollution during
construction
Reduction in
downstream flow
of the river
Impacts on
terrestrial flora
Impacts on other
river uses
Compensation
packages to the
affected people
Impacts due to
material
transportation
Noise pollution
Vibration impacts /
blasting activities
Proposed Mitigatory Measure

Vehicular movements to the river bank areas will be restricted to avoid damage
to the banks;
Washing of construction vehicles, equipment and machinery in the river is not
allowed;
Standard septic tanks will be used for all the toilets ;
The water quality of the river will be monitored during construction, especially
in dry seasons.
The weir will be designed in order to ensure continuous release of a mandatory
flow of 0.34m3/s and uninterrupted release to be ensured.
Tree planting programme will be implemented in the immediate catchment of
the project.
Impacted bathing places will be re-located to a convenient location with proper
access and safety in consultation with the users;
The area between the intake and powerhouse discharge point will be fenced in
order to restrict public entrance;
Sufficient sand flushing openings will be provide in the weir and intake designs;
Sand flushing openings will be operated frequently when sufficient river flow is
available.
Proper compensation for the land acquired/ properties affected (if any) due to
the project activities will be paid in consultation of DS.
All construction material / filling materials / excess soil loads will be covered
during transportation;
Loading / transportation / unloading will be scheduled to avoid the possible
inconvenience to the road users; Transportation during schools opening and
closing times will be avoided;
To avoid dust emissions and to ensure the workers and public safety, speed
limits will be set; Dust generation along the roads will be controlled by water
spraying;
Noise levels (i) at the boundaries of the project site during construction phase
and (ii) at the boundaries of the powerhouse premises to the levels stipulated in
the National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations No. 1 of 1996; Earplugs
or mufflers will be provided for the persons working in the powerhouse;
In order to control vibration impacts due to blasting activities (if any), it is
recommended that all blasting work will be carried out in controlled manner
and explosive loads will be based on investigation of effects of vibration on
nearby structures and limits decided thereby;
Conclusion
Implementation of this project will not result in any long term negative environmental and
social impacts. The minor scale negative impacts which are expected during construction
period can easily be mitigated through appropriate engineering practises. Hence, this
project could be recommended for implementation as an environmentally sound and
socially acceptable development activity.
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1.
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Project
The Bogahahena-Kukule Mini Hydropower Project plans to exploit the hydro power
potential of Kukule Ganga in the downstream of the existing CEB owned Kukule Ganga
Hydro Power Project. The proposed project is a run-of-the-river and will receive a
consistent water flow for power generation from the Kukule Ganga which comprises with
the turbine discharge of the CEBs Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project and flow of other
tributaries mainly the Makeli Oya. These two flows converge together at a location about
3.5 km upstream to the proposed weir. The location of the diversion weir, headrace channel
trace, powerhouse and access roads have been carefully investigated after several site
inspections and reconnaissance surveys to form an appropriate layout which is socially and
environmentally complementary and technically feasible. The pre-feasibility study was
conducted along with the hydrology studies and the engineering surveys and obtained the
Letter of Intent from CEB and the provisional approval from SEA.
The project proponent, Zhejiang Young Energy Co. (Pvt) Ltd., is a member of a competent
mini hydropower developing group of companies in Sri Lanka who have been involved in
several hydropower projects including Hapugahakumbura - Walawe Mini Hydro power
project among others.
1.2
Objectives and Justification of the Project
Objective of the Project

The Bogahahena-Kukula Mini Hydropower Project is proposed with the prime objective of
generating electricity and supplying to the National Grid by utilizing the hydropower
potential available in the Kukule Ganga, located about 12km downstream to the existing
CEBs Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project. With a generation capacity of 2.3 MW, this run-of
the-river type project will supply 11.38 GWh of clean energy annually, reducing CO2
emissions by displacing electricity which would otherwise have been drawn primarily from
fossil fuel power stations. Thus the proposed project result in saving of much valuable
foreign exchange by limiting import of fossil fuel required for generation of equal amount of
power.
Justification of the Project
As Sri Lanka strives to grow faster and targeted to reach US$ 4,000 level of per capita
income by 2016, it is vital to ensure that the country reaches the target along an
environmentally sustainable path, without over exploitation of natural resources. The
Government is taking steps to make energy generation and usage in Sri Lanka sustainable
through greater utilisation of renewable energy and energy efficiency within the country.
The focus is to increase the share of renewable energy in power generation from the
currently existing 7% to 20% by end 2020. By the end of 2013, there were 262 MW of minihydropower, 81 MW of wind power, 11 MW of biomass power, 6 MW of dendro power and
1 MW of solar power connected to the national grid. (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Annual
Report - 2013).
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However, in the past, the electricity demand of the country was mainly supplied by hydro
generation and the contribution from thermal generation was minimal. With the time,
thermal generation has become prominent. At present, thermal generation share is much
higher than that of hydro. Electricity generation during the recent past is graphically shown
in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: National Grids Hydro Thermal Share in the Recent Past
Source: Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2014, Central Bank of Sri Lanka
As per the CEB long-term electricity generation expansion plan, countrys energy mix in the
generating system would change from the present oil-dominant status to be coal-dominant,
as shown in Table 1.1. The share of renewable power is estimated to reduce to 20.2%, while
coal-fired and oil-fired thermal generation is estimated to reach 79.8% by 2022. As no more
major hydro power addition other than Broadlands (35 MW), Uma Oya (120 MW),
Moragolla (30 MW) and Gin Ganga (49 MW), CEB encourages the Non Conventional
Renewable Energy (NCRE) generations as a substitute for its highest-cost thermal power
output generated using imported fossil fuels. As a result, the generation mix will be slightly
altered owing to the contribution from NCRE sources, which are targeted to serve 13.3% of
the grids electricity requirement by year 2022.
Table 1.1: Planned Capacity Mix in the Sri Lanka Grid
Type of Plant
2022
2032
MW
MW
Major Hydro
231
6.9
231
3.8
NCRE
445
13.3
720
11.9
Coal
2,300
68.7
4,700
78.0
Gas Turbines
330
9.8
330
5.5
Medium Diesel
44
1.3
44
0.7
3,350
100
6,025
100
Total
Source: Long Term Generation Expansion Plan: 2013-2032, CEB
August 2015
In this context, the proposed mini hydropower project is a timely intervention, as it will
result in a reduction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by displacing an
equivalent amount of electricity that would otherwise be generated by the most expensive
thermal power plants tied into the national grid. The annual emission reduction due to the
proposed Project is estimated at around 8,400 tonnes of CO2 equivalent and is eligible to
attract international carbon finance.
By adding hydropower to the National Grid, the Project contributes to the national economy
by displacing high-cost thermal power by equivalent amount, earning carbon credit and
providing employment. Therefore the project is justified.
1.3
Objectives of the EIA Report
The purpose of the environmental assessment is to ensure that project activities under
consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable. This EIA report is prepared to
facilitate the decisions that are based on understanding the environmental consequences of
this Project and the decisions taken will facilitate to protect, restore and enhance the
environment.
The environment Study specifically aims at the following activities:
assimilate baseline data and information relating to physical, biological and social
environment in and around the project site;
have a series of dialogues with the line agencies, local communities / households
living in and around the project site as well as other stakeholders of the project to
obtain their views;
assess the potential environmental impacts that might emanate during the
construction as well as operation phases of the project;
formulate necessary countermeasures against the potential adverse impacts so as to

minimize the possible negative impacts due to project implementation;
identify practical approaches in implementation of mitigatory measures and

monitoring throughout the implementation of the project and contribute to the
overall process of project monitoring and auditing;
prepare an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) so that the Project Proponent can
take timely action to prevent negative environmental impacts before they become
irreversible.
Finally prepare EIA report, which will properly address all the items specified in the
Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the CEA.
1.4
Extent and Scope of the Study
The ToR issued by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka, which is the Project
Approving Agency (PAA), defines the scope of the EIA study. The ToR is given in Annex I. The
study area for the assessment is defined in the ToR as follows:
The Project site (weir site to tail race outlet and transmission line trace)
Area of influence by the Project
August 2015
The ToR outlines the report structure and the issues to be addressed during the study. The
study covers the existing environmental settings of the Project area (present situation) and
impacts both short-term and long-term in nature. The analysis extends to propose effective
mitigation measures and a monitoring programme too.
1.5
Methodologies adopted in Report Preparation
The ToR outlines the extent and scope of the study and the EIA report structure. A
multidisciplinary team of experts were participated in the process of preparation of EIA and
the details of the team of experts for the study is given in Annex IV. A number of
methodologies have been adopted to facilitate the assessment.
The available literature and relevant information was collected, data, information and
reports, survey maps from the feasibility study which is being carried out in parallel with the
EIA study, available topographic maps, geological maps were studied. To supplement the
information derived from desk studies, a number of field surveys and investigations have
been carried out.
Photographs of vital importance and concerns on current situation of the various sites and
the surrounding physical, biotic and social environment were taken using digital cameras to
record empirical evidence.
Data were captured using GPS and maps processed using GIS to identify the administrative
areas, existing status of physical features, drainage network, land use, and infrastructure.
The consultants during their field work visually observed all aspects of physical, biotic and
social environment of the project area. These observations were extremely helpful for the
consultants to identify impacts and propose mitigation measures.
Geological Studies
General geology of the area was studied through secondary sources as well as data
extraction from the Colombo-Ratnapura 1:100,000 scale geology map sheet No. 16
published by the GSMB. Significant geological features of the area, covered by the proposed
civil structures of the project such as geomorphology, bed rock stability, soil erosion, soil
stability and slope failures were studied through field observations. Landslides vulnerability
was studied through a detailed Landslide Hazard investigation in consultation with the
NBRO and recommendations were obtained.
Hydrological Studies
There are a few rain gauges in the catchment, but continuous recent rainfall data are
available only at two locations. Data from three rain gauges were collected to represent
special distribution of the catchment. Selected rain gauges are Deepadine, Dolabodakanda
and Gonapanigala.
The estimated monthly flow volumes were validated with the estimated flow from the MIKE
Basin model developed for Kalu Ganga basin. For the low flow analysis the statistics of the
estimated annual minimum flow rates were obtained. The flood peak analysis was done by
adopting the Snyders flood module in the HEC-HMS model developed by US army Corps of
Engineers.
August 2015
Hydraulic Studies
Back water profiles and its impact along the river due to the proposed weir for MHP was
studied. A numerical hydraulic model was set up to simulate water levels in the river reach
both upstream and downstream of the proposed diversion weir. For this purpose, the
HEC_RAS model developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers, was calibrated.
After calibration of the model, it was simulated without the proposed weir for different
frequencies of natural floods. For simulation flood peaks of 10, 25, 50 and 100 year return
periods were adopted. Then simulations were done for the above scenarios after
introducing the proposed weir to the model. A simulation was also done to understand the
impact of an artificial flood due to possible release of 10,000 year flood by opening the
spillway gates at existing dam of the Kukule Ganga CEB Project.
Ecological Studies
Proposed site
The project will be located in the Molkawa area within the Kalutara District. The weir (2.5 m
tall) will be constructed across Kukule Ganga at. The water diverted at the weir will be
channeled in to a power house located 310 m from the weir site. The water after power
generation will be released back to the Kukule ganga. The stretch of the Kukule ganga
affected by the proposed project can be described as a fast flowing river. The substratum of
the river is made up mainly of large boulders. The area can be classified as an area with land
use patterns dominated by cultivated lands, home gardens as well as abandoned lands.
Riverside vegetation that lies on both sides of the river is the only natural ecosystems found
in the area.
Study period
This study was conducted during the first week of June 2014.
Study methods
Fauna: A Line transect survey was carried out along the proposed ponding area starting at
point 360 m above the weir to a point 120 m below the powerhouse. Terrestrial fauna
observed 25 m either side of the line transect, were recorded. The aquatic fauna present in
the surface and shallow water areas were collected with a hand net and identified.
Flora: Study site was divided into three segments as described below and the plant species
and different habitats present within each of this segment were examined using the line
transect survey method.
Weir and ponding area: The area identified for the construction of the weir and the
area that will be inundated due to the construction of the weir up to 360 m
upstream of the location of the weir
Head race channel, fore bay tank and the Powerhouse: The areas identified for the
construction of head race channel, fore bay tank, powerhouse and the area
immediately downstream of the tail race up to 50 m from the point of release
Riverside and aquatic vegetation: The area examined include about a 460 m stretch
on the two banks of the segment of the river affected by the project.
August 2015
10
All the species observed were recorded with respect to its location and the results were
pooled according to the habitat. In addition to the species, the types of habitats were also
recorded. Species identification and nomenclature of the species present was based on the
latest literature published on the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka (Annex III). The conservation
status of the species was determined according to the Global and National lists of
threatened fauna and flora (Annex III).
Social Impact Assessment
Information required to measure the social impacts within the proposed project area were
collected in the following manner:
Field surveys conducted in the area around 500m from the proposed project to
identify the possible impacts on the existing land use and socio economic status of
the project area.
Discussions with Divisional Secretary and Assistant Director (Planning) of

Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD).
Discussions with Grama Niladaris of Paragoda East (825 A), Paragoda West (835 C),
Molkawa (825) and Galahitiya (825 B) Grama Niladari Division (GNDs).
Interviewing the occupants of the households in the study area.
Stakeholder consultation meeting held on 10th April 2014, 30th June 2014 and 25th
July 2014 with the GNs and Development Assistants of the area.
Resource profile and other relevant documents maintained at the DSDs and GNDs.
1.6
Approvals needed for the Proposed Development from State Agencies
Approvals from the following agencies are necessary for the implementation of the project.
The approvals and consent letters obtained for various activities during the project
development period are attached in Annex XI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.7
Ceylon Electricity Board Letter of Intent

Sustainable Energy Authority Provisional Approval
Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat
Irrigation Department
Department of Agrarian Development
Forest Department
Department of Wildlife Conservation
Any Conditions laid down by State Agencies in granting Preliminary Approval for
the Project
Various conditions imposed by the state agencies are included in respective letters of
approval. (Please see Annex XI for details.)
1.8
Compliance with the Existing Plans of the Area
The project area is a river environment and the construction of the proposed power project
is not in conflict with any development plans of the area.
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2.
2.1
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES

Evaluation of Alternatives
During the course of project planning, many decisions were made concerning the type and
scale of the proposed project, its location and the processes involved. In depth studies and
investigations were carried out in the process of defining best solution by considering all
available alternatives. In this process, design consultants and project developer used their
knowledge, expertise and experience for selecting the best option. Environmental criteria
were also considered at this stage through consultation of experts. The purpose of defining,
evaluating, screening and ultimately selecting feasible project alternative for consideration
in this EIA report included an extensive examinations and discussions between the scientists
and environmental consultants as well as the engineers who designed the project.
Alternatives were evaluated based on how well they meet the overall objectives of the
project in terms of design criteria, environmental, engineering and economic aspects.
2.1.1 No Action Alternative
The countrys expectation is to attain the policy target to generate 20% of power from NCRE
resources and to achieve 100% of electrification of Sri Lanka by the year 2020. The proposed
project will contribute in meeting these targets by adding 2.3 MW which supply 11.38 GWh
annually to the National Grid. In the absence of the Project, the foregone amount of energy
will have to be fulfilled by other means of thermal power options which not only absorb
foreign currency but also the environment will be adversely impacted. Both thermal
alternatives of oil fired and coal fired would result emissions of CO 2, SOx, NOx and
particulates.
In this context, as the Projects social and environmental impacts are minimal and mitigable,
the selection of No action alternative is not a wise option. There are no resource conflicts
as the water of this particular river stretch between the weir and the tailrace is not used for
any other purposes. The decision made to construct the proposed mini hydropower plant is
a good investment in economic terms. It is important and a timely intervention as it
contributes to the increasing countrys alternative environmental friendly power demand
and also supports the call for renewable energy alternatives worldwide.
2.1.2 Alternative Technologies
It is vital to develop its own sources of energy in Sri Lanka as far as possible to meet the
projected demand for electricity. If fossil fuel (coal, oil or natural gas) based energy
generation is considered, it will absorb the countrys net foreign earnings. Substitute NCRE
technologies to this such as converting hydro, wind, dendro, agricultural, industrial and
municipal waste to energy and solar-photo-voltaic energy are certainly important in this
context.
Table 2.1 illustrates a typical comparison of capital and operational cost of alternative NCRE
technologies. When comparing the cost of wind power plants in Sri Lanka, the capital cost
and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost is higher than those of a hydropower plant. The
average plant factor of a wind power plant is only 32% whereas a hydro power plant can go
August 2015
12
beyond 40% making the cost of electricity generated from a wind power in Sri Lanka is
expensive than the cost of electricity generated from hydropower.
Even though the plant factor of dendro power is significantly higher and the capital cost is
almost the same as hydropower, the dendro power technology is yet to be established in Sri
Lanka. The plant factor of other recourses of energy such as agricultural, industrial and
municipal waste is greater than that of hydropower. However, the utilisation of such energy
sources would be possible only when the relevant technologies are adequately developed
and cost effective.
Table 2.1: Typical Comparison of Capital Costs, O&M Costs and Annual Plant Factor
Capital cost
(LKR
Million/MW)
Estimated O&M
cost
(LKR/kWh)
Type of
technology
Annual plant
factor
Mini-hydro
42%
220
1.93
3.0
Wind
32%
243
1.30
1.5
Biomass (dendro)
80%
263
1.501
4.01
1.882
5.02
Agricultural and
industrial waste
80%
263
1.501
4.01
1.882
5.02
Municipal Waste
60%
399
1.753
7.04
Waste Heat
67%
229
0.52
1.33
Annual O&M cost

(as a % of capital cost)
Note: Years 1-15; Year 16 onwards; Fuel cost; Years 1-20

