Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
UPS System
Maintenance
Bypass
Output Distribution
Switchboards
Utility
Utility
Transformer
Generator
set(s)
Power
Distribution
Unit
UPS
Module(s)
UPS System
Static Switch
.
Static Transfer
Switch
Critical Loads
UTILITY
INPUT
UPS
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
DISTRIBUTION
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Origin of disturbances
External to electrical
installation
Atmospheric phenomena
Accident
Phase unbalance
Switching of protection
device
Internal causes
Industrial equipment
- Motor, Welding machine
Building facilities
- Lifts, fluorescent lighting,
maintenance
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
Perfect power
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Causes
mechanical damage to insulation during installation
conductive dust
damage to insulation by overheating due to
the climate, inadequate ventilation, loose connections
Harmonics, overcurrents
switching surges, lightning, MV faults
electrodynamic forces produced by short circuits
Consequences
between live conductors -> short circuit
between live conductors and earth -> fault current
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
TT system
Transformer neutral earthed
Earth leakage currents Exposed conductive parts earthed
L7: Eco-Mode
T T
3P+N
RB
PE
RA
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
TN system
Transformer neutral earthed
Earth leakage currents
Exposed conductive parts connected to neutral
L7: Eco-Mode
3P+N
PE
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
TN system
neutral
TNC
TNS
3
2
1
N
PE
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
IT system
Earth leakage currents
1st insulation fault not dangerous but signalled by an alarm (IMD)
No tripping (fault location only)
3
2
1
N
PE
IMD
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
IT system
Earth leakage currents
2nd insulation fault on another phase (equivalent to a fault on a TN
system)
phase-to-phase short circuit; Ifault = equivalent to that on a TN system
the operating current of the magnetic protection must be less than the fault
current
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
Summary
TT
TN-C TN-S
Protection of persons
Protection of property
against the risk of fire
protection of equipment
(1)
(2)
Economic impact
(1)
(2)
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
IT
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
Discrimination
Provided by chosing protective devices and their settings
such that a fault trips only the protective device
immediately upstream of the fault
Limits the open part of a faulty installation
Discrimination can be total or partial
Types of discrimination between circuit breakers
Discrimination type
Current
Time
Principle
The fault current is less
than the upstream threshold
Electronic (STR type)
The tripping time of the downstream
circuit breaker is less than the
tripping time of the upstream
circuit breaker
STR xxUE for Compact NS 400 When 2 circuit breakers detect
to Masterpact circuit breakers
a fault, the upstream device
is automatically delayed (via a
pilot wire)
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Earth-fault tripping
built-in or add-on
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Tripping curves
3 to 5 In
Generators,
long cable lengths
(no inrush currents)
5 to 10 In
General applications
10 to 14 In
10 to 14 In
Curve D
Curve K
2.4 to 3.6 In
Electronic circuits
- diodes
- thyristors
12 In
Curve Z
Curve MA
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Rating a UPS
Basic Fundamentals of UPS requirements
Enterprise & Systems Line Of Business
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Sn x 0,8 > S x
Set UPS Sn
With 2,33 In > Ic
No
Split
Circuit-breakers
Compute Icm
Yes
Can Icm
Be splitted ?
No
Set UPS Sn
With In > Icm
Switch to mains 2
Possible ?
No
2,33
In > Ic
?
Yes
Yes
No Switch to mains 2 No
Possible ?
Yes
In > Icm* ?
Yes
UPS Sn
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Load
Rectifier
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
Inverter
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors have distinct advantages including:
storing high quantities of energy
accepting many charge/discharge cycles without suffering
any wear
acceptable service life
satisfactory operation over wide temperatures range
For high power ratings and backup times of several
seconds required by UPSs, cost is high
10,000 for 50 kW
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Advantages include:
Long backup times when used with engine generator set
Rotating at a relatively low speed (1,500 rpm); makes it possible to use standard bearings
Challenges:
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
Advantages:
well suited to UPS characteristics
compact size for power ratings up to 500kW with backup times of
12 seconds up to 2 minutes.
Challenges:
requires more maturity for mission critical applications
regular maintenance
high cost
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
Advantages:
compact size
excellent efficiency
low noise levels
Disadvantages:
risks due to structural faults in the rotor
Very high cost of the materials
Environmental costs ?
Courtesy of Pentadyne Power
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Technology comparison
Batteries highly suited for autonomies between 5min. To 2 hours
Hybrid solutions with very short autonmies (3 sec. 1 min.): flywheels
or supercaps
1000
Typical
autonomies
2h
10h
1min
100
3,6sec
10
0,1h
1
Short
autonomies
0,1
36msec
0,36sec
0,01
10
Plomb
Li-Ion / Metal
Li Polymer
100
1000
ZEBRA (Na/NiCl2)
NiMH
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
10000
Supercapacitor
Flywheels
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
Batteries
vented lead-acid batteries
sealed lead-acid batteries
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Vented lead-acid
require dedicated room
Vented nickel-cadmium
less sensitive to temperature extremes
sometimes used in harsh environments
Batteries installations
in cabinets next to UPS cabinet,
on racks or shelves in special rooms
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Battery disadvantages
Perceived as weak point of UPS systems
reliability
Perimeter : equipment only, human mis-operation
not included
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Acid electrolyte
diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for ionic transfer
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Disadvantages
high cost for backup times under one hour
installation costs
special room, explosion-proofing, evacuation of gases, gas detector, multi-voltage charger,
etc.
operating costs
maintenance personnel required to add water and for the charge and discharge cycles
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
Acid electrolyte
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) diluted with water or silica gel for ionic transfer
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
Characteristics
discharge limits
from 100% to 80%, the voltage remains stable, < 80%, the voltage drops rapidly
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
Disadvantages
highly sensitive to temperature
service life reduced by 50% at 35 C
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L7: Eco-Mode
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
www.MyEnergyUniversity.com
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
L1: To Know
L2: Standby
L6: Rotary
L7: Eco-Mode
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
Types of Uninterruptible
Power Supply (UPS) Systems
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013