Source: Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka, 2012
The solar photo-voltaic (PV) is more widely used in off-grid applications and not yet
considered as a viable option as a grid connected source. When considering the cost, it is 12
times higher than that of hydropower generation.
This gives hydropower a potential edge over the other alternative technologies on the basis
of efficiency and economy.
The proposed Project is a run-of-river hydropower plant system using well established
technologies. Run-of-the-river hydropower facilities are considered one of the best forms of
low impact renewable energy available today which has very low impact on the
environment specially the river flow. The plant capacity of this Project is optimized
considering all vital design parameters. The electro-mechanical equipment have welldemonstrated application around the world and are considered most suitable for this
Project.
2.1.3 Alternative Scales, Design, Technology and Construction Techniques
As far as proposed layout as well as individual components is concerned, several alternative
configurations, designs and technologies were considered and evaluated to provide the
rationale for selection of the preferred design approach. Three such alternatives were
considered during the feasibility study for selection of layout, considering technical /
engineering, social and environmental concerns. Weir and powerhouse locations of all the
August 2015
13
proposals are located inside a 2 km of a river section. The salient features of the proposals
and the conceptual layouts are given below.
Alternative No. 1
: Left Bank Dam Option - 8m high, 34m long weir; No headrace

canal; Gross head 8.4m; Installed capacity 2.6MW
Figure 2.1: Layout Plan of Alternative No. 1
Alternative No. 2
: Left Bank Canal Option - 1m high, 75m long weir; 1,840m long
headrace canal Gross head 8.4m; Installed capacity 2.4MW
Alternative No. 3
: Right Bank Canal Option - 2.5m high, 62m long weir; 310m long
headrace canal; Gross head 6.7m; Installed capacity 2.3MW
(Preferred option: This Project)
Comparison of Alternatives
The comparison of the above three alternative configurations is presented in Table 2.2.
Potential power output of the different options have no significant difference and key
considerations in the comparison were their overall financial costs (including diversion
structure, water conveyance mechanism, flood gates and access), simplicity and ease of
construction and their relative environmental and socio-economic implications. Of the
alternatives studied, Alternative No. 3 is recommended.
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14
Figure 2.3: Layout Plan of Alternative No. 3 (Preferred option: This Project)
August 2015
15
Table 2.2: Summary of the Alternative Configurations

Alternative No.
Diversion structure
No. 2
Weir: Height - 1m; Length 75m;
Type concrete structure
16.4m MSL
Headrace canal: Length-1,840m; No penstock
required.
8.4m
2.4MW; 11.8GWh
3.15 ha
Length 600m
Fairly high; More than 10 private lands are
involved
Advantage of avoiding massive rock blasting
and resulting physical impacts to the slopes
and the river channel;
No.3 (This Project)

Weir: Height 2.5m; Length 62m;
15m MSL
Headrace canal: Length 310m; No penstock required.
Very large volume of excavation due to

comparatively long headrace canal, access
roads and thereby destabilizing the slope;
Turbines are housed in RC structures to
withstand high flood situations
Minimum volume of excavation for weir, headrace canal

and construction; volume of soil from powerhouse
excavation will be minimum as it is located within a
natural depression; Only several sections of aqueducts
required
Dam equipped with flush gate and stop log

arrangement; Flood control system required
Destruction due to dam, powerhouse and access
construction; Inundation of riverine lands
Very high volume of excavated soil and loose

rock to be generated due to long headrace
canal construction; Most likely river water
pollution due to sedimentation
Dam equipped with flush gate and stop log
arrangement; Flood control system required
Destruction due to headrace canal, penstock
and two access roads construction;
As headrace canal traverses mostly over the exposed

bedrock, amount of excavated soil will be comparatively
low; River water pollution due to sedimentation can be
controlled
No gates required;
River stretch affected
Pond about 2.3 km along the river; No river section

dried due to diversion
Pond area about 500m along the river; River

distance between weir and tailrace 2km
Social impacts
Safety issues due to comparatively large ponding

area; Requirement of acquisition of private lands;
Bathing location affected; One sand mining area will
be affected
580 Million LKR
Requirement of acquisition of private lands; No

impact on sand mining
Minimum destruction due to weir, headrace canal,

penstock as the land is already disturbed due to human
activities (plantation activities)
Pond area about 360 m along the river; River distance
between weir and tailrace 460m (However only about
100 m will be affected due to diversion of river flow as
the rest of the area is a deep natural pond)
No water users within the river section from weir to
tailrace and inundation area; No impact on sand mining
620 Million LKR
690 Million LKR
Operating level
Water conveyance
Gross head
Capacity; Generation
Land required
Access road
Inundation area
Geological aspects
Construction
No. 1
Dam: Height 8m; Length 34m;
16.4m MSL
Directly from weir to powerhouse; No penstock
required.
8.4m
2.6MW; 13.33Wh
0.5ha
Length 600m
High; More than 12 private lands are involved
Possible slope failures, river bank erosions due to
larger ponding area; Excessive rock blasting for dam
construction; River banks to be improved by rubble
lining to have better stability under high flood
conditions
Very large volume of excavation and thereby
destabilizing the slope; Turbines are housed in RC
structures to withstand high flood situations
Environmental Impacts
Excavated soil
Very high volume of excavated soil and loose rock to
handling / Soil erosion be generated due to dam construction; Most likely
river water pollution due to sedimentation
Flooding
Destruction to natural
environment
Construction cost
August 2015
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6.7m
2.3MW; 11.38GWh
0.57 ha
Existing estate road will be used
Negligible as the inundation area will be confined into
the river banks (rock outcrop)
Advantage of avoiding massive rock blasting and
resulting physical impacts to the slopes and the river
channel;
2.2
Project Location
The proposed MHP site is located at Trafalgar Division of Uskvalley Estate within Paragoda
East GN Division of Bulathsinhala DS Division of Kalutara District. The proposed project is
situated in the Kukule Ganga, about 12 km downstream from the CEBs 70 MW Kukule
Ganga Hydro Power Project. Proposed powerhouse is located at right bank of the river
about 310 m downstream to the proposed weir. The Project Location Maps prepared based
on 1: 50,000 Sheet No. 74 and 1:10,000 Sheet No. 74/15 published by the Survey
Department are given in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.
The site can be reached from Colombo via Horana Bulathsinghala road (B304) and taking a
left turn at Bulathsinhala to reach Paragoda and Molkawa. At Paragoda, there is a bridge
over the Kukule Ganga. There are two alternatives to reach the site; (i) taking left turn
before Paragoda bridge and travelling along Kithulagoda Temple road and then along estate
road within Trafalgar Division and (ii) After passing the bridge, proceed towards Molkawa
old junction and taking left turn at the junction to reach the Kukule Ganga where there is a
ferry service to reach Trafafgar Division.
2.2.1 Administrative Areas within which the Project Components Fall
Provincial Council
Western
District
Kalutara
Divisional Secretariat Division
Bulathsinhala
Pradeshiya Saba Area
Bulathsinhala
Grama Niladari Division
Paragoda East (825A)
Village
Trafalgar Division of Uskvalley Estate
Following Table shows the administrative areas within which the project components fall in
detail. A map showing the administration divisions of the area is given in Annex VI.1
Table 2.1: Administrative Areas within which the Project Components Fall
Project Component
Pond
Weir
GN Division
(LB)
Molkawa
(RB)
Paragoda East
(LB)
Molkawa
(RB)
Paragoda East
Headrace channel,
Forebay, Powerhouse
Paragoda East
Transmission line
Paragoda East, Molkawa
Access Road (i)
Paragoda West, Paragoda East
Access Road (ii)
Molkawa, Paragoda East
August 2015
DS Division
Local
Authority
District
Bulathsinhala
Bulathsinhala
Pradeshiya
Saba
Kalutara
17
2.2.2 Extent of the Project Area

The project extends to about 820m in length along right bank of Kukule Ganga and its
reservation between the tail end of the ponding area to the water releasing point of the
powerhouse to the river. Project area covers approximately 0.5678 ha land extent including
the weir, headrace channel, forebay and power house as illustrated in the following Table
2.2. The Survey Plan is given in Annex VI.2. The extent of the small pond created by this
project will be around 2.7 ha. The ponding area is illustrated in the Location Map (Figure
2.2) and in the Project Layout Plan (Figure 2.3).
2.2.3 Ownership of the Project Site
The proposed project land area is owned by the Government of Sri Lanka (Land Reform
Commission) and managed by the privately owned plantation company. The weir, part of
conveyance and part of powerhouse area land falls within the river reservations of the right
bank. Land ownership details are given in following Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Land Extents and Ownership Details
Component
Extents (ha)
Weir and Intake
0.0400
Headrace channel
0.3325
Forebay and powerhouse
0.1953
Total
0.5678
Pond
2.7000
August 2015
Ownership
River reservation and Land Reform
Commission (currently managed
by Trafalgar Division, Uskvalley
Estate)
River and River reservation
18
Figure 2.1: Location Map (Based on 1:50,000 details)
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Figure 2.2: Location Map (Based on 1:10,000 details)
Proposed transmission line
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2.3
Project Layout
Project layout plan drawn on a contour map is presented in Figure 2.2 (on 1:10,000 map),
Figure 2.3 (Auto CAD drawing) and Annex VI.3.
2.4
Project Description
2.4.1 Weir
a.
Co- ordinates of proposed weir site
Location
Weir
b.
Topo Co-ordinate
157477.27 N
141711.44 E
GPS Co-ordinate
0
6 36 57 N
800 14 46 E
General Layout and Hydraulic Design of Proposed Diversion Weir
As the project is run-of the river type, a minimal storage is required at the weir for
regulating purpose. The weir which will be 62m long with a maximum height of 2.5 m is
designed as a mass concrete structure to be constructed across the Kukule Ganga. Dowels
driven to the bedrock will anchor the weir to the bedrock along its axis and proper
geological investigation programme will be carried out before the construction activities to
see the suitability of the rock for foundations and to study and propose grouting and
foundations treatment requirements. Two flush gates and arrangement for environmental
flow release will be incorporated in to the weir structure. A sand flush gate will also be
provided at the curved section of the intake structure.
The resulting pond will extend up to about 360 m upstream from the weir. Since the river
banks in the pond area are fairly steep, inundation area will be confined only to the river
reservation without any impact on productive lands. Design flow rate was selected as
49.5m3/s which gives nearly 10% exceedance. In other words the river flow at the weir site
will exceed the design flow for about 36 days of the year. Weir will be constructed to
maintain the crest level at 15.0 m MSL. An intake structure has been designed at the right
bank to direct the river flow to the headrace channel. Details of the weir and the intake are
given in Annex VI.4.
c.
Maximum Height of the Weir from the River Bed
The maximum height of the weir from the river bed is about 2.5 m.
d.
Cross Section of the Weir
The cross section of the weir is given in Annex VI.4(i).

e.
Longitudinal Section of the Weir
The longitudinal section of the weir is given in Annex VI.4(ii).

f.
Clear Picture of the Weir Location
Photograph of the weir location is given in Plate 2.1.
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Figure 2.3: Layout Plan drawn on a Contour Map
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Plate 2.1: Proposed Weir Location
Weir axis
g.
The Weir Top Level in meters above MSL (Bench mark should be demarcated)
The top level of the weir is 15.0 m above MSL. The location of the benchmark is given in the
Figure 2.3 and Annex VI.3: Project layout plan drawn on a contour map.
2.4.2 Headrace Channel
a.
Length, Width and Height of the Proposed Channel
The headrace channel will be a rectangular reinforced concrete structure which has
dimensions according to the rated flow against installed capacity. The total channel length is
310 m and it comprises with a rectangular cross section with 8.0 m in width and 4.8 m in
height including a free board of 0.3 m. This conveyance channel is located at right bank of
the river along a contour, on a mild slope, and the channel path was so selected in such a
manner that it will need least excavation. Aque-ducts will be provided to sections where
necessary.
Typical land use of the headrace channel route is given in Plate 2.2. The route of the
headrace channel is given in Figure 2.3: Project Layout Plan and typical sections of it are
given in Annex VI.5.
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Plate 2.2: Typical Land Use of the Headrace Channel Route
Headrace
channel route
Estate road
Power House
Location
2.4.3 Penstock
As water conveyed directly from the headrace channel to the powerhouse through a
forebay structure, no penstock will be required.
2.4.4 Power Station
a.
Co-ordinates of proposed power house
Location
Powerhouse
b.
Topo Co-ordinate
GPS Co-ordinate
157183.22 N
60 36 49 N
141321.31 E
800 14 39 E
Installed Capacity (kW/ MW) and Average Annual Energy Output (MWh /GWh)
The installed capacity of the power plant is 2.3MW and the annual energy output is
11.38GWh.
c.
Type, Sections, Stories, Length and Width of the Power House
The powerhouse will be located at the right bank of the river at the end of the forebay
structure considering the site profile and in order to avoid additional conveyance system to
feed the turbines. The powerhouse will facilitate to house all electro mechanical
equipments consisting of Turbines, Generators, Vales Panel boards, crane and all other
associated plant and machinery etc. The powerhouse dimensions will be 8.0 m in width,
21.8 m in length and 13.8 m in height up to the turbine floor. The powerhouse structure will
be a multi storied (Annex VI.6), concrete water-sealed type structure to withstand high
flood situations. The outer wall of the powerhouse will be raised above the high flood level
and will be abutted to the existing natural ground level. The machine floor would be
reinforced concrete.
August 2015
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Conceptual Design of powerhouse and turbines arrangement is given in Annex VI.6 and the
location of powerhouse is shown in Plate 2.3.
d.
Switch Yards, Type of Turbines, No. of Units, Rated Speed
The powerhouse, equipped with 2 similar units of 1200kW vertical shaft Kaplan turbines and
synchronous generators of 1350kVA with built-in exciters. Rated speed of the turbines is
300 rpm. Other powerhouse equipment will include inlet valve, governor oil pressure
system, medium voltage switchgear, low voltage switchboard, control, monitoring and
protection system and the powerhouse overhead hoist. Complete G59 protection system
will be incorporated as per CEB requirements.
The generated energy will be fed in to the National Grid through the switchyard which will
consist of 2 Nos. of 415V/33kV, 1400kVA step-up transformers placed outside the
powerhouse. The terminal tower of the 33 kV transmission line will be located at the switch
yard.
e.
Design Discharge of the Hydropower Plant
The design discharge of the hydropower plant is 49.5m3/s.

f.
Clear Picture of the Powerhouse and Outlet Point
Photograph of the powerhouse location is given in Plate 2.3.

Plate 2.3: Proposed Powerhouse Location
Powerhouse location
August 2015
25
2.4.5 Tail Race Channel

a.
Length, Width and Height of the Proposed Channel
Water is released back to the river immediately after the power generation through the
draft tube and followed by about 9m long tail race channel along the river. The arrangement
of the tail race is shown in the layout plan (Figure 2.3, Annex VI.3 and Annex VI.6).
2.4.6 Transmission Line
a.
Transmission Voltage
Transmission voltage is 33kV.

b.
Length of the Transmission Line
The transmission line will be constructed from the switchyard to the existing CEB high
voltage transmission line which routes along Molkawa-Kelinkanda road (Kukule Ganga
Powerhouse access road). The point of interconnection will be the nearest transformer at
the road and the length is approximately 500m from the powerhouse.
The 33kV transmission line will be constructed under the supervision of CEB simultaneously
with the civil works of the project to utilize the resources assigned to the project effectively.
c.
Land Ownership along the Transmission Line (Approved map of the transmission
line should be submitted)
Transmission line started from the switchyard will be crossed the river and routed along the
river access road at Bogahahena villege in Molkawa GND and then along Molkawa
Kelinkanda road to connect the CEBs existing transformer. The route of the transmission
line is shown in Figure 2.2 and Annex VI.3. Photographs of river access road and the existing
transformer is shown in Plate 2.4.
Plate 2.4: River access road and existing transformer at Molkawa-Kelinkanda road
August 2015
26
2.4.7 Temporary Structures

a.
Coffer dams, Contractors and Engineer's site offices, Contractor's store building
and store yards, Dumping sites, Temporary quarry sites, Labor camps and access to these
structures
To facilitate the construction of the weir and the powerhouse, coffer dams will be
constructed. Contractors and site engineers offices will be established in rented houses
near the site. Only small site offices and stores will be constructed near powerhouse area
and the access will be the new powerhouse road.
2.5
Methodology of Construction
2.5.1 Site Preparation

Site preparation will be mainly by manual excavation. Light weighted excavators and other
earth moving equipment will be employed where necessary. Rock blasting for the
powerhouse will be carried out using controlled blasting techniques.
2.5.2 Pre and Post Project Construction Activities
Preconstruction activities mainly are establishment of benchmarks, marking of centrelines
and clearing of site required for construction. All required land for the project will be
acquired prior to construction.
2.5.3 Other Construction Activities, including Temporary Structures
Other temporary structures mainly will be site offices and stores at site as discussed above.
2.5.4 Materials to be used
Materials to be used are listed below:
1. Weir and intake structure
Concrete
Steel Reinforcement
Steel trash rack
2. Headrace channel and fore bay structure
Concrete
Steel Reinforcement
3. Power intake
Concrete
Steel Reinforcement
Steel pipes
4. Power House
Concrete and Steel Reinforcements for foundations
Cement block walls and concrete columns
5. Access Roads
Gravel roads
6. Transmission lines
Concrete poles
Aluminium transmission cables
August 2015
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2.5.5 Method of Material / Equipment Transport and Installations

All materials will be transported using small tippers / lorries to the site.
The equipment transported to the site in flat bed lorries will be unloaded by using the
installed powerhouse crane.
2.5.6 Techniques and Equipment to be used
As discussed earlier, priority will be given to the manual excavations. Light weighted
excavators and other equipment machineries will be employed where necessary. For rock
excavations, drilling will be carried out by jack hammers. Compressed air will be used and
compressors will be made available at site. Concreting will be carried out by conventional
method and mixing will be done using concrete mixers. Plywood panel formworks will be
used for concrete formwork.
2.6
Number of Trees (species names, height & girth size) to be felled due to the
Construction Activities
No trees (defined as trees that have a girth of more than 10 cm DBH) will have to be
removed due to construction activities as most of the construction work takes place in open
areas.
2.7
Details of any Phased Development Activities and Time Schedule
No phase development is envisaged.

Expected time for preliminaries (approvals and acquisition of land etc.) will be about 3
months and the period of civil works will be 12 month. Duration for E&M work will be 5
months. The project implementation Time schedule is given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Project Implementation Time Schedule
Activity
Time (Month)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Site Clearing, roads

Bank Loan
Land acquisition
Purchase Turbines
Purchase Penstock
Civil works
Install Penstocks
E&M Work
Power Line by CEB
Commissioning
2.8
Any Infrastructure Facilities required / provided by the Project (Access Road etc.)
New Access road will be constructed to the powerhouse and weir and existing village road
will be improved as required.
Two houses form the area will be rented out till permanent facilities are provided at
powerhouse site.
August 2015
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2.9
Investment and Funding Sources / state the Total Cost of the Project
The estimated total project cost is LKR 690 Million. During the feasibility study, the
developer has conducted the project financial analysis and the financing structure proposed
and summary of the financial analysis are given in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Financial Structure and Summary of Financial Analysis of the Project
(a) Financial Structure
Source of Finance
Equity
Long term loan
Total
Amount (Million LKR)

276
414
690
%
40
60
100
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
197.9
197.9
197.9
197.9
197.9
197.9
197.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
195.9
195.9
195.9
195.9
195.9
195.9
195.9
88.0
88.0
88.0
88.0
88.0
88.0
88.0
58.9
58.9
58.9
58.9
58.9
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
63.3
63.3
63.3
63.3
63.3
63.3
63.3
34.2
34.2
34.2
34.2
34.2
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
39.7
34.0
27.8
20.9
13.3
4.9
-
103.9
103.9 131.5
109.6
109.6 137.2
115.8
115.8 143.4
122.7
122.7 150.3
130.3 15.6 114.7 142.3
138.7 16.6 122.1 149.7
143.6 17.2 126.4 154.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
35.7
4.3
31.4
59.0
6.6
0.8
5.8
33.4
6.6
0.8
5.8
33.4
6.6
0.8
5.8
33.4
6.6
0.8
5.8
33.4
6.6
0.8
5.8
33.4
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
98.7
126.3
Capital Cash Flow (CCF)

Net Present Value (NPV)
(449.7)
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
171.2
155.6
154.6
154.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
20%
Project
1,900.4
197.0
50.6
55.8
61.5
67.7
74.6
82.2
90.6
-
Net Cash Flow
98.7
Repayment of Loan
44.9
Project Cash Flow
Profit before Tax
27.6
Cash Flow
Interest on Loan
171.2
Net Profit
Depreciation
24.7
Taxation
Operating Profit
195.9
Net Revenue
2.0
Sales Tax @ 1%
197.9
Revenue
Year
O&M Cost
(b) Project Cash Flow
(135.0)
75.7
75.7
75.7
75.7
75.7
60.1
59.1
154.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
36%
Equity
1,231.9
127.7
(c) Sensitivity Analysis

Project
a. Normal
b. Cost increased by 10%
c. Revenue reduced by 10%
d. Both (b) and (c)
Equity
a. Normal
b. Cost increased by 10%
c. Revenue reduced by 10%
d. Both (b) and (c)
IRR
20%
18%
17%
15%
36%
36%
27%
27%
NPV (r*= 12%)

197.0
197.5
173.2
173.7
127.7
128.2
103.9
104.4
*r - Discount rate
August 2015
29
2.10
Methodology of Operation
2.10.1 Water Utilization Schedule, Amount to be discharged Downstream

This information is provided in Section 4.2.5.
2.10.2 Repair and Maintenance Activities
Regular inspection programme will be established and minor repairs will be attended at site.
2.10.3 Desilting Requirements / Arrangements with Frequencies
The project is planned as ROR (run-of-the-river) type and proper de-silting arrangements will
be provided at the weir. Regular flushing will facilitate by providing suitable gate
arrangements. Details are shown in Annex VI.4: Weir details.
2.10.4 Disaster Management Plan (Gate opening / Flood Warning etc.)
Downstream of the proposed project is Kukule Ganga continuation and villagers are using
the river for daily domestic needs bathing and washing, transportation and fishing
activities. They are used to avoid sudden flow releases by the existing CEBs Kukule Ganga
hydro power project since 2003. Same flows will be continued to release downstream again
by generating power from the proposed power house.
Entire water releases during the normal operations and in the flood situations from the
Kukule Ganga dam is executed out by the CEB. Proposed project will create no impact on
these water management operations.
The project developer will contribute in the flood control mechanism led by Bulathsinhala
DS, CEB, Irrigation Department and Disaster Management Centre (DMC).
The staff stationed at power generation project may be educated on the mechanism of
communication. Similarly, the DS disaster management committee also should be kept
informed about the power generation project and also the likelihood disasters. The staff
stationed at the power generation project can immediately inform the DS level disaster
management committee about the likelihood disasters. Apart from this, early warning
system (alarm system) will be installed to inform to the villagers in the immediate
downstream area regarding the emergency water release of Kukule Ganga.
August 2015
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3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
Study Area
The geographic area for the environmental study is defined in the ToR as follows:
The project site (weir site to tail trace outlet and transmission line trace)
Area influenced by the project
The area of influence is often, if not always, variable and dependent on the impacting
factors (both direct and indirect) and the affected resources. It is generally complex and is
rarely limited to specific distance from the project area. Hence, for the purpose of this EIA,
the team of environmental consultants decided to extend the study area by considering the
nature and extent of the impact on the physical, ecological and socio-economical
environments as presented in respective Sections below.
3.1
Physical Environment
3.1.1 Topography
Kukule Ganga stream is one of the main tributaries of Kalu Ganga which enters to the sea at
the western coast of the country. This stream originates from the south western slope of
Sinharaja forest at an elevation of 2000 m above mean sea level (amsl). The proposed mini
hydro power project area is located at an elevation about 8 to 25 m amsl. The source of the
project is Kukule Ganga, which has supplemented by a number of tributaries at its upper
reaches. The take-off point of the project is situated about 2 km upstream to the Paragoda
bridge. The catchment area up to the weir location is about 372km2.
The area is characterized by undulating topography with medium steep ridges and valleys
(Figure 3.1). The relief of the area varies approximately from 25m up to 250m above mean
sea level dominating undulating nature.
The Kukule Ganga flows through a relatively fairly broad and gentle valley, which trends
approximately towards east to west direction at the weir and power house area. All the
project related structures are to be constructed in the right bank slope of the Kukule Ganga.
The continuous nature of this slope has been disturbed by intermittently situated small
scale valleys across the slope and the erosion taken place along them. This is an inherent
feature related to the subsurface geology and structure. The area is characterized by a
dendritic type of drainage network. The inclination of the lower part of left bank slope at the
weir site is about 300. However, slope angles at certain places somewhat deviate as low or
high from the general trend.
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Figure 3.1: Topography Map
August 2015
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3.1.2 Geology
General Geology of the Area
Geologically, the proposed project area belongs to the Highland Complex of Sri Lanka (HC)
and consists of granulite grade metamorphic rocks, which are biotite hornblende gneiss,
charnockitic gneiss, charnockitic biotite gneiss, garnet sillimanite biotite gneiss and quartzite
(Figure 3.2). These rocks are trending in NW SE direction, having high dip angles in S-W
direction. These rocks represent the south west limb of an antiform structure. The rocks of
this limb have further been folded into minor folds. Figure 3.2 is the regional geology map
around the project area and is extracted from the Colombo-Ratnapura 1:100,000 scale
geology map sheet No. 16 published by the GSMB.
Due to the complex structural nature of the area, composition of the bed rock is significantly
varied in same outcrop in the project area. Therefore, rock layers of quartzo feldspathic
gneiss can be observed in the area. The rocks are moderately to highly weathered in the
project area. Two fracture systems can be observed in the rocks of the project area. Detail
of the fracture systems, which is widely distributed in the rocks of the project area, is as
follows.
No.
Fracture Direction
/ Dip Angle
0
N60 E/0900
N30 W/0900
Fracture
Density
Remarks
3/m
Major fracture; slightly open system, slight to

moderate weathering along fracture plane with
clayey to silty infilling
3/m
Minor fracture; slightly open system, slight to

moderate weathering along fracture plane with
clayey to silty infilling
Significant geological features of the area, covered by the proposed civil structures of the
project, are described in the following section.
Weir Site
Weir site is located on a near straight section of Kukule Ganga trending N-S direction, just
few meters downstream to a bend (Plate 3.1). Highly foliated moderately to highly
weathered and highly jointed garnetiferous quartzo feldspathic gneiss rock, which has
biotitic layers, is exposed on the river bed and at the bottom of both river banks around the
proposed weir site. Some dislodged and detached boulders (1 m x 1 m x1 m) are observed
on the bed rock exposures around the weir site area. This rock exposure shows a dip of 80 0
towards the south west. The strike of foliation of the rock is N 300W.
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Figure 3.2: Geology Map of the Project Area
August 2015
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Plate 3.1: Proposed weir location of the project
Weir area
.
The both stream banks can be identified as intermediate slopes. However, the angle
between stream flow direction and the dip direction is 60 0. The angle between the major
joint system and the weir axis is about 300. These fractures are slightly open and show slight
weathering condition. The foliation joint plane is in the flowing direction of the river with an
acute angle. Some blasting may be required during weir construction. The fresh rock is
expected at 1-2 m depth from the surface.
The river channel has a mild gradient towards upstream from the weir site. The bottom of
both river banks are protected by the presence of exposed bedrock. A mixture of silt, sand
and gravel deposit can be observed on the river bed, along which water is flowing.
The both river banks are not very steep at the lower parts at the weir area. Slope angles of
lower parts of right and left banks are about 40 0 and 300 respectively. Next sections of both
slopes are observed less steep than lower parts. On the right river bank slope, red brown
coloured residual soil formation is encountered with an overburden thickness of about 2-4m
(Plate 3.2). On the left river bank slope, dark brown coloured colluvium soil formation is
encountered with an overburden thickness of about 1-2 m. Both river bank slopes are
covered by vegetation (Plate 3.3). The thickness of the overburden deposit is largely
increased towards the upper areas.
Although the exposed bed rock surface is highly fractured and weathered, sound bed rock
can be found at about 1-2 m depth around the weir area. Therefore, proposed weir
structure could be constructed with minimum difficulty. However, the orientation and
weathering conditions of joint planes and the foliation plane may create stability issues for
the weir structure, unless properly treated.
August 2015
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Plate 3.2: Showing the red brown residual soil at the right bank
Plate 3.3: River bank slopes at the weir and intake area
Weir area
August 2015
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Ponding Area
As the height of the proposed weir is about 2.5 m, created pond will be extended upto
about 360 m upstream from the weir.
According to the present depth of the ponding area, it is only about 1.5 m deep at the
vicinity of proposed weir structure. The depth of the rest of the ponding area is also
remaining shallow. The proposed ponding area comprises of approximately 75 m average
width across the stream. After implementation of the project, the depth of the ponding area
will be 2.5 m deep near the weir location and gradually decreases towards the tail area of
the pond. The bed rock exposures are observed at most locations along the periphery of the
pond area. A majority of the upper slopes of the pond area are covered by either forest or
rubber lands. Dwelling cannot be observed close to pond area. Submergence of soil, which is
situated above the rock, may not be expected after implementation of the project.
Headrace Channel Route
The entire headrace channel is proposed in the right stream bank, which is covered by 1-2 m
thick residual soil cover. The length of the conveyance channel is about 310 m. The bedrock
is exposed at the intake area and blasting is required (Plate 3.4).The proposed path for the
headrace channel is located a few meters above from the edge of the right river bank. The
slope angle is about 200-300 and covered with newly planted oil palm trees and 2-3 m deep
excavations are expected (Plate 3.5).
Plate 3.4: A view of the intake area
Intake area
August 2015
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Plate 3.5: A view of a part of the Headrace channel route
Headrace channel path
A considerably large section must be excavated at the intake area, where rock blasting is
also required. According to the structural details of the rock, slope can be destabilized along
existing defects. Since the dimension of the channel is 8 m x 4.5 m, exerted pressure on to
the ground is considerable, after implementation of the project. Therefore, rock mass can
be failed along joints unless sound rock is found to lay the foundation.
Forebay Tank
The geological conditions at the proposed forebay tank area are almost similar to that of the
headrace channel path.
Power house and tail race
The power house will be constructed on a valley like land portion, where the bed rock
exposure, which is slightly weathered, is observed (Plate 3.6). The rock has to be blasted to
prepare the location for the power house. A thin soil cover is observed on the rock at the
surrounding area. The expected rock slope cut can be destabilized along existing joint
planes.
August 2015
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Plate 3.6: Power house site of the project
Powerhouse site
Access Road
Existing estate roads can be utilized to access the project area with minor improvements.
Mineral Resources of the Area
Economically viable mineral deposits have not been reported or identified in and around the
area covered by the proposed project, except minor river sand pockets and alluvial clay
deposits.
The entire area covered by the proposed project consists of high grade metamorphic rocks,
having varying proportions (uneconomical) of common rock forming minerals such as
quartz, feldspar, biotite, garnet, hornblende, etc. Therefore, there will be no impact on
mineral resources due to the implementation of the project.
Available fresh rocks in the area could be used as construction materials. However, so far
these rocks have not been used for extraction of construction materials, mainly due to the
presence of number of rock quarries in other parts of the area.
Landslide Potential of the Project Area
A detailed Landslide Hazard investigation report and the clearance have been obtained from
the National Building Research Organisation (Annex VII).
August 2015
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3.1.3 Land use within the Study Area

Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretarys Division (DS Division) comes under the administrative
district of Kalutara of the Western Province. Bulathsinhala DS Division covers a total land
area of 52,413 acres. The DS Division consists of 334 villages within 54 Grama Niladhari
Divisions (GNDs). The total population of the 54 GN Divisions has been recorded as 67,461
people, according to the resource profile of the DS Division for 2012-2013.
A large area of the DS Division is covered with forest lands. Total land extent utilized for
cultivation is 16,757 acres. The extent of land unused for any cultivation has been recorded
as 7,071 acres.
In analyzing the land use pattern of the DS Division it is seen that the agriculture plays a
significant role which is the major livelihood of the People. Main agricultural crops grown in
the area are Rubber, Paddy, Tea, vegetables, fruits and other cash crops. According to
information available at the DS Office of Bulathsinhala, currently there are 13,994 acres of
rubber plantation. Paddy cultivated areas account for 4,059 acres. While the area under Tea
plantation has been recorded as 3,740 acres, Coconut accounts for 1,266 acres.
Common land use form of the study area in the right bank of the river is rubber plantation
which is managed by the Trafalgar Division, Uskvalley Estate. Recently, some parts of the
rubber plantation have been converted to an oil palm plantation including the area in the
immediate vicinity of the project components. Common land use forms in the left bank of
the river are home gardens. Land use pattern of the area within 1km radius from the project
components were analyzed using information available at the Survey Department and site
observations. Currently there are 121.4 ha of rubber plantation. Home gardens account for
94.86 ha. While the area under forest has been recorded as 58.14 ha, scrub lands accounts
for 15.51 ha. Oil palm plantation areas account for 11.0 ha.
Land use map is given in Figure 3.3.
August 2015
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Figure 3.3: Land use within the Study Area
August 2015
41
3.1.4 Hydrology
A hydrology study was carried out to reach the objectives mainly to estimate the long term
flow regime of the catchment above the proposed site to assess the availability of water for
the project. A low flow analysis was also carried out. Project Hydrology Report is given in
Annex VIII.
In order to estimate the possible impact of enhanced flooding due to the construction of the
proposed diversion weir, a hydraulic study was also carried out.
Effective Catchment Area
The effective catchment area at the proposed weir location is 372km2. The catchment area
maps are given in Annex VI.7 and Hydrology Report (Annex VIII).
Rainfall Patterns of the Effective Catchment Area
Data from three rain gauges were collected to represent spatial rainfall distribution of the
catchment. Selected rain gauges are Deepadine, Dolabodakanda and Gonapanigala. Due to
inconsistency of rainfall records 18 years of data range from 1992 to 2011 was considered in
the analysis. The annual average rainfall for 18 years at Dolabodakanda rain gauge is
3,633mm and that of Deepadene is 3,349mm respectively. The data for Gonapanigala is
available only up to 2003 with few missing data and the average from 1992 to 2003 is
2,905mm. Table 1 to Table 3 of Annex VIII: Hydrology Report shows the monthly rainfall
data at Deepadine, Dolabodakanda and Gonapanigala respectively. The basin average
rainfall for 18 years from 1992 to 2011 was estimated at 3,447mm. The average monthly
distribution of rainfall is depicted in Figure 3.4. From this figure it is clear that SW monsoon
dominates the catchment rainfall and lowest rainfall occurs in February.
Figure 3.4: Distribution of average basin rainfall-From 1992 to 2011
August 2015
42
Drainage Pattern of the Study Area

The upper boundary of the catchment extends up to an elevation of 2,080m MSL as streams
originated from the Sinharaja forest on the border of Ratanapura and Galle districts. The
Kukule Ganga is formed by the convergence of Wewa Ganga, Koswatte Ganga and Delgoda
Ganga. Kukule Ganga dam which intercepts a catchment area of 312km2 is located at an
elevation of 190m MSL. The dam creates a regulation pond at an FSL of 208 m MSL and
diverts water through a 5.7m long tunnel which leads to the underground power station.
After passing through the turbines, water is released via a 1.6km long tailrace tunnel back in
to the Kukule Ganga to a point about 9km downstream to the dam. The Makeli Oya also
joins the Kukule Ganga at the same point where about 3.5 km upstream to the proposed
weir location of Bogahahena-Kukula MHP. The river enters from the areas where contained
narrow parallel valleys to flood plains with low gradient of river bed. As with two major
downstream tributaries Palan Ganga and Mguru Ganga joins, the river becomes Kuda Ganga
then joins with Kalu Ganga at a place near Anguruwatota.
River Flow Details
Mean annual flow
According to the hydrological studies the average annual flow rate based on the 18 years
generated data is 27.05m3/s.
Mean Monthly Discharges
Table 3.1 shows the mean monthly distribution of flows of Kukule Ganga at the weir site.
The flow duration curves provide vital information to plan and design the hydro-mechanical
components of a hydropower project. The flow duration curve for an average year with
tabulated flow rates for % exceedance is presented in Figure 3.5.
Table 3.1: mean monthly flow at the weir site
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Mean
Mean
33.27 27.71 35.00 22.29 16.67 13.31 17.79 35.44 25.93 32.96 28.53 35.22 27.05
Max
54.69 40.24 53.87 46.08 54.21 29.11 29.74 62.95 37.13 56.60 45.59 59.77 62.95
Min
21.96 15.46 20.57
7.88
6.18
6.59 10.52 13.31 16.35 18.22 17.56 22.31
August 2015
6.18
43
Figure 3.5: Flow Duration Curve
% Exceedance
Flow rate (m3/s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
50.89
38.52
31.91
26.31
21.78
17.75
13.80
9.98
6.20
3.92
Annual Flow Variation in the River

The variation of annual flows during the period of 1992/93 to 2010/11 is presented in Figure
3.6. Annual average flow volume from generated data is 853.6 MCM while the maximum
and minimum figures are 1,025.2MCM and 638.2MCM respectively.
Figure 3.6: Annual Flow Variation at the Weir Site
August 2015
44
Minimum Dry Season Flow, Base Flow

For the low flow analysis, the statistics of the estimated annual minimum flow rates were
obtained and the estimated minimum daily average flow based on the 18 year study period
is 0.341m3/s. Table 10 of Annex VIII: Hydrology report shows the annual daily minimum
flows for the period of 1992 2011.
High Flood Pattern of the Project Area including Flood Levels (for 10, 25, 50, 100 years
return periods) [Some data may be available at the Irrigation Department]
The flooding in the project area could be due to intense rainfall in the catchment under
natural conditions or due to sudden opening of flood gates at Kukule reservoir.
During the hydraulic study, natural flood hydrographs for different return periods ie. 10, 25,
50 and 100 years were developed and corresponding flood peaks were calculated. Estimates
made by previous consultants who studied the Kukule Ganga basin were used to determine
the expected maximum flood peak at the proposed weir site at the time of opening the
flood gates at Kukule dam. Development of flood hydrographs for each scenario is discussed
and depicted in Section 6, 7 and 8 of the Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report.
Flood peaks at the proposed weir site for return periods of 10, 25, 50 and 100 years and
expected maximum during a sudden opening of flood gates at Kukule dam are shown in
Table 3.2. Detailed calculations are given in Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report.
Table 3.2: Flood Peaks at the weir for Different Return Periods
Return Period (years)
Flood Peak (m3/s)
10
1,297
25
1,561
50
1,771
100
2,069
Maximum flow expected

when the flood gates of
Kukule dam are opened
2,638
Cross Sectional Profile of the River

Provide a cross sectional profile of the river at the proposed weir site and cross sectional
profiles at several upstream locations of the weir to determine the flood potential (Ex.
25m, 50m, 100m upstream from the weir) and edge of the cross section should be beyond
the 100 year flood plane
River cross sectional profile at weir site is given in Annex VI.8. Locations and the cross
sectional profiles at several upstream and downstream locations of the weir are given in
Annex IX: Hydraulics Study Report in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively.
August 2015
45
Longitudinal Section of the River Reach

Longitudinal section of upstream of the water source from the weir location (Up to the
stream bed level which is one meter above the weir crest level (levels in 50m intervals)
Longitudinal section of the river reach is given Annex VI.9. For the hydraulic study, the river
reach was surveyed for about 5.2 km, including the proposed power house, diversion weir
upto the confluence of Makeli Oya with Kukule Ganga (Fig. 10 of Annex IX)
3.2
Biological Environment
3.2.1 Proposed Site

Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies within the Low Country Wet Zone.
Floristically, it falls is within the Southern Lowland Hills floristic zone and Tropical Wet
Evergreen Forests are the typical vegetation formation in the Southern Lowland Hills floristic
zone. However, most of the lands in and around the proposed project area are now under
human influence and have been cleared for establishing human settlements or perennial
crops.
3.2.2 Existing Vegetation Types/ Habitats
River and riverside vegetation are the only natural habitats observed in the project
impacted area. More than 90% of the project activities will take place in man-made habitats
such as cultivated lands (Oil Palm or Rubber) and abandoned lands.
3.2.3 River and Riverside Vegetation
A thin belt (2 to 10 m in width) of disturbed riverside vegetation is present on both banks of
the river. Aquatic and semi aquatic plant species such as Lagenandra sp. (Ketala),
Aponogeton rigidifolius (Kekatiya), Colocasia esculenta (Gahala), Cyperus spp., Pandanus
ceylanicus (Dunu Keyya) were observed on the edges of both banks of the river. The
riverside vegetation was dominated by species such as Ochlandra stridula (Bata), Mallotus
tetracoccus (Bu Kenda), Alstonia macrophylla (Havari Nuga), Dillenia suffruticosa (Diya Para),
Macaranga peltata (Kenda), Acacia caesia (Hinguru Wel), Dillenia indica (Hondapara),
Cleistocalyx operculatus (Bata Damba), Mussaenda frondosa (Mussenda), Trema orientalis
(Gadumba), Madhuca neriifolia (Gan Mi), Aporusa lanceolata (Heen Kebella), Ixora coccinea
(Ratambala), Caryota urens (Kitul), Pothos scandens (Pota Wel), Bhesa ceylanica (Pelan),
Willughbeia cirrhifera (Kiri Wel), Dillenia retusa (Godapara), Hydnocarpus venenata
(Makulu), Barringtonia racemosa (Diya Midella) and Symplocos cochinchinensis (Bombu).
A total of 33 endemic plant species (seventeen endemic plant species, two endemic and
nationally endangered (EN) plant species, ten endemic and nationally vulnerable (VU) plant
species, four endemic and nationally near threatened (NT) plant species) were recorded
within the river and riverside vegetation during the study. In addition to the above
mentioned threatened and near threatened (NT) endemic species, three nationally
vulnerable (VU) native plant species and eight nationally near threatened (NT) native plant
species were also recorded within the river and riverside vegetation.
August 2015
46
Two out of the 33 endemic plant species observed during the field investigations in the river
side vegetation downstream of the proposed weir location, Aponogeton rigidifolius
(Kekatiya) and Drypetes lanceolata are listed as nationally endangered (EN). Out of these
two species, Drypetes lanceolata that was observed in the riverside vegetation on the left
bank of the river is a very rare plant species. According to the A Revised Handbook to the
Flora of Ceylon it has been recorded from only few locations in Kalutara (exact location
unknown), Ratnapura (Nambapana) and Kandy (Madugoda) districts. As this species was
recorded on the left bank of the river it will not be directly impacted by the project as the
project activities take place in the right bank of the river. A detailed list of plant species
observed within the river and riverside vegetation is given in Annex X.
3.2.4 Flora of the Project Area
Flora of the Proposed Canal Path
The proposed canal trace passes through an Oil palm cultivated land. Few species of weeds
were observed in the area other than the oil palm. None of the plant species observed in
this area are listed as endemic, nationally threatened or nationally near threatened. A
detailed list of plant species observed along the canal trace is given in Annex X.1.
Flora of the Proposed Powerhouse Location
The proposed powerhouse will be located in an abandoned land on the right bank of the
river. A single endemic plant species, Ochlandra stridula (Bata) was observed in the
proposed location. A detailed list of plants recorded within the proposed powerhouse
location is given in Annex X.1.
Flora of the Project Area
A total number of 153 plant species including 33 endemics, 15 nationally threatened and 12
nationally near threatened plant species were recorded during the field survey within the
study area (Table 3.3). Majority of the plant species recorded are trees (72) followed by
climbers or creepers (31), herbaceous species (29) shrubs (20) and epiphytes (1) (Table 3.3).
Further, about 22 % of the recorded flora is endemic to Sri Lanka and about 23 % of the
recoded flora is exotic to the country. A detailed list of plant species recorded in and around
the project affected area is listed in Annex X.1.
Table 3.3: Summary of the Plant Species Recorded During the Study
Total
Species
Plant Type
Threatened and Near

Threatened
EN
VU
NT
Endemic
Native
Exotic
Tree
72
1 (1)
7 (5)
7 (3)
21
37
14
Shrub
20
2 (2)
11
Herb
29
1 (1)
15
12
Epiphyte
Climbers/ Creepers
31
4 (3)
3 (1)
21
153
2 (2)
13 (10)
12 (4)
33
85
35
22%
55%
23%
Total
%
Abbreviations used: EN Endangered, VU Vulnerable, NT Near Threatened
August 2015
47
The plant species richness was found to be significantly high in the riverside vegetation
compared to plantations and abandoned lands. Likewise, the endemic species and
threatened species were recorded only in the riverside vegetation while the exotic species
were recorded predominantly in the cultivated lands (Oil palm or Rubber) and abandoned
lands where more than 90% of the project activities will take place (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4: Summary of the Plant Species Recorded in areas identified for different project
activities
Project activity
Total
Species
River banks*
Headrace canal
Power House
142
17
8
Conservation Status
EN
VU
NT
2
13
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
Taxonomic Status
E
N
I
33
79
30
0
7
10
1
3
4
T
70
1
3
S
20
1
1
Habit
H
22
12
2
E
1
0
0
C
29
3
2
* Riverbanks are not significantly impacted (less than 10% of project activities take place in river banks).
However the river banks come within the indirect impact zone and therefore considered in the impact analysis.
Abbreviations used: EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT - Near Threatened, E - Endemic, N - Native, I Introduced or Exotic, T - Tree, S - Shrub, H - Herb, E - Epiphyte, C - Climber.
3.2.5 Endemic and Threatened Flora

There are 33 (22%) endemic plant species among recorded plants from the proposed project
area. Out of the 33 recorded endemics, two species, Aponogeton rigidifolius (Kekatiya) and
Drypetes lanceolata are listed as nationally endangered (EN) species and was recorded in
the riverine vegetation downstream from the proposed weir location. Drypetes lanceolata is
very rare plant species and according to A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon it was
recorded only in few locations in Kalutara (exact location unknown), Ratnapura
(Nambapana) and Kandy (Madugoda) districts. Even though these plant species are not
found in the direct impact zone care should be taken during the construction period not to
disturb these species. In addition to these two endangered species, 13 (8.5%) species listed
as nationally vulnerable (VU) including 10 endemics and 12 (7.8%) species listed as
nationally near threatened (NT) including 4 endemics was recorded among the plant species
observed in the proposed project area (Table 3.5).
Table 3.5: Endemic, threatened and near threatened plant species observed in the direct
and indirect zone of the project
Family New
Acanthaceae
Achariaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Apocynaceae
Aponogetonaceae
Araceae
Araliaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Asparagaceae
Scientific Name
Strobilanthes spp.
Hydnocarpus venenata
Mangifera zeylanica
Semecarpus gardneri
Semecarpus marginata
Willughbeia cirrhifera
Aponogeton rigidifolius
Lagenandra sp.
Schefflera emarginata
Calamus digitatus
Calamus thwaitesii
Dracaena thwaitesii
Common Name
Nelu
Makulu
Etamba
Badulla
Kiri Wel
Kekatiya
Kethala
Kukulu Wel
Ma Wewel
August 2015
HA
S
T
T
T
T
C
H
H
C
C
C
S
TS NCS RS CA PH
E
LC +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E NT +
E VU +
E EN +
E
LC +
E VU +
E VU +
N VU +
N NT +
48
Family New
Calophyllaceae
Centroplacaceae
Clusiaceae
Cyatheaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Marattiaceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myristicaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Poaceae
Polygalaceae
Putranjivaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rubiaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Simaroubaceae
Scientific Name
Calophyllum acidus
Bhesa ceylanica
Garcinia quaesita
Cyathea walkerae
Dipterocarpus zeylanicus
Macaranga digyna
Mallotus fuscescens
Vitex altissima
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cryptocarya wightiana
Litsea longifolia
Angiopteris evecta
Lijndenia capitellata
Osbeckia octandra
Artocarpus nobilis
Ficus diversiformis
Horsfieldia iryaghedhi
Cleistocalyx operculatus
Syzygium neesianum
Freycinetia walkeri
Pandanus ceylanicus
Aporusa lanceolata
Ochlandra stridula
Xanthophyllum zeylanicum
Drypetes lanceolata
Gouania microcarpa
Ziziphus rugosa
Carallia brachiata
Gardenia crameri
Madhuca neriifolia
Palaquium canaliculatum
Quassia indica
Common Name
Batu Kina
Pelan
Rat Goraka
Gini Hota
Hora
Gal Ota
Milla
Kurundu
Golu-Mora
Rat Keliya
Wal Meda
Pini Baru
Heen Bowitiya
Bedi Del
Ruk Gedhi
Bata Damba
Panu Kera
Dunu Keyya
Heen Kebella
Bata
Palala
Maha Eraminiya
Dawata
Galis
Gan Mi
Elakirihembiliya
Samadara
HA
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
H
T
S
T
C
T
T
T
C
S
T
S
T
T
C
C
T
S
T
T
T
TS NCS RS CA PH
N NT +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E VU +
E NT +
E NT +
E
LC +
N NT +
E VU +
N NT +
E
LC +
N NT +
E VU +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E VU +
E
LC +
E
LC +
E NT +
E VU +
E
LC +
E
LC +
+
E
LC +
E EN +
N NT +
N NT +
N NT +
E VU +
N VU +
E VU +
N VU +
3.2.6 Fauna of the Project Area

Total number of 85 faunal species was recorded in and around the project area representing
land snails, butterflies, dragon flies, freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. This
included 9 endemic species and 1 exotic species. Further, one species listed as a nationally
vulnerable and five species including three endemic species listed as nationally near
threatened was recorded among the fauna observed in the direct and indirect impact zone
of the project. More than 90% of the project activities take place in highly human modified
habitats such as plantations and abandoned lands. The faunal diversity in these habitats is
comparatively low compared to natural riverine vegetation observed in the indirect impact
zone of the project. A summary of the faunal species observed in the project site is given in
Table 3.6. The detailed list of faunal species recorded during the field study and their
distribution within the major construction sites of the project is given in Annex X.2.
August 2015
49
Table 3.6: Summary of the faunal species recorded in the study area
Threatened species
Total
Species
Endemic
Species
Migrant/ Exotic
Species
CR
EN
VU
NT
Land Snails
Butterflies
14
Dragonflies
Freshwater Fish
Frogs
Reptiles
Birds
34
Mammals
86
Taxonomic Group
TOTAL
Abbreviations Used: CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT Near Threatened
3.2.7 Threatened and Endemic Fauna

Out of the 85 faunal species recorded, one species Hylarana aurantiaca (Small Wood Frog)
is listed as a nationally vulnerable species. Further, five species Pantoporia hordonia
(Common lascar), Hylarana temporalis (Sri Lanka Common Wood frog), Hypsipetes
leucocephalus (Black bulbul), Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey), Moschiola kathygre
(Sri Lanka pigmy mouse deer) including three endemic species are listed as nationally near
threatened. All of the endemic species observed are wide spread species that can be
encountered in human dominated landscapes. Further none of the endemic and threatened
species recorded are unique or restricted to the region. They will also not be impacted
significantly due to the project activities as more than 90% of the project activities take
place in highly human modified habitats where these species were not recorded.
3.2.8 Commercially Important Fauna and Flora
The faunal species observed at the project site are not been used for any commercial
purposes. Some of the tree species that are present are cultivated species such as timber
trees, rubber and oil palm. However, these trees will not be adversely affected by the
project.
3.3
Social Environment
3.3.1 Socio Economic Situation of the Area

The proposed mini-hydro power development project is located in the GND of No 825 A,
Paragoda East coming under the Bulathsinhala DSD in the District of Kalutara. The total land
area of the Bulathsinhala DSD is 206 km2 which is equivalent to 50,903 acres. The DSD
consists of 54 GNDs) and it has had a total population of 67,461 in 2012. A multi-ethnic and
multi-religious population lives in harmony in the DS Division where the majority is Sinhala
which accounts for 85% of the total population. The Tamil ethnic group accounts for 12% of
August 2015
50
the population and the Muslim community accounts for 4%. Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 show
the ethnic and religious distribution of the population in the DSD respectively.
Table 3.7: Ethnic distribution of the population in Bulathsinhala DS Division
Ethnic Group
Sinhala
Population
57,029
84.5
Tamil
7,938
11.8
Muslim
2,470
3.7
other
24
0.04
Total
67,461
100
Source: Resource profile of the Divisional Secretariat, Bulathsinhala-2012
Table 3.8: Religious Distribution of the Population in Bulathsinhala DS Division

Religious Group
Population
56671
84
Hindus
7341
10.9
Islam
2286
3.4
Roman Catholics
754
1.1
Other
409
0.6
Total
67461
100
Buddhists
Since the proposed project falls within Pagoda East GN Division and the power evacuation
system traverses through Molkawa GN division and some impacts of the project may extend
to Paragoda West GN division, it is considered that the Paragoda East, Molkawa and
Paragoda West Grama Niladhari division areas, which are located in the Bulathsinhala
Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) shall be considered to examine the socio-economic
impacts due to the proposed project.
Background of Paragoda East, Molkawa and Paragoda West Grama Niladhari Divisions
Population characteristics
The total population of Paragoda East, Molkawa and Paragoda West Grama Niladhari
division is 2,873 as of 2012 which belong to 873 families. Table 3.9 shows the number of
families and total population living in the three GN divisions under reference.
Table 3.9: No of families and total population in three GN divisions
GND
No. of Families
Total population
825A
Paragoda-East
282
1020
825
Molkawa
254
816
825C
Paragoda-West
337
1037
873
2873
Total
August 2015
51
Ethnic and religious distribution in three GN divisions

There is an ethnic mix of Sinhala and Tamil in three GN divisions. Majority of the people
living in all three GN divisions are Sinhalese and only 09 people belong to Tamil ethnic group
are living these GN divisions.
There is also a religious mix in these three GN divisions. Majority is Buddhists and they
account for 2,842 devotees. Other religions are less significant in terms of the numbers. The
following Table 3.10 shows the ethnic and religious of three GN divisions under reference.
Table 3.10: Ethnic and Religious distribution of the population in three GN divisions
GND
Total
Population
Molkawa
Ethnic Distribution
Religious Distribution
Sinhala Tamil Muslim Other
Buddhist Hindu Islam Catholic
816
809
07
798
09
09
Paragoda-East
1,020
1,019
01
1,015
05
Paragoda-West
1,037
1,029
02
06
1,029
02
06
Total
2873
2857
09
07
2842
11
20
Gender and Age distribution

The Table 3.11 provides the gender distribution of three GN Divisions The female population
slightly outnumbers the male population.
Table 3.11: Gender and Age distribution of the people living in three GN divisions
GND
Molkawa
Gender
Total
population Female Male
Age
0-5
6-18
19-40 41-59 60-69
Over 70
816
421
395
74
173
229
230
53
57
Paragoda-East
1,020
524
496
100
190
345
223
107
55
Paragoda-West
1,037
525
512
82
168
420
174
117
76
Total
2,873
1,470
1,403
256
531
994
627
277
188
Land Ownership
The total Land area of Paragoda East GN Division is 2729 acres( 11.05 km 2 ) while Molkawa
GN Division is 864 acres (3.5 km2 ) and Paragoda west is 1161 acres ( 4.7 km2).
Land ownership details of the three GN divisions are presents in Table 3.12. It reveals that a
total of 693 acres belong to private owners and 291 acres are owned by the State. There are
95 acres of land given to people on various licences.
August 2015
52
Table 3.12: Land ownership details of the three GN divisions

State
Privately
Owned
Licensed
Religious
properties
Molkawa
66
44
30
05
Paragoda east
168
73
40
Paragoda west
57
576
25
06
Total
291
693
95
11
GND
Housing and Sanitary Conditions

There are 689 permanent houses and 135 temporary houses in three GN divisions. Two
families do not have houses though they have lands. According to the resource profile,
87.3% families do have water seal toilets while 10.5% does not have any type of toilet.
Table 3.13: Housing and Sanitary condition of the area
Not having a
house
No of families having a house to live

GND
Temporary Permanent
Toilets
Partly
Land No
Pit
No
Rented Estate
Water seal
Constructed
Owned land
Latrines toilets
Molkawa
20
214
205
02
27
Paragoda East
72
210
243
15
24
ParagodaWest
43
265
02
02
267
01
35
Total
135
689
02
02
715
18
86
3.3.2 River Uses

Sand mining was a popular activity in Molkawa GN division of Bulthsinhala DS division. Even
now there are about 10 people carrying out sand mining in different locations along the
river far downstream to the weir. Nobody use river water for agriculture activities within the
project affected area. Very few locations are used by the people for their daily bathing
requirements. One location has used for boat landing, however now these activities are not
functioning.
3.3.3 Income Generation Sources and Patterns of the Area
As the Table 3.14 describes there are 85 people in the State sector, while 180 are in private
sector and a considerable number of people (711) are in the agricultural sector. The
unemployed population is comparatively high and it is 159. Fifty one (51) families in
Paragoda East are involved in paddy cultivation while 159 and 148 families cultivate Tea and
Rubber respectively. Among the others, 51 families are with vegetable cultivation and 71
families cultivate fruits in Paragoda east. Seventy five acres are cultivated by paddy in
Molkawa GN division and 55 acres are with Tea cultivation. Rubber is also popular
August 2015
53
cultivation in Molkawa GN division and it is 63 acres. People in Paragoda west do paddy

cultivation in 206 acres while 491 acres under Rubber cultivation. Tea is cultivated only in
27 acres. Twelve families in Molkawa GN division are involved in retail and whole sale
businesses while one family is involved in agriculture based rice processing industry. Nine
families in Paragoda east are doing carpentry and lathe machine operation activities and 42
families are rearing animals such as goats, poultry and cows. 08 families earn income out of
their home gardens while 03 families doing whole sale and retail trading. Very few families
are doing income earning activities in service sector, mining and minor crops export sector
in Paragoda east.
Table 3.14: Employment Status
State
Private
Sector
Agriculture
sector
Self
Employed
Employed
in foreign
countries
Molkawa
18
74
327
77
73
Paragoda-East
38
62
164
48
18
139
86
Paragoda-West
30
44
220
15
10
182
Total
86
180
711
140
28
321
159
GND
Other Unemployed
3.3.4 Existing Environmental Considerations, Problems or Issues Prevailing in the Area

Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) belongs to low-country wet zone. The
area gets heavy rains during May, June and July in the South-West Monsoon season.
Average rainfall is 3000mm and average temperature is 36C. Kukule Ganga Hydropower
Project has changed the socio-economic condition of the people living in this DS division and
the environment of the area with new roads, employments, transport facilities and
electricity.
Most sensitive environmental problem prevailing in the area is frequent flooding. According
to the people living in the area, they have experienced minor floods at least 5 times a year,
prior to the commencement of Kukule Ganga Hydropower Project. This situation was
relieved after the dam construction. However, they were severely impacted due to the
major flood events in 2003 and 2008. They perceive that it is due to un-planned release of
flood water by the Kukule Ganga Hydropower Project during heavy rainy seasons.
3.3.5 Cultural and Archaeological Aspects
Pahiyangala caves (Lena) is an ancient cave coming within the Bulathsinhala DS Division is
one of the pre-historic sites identifies in the country. It is believed that this cave had been a
location where prehistoric cave men being lived some 37,000 years ago. This cave is
supposed to be the largest natural rock cave in Asia and this is also known to be the most
ancient pre-historic human settlement in Asia. The cave lies 125m above sea level, at its
entrance the cave is 55m high and over 60m long.
However, the proposed mini hydropower project will not cause any impact on this prehistoric and religiously important site.
August 2015
54
3.3.6 Existing Infrastructure Facilities, Transportation, Communications, Power Supply

Etc
The majority of the people living in the study area use protected well water (508 families)
while 53 families use un-protected wells.
Passenger transport in this area is mostly by buses. Buses are plying to different destination
via this area facilitating transport of the local people. Another popular mode of transport in
the area is by three wheelers. Transport of goods and materials is done mainly by lorries and
tractors. Where the roads are not wide enough, bullock carts are used for transport of
goods and materials.
Access to communication facilities in the area is fairly satisfactory. A fair number of
households possess fixed telephone and cellular phones.
Power supply to the project area is by the national grid.
Statistics on drinking water supply, electricity and telephone facilities are presented in Table
3.15 bellow.
Table 3.15: Access to infrastructure facilities
Molkawa
Paragoda-East Paragoda-West
Total
Drinking water source

Protected Well
141
113
254
508
Unprotected Well
07
42
04
53
02
02
Common Wells
18
15
12
45
River/Streams
41
74
04
119
Pipe born water
17
17
Other
01
01
Tube Well
Molkawa
Paragoda-East Paragoda-West
Total
Electricity
Houses with Electricity
203
182
264
649
Other Sources
04
04
No Electricity
31
95
57
183
Land Phone
20
48
55
123
Mobile Phones
171
204
215
590
Telephone
August 2015
55
4.
4.1
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

Soil Erosion and Siltation
4.1.1 Soil Erosion and Siltation Impacts during Construction

Soil erosion from the land surface mainly depends on two factors, such as rain fall and
degree of slope of the area. As considering the study area, rainfall is average and the degree
of slope of the area is fairly steep. Both river banks are excavated to construct the weir.
Deep excavations are necessary to construct the channel and the power house. Therefore,
soil erosion as well as siltation on the river will be anticipated during construction phase.
Therefore, construction must be planned to accelerate or limit in rainy seasons.
4.1.2 River Bank Erosion
Either side of the river banks at the weir will be excavated during construction creating soil
erosion to a certain extent. Some sections of river banks of pond area can be eroded due to
the fluctuation of river water level. Discharging area of the left river banks has a less
potential for erosion.
4.1.3 Loss of Soil Stability and Increase of Slope Failures
Upper side of excavated sections of the intake area, channel, power house and the access
road can be destabilized. Destabilization of river bank around the pond area and the
discharging area will be negligible.
4.2
Hydrological Impacts
4.2.1 Anticipated Flood Problems in the Area as the Result of the Project
Flood Issue in the Area - An Overview
Intense rainfall received in upper catchments causes floods in downstream river basins
when the rivers cannot hold the flow of water. Flooding also takes place in lowlands when
intense rainfall causes the inflow to exceed the outflow. People living in low-lying areas of
Kalutara District in particular, Bulathsinhala, Madurawala, Dodangoda, Millaniya and
Kalutara DSDs often claimed an increase in occurrences and severity of the flood events
experienced during the recent past. More complaints were recorded from the villagers at
the immediate downstream of the proposed project specially from Molkawa, Paragoda
West and Galahitiya GNDs.
During the EIA study, flood issue faced by the villagers in and around the proposed project
area were investigated in detail. Previously recorded flood data were collected from the
Irrigation Department and literature on the Kukule Ganga, Kuda Ganga and Kalu Ganga
system were studied. Views of officials and villagers were gathered by conducting meetings
and informal discussions etc. An extreme flood event was experienced during the EIA study
period on 04th June, 2014. The flood peak measured at Millakanda river gauging station
(Figure 4.1) was recorded as 869.92m3/s which is equivalent to 10.28m MSL flood level.
Photograph showing the flood level at Molkawa old junction is given in Plate 4.1. Water
levels recorded at Millakanda and Putupaula river gauging stations are shown in Figure 4.2.
August 2015
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Plate 4.1: Flood Level experienced during the most recent event on 04 th June, 2014
Flood Level
Molkawa Old Junction
Figure 4.1: River Gauging Stations along the Lower Kalu Ganga System
Naragala bridge
Kalu Ganga
Narthupana bridge
Millakanda
Kuda Ganga
Kukule
Ganga
Putupaula
Kalawellawa bridge
To
Kalutara
Proposed
project area
August 2015
57
Figure 4.2(i): Water Level Variation of Millakanda
Source: Irrigation Department
Figure 4.2(ii): Water Level Variation of Putupaula
Source: Irrigation Department
Historical flood flows recoded at Millakanda river gauging station is given in Table 4.1.
Flood condition in these areas could be described as a combination of various factors such
as terrain, increase in rainfall intensities which could be due to climate change impacts,
nature of the lower Kalu Ganga river network and man-made activities etc. Some of the
observations related to these factors are discussed below.
Terrain of the Area
Up to the proposed project area, Kukule Ganga flows through narrow parallel valleys. Then
the river enters to a comparatively low lying flood plain with a lower river gradient. Most of
the areas at immediate downstream to the proposed project are at an elevation less than
10m MSL as shown in the Figure 4.3: Google map showing the terrain of the area. Contour
details of this area are given in Figure 3.1: Topography Map.
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58
Figure 4.3: Terrain of the area
Proposed
project area
Millakanda River
Gauging Station
Paragoda East
Paragoda West
Kukule
Ganga
Area below 10m MSL

having natural tendency
of flood risk
Galahitiya
CEBs Kukule Ganga

Reservoir
August 2015
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Table 4.1: Historical flood flows recoded at Millakanda River Gauging Station
Catchment Area
: 780.29 km2
Gauge Zero
: 0.04m
Recent past (91/92 to date)
Past records (50/51 to 76/77)
Water Year
Flood Peaks
m3/s
Date
Water Year
Flood Peaks
m3/s
91/92
537.85
06-06-92
50/51
591.30
92/93
674.16
29-06-93
51/52
571.06
93/94
703.46
28-05-94
52/53
481.02
94/95
425.37
07-06-95
53/54
NA
95/96
458.48
09-10-95
54/55
713.61
96/97
486.64
24-09-97
55/56
512.33
97/98
532.00
20-07-98
56/57
NA
98/99
726.00
21-04-99
57/58
447.55
99/00
569.01
15-10-99
58/59
241.36
00/01
275.44
07-10-00
59/60
275.03
01/02
200.66
14-05-02
60/61
218.12
02/03
1,020.86
18-05-03
61/62
571.06
03/04
380.30
20-09-04
62/63
544.44
04/05
359.50
06-09-05
63/64
438.81
05/06
356.31
23-06-06
64/65
NA
06/07
405.32
28-10-06
65/66
1,166.28
07/08
1,320.45
01-06-08
66/67
1,016.69
08/09
421.77
18-08-09
67/68
NA
09/10
617.85
20-05-10
68/69
1,139.98
10/11
528.14
30-04-11
69/70
392.71
11/12
263.79
13-12-11
70/71
905.69
12/13
536.43
02-11-12
71/72
925.70
13/14
869.92
04-07-14
72/73
271.64
73/74
544.44
74/75
NA
75/76
528.39
76/77
534.72
Data are not available (NA) from 77/78 to 90/91

Source: Pre Feasibility Study Assessment of Kalu
Ganga Flood Protection with Special Reference to
Ratnapura
August 2015
60
Climate Change Impact

Extreme events (floods, droughts, etc.) would be more intense and more frequent with the
climate change, due mainly to variability of rainfall. In addition, wet areas get wetter and
wetter and dry areas get drier and drier with the climate change. During the last few
decades, for instance, Sri Lanka has witnessed a number of extreme rainfall events in south
western regions during south west monsoon season (May to September) and in contrast
northeast and north central regions experienced severe drought during the paddy and other
field crop growing seasons.
Recent climate change research have identified a trend in rainfall decrease in Sri Lanka and
in contrast, there is a trend for the increase of one day heavy rainfall events. The increase in
the frequency of extreme rainfall events are anticipated, which would lead to more flash
floods situations. Predictions of some of the recent studies are given below;
According to the studies, it is clearly seen that the southwest monsoon rainfall,
which usually confines to the western and south western parts of the island, is
projected to increase. (Dr. B.R.S.B. Basnayake, Climate change in Sri Lanka)
Studies have revealed a 24 hour heavy rainfall trend in Sri Lanka (1901-2000),
specially a higher increasing trend in south western areas. The increase is mostly due
to south-westerlies (due to monsoon or either due to direct or indirect effect of
cyclonic disturbances)(G.B. Samarasinghe, Long Term Forecast of Climate Change: Sri
Lanka Future Scenario, Meteorological Department).
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka - 2011 to 2016; Water
Sector Vulnerability Profile published by Ministry of Environment, 2012 reports that
the increased intensity of rainfall in the wet zone due to climate change is expected
to increase the tendency for flooding of flood prone rivers. In the regions where
precipitation is generally high, more intense rainfall expected from climate change
scenarios would lead to increase the frequency of floods and landslides.
These studies show the historical trend of increasing rainfall intensities in south west areas
and more frequent and severe flooding from flood prone rivers will exacerbate problems
already faced by these communities in low-lying areas specially, above mentioned GNDs.
Nature of the Lower Kalu Ganga River Network
In general, downstream section of the Kalu Ganga below Ellagawa and up to the Kalutara
outfall is considered as the lower Kalu Ganga. Main Kalu Ganga has a minimum gradient in
this section. Kuda Ganga, one of the main tributaries which joins upstream of Anguruwatota
adds a considerable volume of water in to the Kalu Ganga. The gradient of Kukule Ganga Kuda Ganga drops drastically as elevation between Kukule Ganga existing dam and
proposed dam location at Molkawa area drops from about 190m MSL to 8m MSL between
the river section of 12.5km. Then next 17km section of the river up to Kalawellawa bridge
where the Millakanda river gauge is located, drops only by 5.5m.
During flood situations, increased discharge volumes of rivers converge together at the
confluence. As a consequence, due to the low river gradients and discharge volumes, the
amount of each river discharge decreases, creating a backwater effect for both channels ie
main Kalu Ganga and Kuda Ganga. This phenomenon affects in many low lying areas along
the river.
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Emergency Discharges from Existing Kukule Ganga Dam

At the existing dam of the Kukule Ganga CEB Hydropower Project which is located upstream
of the proposed Bogahahena-Kukula MHP, there are 4 radial gates to discharge flood water. In
addition the power intake tunnel is capable of discharging 48.0 m3/s of design flow. Each radial
gate is 9.3 m high and 12.0 m wide. It has a discharge capacity of 2,365.0 m3/s when the
reservoir is at HFL. This flood discharge is equivalent to a 10,000 year return period. Therefore,
during an emergency situation, by opening all the gates of the spillway, a flood peak of 2,413.0
m3/s could be expected from Kukule dam including 48.0 m3/s from the power tunnel. In
addition, there is an incremental catchment of 32.0 km2 below the Kukule dam and this too
enhance the flooding downstream by an amount of 225.0 m3/s. Therefore, on the assumption
that there is heavy rain in the lower catchment at the time of opening the flood gates at Kukule
dam, a maximum flood peak of 2,638 m3/s could be expected at the proposed project site. This
estimate ignores the possible reduction of the flood peak due to flood routing between the
Kukule dam and Bogahahena MHP.
This implies that if one opens all the gates when the Kukule Reservoir during an emergency
situation, an artificial flood of more than 100 year would be created. It was also understood
that there is no catchment rainfall monitoring mechanism integrated with the emergency
release of floods.
Impact due to Proposed Project
The proposed Bogahahena-Kukula MHP, as a run-of-the-river type project, will maintain
only a minimal storage at the weir for regulating purpose. Design of the weir has been done
in such a way to ensure that the upstream flood level rise to be kept minimum during
floods. Also, in designing the proposed weir, the discharges of existing Kukule Ganga dam
will be given due considerations. Therefore, it does not anticipate a downstream flooding
aggravated by the constructing of the proposed weir. A comparison between Kukule Ganga
CEB Hydropower Project with the proposed project is as follows;
Table 4.2: A Comparison of Kukule Ganga CEB Project and Proposed MHP
Kukule Ganga CEB Project
Proposed BogahahenaKukula MHP
Dam
Weir
H-18m; L-110m
H-2.5m; L-62m
Catchment area (km2)
342
372
Reservoir capacity (MCM)
1.6
0.043
Reservoir area at FSL (ha)
88
2.7
4 radial gates 9.3 m x 12.0 m
No Flood gates
Installed capacity (MW)
70
2.3
Annual electricity generation (GWh)
317
11.38
Parameter
Type of diversion structure
Dimensions of the diversion structure
Flood gates at the diversion structure
4.2.2 Findings of the Hydraulic Study

The objective of hydraulic study was to estimate the possible impact of enhanced flooding
due to the construction of the proposed weir. A numerical hydraulic model was set up to
August 2015
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simulate water levels in the river reach both upstream and downstream of the proposed
weir (Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report).
For this study, a hydraulic model for the river reach was set up to a distance of about 5.2
km, including the proposed power house, weir up to the confluence of Makeli Oya with
Kukule Ganga near the point where the Kukule Ganga CEB Projects turbine discharge is
released back to the river. The location of the power house in the model is at 1,250 m and
the weir is at 1,750 m. The most upstream location is at 5,200 m near the Makeli Oya
confluence. The distances are measured from downstream to upstream. For modelling, the
river reach, 13 cross sections of the river were obtained to cover the proposed power house
location and Makeli Oya confluence. Locations and the cross sections are given in the Annex
IX: Hydraulics Study Report in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively.
For simulation, flood peaks of 10, 25, 50 and 100 year return periods were adopted. The
hydraulic model was simulated without the proposed weir for the above scenarios. Then
simulations were done by introducing the proposed weir to the model. Finally a simulation
was done to understand the impact of an artificial flood due to possible release of 10,000
year flood by opening the flood gates at Kukule dam of Kukule Ganga CEB project. The
results of model simulation are shown in Table 4.3.
Return Period
(years)
Table 4.3: Simulated Water Levels along the River - in m MSL

Distance as
1,000 1,250 1,410 1,750 2,000 2,350 2,541 2,910 3,300 3,890 4,550 5,200
in model (m)
Distance from
-750
the Weir (m)
-500
-340
250
600
Downstream of weir
791
1,160 1,550 2,140 2,800 3,450
Upstream of weir
without weir
16.73 17.28 17.23 17.42 19.03 19.88 22.47 22.55 22.96 23.55 24.73 26.05
with weir
16.73 17.28 17.23 21.89 21.50 21.60 22.92 22.98 23.29 23.55 24.73 26.05
without weir
16.20 16.71 16.65 16.93 18.52 19.37 21.79 21.90 22.34 22.92 24.03 25.48
with weir
16.20 16.71 16.65 21.41 21.09 21.16 22.30 22.36 22.70 22.92 24.03 25.48
without weir
15.77 16.26 16.19 16.59 18.14 19.01 21.28 21.41 21.90 22.45 23.49 25.01
with weir
15.77 16.26 16.19 21.04 20.77 20.82 21.83 21.91 22.25 22.45 23.49 25.01
without weir
15.19 15.64 15.56 16.12 17.60 18.53 20.61 20.76 21.30 21.82 22.87 24.20
with weir
15.19 15.64 15.56 20.54 20.32 20.35 21.20 21.29 21.66 21.82 22.87 24.20
without weir
17.62 18.29 18.22 18.24 20.02 21.34
with weir
17.62 18.29 18.22 22.68 22.14 22.31 24.02 24.06
100
50
25
10
Sudden
opening
of Kukule
gates
August 2015
23.7 23.75 24.06 24.54 26.04 27.08

24.3 24.54 26.04 27.08
63
4.2.3 Downstream Impacts

Normally, downstream impacts are possible when there is a large storage behind the weir
like in a reservoir and when the weir is incorporated with large gates. The proposed weir to
divert water for hydropower development is short weir of 2.5 m and it is 62 m wide. Only
sand flush gates are provided on either side of the weir. At full supply level of 15.0 m MSL
the weir detains only 0.043 MCM. Therefore its detention capacity is insignificant in
comparison to the flood volumes. Therefore, there is no negative impact downstream and
Table 4.3 too shows that there is no enhanced impact in the river reach downstream of the
weir.
4.2.4 Upstream Impacts
(i) Extent of Land Submergence
The river reach considered in the model subjects to floods under natural conditions even
without the proposed weir. A complete topographic survey was carried out at 1m contour
intervals to cover the area which goes under water during a 100 year to 10 year floods and
also due to opening of all the spillway gates when Kukule reservoir is at high flood level and
are depicted in maps given in Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report. Under all conditions, only a
few houses could be affected. According to the information available from the residents,
four houses had been affected during 2003 flood, which was the most critical during the
recent past.
The impact of the proposed weir to enhance the flood situation was studied and Table 4.3
shows that this impact is very marginal due to very steep river banks. The enhanced
submergence is limited to a distance of 1,550 m up steam of the weir. A maximum rise of
4.47 m of water level was estimated during the 100 year flood at the weir site and this flood
lift was gradually diminishing to negligible heights at 3,300 m chainage, which is 1,550 m
upstream of the weir.
Turbine discharge of the Kukule Ganga CEB power project is released back to the Kukule
Ganga at the confluence of Makeli Oya. The hydraulic study reveals that the flood levels that
occur due to proposed weir in all scenarios will not reach up to the said confluence. Hence
there will be no impact on the existing Kukule Ganga power project.
The area of submergence under the different frequencies is depicted in attached five maps
from Map 1 to Map 5 in Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report. Maps for all scenarios are
produced in 2 sets; (i) on contour maps and (ii) on colour Google images. The confluence of
Makeli Oya with Kukule Ganga near the point where the Kukule Ganga CEB Projects turbine
discharge is released back to the river is depicted in Map 5 - Google image. The enhanced
flooding under different scenarios as found from those maps are shown in Table 4.4.
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Table 4.4: Area of Submergence under the Different Scenarios

Scenario
Submergence (ha)
Map Ref. No*
10 year flood
5.130
Map 1
25 year flood
3.353
Map 2
50 year flood
3.188
Map 3
100 year flood
3.370
Map 4
Sudden opening of Kukule gates
1.884
Map 5
* Map Ref No. as per the Maps 1-5 of Annex XI: Hydraulic Study Report
From Table 4.4 it is clear that the impact of land submergence due to the weir is highest
during a 10 year flood. Even though the flood discharge due to opening of Kukule gates is
large impact of the weir is not so high. This is due to the fact that short weirs are getting
submerged during high floods and impact need not necessarily proportionate to the flood
inflow rates.
(ii) Submergence of Houses
There are about 10 houses on either side of the river which are suspected to be within the
flood plain. The locations of these houses were identified on the inundation maps by
obtaining the GPS coordinates. When the locations of those houses were plotted and only
six houses came within the hatched area in Maps indicating a possible impact. Then plinths
of these houses were surveyed to determine the elevations. This survey confirmed the
elevations of the suspected six houses by a field survey and details are given in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5: Details of suspected houses
House
Ref No.*
Name of owner
Distance from weir

(m)
Elevation
(m MSL)
G. KusumaRanjani
843.43
22.50
KaurundukarageWijedasa
1148.96
22.00
Somasiri
1075.96
22.75
Kurundukarage Shantha
1113.13
22.50
G.W Samarasinghe
1148.96
22.56
Suduhakuruge Imashi /Janaka
1217.85
23.00
* Ref No. as per the Maps 1-5 of Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report
According to the findings of the model study, the position of each house given in the above
Table is as below.
a. During a 10 year flood, non of these houses are affected.
b. During a 25 year flood, House Nos. 1, 2 and 5 are affected due to weir. House Nos. 3,
4 and 6 are not affected.
c. During a 50 year flood, House No. 3 is safe. House No.6 is partly affected due to
natural conditions and fully affected due to weir. House Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5 are
affected due to weir.
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d. During a 100 year flood, House Nos. 4 and 5 are partly affected under natural
conditions even without the weir. However, all six houses are fully affected due to
weir.
e. During the sudden opening of radial gates at Kukule dam, these six houses are
affected even without the weir under natural conditions. Therefore, the weir has no
significant impact on these houses.
4.2.5 Increase in Water Levels Upstream under Normal Discharge due to the Weir
Contour map of the inundating area indicating land use and land ownership should be
provided
As a run-of-the-river type project, only a minimal storage is required at the weir for
regulating purpose. The proposed weir height will only be 2.5 m maximum and the resulted
pond area would be at the level of 15 m MSL, confined to an area between the weir and
slopes at its upstream. Total pond area will be about 2.7 ha and belong to the river and river
reservation. Contour map showing the normal inundation area is given in Figure 4.4 and
detailed drawing is given in Annex VI.10.
Figure 4.4: Normal Inundation Area
4.2.6 Change in River Morphology especially in Steep River Banks

The river is in a steep mountainous section, this river configuration will not alter its course
easily because the terrain is not susceptible to such changes. Therefore there will not be any
significant impacts on the river morphology.
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4.2.7 Anticipated Reduction in Downstream Flow of the River

The project design flow is 49.5m3/s for two turbines. A mandatory environmental flow of
0.34m3/s which is equivalent to the minimum dry season flow will be released from the
weir. Comparison of the proposed environmental flow with that of the existing CEBs Kukule
Ganga Hydro Power Project is as follows.
Table 4.6: Comparison of Environmental Flows
Parameter
Diversion structure
Catchment area
River section affected (Distance between the
diversion structure and the tailrace)
Design discharge
Environmental flow
Kukule Ganga CEB

Project
18 m high Dam
342km2
Proposed BogahahenaKukula MHP

2.5 m high Weir
372km2
9km
460m
47.5 m3/s
0.3 m3/s
49.5 m3/s
0.34m3/s
According to the Flow Diversion curve at the weir site developed in the detailed hydrological
study, turbines can run at their design flow about 10% of the time in a year. During this
period, the downstream flow will be more than the mandatory environmental flow. If the
river flow is less than the minimum flow required for a turbine, the total flow will be
released from the weir. The minimum flow required for a Kaplan turbine is assumed to be
15% of the design flow which is equal to 3.7m3/s. Flow release for downstream during
operation stage is shown in the following Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Downstream flow during operation stage
River Flow Class
Higher than design flow of power
plant
(Q> 49.5m3/s)
Between design flow and minimum

flow required for power generation
(49.5m3/s > Q > 3.7m3/s)
Downstream
Flow
Probability of
Exceedance
Q - Qd
10%
Qenv
80%
Less than minimum flow required

(Q > 3.7m3/s)
Q
for power generation
Where;
Q
- River flow at any given time (m3/s)
Qd
- Design flow (=49.5m3/s)
Qenv
- Mandatory environmental flow (= 0.34m3/s)
10%
4.2.8 Impacts on River Water Quality due to Waste Discharge and Pollution from Project
Activities
Water pollution risk could arise from sources of pollution during construction including
spillage of fuels, lubricants and other toxic materials at the construction site; discharge of
silt laden run off from sites, and the disposal of waste and wastewater from work sites.
Materials such as oil, diesel fuel, concrete additives, and solvents are likely to be stored and
used on construction sites and lay down areas and in construction traffic and equipment.
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Storage and handling of these materials could lead to spills on site, along roads and in
surrounding areas. Contaminated run-off from spill sites could adversely affect soils and
vegetation and if it reaches the river would have an adverse impact on water quality. The
extent of impact will depend on the size, frequency and timing of spills and the nature of the
materials involved including their toxicity.
The impacts on the water body downstream will include reduction in dissolved oxygen
levels, nutrient loading causing increased algal growth, and the spread of pathogenic
disease vectors. However these adverse effects on water quality due to discharge of waste
will not be anticipated if appropriate measures are put in place.
4.3
Ecological Impacts
4.3.1 Impacts on Aquatic Fauna and Flora due to Reduced Flows in Downstream and
Inundation in Upstream During the Operational Stage
The project will result in impounding and diversion of water from the main river to generate
power. This activity will not have an impact on the quality of the water. Since the
powerhouse is located 350m meters away from the weir site a stretch of about 460m of the
river will be subjected to low flows during the operational phase . Therefore, an
environmental flow of 0.34 m3/s has to be maintained at all times to meet the ecological
demand of this strecth of the river. The ponding area arising due to the weir will be limited
to the banks of the river that does not support any sensitive species and therefore the
impact due to the inundation of the upstream area is not significant.
4.3.2 Impacts on Aquatic Fauna and Flora due to Construction of the Weir with Special
Reference to Migration of Fish Species
The weir will block the movement patterns of aquatic organisms, especially fish. However,
freshwater migrant fish species have not been recorded during the field survey in the
stretch of the river that will be affected by the project. Further the weir will only be 2.5 m
tall and most migratory species will be able to cross the weir especially during wet season
when the water will flow over the dam. Therefore, this impact will not arise and a fish
ladder will not be necessary for this project.
4.3.3 Impacts on Terrestrial Fauna and Flora including Number of Trees to be cut
During the construction phase, noise and vibrations will arise due to activities such as
excavation, cutting, filling and compaction work, as well as operation of construction related
vehicles. This could cause disturbance to both humans as well as the wild animals that
inhabit the area. Further, these activities will also result in emission of dust and other
pollutants that will decrease the quality of air in the project area that will have an impact on
humans and wildlife that inhabits the area. However, this impact is a short term affect and
will not have a significant impact on the terrestrial fauna. As most of the project activities
will be based at the weir site and head race channel which are located at highly man
modified habitats, the impact on indigenous species are minimal.
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4.4
Impacts on Bedrock Stability
4.4.1 Impacts during construction of Headrace Channel

When the project structures are constructed, the bed rock is encountered at the bottom of
the river bed and the abutments of weir. After impounding the pond, defects such as joint
planes and foliation plane can be filled with water. Therefore with the development of pore
pressures, movements can be taken place along those defects. Similarly, movements can be
happen along defects situated under the channel, since a huge pressure will be exerted by
the water filled channel.
4.4.2 Impacts during Powerhouse Construction
Similar condition may be expected at the forebay and power house sites. Although the bed
rock exposures contain above mentioned weak zones, the sound surface can be found by
removing the upper 1-2m part and hence, favourable stability condition can be achieved for
the construction of all components.
4.4.3 Impacts during Access Road Construction
Proposed improvements of the access road will be done permanently. It will be properly
maintained during construction and operational phase. Therefore, rehabilitation of lands
which are used for access roads will not be expected. However, if required, rehabilitation of
access roads will be performed with minimum effect to the surrounding slopes and the
erosion potential shall be controlled as lowest as possible. All exposed sections of the
ground will be grass turfed to avoid possible soil erosion and slope collapsing during the
rehabilitation period.
4.5
Sociological Impacts
4.5.1 Impacts on Existing Irrigation Systems

River water within the proposed project area is not used for any irrigation purposes. Hence
there is no impact on the irrigation systems.
4.5.2 Possible Impact on the Roads
During construction of the proposed mini hydro project, condition of the minor access roads
to the site will be rehabilitated. However, transportation of construction materials during
the construction period of the project will cause some negative impacts on local road
network, which could be mitigated. (Refer Section 4.5.8: Impacts due to material
transportation)
4.5.3 Impacts on other River Uses
The river within the project area is not used for any particular purpose by the people.
People are not engaged in sand mining, gemming or fishing within the proposed project
footprint. Only a very few people (in three bathing places) are used to bathe in this area.
People will have no difficulty in changing in their bathing spot. Discussions were held with
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the families in this regard and the project developer agreed to provide properly constructed
bathing place for them.
4.5.4 Impacts on Existing Land Use Forms due to Inundation
The map depicting the existing land use pattern of the surrounding area of the pond is given
in Figure 3.3. As the ponding area is confined only to the limits of the stream due to steep
river banks (Plate 4.2) and no large scale constructions in the proposed project is expected,
any changes in the existing land use is not envisaged.
Plate 4.2: Steep river banks along the ponding area
Ponding area
4.5.5 Impacts on Existing Infrastructure Facilities

Within the 500m radius from the project, there is a gravel road running through a rubber
plantation and it will not be impacted due to the project work. On the contrary, this access
road to the project site will be improved.
4.5.6 Impacts on Commercial Activities
The proposed Project will not cause any negative impact on the existing commercial
activities of the area. Instead there will be positive impacts, due to increased business
during the project construction period owing to migration of unskilled and skilled labourers
to the area.
4.5.7 Impacts on Sand Miners
There were about 10 sand mining locations in the downstream are of the proposed project.
Most of locations are now not functioning. On the other hand the key sand mining areas are
far from the project area. Those locations will not be affected due to the project as
sufficient sand flushing openings are provided in the weir and intake designs.
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4.5.8 Impacts due to Material Transportation

There is a possibility of generating undesirable impacts due to transport of material for the
project activities due to traffic congestion in Bulathsinhala Molkawa road and specially on
the narrow project access road via Kithulagoda Temple and Trafalgar Division. Other option
of material transportation is via ferry and then estate road via Trafalgar Division which will
cause minimum impact on community. The project will take all possible measures to
prevent any negative impacts due to material transport. Transportation of material will be
arranged in order to traffic congestion will not be anticipated. Also, the material will be
transported in a manner that no negative impact on the environment or disturbance to the
people of the area will occur.
4.5.9 Noise Pollution and Vibration Impacts
As development projects involve heavy construction work, noise is a critical social concern.
Noise and vibration impacts will vary in relation to frequencies, intensities, time, place,
duration, distance, combination of contributing sources, etc. It may have an impact on
people, property, fauna, livestock and the natural environment. Main causes of noise
generation are;
Construction machinery and equipment
Use of poorly maintained and serviced machinery and equipment
Vehicle movements
Blasting work
Work during night time
Noise levels for some of the common types of heavy construction machinery and equipment
that are likely to be used for the project are given below.
Table 4.8: Noise levels for common types of construction machinery and equipment
Machinery / Equipment
Noise levels at distance of 7 m [dB(A)]
Compactors (rollers)
71-75
Front loaders
70-83
Tractors
78-95
Backhoes/excavators
70-85
Trucks
83-93
Concrete mixers
75-88
Roller vibrator
108
Poke vibrator
113
Compressors
109
During the construction work of the proposed project, the use of construction equipment,
machinery and heavy vehicles are expected and necessary noise abatement measures will
be taken to minimize the noise impacts.
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4.5.10 Impacts on Wells and Septic Tanks in the Vicinity due to Changes in the Ground
Water Level
There are no any wells located in the inundation area. The few wells located outside the
inundation area will have a positive impact as water levels of these wells will rise due to the
ponding effect. There is no remotest possibility of polluting the water of the existing wells as
the project activities will not result in pollution of the river water.
However, if there any septic tanks located closer to the inundation area will be unusable
due to rising of ground water level of the area due to ponding. Such septic tanks and the
toilets will be relocated at suitable locations in consultation of the owners.
4.6
Impact on Existing Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project
Existing 70 MW Kukule Ganga Hydropower Project is located upstream to the proposed

project. Location map showing two projects is given in Figure 4.5. The Kukule Ganga
Hydropower Project is a run-of-river electricity generation project. The scheme consists of a
dam (20 m high and 110 m long), a regulating reservoir (area 88 ha, volume 1.6 MCM), a
5.65 km headrace tunnel, a 121 m vertical pressure shaft, an underground power cavern, a
1.6 km tailrace tunnel.
Kukule Ganga underground CEB power house is located at a radial distance of more than 4
km from the proposed weir and the dam is located at about 10 km distance. Impacts on the
existing Kukule Ganga Hydropower Project will not be anticipated due to construction
activities of the proposed project. Non explosive chemical blasting will be used as much as
possible. All blasting activities will be carried out under the guidance and supervision of
GS&MB and other relevant authorities. Regular service of a qualified Geotechnical / Mining
Engineer will be obtained in decision making of blasting methodologies and supervision for
all blasting activities. CEB will be informed regularly regarding the construction activities of
the project specially the blasting activities using explosives.
Turbine discharge of the Kukule Ganga CEB power project is released back to the Kukule
Ganga at the confluence of Makeli Oya, located 3,500 m upstream of the proposed weir.
The hydraulic study reveals that the enhanced submergence due to proposed weir in all
scenarios (10, 25, 50, 100 year floods and sudden opening of Kukule gates) will not reach up
to the said confluence. These flood lifts are gradually diminishing to negligible heights at
about 1,550 m upstream of the weir (Map 5 - Google image in Annex IX: Hydraulic Study
Report).
Hence, there will be no impact on the existing Kukule Ganga Hydropower project due to the
proposed Bogahahena-Kukula project.
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Figure 4.5: Kukule Ganga CEB Project and Proposed Bogahahena-Kukula MHP
Underground Power House
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5.
PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES
5.1
Mitigation Measures for Soil Erosion and Siltation
The following soil erosion control measures will be applied to minimize the anticipated
impacts;
During construction of all project components, excavations must be limited to minimum

level. All exposed ground surfaces shall be progressively grass turfed.
In all possible occasions the material stockpiles, vehicle service and repair stations,
vehicles parks, labour camps etc., will not be located within the stream reservations
Strip the topsoil immediately after clearing of a site and stockpile the topsoil; Locate soil
stockpiles in cleared areas away from drainage paths.
Excavated unused soil material must be used for filling of necessary areas.
Any balance soil material must be dumped in a pre identified site with a permission of
the local authority.
Any soil dumps within the project area during the construction phase must be properly
covered.
Surface drainage system of slopes over the project area must be properly maintained.
No any perennial or seasonal streams must be disturbed or blocked during construction
and operational phase.
Majority of the excavation works must be planned to carry out during rain free days.
Side drains must be provided to the upper side of the access road.
Temporary soil mound could be used to avoid further soil wash off to the river from
the head race channel area or from the power house area.
Following sediment control measures will be applied where applicable;
5.2
On-site protective measures against sediment transport at all construction sites will be
installed prior to commence construction. The usual measures will include storm water
basins, silt / sediment traps, check dams and sand bag barriers.
Runoff from construction sites will be discharged only through sediment control devices
as mentioned in item above.
Sediment outflow from material stockpiles including fill earth will be prevented by
having cut off drains or bunds to capture the flow leaving the stockpile. Such out flows
will be directed to sedimentation basins before release.
Exposed embankments will be protected using silt control devices including silt fences,
mulch or temporary sheeting covers.
River Bank Protection Measures
River bank erosion at the weir site could be avoided using rubble pitching or gabion support
as appropriate. The coffer dam will be erected in phases to mitigate impacts. About one half
of the river section will be coffer dammed allowing normal flow through the rest of the
undisturbed river section. The first half of the weir will be completed under the first
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segment of the coffer dam. The rest of the weir will be constructed by making a coffer dam
for the remaining section of the river after demolishing the previously constructed coffer
dam. Steps will be provided in the spill tail to mitigate erosion by dissipating energy.
Using appropriate mechanical and biological methods the banks of the river specially the
ponding area will be protected. River bank protection measures will include:
In places where river banks are stable, vegetative soil conservation measures such as
establishment of deep rooted grasses will be applied. Eg. Establishment of vetivar
grass fences, bamboo trees etc.
In places where the river embankments are weak due to either weathered rocks or
soils, special mechanical measures shall be applied. Such measures may include:
- Placing gabion cubes of suitable width and height
- Arranging larger rock boulders along the bank
- Paving the bank with rubble pitching or rip-rap construction
5.3
Slope Stabilization Measures

1. It is advised to executive few bore holes at least to a depth of 3 m along the
proposed weir trace, channel path and at the powerhouse site to understand the
subsurface geological condition before engineering design.
2. Vegetation cover and the top soil cover must be carefully removed within the stretch
from the intake area to powerhouse site. This clearance must be limited to the
proposed dimensions of structures. Extra lands must not be disturbed in any case.
3. Any rock blasting activity must be planned to carry out at minimum required level
with controlled techniques. Even chemical blasting method must be used in critical
areas, those are located on potentially unstable slopes.
4. Created rock walls at the intake area, along the channel path, and power house site
must be strengthen by sealing all available weak zones. Any weathered/crushed
parts of the bed rock must be removed before the foundation of structures laid.
Foundations must be properly doweled to the firm bed rock.
5. Any vertical slope cut created due to excavation with a height greater than 3 m must
be protected by a suitable retaining structure. Cut slopes having height less than 3m
also shall be protected based on the geotechnical engineers recommendation
where necessary.
6. Adequate drainage facilities must be provided around each project component to
maintain its stability at a satisfactory level.
5.4
Downstream Erosion at the Weir Site
There is no increased downstream erosion expected due to the weir construction. River
banks at both abutments will be protected by suitable measures such as rubble pitching,
gabion support and toe protection by boulders packing and planting protective trees on the
river banks where necessary. The best method will be decided by the detailed design stage
depending on the specific site conditions.
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Design of the weir has been done in such a way to ensured that the excess water to be
spilled over the weir in case of floods. The high velocity of flow over the weir has a tendency
to erode the bed of the river at the base of the weir and thus the stability of the weir may
be in danger. Hence, to dissipate the kinetic energy and to resist the erosion of the river
bed, suitable energy dissipation devices will be adopted in design of the weir.
5.5
Downstream Erosion at the Powerhouse
Power house discharge will be properly released into the river minimizing bank erosion and
riverbed scouring. Proposed tailrace channel will be widened into broader section for the
purpose of dissipation of energy to spread out to the downstream area to minimize the river
bank erosion. Proper shoring techniques will be used to protect the right bank. Excavated
river banks will be improved by means of gabion walls / retention walls to prevent erosion
effects.
After constructing the tailrace channel, river bed at the discharge point will also be
improved to avoid erosion effects on the river bed by concreting and rock paving on the top
of concrete surface. The bed rock is present at river bed at the discharging point of the
tailrace channel and therefore the area could easily be strengthened without much
difficulty.
5.6
Flood Control Measures
Hydraulic study confirms that, due to proposed weir, there is no enhanced flood impact in
the river reach downstream of the weir.
In the area upstream of the weir, only six houses could undergo possible impacts due to
enhanced submergence. Mitigatory actions proposed are as follows.
Table 5.1: Mitigatory Actions Proposed for the Possible Flood Affected Households
House Ref
No.*
Name of owner
G. KusumaRanjani
KaurundukarageWijedasa
Somasiri
Kurundukarage Shantha
G.W Samarasinghe
Suduhakuruge Imashi /Janaka
Mitigatory Action Proposed

For the affected
households due to
enhanced upstream floods,
pay suitable compensation
package including
livelihood support in
consultation with Divisional
Secretary
* Ref No. as per the Maps 1-5 of Annex IX: Hydraulic Study Report
In addition, the project proponent undertakes to pay suitable compensation in respect of

any affected land due to floods in consultation with the Divisional Secretary.
The project developer, as companys social corporate responsibility, intends to contribute
for any future efforts on improvement of flood control system of these areas under the
leadership of Irrigation Department, Bulathsinhala DS, CEB and Disaster Management
Centre (DMC). Improvement of early warning system, evacuation planning with training and
Kukule Ganga upper catchment rainfall monitoring will be essential components for an
effective flood control system.
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5.7
Drainage Management Plan
Actions recommended in drainage management are listed below;
Storm water will be allowed to flow freely to the river without any disturbance or
accumulation.
All natural streamlets, dry valleys and gullies in and around the project area will be
kept free from obstructions by any kind of construction activities or waste dumping
as much as possible.
All existing constructed drainage paths, contour drains, cascade drains if any will not
be disturbed and they will be maintained during the entire life span of the project.
If diversion of drainage paths and streamlets is unavoidable due to construction

requirements, temporary diversion will be provided with temporary bunds, rubble
pitched drains etc. prior to the commencement of such work.
Aque-ducts will be provided to carry water at locations where channel trace crosses
the streamlets.
Provide permanent drainage structures such as culverts for the access road at
suitable locations.
5.8
Water Pollution Control Measures
The following actions are proposed to mitigate the impacts:
Vehicular movements to the river bank areas will be restricted to avoid damage to
the banks.
Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will not be allowed to stationed in

the slopes or river banks.
Washing of construction vehicles, equipment and machinery in the river will be

prohibited as this will pollute the river with mud, grease and other oily substances
toxic to fauna and flora.
No toilets will be located close to the river. Standard septic tanks (either PVC or
concrete) will be used for all the toilets and there will be at least one toilet for 20
workers.
The water quality of the river will be monitored during construction, especially in dry
seasons.
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5.9
Waste Disposal Methods
5.9.1 Garbage Disposal
Solid wastes generated in project area will be collected separately using correctly
marked containers (eg. Organic waste, Plastic, Paper, and Glass etc.) and disposed in
an acceptable manner to designated places as follows;
a. Solid waste comprising garbage and organic waste will be composted on site
at a suitable location but sufficiently away from the river.
b. Non biodegradable solid waste such as plastic, polythene, glass etc. will be
separately stored and disposed (re-use / sell)
5.9.2 Construction Waste
Provisions to collect waste cement slurry will be provided and disposed outside the
river reservation in consultation with PS.
Wastewater from washing of concrete mixtures and other equipment used for
mixing and transporting of concrete will be disposed outside the river reservation
area.
All discarded and used oil and grease will be collected, properly stored and disposed
(reuse / sell).
All potentially water polluting chemicals and oils will be stored (a) at locations
sufficiently away from watercourses and storm water drainage paths and (b) in a
manner that would minimise chances of spillage.
Minimize the oil and chemical spillages during operation and properly maintain the
equipment and machinery.
Debris and spoil will be disposed only to designated places in such a manner that (i)
waterways and drainage paths are not blocked, and (ii) the disposed material will not
be washed away by floods.
The solid waste comprising of spoil and waste rock material will be disposed of as
land fill material.
5.9.3 Sewage
Adequate number of toilets will be provided at worksites
All toilets will have septic tanks / soakage pits of adequate capacity so that it can
function properly for the entire duration of construction phase
All justifiable measures will be taken to prevent the waste water entering directly
into the river i.e. provision of septic tanks, absorption trenches and settling tanks
constructed minimum of 15m away from streams and water-bodies
Training of construction employees on project sanitation practices
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5.10
Measures to Protect Ecological Resources
The project area does not support any critical habitats. However number of endemic and
threatened species has been recorded at the project site. The proposed activities will not
have a significant impact on these species. Therefore, no special mitigation measures are
needed to protect the ecological resources present at the project site.
5.10.1 Mitigation measures on aquatic fauna and flora due to reduced flows in
downstream and inundation in upstream during the operational stage
Water will be released back about 460m downstream of the weir site. An environmental
flow of 0.34m3/s has to be maintained at all times from the weir site to meet the ecological
demands of the stretch of the river between the weir and the tail race.
5.10.2 Mitigation measures on aquatic fauna and flora due to construction of the weir
with special reference to migration of fish species
During the construction of the weir the water quality of the river can be affected due to
contamination by material used for construction of the weir. This can have an adverse
impact on the aquatic fauna and flora. Therefore, mitigation measures should be taken to
avoid such contamination by providing protective bunds to prevent such contaminations.
Migratory fish were not observed in the stretch of the river that will be subjected to low
flows due to the river diversion for power generation.
5.10.3 Mitigation measures on terrestrial fauna and flora including number of trees to be
cut
The project will have a temporary impact on the terrestrial fauna such as disturbance due to
noise and vibration and generation of dust. However, these impacts will arise only during
the construction phase and can be avoided by employing best practices during the
construction phase. The project will not result in removal of trees Therefore, special
mitigatory measures will not be required. However, it is recommended that project
proponent should undertake tree planting in the immediate catchment of the project as a
measure of compensation which will also be beneficial for the project proponent.
5.11
Provisions for Minimum Flow Release
An environmental flow of 0.34m3/s has to be maintained at all times from the weir site to
meet the ecological demands of the stretch of the river between the weir and the tail race.
5.12
Mitigatory Measures for Sociological Impacts
There were several public meetings held by the project proponent with Divisional Secretary,
relevant Grama Niladharies and some key stakeholders in the study area on 10 th April 2014,
30th June 2014, and 25th July 2014 to discuss potential impacts and possible mitigatory
measures.
The participants of all the stakeholder consultation meetings perceived that the flood
situation in the area will be aggravated due to the construction of the proposed weir. At the
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meeting held on 25th July 2014, the technical features of the proposed Bogahahena-Kukula
Mini Hydropower Project in comparison with CEBs Kukule Ganga Hydropower project along
with the flood water release mechanisms of both hydropower projects was explained to the
participants; relevant Grama Niladharies and other key officials of the area (Refer Annex V).
5.12.1 Provisions for the River Uses
River water within the project area is not used for any other useful purpose except for
bathing. The bathing places will be re-located to a convenient location with proper access
and safety in consultation with the users.
It is recommended to fence the area between the intake and powerhouse discharge point to
restrict public entrance in order to ensure the safety of people.
5.12.2 Impacts on Sand Miners
Sand mining areas are located downstream of the proposed weir and far from the project
area. Most of locations are now not functioning. However, downstream sand mining will not
be affected due to the project as sufficient sand flushing openings are provided in the weir
and intake designs. Two 1.5 m x 1.5 m flush gates will be provided at the weir section while
another 2.0 m x 2.0 m opening will be provided at the curved section of the intake structure.
These openings will be operated frequently when sufficient river flow is available.
5.12.3 Restoration of damaged Infrastructure Facilities
The only existing infrastructure facility within the project area is estate road. This is in a
dilapidated condition and will be rehabilitated prior to the commencement of the project
construction activities.
5.12.4 Compensation Packages to the Affected People
The project will not result in utilization of large extents of land. A land in extent of 0.57ha in
Trafalgar Division of Uskvalley Estate has already been requested by the developer for the
construction of the power project. The transmission line will be drawn along the existing
river access road until it meets the existing transmission line of the CEB running about 500m
away from the power house.
The project proponent undertakes to pay suitable compensation in respect of any affected
land in consultation of the Divisional Secretary.
5.13
Impacts due to Material Transportation
To minimize the impacts due to material transportation following steps will be taken:
Load trucks with soil only to an extent that no spillage will occur while in
transportation.
All construction material / filling materials / excess soil loads will be covered during
transportation.
Loading / transportation / unloading will be scheduled to avoid the possible

inconvenience to the road users.
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Dump trucks / tractors carrying mud (on tyres and body) to travel in the main public
roads is not allowed.
To avoid dust emissions and to ensure the workers and public safety, speed limits
will be set.
Transportation activities during schools opening and closing times will be avoided.
Dust generation along the roads due to construction traffic will be suppressed using
a water truck as required.
In case of using ferry for the construction material transportation, it is advisable to

improve river access roads during the pre construction stage. Transportation by ferry
has to be pre planned to avoid any inconvenience to the regular users.
5.14
Noise and Vibration Control Measures
5.14.1 Noise Control during Construction Phase

Noise levels at the boundaries of the Project site will be maintained during construction
phase to the levels stipulated in Schedule III of the National Environmental (Noise Control)
Regulations No. 1 of 1996 by applying appropriate mitigatory measures. Most common
mitigatory measure in noise control is the construction of noise barriers. In places where
sensitive receptors are present in close proximity to construction sites, temporary noise
barriers / screens will be placed.
For the control of noise generated due to machine and equipment operation the following
measures will be implemented.
All construction works will be carried out during day time (due to occupational,
health and safety reasons too) as much as possible.
Workers involved in high noise generating activities (such as concrete / cement

mixing operations using the mixers) and handling high noise generating machinery
and equipment such as electric drill and power saws will be provided with ear plugs
or mufflers.
To the extent possible, attempts will be made to use equipment and machinery that
produce low noise levels (for example, concrete / cement mixers and poker
vibrators). Also proper and regular maintenance and/or servicing of equipment and
machinery will be carried out.
5.14.2 Noise Control during Operation Phase

During the operation stage, noise levels at the boundaries of the powerhouse premises will
be kept with levels stated in Schedule I and II of National Environmental (Noise Control)
Regulations No. 1 of 1996.
High noise generation around 70-80db(A) is anticipated within the powerhouse.

However, the powerhouse is an enclosed structure and therefore, mitigatory
measures with regard to attenuation of noise generated by the turbines and
generators are not required as, the masonry walls of the powerhouse would
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attenuate the sound waves through absorption. However, it is planned to have a

green belt around the power house as an additional precautionary measure.
Earplugs or mufflers will be provided for the persons working in the powerhouse
especially those who are exposed to high noise levels exceeding 4 hours (continuous)
of duration.
5.14.3 Vibration Control

In order to control vibration impacts due to blasting activities, it is recommended that all
blasting work will be carried out in controlled manner and explosive loads will be based on
investigation of effects of vibration on nearby structures and limits decided thereby. No
blasting work will be carried out during night time.
Interim standards on vibration for blasting activities and Interim standards on vibration
for the Operation of Machinery, Construction Activities and Vehicle Movement proposed
by the Central Environmental Authority will be strictly adhered to during Project
construction and operation phases
5.15
Protections for Blasting Impacts
All blasting activities will be carried out according to the regulations and guidelines of
GS&MB. Kukule Ganga CEB Project will be informed for their consent prior to blasting
activities. Non explosive chemical blasting method shall be used in critical areas, those are
located on potentially unstable slopes or close to dwelling structures. Service of a qualified
Geotechnical / Mining Engineer will be obtained in decision making of blasting
methodologies and supervision for all blasting activities.
Non explosive chemical blasting is encouraged specially for vulnerable areas, however, use
of such chemicals in riverine area should be done only with confirmation from the
manufacturers. It should be confirmed that there are no impact on water quality or aquatic
life through respective Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and internationally recognized
test reports.
General procedure of blasting:
All the required permits and licenses for the purpose of purchasing, explosive transporting
and to use on the project will be obtained from the relevant authorities. ie. GS&MB,
Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat, Explosive Controller, Ministry of Defence and Local
Police etc.
Rock and boulders excavation comprising of drilling, charging & blasting, rock mucking,
lording and removal will be carried out concurrently the activities comprising charging and
blasting will be done during daylight hours whereas the other activities (drilling and
mucking) may be done on a multiple shift basis which could also include night work.
All blasting operation carried out showing the time and location of each blast together with
types & quantities of explosive used will be recorded. A summary of these records will be
kept on site.
Drilling will be done using hand-held pneumatic equipment and it is intended to drill the
blast holes to the diameter and to a depth specified in the Blasting Licence. Charge levels for
rock blasting will always be decided by the qualified Geotechnical / Mining Engineer to
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ensure that the combined quantity of explosives detonated at any instantaneous moment
will not produce vibration levels in excess of the maximum permissible limits.
Rock loading and Removal: Mechanized equipment will be used to load and remove blasted
rock from site using equipment such as excavators, dumpers and tipper trucks.
Safety Precautions:
Clearing the site area positioning guards: Prior to any blasts being detonated, guards
will be positioned at safe locations outside the area of the blast deemed to be the
danger area to prevent unauthorized entry by other persons. Also while placing the
guards and prior to detonating any blast/s, the danger area will be searched &
cleared of any persons who are inside this area.
Special care will be taken in the placement and securing of blasting mats to ensure
that fly rock will be contained. These blasts mats will comprise of gabion net and
weighted down with sand bags/ rubber tires or soil.
Initial warning - One siren sounded approximately five (5) minutes before blasting
to warn the site of the impending blasts.
Final Warning - Three (3) short sirens sounded when blasting is imminent.
All Clear Signal - One (1) siren sounded to indicate all clear once fumes and smoke
has cleared.
Blasting area to be inspected by the authorized person before workforce is allowed

back on site to work.
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6.
PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAMME
In order to fulfil the following objectives an appropriate Environmental Monitoring

Programme will be carried out.
Check the implementation of mitigatory measures to ensure whether they are in

conformity with EIA report
Ensure that the impact does not exceed legal standards
Provide timely warnings of potential environmental damages
All relevant line agencies, local government bodies and interested parties shall take part in
the monitoring activities. An Environmental Monitoring Committee consisting of the
members from the following agencies shall be set up by CEA.
Central Environmental Authority
Bulathsinhala Divisional Secretariat
Bulathsinhala Pradeshiya Saba
Ceylon Electricity Board
Sustainable Energy Authority
Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau
National Building Research Organization
Irrigation Department
Disaster Management Centre
Forest Department
Department of Wildlife Conservation
Environmental Monitoring activities shall take place during Pre-construction (Planning),

Construction and Operation stages of the project. Regular site inspections are required to
assess whether the various mitigatory measures suggested in the EIA report are properly
implemented and they are effective in achieving the objectives of environmental protection.
Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented in Table 6.1.
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Table 6.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Soil Erosion
Control
Proposed Mitigation Measure
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
parameter / Indicator
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
Excavations must be limited to minimum level. All exposed Construction

ground surfaces shall be progressively grass turfed.
Site activities. Soil

erosion and gully
formation is minimal
Monitoring of
construction activities;
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
In all possible occasions the material stockpiles, vehicle service Design/

and repair stations, vehicles parks, labour camps etc., will not be Construction
located within the stream reservations
Site activities
Monitoring of
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
Strip the topsoil immediately after clearing of a site and stockpile Construction
the topsoil; Locate soil stockpiles in cleared areas away from
drainage paths.
Site activities
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
Excavated excess soil material shall be used for backfilling of Construction

necessary areas.
Site activities
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC
Excess soil material shall be dumped in a pre-identified site
Construction
Site activities
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC, PS
Any soil dumps within the project area during the construction Construction
phase shall be properly covered
Site activities
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC
Surface drainage system of slopes over the project area must be Design/
properly maintained. No any perennial or seasonal streams must Construction
be disturbed or blocked during construction and operational
phase.
Site activities
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC
Majority of the excavation works shall be planned to carry out Construction

during rain free days as feasible.
Site activities
Monitoring of
construction schedule
Regular
PP, EMC
Side drains must be provided to the upper side of the access Design/
road.
Construction
Site activities
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC
Temporary soil mound could be used to avoid further soil wash Construction
off to the river from the head race channel area or from the
power house area.
Site activities
Site inspections
As required
PP, EMC
August 2015
85
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Sedimentation
Control
River Bank
Protection
Measures
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
On-site protective measures against sediment transport at all Construction

construction sites will be installed prior to commence
construction.
Storm water basins,

silt / sediment traps,
check dams and sand
bag barriers
Site inspections
As required
PP, EMC
Sediment outflow from material stockpiles including fill earth will Construction
be prevented by having cut off drains or bunds to capture the
flow leaving the stockpile. Such out flows will be directed to
sedimentation basins before release.
Storm water basins,

silt / sediment traps,
check dams and sand
bag barriers.
Site inspections
As required
PP, EMC
Protection of exposed embankments uses erosion control Construction

devices.
Silt fences, mulch or

temporary sheeting
covers are provided.
Site inspections
Regular
PP, EMC
River bank erosion at the weir site could be avoided using rubble Design/
pitching or gabion support as appropriate.
Construction
Designs/ Site activities Site inspections

to ensure river bank
protections are
provided
Once the
design and
weekly during
construction
PP, EMC
Site inspections
Regular
PP
Apply special mechanical measures in places where the river Design /

embankments are weak due to either weathered rocks or soils
Construction
Gabion cubes of
Site inspections
suitable width and
height, larger rock
boulders along the
bank, rubble pitching
or rip-raps are in place
Regular
PP
Vegetation cover and the top soil cover will be carefully removed Design /
within the stretch from the intake area to powerhouse site. This construction
clearance will be limited to the proposed dimensions of
structures. Extra lands must not be disturbed in any case.
Areas need to be
cleared are identified
and marked on
ground. Appropriate
slope protection
measures are design
and implemented
Once during
PP, Design
design then as consultants, EMC
required
Establishment of vegetative soil conservation measures such as Construction / Vetivar grass fences,
deep rooted grasses at stable slopes in places where river banks Operation
bamboo trees etc are
are stable
established.
Slope
Stabilization
Measures
Monitoring method
August 2015
86
Site inspections
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
Any rock blasting activity must be planned to carry out at construction

minimum required level with controlled techniques. Even
chemical blasting method must be used in critical areas, those
are located on potentially unstable slopes.
Advice of geotechnical Site inspections

engineer is obtain and
practiced/
Blasting activities are
properly planned
Regular
PP, EMC
Created rock walls at the intake area, along the channel path, and Design /
power house site must be strengthen by sealing all available construction
weak zones. Any weathered/crushed parts of the bed rock must
be removed before the foundation of structures laid.
Foundations must be properly doweled to the firm bed rock.

practiced. Weak areas
are strengthened
Regular
PP, Design
consultants, EMC
Any vertical slope cut created due to excavation with a height Design /
greater than 3 m must be protected by a suitable retaining construction
structure. Cut slopes having height less than 3m also shall be
protected based on the geotechnical engineers recommendation
where necessary.

practiced/
Cut slops are
protected /
strengthened
Regular
PP, Design
consultants, EMC
Adequate drainage facilities must be provided around each Construction

project component to maintain its stability at a satisfactory level.

practised / Drainage
facilities are provided
Regular
PP, Design
consultants, EMC
Downstream
erosion at the
weir site
Dissipate the kinetic energy and to resist the erosion of the river Design
bed, suitable energy dissipation devices will be adopted in design
of the weir.
Suitable energy
dissipation facility is
incorporated
Inspection of designs;
Site inspections
Once
EMC/ PP
Downstream
erosion at the
tailrace canal
Widen the tailrace canal into broader section for the purpose of Design
dissipation of energy to spread out to the downstream area to
minimize the river bank erosion.
Suitable energy
incorporated
Site inspections
Once
EMC/ PP
River bed at the discharge point will also be improved to avoid Design
erosion effects on the river bed by concreting and rock paving on
the top of concrete surface.
Suitable energy
incorporated
Site inspections
Once
EMC/ PP
August 2015
87
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Flood control
measures
Drainage
management
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
For the affected households due to enhanced upstream floods, Design,

pay suitable compensation package including livelihood support construction,
in consultation with Divisional Secretary
Operation
Suitable
compensation
package is paid with
livelihood support
Inspection of progress
Regular
PP, EMC, DS
For any affected land due to enhanced upstream floods, pay Operation
suitable compensation in consultation with the Divisional
Secretary.
Suitable
compensation
package is paid
Inspection of progress
During and
after every
flood event
PP, EMC, DS
Contribute for any future efforts on improvement of flood PreAssistance provided

Meetings
control system of these areas such as improvement of early construction / to the relevant
warning system, evacuation planning with training and Kukule Operation
Government Agencies
Ganga upper catchment rainfall monitoring etc under the
leadership of relevant Govt agencies
Regular
EMC
Storm water will be allowed to flow freely to the river without Construction
any disturbance or accumulation.
All drainage paths are

not obstructed
Monitoring of
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
All natural streamlets, dry valleys and gullies in and around the Construction
project area will be kept free from obstructions by any kind of
construction activities or waste dumping as much as possible.
All drainage paths are

not obstructed
Monitoring of
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
All existing constructed drainage paths, contour drains, cascade PreAll drainage paths are
drains if any will not be disturbed and they will be maintained construction/ not obstructed
during the entire life span of the project.
Construction /
Operation
Monitoring of
Site inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
If diversion of drainage paths and streamlets is unavoidable due Construction

to construction requirements, temporary diversion will be
provided
Temporary bunds,
Monitoring of
rubble pitched drains construction activities;
etc. are provided prior Site inspections
to work
commencement
Regular
PP, EMC
Aqua-ducts will be provided to carry water at locations where Design /

channel trace crosses the streamlets.
Construction
Aqua- ducts are

provided
Inspection
As required
PP,
Design
Consultant, EMC
Provide permanent drainage structures such as culverts for the Design,

access road at suitable locations.
Construction
Culverts are provided
Inspection
As required
PP,
Design
Consultant, EMC
August 2015
88
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
Water Pollution
Vehicular movements to the river bank areas will be restricted to Construction
Control Measures avoid damage to the banks.
No vehicles are
allowed in vulnerable
areas.
Inspection
As required
PP, EMC
Washing of construction vehicles, equipment and machinery in Construction

the river is not allowed
No vehicles are
washed in vulnerable
areas.
Inspection
As required
PP, EMC
Standard septic tanks will be used for all the toilets
Ensure there will be at Inspection

least one toilet / 20
workers constructed
outside the river
reservation
Once
PP, EMC
Water quality
Inspect the WQ
monitoring
monitoring results
programme is in place
Monthly
PP, EMC
Proper disposal
practices are adopted
Monitoring of project
area &
accommodations; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, PS
Waste disposal
routine is in place
Monitoring of routine
disposal; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, PS
Non biodegradable solid waste such as plastic, polythene, glass Construction / Re-use / re-sell
etc. will be separately stored and disposed (re-use / sell).
Operation
Monitoring of
separation; inspection
Weekly
PP, EMC, PS
Provisions to collect waste cement slurry will be provided and Construction

disposed outside the river reservation in consultation with PS.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
construction sites and
activities; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, PS
Wastewater from washing of concrete mixtures and other Construction

equipment used for mixing and transporting of concrete will be
disposed outside the river reservation area.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
activities; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC
Construction
The water quality of the river will be monitored during Preconstruction, especially in dry seasons.
construction,
construction
Waste disposal
Solid wastes generated in project area will be collected Construction
methods:
separately using correctly marked containers (eg. Organic waste,
Garbage Disposal Plastic, Paper, and Glass etc.)
Solid waste comprising garbage and organic waste will be Construction
composted on site at a suitable location but sufficiently away
from the river.
Waste disposal
methods:
Construction
Waste
August 2015
89
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Waste disposal
methods:
Sewage
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
All discarded and used oil and grease will be collected, properly Construction
stored and disposed (reuse / sell).
Re-use / re-sell
Monitoring of
activities; Site
inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
All potentially water polluting chemicals and oils will be stored (a) Construction
at locations sufficiently away from watercourses and storm water
drainage paths and (b) in a manner that would minimise chances
of spillage.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
activities; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC
Minimize the oil and chemical spillages during operation and Operation
properly maintain the equipment and machinery.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
Weekly
maintenance works; Site
inspections
PP, EMC
Debris and spoil will be disposed only to designated places in Construction

such a manner that (i) waterways and drainage paths are not
blocked, and (ii) the disposed material will not be washed away
by floods.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
activities; Site
inspections
Daily
PP, EMC
The solid waste comprising of spoil and waste rock material will Construction
be disposed of as land fill material.
Proper disposal
Monitoring of
activities; Site
inspections
Weekly
PP, EMC
Inspections
Monthly
PP, EMC
Inspections
Once
PP, EMC
All justifiable measures will be taken to prevent the waste water PreDistance between
Inspection
entering directly into the river i.e. provision of septic tanks, construction / toilets and waterways
absorption trenches and settling tanks constructed minimum of Construction
15m away from streams and water-bodies
Monthly
PP, EMC
Training of construction employees on project sanitation Construction

practices
Weekly
PP, EMC
Adequate number of toilets will be provided at worksites
PreNumber of toilets
construction / provided
Construction
All toilets will have septic tanks / soakage pits of adequate Precapacity so that it can function properly for the entire duration of construction/
construction phase
Construction
August 2015
Capacities of septic
tanks / soakage pits
Number of training
sessions
90
Inspection
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Provisions for
minimum
environmental
flow release
Design the weir to ensure continuous release of a mandatory Design /

flow of 0.34m3/s and uninterrupted release to be ensured
Operation
Final designs /
Continuous flow
release
Tree planting
Plant trees in the immediate catchment of the project
Monitoring method
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
Once /
Regular
PP, EMC
Tree planting
Inspection
programme is in place
Regular
PP, EMC
Bathing places are

provided
Inspection/ Stakeholder
consultation
Frequently as
possible
PS, EMC
Fence the area between intake and powerhouse discharge point Construction
to restrict public entrance.
Fence is constructed
Inspection
Once prior to PP, EMC

commenceme
nt of power
generation
Provide sufficient sand flushing openings in the weir and intake Design
designs.
Operate sand flushing openings frequently when sufficient river Operation
flow is available.
Final designs
Review of designs
Once
PP, EMC
Sand flushing
openings are opened
Inspection
During rainy
season
PP, EMC
Compensation
package
Pay proper compensation for the land acquired/ properties Pre

affected ( if any) due to the project activities in consultation of DS construction
Amount of
compensation paid
Inspection of the
documents
Once
Divisional
Secretariat
Material
transportation
Load trucks with soil only to an extent that no spillage will occur Construction
while in transportation.
Site activities
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
All construction material / filling materials / excess soil loads will Construction
be covered during transportation.
Site activities
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
Loading / transportation / unloading will be scheduled to avoid Construction

the possible traffic congestions.
Site activities
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
Dump trucks / tractors carrying mud (on tyres and body) to travel Construction
in the main public roads is not allowed.
Site activities
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
To avoid dust emissions and to ensure the workers and public Construction
safety, speed limits will be set.
Speed limits are

enforced
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
Transportation activities during schools opening and closing Construction

times will be avoided.
Travel times are

managed
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
Construction,
operation
Provisions for the affected Bathing places will be relocated to a convenient location Preriver uses
with proper access and safety in consultation with the users.
construction
August 2015
91
Review of designs /
Inspection
Monitoring
Frequency
Proposed Activity
/ Anticipated
Environmental
Impact
Noise control
measures
Vibration control
measures
Protections for
Blasting Impacts
Phase of the
project
Monitoring
Monitoring method
Monitoring
Frequency
Implementation /
Monitoring
Agency
Dust generation along the roads due to construction traffic will Construction
be suppressed using a water truck as required.
Water trucks are

employed; no
complains
Site inspections
Daily
PP, EMC, Local

police
Noise levels at the boundaries of the project site will be Construction

maintained during construction phase to the levels stipulated in
Schedule III of the National Environmental (Noise Control)
Regulations No. 1 of 1996 by applying appropriate mitigatory
measures.
Noise level
Noise measurements
Regular
PP, EMC
Noise levels at the boundaries of the project site will be Operation

maintained during operation phase to the levels stipulated in
Schedule I and II of National Environmental (Noise Control)
Regulations No. 1 of 1996.
Noise level
Noise measurements
Regular
PP
EMC
In order to control vibration impacts due to blasting activities (if Construction

any), it is recommended that all blasting work will be carried out
in controlled manner and explosive loads will be based on
investigation of effects of vibration on nearby structures and
limits decided thereby.
As per the blasting

permit
Inspection
Where
applicable
PP
GS&MB
EMC
No blasting work will be carried out during night time.
Construction
No complains
Inspection
Frequently
PP
GS&MB, EMC
Adhere the procedure provided in Section 5.15
Construction
Private or public
properties are not
impacted.
No complains
Inspection
Frequently
PP, Local police,

GS&MB, CEB, EMC
August 2015
92
7.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
At a time, when the energy is so precious for the economic and social development of the
country, generation of electricity and adding to the national grid, by exploiting hitherto
unexploited potential of a mini-hydro source will be a blessing to the nation.
Power, a key factor for economic development of the country has been a major concern of
the Government as the increasing demand is yet to be met. Even with several power
development Projects implemented by the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) to meet the
increasing demand, the total requirement is yet to be met.
Exploration of all cost effective power generation options has become a timely requirement.
One of the reasonable options in this respect is to identify the mini hydro power Projects
which are environmentally friendly and economically more viable.
The proposed mini hydropower Project will not result in any adverse effects in the existing
socio economic situation of the area coming within the Project. Existing agricultural
practices or farming patterns will not change and no relocation or resettlement will take
place due to the Project.
Also, the proposed Project will not create any significant negative impacts on the ecological
environment of the Project area. The minor impacts that could be caused due to
construction activities can be easily and successfully mitigated.
In conclusion the environmental study team strongly recommends the implementation of
the proposed this Mini Hydropower Project as the power generated by this Project will be
conducive for the economic development of the nation.
7.1
General Conclusions
Negative impacts are mostly construction impacts such as soil erosion, slope failures,
noise, vibration and dust which are temporary and mitigable.
Positive impacts such as socio economic benefits of power generation will outweigh
the negative impacts.
The project activities are compliant with laws and policies and preliminary approvals
have been granted by relevant line agencies such as CEB, Irrigation Department,
Department of Wildlife Conservation and Forest Department etc.
The only social concern observed during the EIA study was the perceived fear of
aggravation of flooding events in the downstream area. Though this is very unlikely
to happen, they feel that another dam (though it is only a small weir of 2.5 m high
and not a dam) may affect their villages during extreme weather conditions.
7.2
Recommendations
Execution of the project is recommended with the proposed mitigatory measures

and monitoring requirements.
All necessary contractual provisions and stipulations regarding mitigatory measures

should be included in the contract documents. The proposed environmental
August 2015
93
monitoring plan could be used in this regard. Additional cost items for these should
be specified in the bill of quantities for construction works.
There should be worker awareness and training on environmentally related matters

especially on soil erosion control, waste management and maintaining the site clean
and tidy.
It is recommended that environmental monitoring be undertaken by CEA under the

supervision and guidance of Environmental Monitoring committee as proposed
under the Monitoring Program.
August 2015
94

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT (EIAR)

PROPOSED BOGAHAHENA-KUKULA MINI HYDRO POWER PROJECT AT BULATHSINHALA IN

: Bogahahena Kukula Mini Hydro Power

Grama Niladari Division

: Paragoda East (825A)

: Height: 2.5 m, Length: 62 m

Transmission Line Length

Land Extent of the Development

: SLR 690 Million

Name of the Project Developer

: Zhejiang Young Energy Co. (Pvt) Ltd.

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES ........................ 12

Project Layout ....................................................................................................................... 21

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................... 31

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ........................................................ 56

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Impact on Existing Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project ....................................................... 72

PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES............................................................................................... 74

Provisions for minimum flow release ................................................................................... 79

5.12 Mitigatory Measures for Sociological impacts ..................................................................... 79

Impacts due to material transportation ............................................................................... 80

5.14 Noise and Vibration Control Measures ................................................................................ 81

Protections for Blasting Impacts........................................................................................... 82

PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAMME ....................................................................................... 84

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 93

General Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 93

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

: Sources of data and Information

Annex III : References

: Detailed List of Flora and Fauna

Annex XI : Approvals and Consent Letters received from Government Agencies

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

River Bank Erosion

Proposed Mitigatory Measure

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Proposed Mitigatory Measure

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Objectives and Justification of the Project

Objective of the Project

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Source: Long Term Generation Expansion Plan: 2013-2032, CEB

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Objectives of the EIA Report

formulate necessary countermeasures against the potential adverse impacts so as to

identify practical approaches in implementation of mitigatory measures and

Extent and Scope of the Study

Area of influence by the Project

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Methodologies adopted in Report Preparation

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

Discussions with Divisional Secretary and Assistant Director (Planning) of

Interviewing the occupants of the households in the study area.

Approvals needed for the Proposed Development from State Agencies

Ceylon Electricity Board Letter of Intent

Compliance with the Existing Plans of the Area

EIA of the proposed Bogahahena Kukula MHP

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES