George W. Bush

George W.
Bush
Contents
1
Overview
1.1
George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Childhood to mid-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
Marriage, family, and personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
Governor of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5
Presidential campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6
Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7
Post-presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.1.8
Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.1.9
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.1.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.1.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
1.1.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Life
2.1
2.2
2.3
40
Early life of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.1.1
Upbringing and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.1.2
Service in the Air National Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.1.3
Alcohol use and DUI arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.1.4
Family life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Professional life of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.2.1
Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.2.2
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.2.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
George W. Bush as Governor of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.3.1
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.3.2
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.3.3
Capital punishment policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.3.4
Fiscal policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.3.5
Social policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
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CONTENTS
2.3.6
Education policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.3.7
Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Presidency
46
3.1
Presidency of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
3.1.1
Major issues of presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
3.1.2
International treaties signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
3.1.3
Major legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
3.1.4
Administration and cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
3.1.5
First term (20012005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
3.1.6
Second term (20052009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
3.1.7
Political philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
3.1.8
Environmental record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
3.1.9
Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
3.1.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
3.1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
3.1.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
George W. Bushs rst term as President of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
3.2.1
Electoral College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
3.2.2
Social Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.2.3
Economic policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.2.4
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
3.2.5
Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
3.2.6
Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
3.2.7
Military incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
3.2.8
September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
3.2.9
Foreign policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
3.2.10 Intelligence reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.2.11 2004 election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.12 Time Magazine Person of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.13 Response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.14 Major bills passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.2.16 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
George W. Bushs second term as President of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.1
Stated goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.2
Inauguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.3
First 100 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.3.4
Assassination attempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.3.5
2006 State of the Union Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.3.6
Fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.2
3.3
CONTENTS
3.4
3.5
3.6
iii
3.3.7
Mid-term elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.3.8
Invoking the 25th Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.3.9
Shoe-throwing incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.3.10 Domestic policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.3.11 National security and presidential power controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.3.12 Foreign policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
3.3.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
3.3.14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
3.3.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
3.4.1
Domestic security
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
3.4.2
Diversity and civil rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
3.4.3
Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
3.4.4
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
3.4.5
Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
3.4.6
Health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
3.4.7
Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
3.4.8
Capital punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
3.4.9
Other issues
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
3.4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
3.4.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
List of George W. Bush legislation and programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
3.5.1
Legislation signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
3.6.1
Fiscal policy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
3.6.2
Tax policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
3.6.3
Eect of policies on federal budget decit and national debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
3.6.4
Trade policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
3.6.5
Eorts to reform Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
3.6.6
Regulatory philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
3.6.7
Economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
3.6.8
2008 economic crisis and recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.6.9
Income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.6.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

3.6.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.7
Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

3.7.1
International treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.7.2
Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.7.3
International organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.7.4
Foreign aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.7.5
Middle East and central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
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CONTENTS
3.7.6
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.7.7
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.7.8
Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.7.9
Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.7.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3.7.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.7.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.8
3.9
Bush Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

3.8.1
National Security Strategy of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.8.2
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.8.3
Inuences on the Bush Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.8.4
Criticism and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.8.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.8.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.8.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.8.8
Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
George W. Bush and the Iraq War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.9.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.9.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.10 List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

3.10.1 United States Supreme Court Justices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10.2 Courts of Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10.3 District courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10.4 Specialty courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.10.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.10.7 Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.11 List of people pardoned by George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.11.1 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.11.2 Pardons and commutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.11.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.11.4 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.11.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.12 George W. Bush Presidential Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.12.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.12.2 Presidential library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.12.3 Policy Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.12.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.12.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.12.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4
Image
135
CONTENTS
4.1
Public image of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

4.1.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.2
Support among conservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.3
Personal image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.4
Domestic perception of Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.1.5
Bush Derangement Syndrome neologism
4.1.6
Foreign perception of Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.1.7
Surveys of historians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.1.8
Notable critical works about Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.1.9
Post-presidential image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.1.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

4.1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.1.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2
4.3
4.4
List of nicknames used by George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

4.2.1
Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2.2
Foreign leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2.3
Sta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.2.4
Politicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.2.5
Journalists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.6
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
List of books and lms about George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

4.3.1
By Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3.2
Pro-Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3.3
Anti-Bush
4.3.4
Mostly neutral
4.3.5
Books about the 2000 and 2004 elections
4.3.6
Unsorted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Miss Me Yet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

4.4.1
Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.4.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.4.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Books
5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
154
A Charge to Keep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

5.1.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.1.2
Origin of the title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.1.3
Contents
5.1.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
vi
CONTENTS
5.2
Decision Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.2.1
Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.2
Advance and publicity campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.3
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Elections
6.1
Electoral history of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

6.1.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
158
Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Texas gubernatorial election, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

6.2.1
Primaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.2.2
Polling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.2.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Texas gubernatorial election, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

6.3.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.2
Primaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.4
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

6.4.1
Campaign
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.4.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

6.5.1
Issue stances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.5.2
Campaign controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.3
Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.4
Slogan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.5
Vice Presidential choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.6
Convention and nomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.5.7
Debates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.5.8
Features of the campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.5.9
Campaign visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.5.10 Election and victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.5.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.5.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.6
John McCain presidential campaign, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.6.1
Leading up to the announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.6.2
Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.6.3
Campaign sta and policy team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.6.4
Political positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
CONTENTS
vii
6.6.5
Campaign developments 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.6.6
Caucuses and primaries 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.6.7
General election campaign 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.6.8
Campaign opinion and projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.6.9
Media coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.6.10 Music use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6.6.11 Fundraising and nances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.12 Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.6.14 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.6.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.6.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7
Family
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
200
Laura Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

7.1.1
Early life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.1.2
Marriage and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.1.3
First Lady of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.1.4
First Lady of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.1.5
Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.1.6
Awards and honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.1.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.1.8
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Jenna Hager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

7.2.1
Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.2
2004 U.S. presidential election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.3
Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.4
Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2.5
Ancestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Barbara Pierce Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

7.3.1
Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.2
Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.3
Political activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3.4
Ancestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Jeb Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

7.4.1
Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.4.2
Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
viii
CONTENTS
7.4.3
Governor of Florida (1999-2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.4.4
Post-governorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.4.5
Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.4.6
Religious aliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.4.7
Civic and charitable activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.4.8
Electoral history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.4.9
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

7.4.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.4.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.5
Neil Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

7.5.1
Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.5.2
Philanthropist and charity involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.5.3
Silverado Savings & Loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.5.4
Ignite! Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.5.5
Kopin stock trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.5.6
Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.5.7
Other business engagements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.5.8
Anti-Ritalin campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5.9
Marriage, divorce, and remarriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5.10 Speaking engagements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

7.5.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5.12 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.6
7.7
7.8
Marvin P. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

7.6.1
Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.6.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Dorothy Bush Koch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

7.7.1
Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.7.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
George H. W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

7.8.1
Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
7.8.2
Business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.8.3
Political career (19641980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.8.4
1980 presidential campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.8.5
Vice Presidency (19811989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.8.6
Presidency (19891993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.8.7
Post-presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.8.8
Electoral history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.8.9
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.8.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
CONTENTS
ix
7.8.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

7.8.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.9
Barbara Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

7.9.1
Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.9.2
Marriage and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.9.3
Texas years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.9.4
Political life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.9.5
Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.9.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.9.7
Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.9.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.9.9
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.9.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

7.10 Bush family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.10.1 Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.10.2 Ancestors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.10.3 Connections to other prominent families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.10.4 Family tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.10.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.10.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.10.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.10.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8
Pets
8.1
8.2
261
Barney (dog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.1.1
Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.1.2
Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.1.3
Media attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.1.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
India (cat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

8.2.1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.2.2
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.2.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Related topics
9.1
265
W. (lm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
9.1.1
Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
9.1.2
Cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
9.1.3
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9.1.4
Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CONTENTS
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
9.1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
George W. Bush military service controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

9.2.1
Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.2.2
Acceptance into the National Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.2.3
Flight performance and ight status in 1972 and 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.2.4
Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
9.2.5
Six-year service obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.2.6
Release of military records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.2.7
Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.2.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
9.2.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

9.3.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
9.3.2
Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
9.3.3
Names frequently mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
9.3.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
9.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
9.3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
George W. Bush Presidential Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

9.4.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9.4.2
Presidential library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.4.3
Policy Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.4.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.4.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
George W. Bush Childhood Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

9.5.1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.5.2
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
286
10.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

10.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
10.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 1
Overview
1.1 George W. Bush
election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum[9][10][11] for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane
Katrina,[12][13][14] and numerous other challenges. Amid
this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of
Congress in the 2006 elections. In December 2007, the
United States entered its longest post-World War II recession, often referred to as the "Great Recession", prompting the Bush Administration to enact multiple economic
programs intended to preserve the countrys nancial system. Nationally, Bush was both one of the most popular
and unpopular presidents in history, having received the
highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake
of the September 11 attacks, as well as one of the lowest
approval ratings during the 2008 nancial crisis.[15] He
was met with public protests even occurring during visits
to the United Kingdom.[16]
This article is about the 43rd U.S. president. For his

father, the 41st U.S. president, see George H. W. Bush.
For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American
politician and businessman who served as the 43rd
President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and
the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The
eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, he was
born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from
Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in
1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura
Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of
Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned
the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann
Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. Bush
was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial election, becoming the fourth president to be elected
while receiving fewer popular votes nationwide than his
opponent.[6] Bush is the second president to have been
the son of a former president, the rst having been John
Quincy Adams.[7] He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Bush left oce in 2009. Since then, he has returned to

Texas and purchased a home in a suburban area of Dallas.
He is currently a public speaker, has written a memoir titled Decision Points,[17] and his presidential library was
opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among
the worst in recent surveys of presidential scholars,[18][19]
although Bush has been viewed more favorably by the
public since leaving oce.[20][21][22]
Eight months into Bushs rst term as president, the

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks occurred. In re- 1.1.1 Childhood to mid-life
sponse, Bush launched the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Main article: Early life of George W. Bush
Afghanistan, launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq,
launched in 2003.
In addition to national security issues, Bush also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education,
social security reform, and amending the Constitution to
prohibit same-sex marriage.[8] He signed into law broad
tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind
Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Medicare prescription drug benets for seniors, and funding for the
AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR. His tenure
saw national debates on immigration, Social Security,
electronic surveillance, and torture.
Early life and education
George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946 at GraceNew Haven Hospital (now Yale New Haven Hospital) in New Haven, Connecticut[23] as the rst child of
George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce. He
was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger
sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in
1953.[24] His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. SenBush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic ator from Connecticut.[25] His father George H. W. Bush
Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close was Ronald Reagan's Vice President from 1981 to 1989
1
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
George W. Bush with his parents, Barbara and George H. W.

Bush, c. 1947
and the 41st U.S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has
English and some German ancestry, along with more disLt. George W. Bush while in the Texas Air National Guard
tant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish roots.[26]
Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the
[39]
After two years of active-duty
family moved to Houston after he had completed his 7th Air National Guard.
[40]
service
while
training,
he was assigned to Houston, ygrade year. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep
[27]
ing
Convair
F-102s
with
the
147th Reconnaissance Wing
school in Houston for two years.
out of the Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base.[39][41] CritBush nished high school at the Phillips Academy, ics, including former Democratic National Committee
a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Mas- Chairman Terry McAulie, have alleged that Bush was
sachusetts, where he played baseball and, during his se- favorably treated due to his fathers political standing as
nior year, was the head cheerleader.[28][29] He attended a member of the House of Representatives, citing his seYale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a lection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores
B.A. degree in history.[30] During this time, he was a and his irregular attendance.[42] In June 2005, the United
cheerleader and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon, States Department of Defense released all the records of
serving as the fraternitys president during his senior Bushs Texas Air National Guard service, which remain
year.[31][32][33] Bush also became a member of the Skull in its ocial archives.[43]
and Bones society as a senior.[34] Bush was a rugby union
player and was on Yales 1st XV.[35] He characterized In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the 187th
himself as an average student.[36] His average during his Fighter Wing of the Alabama Air National Guard, havrst three years at Yale was 77 and he had a similar aver- ing moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work on the unage under a nonnumeric rating system in his nal year.[37] successful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton
M. Blount.[44][45] In 1972, Bush was suspended from yBeginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard ing for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.[46] He
Business School, where he earned an M.B.A. degree. As was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on
such, he is the only U.S. President to have earned an November 21, 1974.[47]
M.B.A.[38]
Texas Air National Guard
Main article: George W. Bush military service controversy
See also: Killian documents controversy and Killian documents authenticity issues
In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas
1.1.2 Marriage, family, and personal life

See also: Bush family
At a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him
to Laura Lane Welch, a school teacher and librarian.
Bush proposed to her after a three-month courtship, and
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
they married on November 5 of that year.[48] The cou- 1.1.3 Early career
ple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his familys
Episcopal Church to join his wifes United Methodist Main article: Professional life of George W. Bush
Church.[2] On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives
birth to fraternal twin daughters, Barbara Pierce Bush and
Jenna Welch Bush;[48] they graduated from high school
in 2000 and from Yale University and the University of
Texas at Austin, respectively, in 2004.
George and Laura Bush with their daughters Jenna and Barbara,
1990
George W. Bush with his father outside the White House, April
29, 1992
Prior to his marriage, Bush had multiple episodes of

alcohol abuse.[49] In one instance, on September 4,
1976, he was arrested near his familys summer home in
Kennebunkport, Maine, for driving under the inuence
of alcohol. He pleaded guilty, was ned $150 and had
his Maine drivers license briey suspended.[50] Bush says
his wife has had a stabilizing eect on his life,[48] and
attributes to her inuence his 1986 decision to give up
alcohol.[51] While Governor of Texas, Bush said of his
wife, I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out
not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and
willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess
has smoothed them o over time.[48]
from Texass 19th congressional district. His opponent,

Kent Hance, portrayed him as out of touch with rural
Texans. Bush lost the election by 6,000 votes (6%) of
the 103,000 votes cast.[56] He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small, independent oil exploration companies.[57] He created Arbusto Energy,[58] and
later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984,
his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and
Bush became chairman.[57] The company was hurt by
decreased oil prices, and it folded into HKN, Inc.[57][59]
Bush served on the board of directors for HKN.[57] Questions of possible insider trading involving HKN arose, but
the Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) invesBush has been an avid reader throughout his adult life, tigation concluded that the information Bush had at the
preferring biographies and histories.[52] During his time time of his stock sale was not sucient to constitute inas president, Bush read 14 Lincoln biographies and, dur- sider trading.[57][60]
ing the last three years of his presidency, he reportedly Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in
read 186 books. A reporter recalls seeing books by John 1988 to work on his fathers campaign for the U.S.
Fowles, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Gore Vidal presidency.[61][62] He served as a campaign adviser and
lying about, as well as biographies of Willa Cather and liaison to the media;[57] he assisted his father by camQueen Victoria" in his home when Bush was a Texas oil- paigning across the country.[57] Returning to Texas afman. Other hobbies include cigar smoking and golf.[53] ter the successful campaign, he purchased a share in the
Since leaving the White House, Bush has also taken up Texas Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where
oil painting.[54]
he served as managing general partner for ve years.[63]
Bush welcomed his rst granddaughter, Margaret Laura
Mila Hager on April 14, 2013, when his daughter
Jenna Bush gave birth. Margaret is named after her two
grandmothers.[55]
He actively led the teams projects and regularly attended

its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with
fans.[64] Bushs sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998
brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000
4
investment.[65]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
In 1999, Bush signed a state law obliging electric retailers
to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources
(RPS),[76][77][78] which helped Texas eventually become
the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the
U.S.[79][80][81]
In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named

by his father to run his fathers 1992 Presidential reelection campaign as campaign advisor.[66] The prior
month, his father asked him to tell White House chief of
sta John H. Sununu that he should resign.[67]
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record[57] 69% of
the vote.[82] He became the rst governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.[57]
1.1.4 Governor of Texas
For most of Texas history, governors served two-year
terms; a constitutional amendment extended those terms
Main article: Governorship of George W. Bush
to four years starting in 1975.[83] In his second term, Bush
As Bushs brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings.[57] He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be
Jesus Day in Texas, a day on which he urge[d] all Texans
to answer the call to serve those in need.[84]
Throughout Bushs rst term, national attention focused
on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared.[57] Within a
year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential
nomination.
1.1.5 Presidential campaigns

2000 Presidential candidacy
Governor Bush with wife, Laura, and father, George H. W. Bush
Main article: United States presidential election, 2000

Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas
gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four
themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction,
and education improvement.[57] Bushs campaign advisers were Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.[68]
After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush
faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann
Richards.[57][69] In the course of the campaign, Bush
pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to
carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill,
but Bush signed it after he became governor.[70] According to The Atlantic Monthly, the race featured a rumor
that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a
tactics making it into the public record when a regional
chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps
inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs.[71]
The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to
Karl Rove,[72] but Rove denied being involved.[73] Bush George W. Bush in Concord, New Hampshire signing to be a canwon the general election with 53.5% against Richards didate for president
45.9%.[74]
Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texass largest Primary In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush
tax-cut, $2 billion.[68] He extended government fund- announced his candidacy for President of the United
ing for organizations providing education of the dangers States. With no incumbent running, Bush entered a large
of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to re- eld of candidates for the Republican Party presidenduce domestic violence.[75] Critics contended that dur- tial nomination consisting of John McCain, Alan Keyes,
ing his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environ- Steve Forbes, Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch, Elizabeth Dole,
mental evaluations. Supporters pointed to his eorts to Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, John Karaise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test sich, and Robert C. Smith.
scores.[57]
Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative,
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
implying he was more centrist than other Republicans.

He campaigned on a platform that included bringing integrity and honor back to the White House, increasing
the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting taxes,
improving education, and aiding minorities.[57] By early
2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.[57]
Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he
trailed McCain by 19% and lost that primary. Despite
this, Bush regained momentum and, according to political observers, eectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The
Boston Globe made history for his campaigns negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.[85][86][87]
General election On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised
some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White
House Chief of Sta, U.S. Representative, and Secretary
of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then
serving as head of Bushs Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Bush and Cheney were ocially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican
National Convention.
George W. Bush speaks at a campaign rally in 2004.
Bush continued to campaign across the country and

touted his record as Governor of Texas.[57] Bushs campaign criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent
Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.[88]
When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush
won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the
Florida outcome led to a recount.[57] The initial recount
also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in courts
for a month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.[89] On
December 9, in the controversial Bush v. Gore ruling,[90]
the Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide
hand recount based on the argument that the use of dierent standards among Floridas counties violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[57] The
machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida
vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million cast.[91]
Although he received 543,895 fewer individual votes than
Gore nationwide, Bush won the election, receiving 271
electoral votes to Gores 266.[91]
2004 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2004
In 2004, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge.
He appointed Ken Mehlman as campaign manager, with
a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.[92] Bush and
the Republican platform included a strong commitment
to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,[93] support for the
USA PATRIOT Act,[94] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex
marriage,[93][95] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,[93] creation of an ownership
society,[93] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions
controls.[96] Bush also called for the implementation of a
guest worker program for immigrants,[93] which was criticized by conservatives.[97]
The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against
Democratic candidates, including Bushs emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry and other
Democrats attacked Bush on the Iraq War, and accused
him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth.
The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal
who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerrys
seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,[57]
and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision
necessary for success in the War on Terror.
In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an outright
majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponents
48.3%).[98] The previous President to win an outright majority of the popular vote was Bushs father in the 1988
election. Additionally, it was the rst time since Herbert
Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president
was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in
both Houses of Congress.
1.1.6
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Presidency
by 51%, and income security spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35% and spending by
Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George 65%.[104]
W. Bushs rst term as President of the United States and
George W. Bushs second term as President of the United
States
Though Bush originally outlined an ambitious domestic
President Bush addressing the media at the Pentagon, September

17, 2001
agenda, his priorities were signicantly altered following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.[99] Wars
were waged in Afghanistan and Iraq with signicant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight-year period, Bushs oncehigh approval ratings[100] steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased signicantly.[101] In 2007,
the United States entered the longest post-World War II
recession.[102]
Domestic policy
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush
administration
Economic policy Main article: Economic policy of

the George W. Bush administration
Bush took oce during a period of economic recession
in the wake of the bursting of the Dot-com bubble.[103]
The terrorist attacks also impacted the economy. The
Bush administration increased federal government spending from $1.789 trillion to $2.983 trillion (60%) while
revenues increased from $2.025 trillion to $2.524 trillion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues
increased by 14%, corporate tax revenues by 50%, customs and duties by 40%. Discretionary defense spending
was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare spending by 131%, social security
President Bush signing a $1.35 trillion tax cut into law, June 7,
2001
The increase in spending was more than under any predecessor since Lyndon B. Johnson.[105] The number of
economic regulation governmental workers increased by
91,196.[106]
The surplus in scal year 2000 was $237 billionthe
third consecutive surplus and the largest surplus ever.[107]
In 2001, Bushs budget estimated that there would be a
$5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.[108] Facing
congressional opposition, Bush held townhall style meetings across the U.S. in order to increase public support
for his plan for a $1.35 trillion tax cut programone of
the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.[57] Bush argued that
unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying the surplus is not the governments money.
The surplus is the peoples money.[57] Federal Reserve
Chairman Alan Greenspan warned of a recession and
Bush stated that a tax cut would stimulate the economy
and create jobs.[109] Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill, opposed some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would
contribute to budget decits and undermine Social Security.[110] O'Neill disputes the claim, made in Bushs
book Decision Points, that he never openly disagreed
with him on planned tax cuts.[111] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.[57] Another tax cut program was passed
that year.
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
During the 2001 to 2008 years, GDP grew at an aver- well as inuential members of the Bush Administraage annual rate of 2.125%,[112] less than for past business tion, feared that the agency created by these regulations
cycles.[113]
would merely be mimicking the private sectors risky
[131][132][133]
In September 2008, the crisis beBush entered oce with the Dow Jones Industrial Aver- practices.
came
much
more
serious
beginning with the government
age at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007
takeover
of
Fannie
Mae
and Freddie Mac followed by
at over 14,000. When Bush left oce, the average was at
the
collapse
of
Lehman
Brothers
and a federal bailout of
[114]
7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.
American International Group for $85 billion.[134]
Decit and debt increases 20012009. Gross debt has increased

over $500 billion each year since FY2003.
Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in January

2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to
4.5% as of July 2007.[115] Adjusted for ination, median
household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and
2007,[116] while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown
University has noted that after-tax median household income increased by 2%"[117] The poverty rate increased
from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at
12.7% in 2004.[118] By October 2008, due to increases
in spending,[119] the national debt had risen to $11.3
trillion,[120] an increase of over 100% from 2000 when
the debt was only $5.6 trillion.[121][122] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "Bush
tax cuts" and increased national security spending.[123] In
March 2006, then-Senator Barack Obama said when he
voted against raising the debt ceiling: The fact that we
are here today to debate raising Americas debt limit is a
sign of leadership failure.[124] By the end of Bushs presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.[125]
In December 2007, the United States entered the
longest postWorld War II recession,[126] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar
value.[127] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a ve-year
record.[128][129] To aid with the situation, Bush signed
a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was
intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush
administration pushed for signicantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,[130]
and after two years, the regulations passed the House
but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as
Many economists and world governments determined

that the situation became the worst nancial crisis
since the Great Depression.[135][136] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been benecial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan
Greenspan.[137] Bush, meanwhile, proposed a nancial
rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.[138] Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, said it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the
FDIC to look at these issues more closely, and additionally, that it would have helped for Congress to have held
hearings.[132]
In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which
marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34
years.[139] The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that
in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were
lost.[140] By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost a total of
2.6 million jobs.[141]
Education and health Bush undertook a number of
educational priorities, such as increasing the funding for
the National Science Foundation and National Institutes
of Health in his rst years of oce, and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and
mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the rst such cut in 36
years, due to rising ination.[142]
President Bush signing the No Child Left Behind Act into law,
January 2002
One of the administrations early major initiatives was

the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student
8
performance, provide options to parents with students in
low-performing schools, and target more federal funding
to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that
of Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.[143] It was
signed into law by Bush in early 2002.[144] Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by
the fact that students in the U.S. have performed signicantly better on state reading and math tests since
Bush signed No Child Left Behind into law.[145] Critics
argue that it is underfunded[146] and that NCLBAs focus on high stakes testing and quantitative outcomes is
counterproductive.[147]
After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare
drug benet program that, according to Jan Crawford
Greenburg, resulted in the greatest expansion in Americas welfare state in forty years;" the bills costs approached $7 trillion.[148] In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a
war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP
legislation would have signicantly expanded federally
funded health care benets and plans to children of some
low-income families from about six million to ten million children. It was to be funded by an increase in the
cigarette tax.[149] Bush viewed the legislation as a move
toward socialized health care, and asserted that the program could benet families making as much as $83,000
per year who did not need the help.[150]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform Social Security,[153] which was facing
record decit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made
it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.[153] In his 2005
State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the potential
impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his
new program, which included partial privatization of the
system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to
permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments.[153] Democrats
opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.[153]
Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning
vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the
Conversations on Social Security, in an attempt to gain
support from the general public.[154] Despite the energetic
campaign, public support for the proposal declined[155]
and the House Republican leadership decided not to put
Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.[156] The proposals
legislative prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of
2005.[157] After the Democrats gained control of both
houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm
elections, the prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of
his term in oce.
Environmental policies Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration Environment
Social services and Social Security Following Republican eorts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush
signed the bill, which included major changes to the
Medicare program by providing beneciaries with some
assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benets.[151]
The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the
Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the rst ten years, would give the elderly better
choices and more control over their health care.[152]
Upon taking oce in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to

the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UN Convention
on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the
treaty exempted 80% of the worlds population[158] and
would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.[159]
He also cited that the Senate had voted 950 in 1997 on
a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.
President Bush delivering a statement on energy, urging Congress

to end oshore oil drill ban, June 18, 2008
President Bush discussing Social Security reform at the Lake
Nona YMCA Family Center in Orlando, Florida, March 18, 2005
In May 2001, Bush signed an executive order to create an
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
inter-agency task force to streamline energy projects,[160] However, the move was largely symbolic as there is still
and later signed two other executive orders to tackle en- a federal law banning oshore drilling. Bush said, This
vironmental issues.[161]
means that the only thing standing between the American
these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S.
In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of people and[172]
Congress.
Bush had said in June 2008, In the long
[162]
2003,
aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to rerun,
the
solution
is to reduce demand for oil by promotduce air pollution through the use of emissions trading
alternative
energy
technologies. My administration
ing programs. Many experts argued that this legislation
has
worked
with
Congress
to invest in gas-saving techwould have weakened the original legislation by allowing
nologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells....
higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously
legal.[163] The initiative was introduced to Congress, but In the short run, the American economy will continue to
rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase
failed to make it out of committee.
supply, especially here at home. So my administration
Bush has said that he believes that global warming is has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil
real[164] and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he production.[173]
asserted there is a debate over whether its man-made or
naturally caused.[165] The Bush Administrations stance In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced
on global warming remained controversial in the scien- that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three
tic and environmental communities. Critics have al- years to a new international fund to promote clean energy
leged that the administration[166] misinformed the public technologies and ght climate change, saying, Along
and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and with contributions from other countries, this fund will
increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of
deter global warming.[167]
cleaner, more ecient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substanEnergy policies In his 2006 State of the Union Ad- tial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects
dress, Bush declared, America is addicted to oil and more nancially attractive. He also announced plans to
announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase rearm the United States commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an inenergy development research.[168]
ternational agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually
That same year, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaireverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, This
ian Islands a national monument, creating the largest
agreement will be eective only if it includes commitmarine reserve to date. The Papahnaumokukea Marine
ments by every major economy and gives none a free
National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000
ride.[174]
2
km ) and is home to 7,000 species of sh, birds, and other
marine animals, many of which are specic to only those
islands.[169] The move was hailed by conservationists for
its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible Stem cell research and rst use of veto power Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or
area.[170]
destruction of human embryos through the Department
of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes
of Health has been forbidden by law since the passage
in 1995 of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment by Congress
and the signature of President Bill Clinton.[175] Bush has
said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that nances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem
cell research.[176] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the
71 existing lines of stem cells,[177] but the ability of
these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for
testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on
12 of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have
been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates
President Bush signing the Federal Funding Accountability and safety issues that complicate development and approval
Transparency Act, September 26, 2006
of therapies from these lines.[178] On July 19, 2006, Bush
used his veto power for the rst time in his presidency
In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The
his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on for- bill would have repealed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment,
eign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increas- thereby permitting federal money to be used for research
ing alternative fuel production.[171] Amid high gasoline where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an
prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on oshore drilling.[172] embryo.[179]
10
Genetic Nondiscrimination On May 21, 2008 President George W. Bush signed into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).[180][181] The
bill protects Americans against discrimination based on
their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment. The issue had been debated for
13 years before becoming law. It is designed to protect
citizens while not hindering genetic research.
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.[190]
The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a
change in law.[191]
On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert said that Bush oered to accept 100,000
Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent
settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.[192]
Hurricane Katrina Main article: Political eects of
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, one of the most damaging natural
President Bush discussing border security with Homeland Security Director Michael Cherto near El Paso, November 2005
Immigration Nearly 8 million immigrants came to the

United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other
ve-year period in the nations history.[182] Almost half
entered illegally.[183] In 2006, Bush urged Congress to
allow more than 12 million illegal immigrants to work
in the United States with the creation of a temporary
guest-worker program. Bush also urged Congress to
provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to the
MexicoUnited States border.[184] In MayJune 2007,
Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration
Reform Act of 2007, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the
Bush administration.[185] The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path
to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based merit system for green cards;
elimination of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush argued that the
lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to
millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for
immigrant labor.[186] Bush contended that the proposed
bill did not amount to amnesty.[187]
President Bush shaking hands with New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin after viewing the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, September 2, 2005
disasters in U.S. history, struck early in Bushs second

term. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005
Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the
north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.[193]
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,[194] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day;[195] he authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his
announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.[196]
The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and
New Orleans began to ood due to levee breaches; later
that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in
Louisiana,[197] ocially authorizing FEMA to start using
federal funds to assist in the recovery eort.
On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Cherto declared
it an incident of national signicance,[198] triggering the
rst use of the newly created National Response Plan.
Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops
rst entered the city of New Orleans.[199] The same day,
Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama
and declared that the success of the recovery eort up to
that point was not enough.[200]
A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty
provisions.[188] The bill was eventually defeated in the
Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on
a 4653 vote.[189] Bush expressed disappointment upon As the disaster in New Orleans intensied, critics charged
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
11
Miers and Bolten to not comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush maintained
that all of his advisers were protected under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The
Justice Department determined that the Presidents order
was legal.[211]
President Bush with hurricane victims in Biloxi, September 2,

2005
that Bush was misrepresenting his administrations role

in what they saw as a awed response. Leaders attacked
Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D.
Brown;[201] it was also argued that the federal response
was limited as a result of the Iraq War[202] and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of oods.[203][204][205] Bush
responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal governments failures in its handling of the emergency.[199] It has been argued that with
Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which
he would not recover.[206]
Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys Main article:
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
During Bushs second term, a controversy arose over the
Although Congressional investigations focused on

whether the Justice Department and the White House
were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political
advantage, no ocial ndings have been released. On
March 10, 2008, the Congress led a federal lawsuit to
enforce their issued subpoenas.[212] On July 31, 2008,
a United States district court judge ruled that Bushs
top advisers were not immune from Congressional
subpoenas.[213]
In all, twelve Justice Department ocials resigned rather
than testify under oath before Congress. They included
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales[214] and his chief of
sta Kyle Sampson,[215] Gonzales liaison to the White
House Monica Goodling,[216] aide to the president Karl
Rove[217] and his senior aide Sara M. Taylor.[218] In addition, legal counsel to the president Harriet Miers[219] and
deputy chief of sta to the president Joshua Bolten[220]
were both found in contempt of Congress.[218]
In 2010, the Justice Department investigator concluded
that though political considerations did play a part in as
many as four of the attorney rings,[221] the rings were
inappropriately political, but not criminal. According
to the prosecutors, there was insucient evidence to pursue prosecution for any criminal oense.[222]
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
In July 2001, Bush visited Pope John Paul II at Castel
President Bush announcing his nomination of Alberto Gonzales

as the next U.S. Attorney General, November 10, 2004
Justice Departments midterm dismissal of seven United

States Attorneys.[207] The White House maintained that
the U.S. attorneys were red for poor performance.[208]
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales later resigned over
the issue, along with other senior members of the Jus- President Bush with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in
tice Department.[209][210] The House Judiciary Commit- 2005
tee issued subpoenas for advisers Harriet Miers and Josh
Bolten to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Gandolfo.[223]
12
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
During his Presidential campaign, Bushs foreign policy platform included support for stronger economic
and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in
"nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.[224] Bush was an advocate of Chinas entry into the
World Trade Organization.[225]
In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred
to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea.[226] After the September 11 attacks on New York,
Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United
States military and a small international coalition invaded
Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of
Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which
he described as being part of the War on Terrorism.[227]
Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime
in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from
power in Iraq.
Countries visited by President George W. Bush during his terms

in oce
In an address before both Houses of Congress on September 20, 2001, Bush thanked the nations of the world for
their support following the September 11 attacks. He
specically thanked U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair for
traveling to Washington to show unity of purpose with
America, and said America has no truer friend than
Great Britain.[232]
September 11 attacks Main article: September 11 attacks

The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning
Foreign Minister of India Pranab Mukherjee with President

Bush, March 2008
Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He
appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a President Bush, standing with reghter Bob Beckwith, addressglobal public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro- ing rescue workers at Ground Zero in New York, September 14,
2001
democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.
In March 2006, a visit to India led to renewed ties
between the two countries, reversing decades of U.S.
policy.[228] The visit focused particularly on areas of
nuclear energy and counter-terrorism cooperation, discussions that would lead eventually to the U.S.-India Civil
Nuclear Agreement.[229]
point in Bushs presidency. That evening, he addressed

the nation from the Oval Oce, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for
the nation to come together and comfort the families of
the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero,
meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, reghters, police
ocers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering
via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, to
much applause: I can hear you. The rest of the world
hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings
down will hear all of us soon.[233]
This is in stark contrast to the stance taken by his predecessor, Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests was that of sanctions and
hectoring. The relationship between India and the United
States was one that dramatically improved during Bushs
tenure.[230]
In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin
Midway through Bushs second term, it was questioned Laden and his organization Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultiwhether Bush was retreating from his freedom and matum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin
democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward Laden was operating, to hand over the terrorists, or ...
some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.[231] share in their fate.[234]
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
13
War on Terrorism Main article: War on Terror

After September 11, Bush announced a global War on
President Bush presenting former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair

with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, January 13, 2009
Terror. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming

with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of
Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.[235] In his
January 29, 2002 State of the Union Address, he asserted
that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran,
and Iraq was arming to threaten the peace of the world
and pose[d] a grave and growing danger.[236] The Bush
Administration asserted both a right and the intention to
wage preemptive war, or preventive war.[237] This became
the basis for the Bush Doctrine which weakened the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support
for the United States which had followed the September
11 attacks.[238]
President Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan appearing at a joint news conference in Kabul, March 1, 2006
in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush

Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from
a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.[248] It was
not until May 2011, two years after Bush left oce, that
bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces. Bin Ladens successor, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the
Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.
Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from

power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.[249] The 2005 failure of Operation Red Wings showed that the Taliban had
returned[250] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared
larger, ercer and better organized than expected, with
Dissent and criticism of Bushs leadership in the War on large-scale allied oensives such as Operation Mountain
Terror increased as the war in Iraq continued.[239][240][241] Thrust attaining limited success.[251][252][253] As a result,
In 2006, a National Intelligence Estimate concluded Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the counthat the Iraq War had become the "cause clbre for try in March 2007.[254]
jihadists".[242][243]
Afghanistan invasion Main article:
War in
Afghanistan (2001present)
On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated
bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern
Alliance troops in Kabul on November 13. The main
goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive
al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda
leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that
the Taliban had been defeated,[244] but cautioned that
the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban
and al-Qaeda leaders.[244] Later that month the UN had
installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired
by Hamid Karzai.[245][246] In 2002, based on UNICEF
gures, Nicholas Kristof reported that our invasion of
Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives over the
next decade as the result of improved healthcare and
greater access to humanitarian aid.[247]
Iraq invasion Main articles: Iraq War and George W.

Bush and the Iraq War
Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union
address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq,
which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with
terrorists and posing a grave and growing danger to U.S.
interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.[236][255]
In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for
Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some
Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the
UN sanctions.[256][257] Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraqs weapons of mass destruction capabilities
would eventually become a major point of criticism for
[258][259]
Eorts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin the president.
Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Na-
14
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied
forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups;
Bushs "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.[263] From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers
arguing that there was a full-scale civil war in Iraq.[264]
Bushs policies met with criticism, including demands
domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from
Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group,
led by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq
was grave and deteriorating. While Bush admitted that
there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq,[265] he maintained he would not change the
overall Iraq strategy.[266][267]
President Bush, with Naval Flight Ocer Lieutenant Ryan

Philips, after landing on the USS Abraham Lincoln prior to his
Mission Accomplished speech, May 1, 2003
tions to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and
Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq,
but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four
days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for
more time to complete their tasks.[260] The U.S. initially
sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the
use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval
due to vigorous opposition from several countries.[261]
President Bush paying a surprise visit to Baghdad International

Airport, November 27, 2003
More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the "coalition of the willing" joined
the United States[262] in invading Iraq. They launched
the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was
quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9,
President Bush with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, July

25, 2006
In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in

Iraq for the rst time in 50 years.[268] According to Iraqi
National Security Advisor Mowaak al-Rubaie, This is
the greatest day in the history of this country.[268] Bush
praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis have
taken rightful control of their countrys destiny.[268] This
led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President and
Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October
2005, supported by most Shiites and many Kurds.[269]
On January 10, 2007, Bush announced a surge of 21,500
more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis,
more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these
programs.[270] On May 1, 2007, Bush used his secondever veto to reject a bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops,[271] saying the debate over the conict was understandable but insisting that a continued
U.S. presence there was crucial.[272]
In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi governments
bold decision to launch the Battle of Basra against
the Mahdi Army, calling it a dening moment in the
history of a free Iraq.[273] He said he would carefully
weigh recommendations from his commanding General
David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
15
how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in

the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised
de-Baathication law, a new budget, an amnesty law,
and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the
stage for the Iraqi elections.[274] By July 2008, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number since
the war began,[275] and due to increased stability in Iraq,
Bush announced the withdrawal of additional American
forces.[275]
Surveillance Following the events of September 11,
Bush issued an executive order authorizing the Presidents
Surveillance Program which included allowing the NSA
to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S and parties within the U.S. without
obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[276] As of 2009, the other provisions of the program remained highly classied.[277] Once
the Department of Justice Oce of Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently reauthorized by the President on the basis that the warrant
requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the
subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.[278] The program proved to
be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as
organizations such as the American Bar Association, argued that it was illegal.[279] In August 2006, a U.S. district
court judge ruled that the NSA electronic surveillance
program was unconstitutional,[280] but on July 6, 2007,
that ruling was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintis lacked standing.[281] On January 17, 2007, Attorney
General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders
that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.[282]
Later in 2007, the NSA launched a replacement for
the program, referred to as PRISM, that was subject to
the oversight of the United States Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court.[283] This program was not publicly revealed until reports by the Washington Post[283] and The
Guardian[284] emerged in June 2013.[283]
Interrogation policies See also: Senate Intelligence
Committee report on CIA torture
Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one
of several enhanced interrogation techniques.[285][286][287]
Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding,
to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal opinion arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva Conventions' ban on torture and
Vice President Cheney said enhanced interrogation including waterboarding was not torture or illegal.[288][289]
The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the Bybee
President Bush at the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of

victory in World War II, Red Square, Moscow
Memo from the Attorney General, though that memo

was later withdrawn.[290] While not permitted by the
U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information,[288] the
Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations provided critical information to preserve American lives.[291] Critics, such as former CIA ocer Bob
Baer, have stated that information was suspect, you can
get anyone to confess to anything if the tortures bad
enough.[292]
On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military
Commissions Act of 2006,[293] a law enacted in the wake
of the Supreme Courts decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld,
548 U.S. 557 (2006),[294] which allows the U.S. government to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also
denies them access to habeas corpus and bars the torture
of detainees, but allows the president to determine what
constitutes torture.[293]
On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,[295] a bill that
would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that the
bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most
valuable tools in the War on Terror.[296] In April 2009,
the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos
that had authorized the Bush administrations interrogation tactics.[297] One memo detailed specic interrogation
tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding
as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used
by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the
Justice Department.[298]
North Korea condemnation Main article: North

KoreaUnited States relations
Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an
"axis of evil", and saying that the United States of
16
President Bush with China's President and Communist party

leader Hu Jintao, 2006
America will not permit the worlds most dangerous

regimes to threaten us with the worlds most destructive weapons.[236] Within months, both countries had
walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October
1994.[299] North Koreas October 9, 2006, detonation of
a nuclear device further complicated Bushs foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on
"[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening
the United States and the world.[236] Bush condemned
North Koreas position, rearmed his commitment to a
nuclear-free Korean Peninsula, and stated that transfer
of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states
or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to
the United States, for which North Korea would be held
accountable.[300] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to
shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the
release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account.
This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by
the United States and including China.[301] On September
2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all
of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.[302] By May
2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and
threatened to attack South Korea.[303]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
President Bush with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Shanghai, October 21, 2001
hibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction[306] and being supportive of terrorism.[307] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004
and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of
activities to undermine the legitimate political process
in Lebanon in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanons
parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist
National Party; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of
Lebanons government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar Karami (20042005); Haz
Makhluf, a colonel and senior ocial in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik,
identied as a close adviser to Assad.[308]
Africa Bush initiated the Presidents Emergency Plan

for AIDS Relief Program (PEPFAR). The U.S. government has spent some $44 billion on the project since 2003
(a gure that includes $7 billion contributed to the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, a multilateral organization),[309] saving an estimated 5 million
On June 22, 2010, While South Korea prospers, the lives.[310] According to New York Times correspondent
people of North Korea have suered profoundly, he Peter Baker, Bush did more to stop AIDS and more to
said, adding that, communism had resulted in dire help Africa than any president before or since.[310]
poverty, mass starvation and brutal suppression. In recent years, he went on to say, the suering has been
compounded by the leader who wasted North Koreas
precious few resources on personal luxuries and nuclear Assassination attempt On May 10, 2005, Vladimir
Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family
weapons programs.[304]
of ethnic Armenians, threw a live hand grenade toward a
podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in
Syria sanctions Bush expanded economic sanctions Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili
on Syria.[305] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet
acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did
bank accounts of Syrias Higher Institute of Applied Sci- not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, conence and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National fessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in Jan[311]
Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bushs order pro- uary 2006.
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
17
Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-o in April 2001 with the Peoples Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident,
when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with
a Peoples Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the
detention of U.S. personnel. In 20032004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia
to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the militia
attacks Darfur and denounced the killings in Sudan as
genocide.[312] Bush said that an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring
the situation to the International Criminal Court.
In his State of the Union address in January 2003, Bush

outlined a ve-year strategy for global emergency AIDS
relief, the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this eort[313]
which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatOther issues Bush withdrew U.S. support for sevment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children
eral international agreements, including the Anti-Ballistic
worldwide.[314]
Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. He also signed the
On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime MinStrategic Oensive Reductions Treaty with Russia.
ister Sali Berisha and became the rst president to
Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conict bevisit Albania.[315] Bush has voiced his support for the
tween Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine
independence of Kosovo.[316] Bush opposed South OsLiberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for his supsetia's independence.[317] On August 15, 2008, Bush said
port of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime
of Russias invasion of the country of Georgia: BullyMinister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian National Authoring and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct
ity President Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharons
foreign policy in the 21st century.[318]
unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic
Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake
elections held in Palestine after Arafats death.
City. Departing from previous practice, he stood among
a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a ceremonial
stand or box, saying: On behalf of a proud, determined,
and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt
Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games.[319]
In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the Summer Olympics in Beijing.[320]
President Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at the
Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003
Bush twice invoked Section 3 of the Twenty-fth Amendment, which allows a President to temporarily transfer the
powers and duties of his oce to the Vice President who
then becomes Acting President. On June 29, 2002, Bush
underwent a colonoscopy and chose to invoke Section 3
of the amendment, making Vice President Dick Cheney
the Acting President. The medical procedure began at
7:09 a.m. EDT and ended at 7:29 a.m. EDT. Bush woke
up twenty minutes later, but did not resume his presidential powers and duties until 9:24 a.m. EDT after the presidents doctor, Richard Tubb, conducted an overall examination. Tubb said he recommended the additional time
to make sure the sedative had no after eects. On July 21,
2007, Bush again invoked Section 3 in response to having to undergo a colonoscopy, again making Vice President Cheney the Acting President. Bush invoked Section
3 at 7:16 a.m. EDT. He reclaimed his powers at 9:21
a.m. EDT. In both cases, Bush specically cited Section
3 when he transferred the Presidential powers to the Vice
President and when he reclaimed those powers.[321]
President Bush and Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, April 1, 2008
18
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Judicial appointments
mation hearings before the rst set of nominees were

sent to the Senate. It then cites the New York Times as
Supreme Court Main article: George W. Bush saying Senate Democrats have pledged they will not automatically vote to conrm Mr. Bushs judicial nominees
Supreme Court candidates
Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice and will subject them to intense scrutiny.[327]
The Senate only conrmed 8 out of 60 judicial nominations by October 2001. In February 2003, the
Democrats successfully libustered the nomination of
Miguel Estrada.[328]
Public image and perception
Domestic Main article: Public image of George W.
Bush
See also: Eorts to impeach George W. Bush
100
90
80
Supreme Court Justice nominee John Roberts and President Bush,

July 19, 2005
70
60
50
40
Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush

nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5,
following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist,
this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist.
Roberts was conrmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief approve
Justice on September 29, 2005.
disapprove
30
20
10
On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated long time White

House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connors position.
After facing signicant opposition from both parties,
who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the
law,[322] Miers asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito. Alito was
conrmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.[323]
Jul 08
Jan 09
Oct 08
Apr 08
Jul 07
Jan 08
Oct 07
Apr 07
Jul 06
Jan 07
Oct 06
Apr 06
Jul 05
Jan 06
Oct 05
Jan 05
Apr 05
Jul 04
Oct 04
Apr 04
Jul 03
Jan 04
Oct 03
Apr 03
Jul 02
Jan 03
Oct 02
Apr 02
Jul 01
Jan 02
Oct 01
Apr 01
unsure
Gallup/ USA Today Bush public opinion polling from February
2001 to January 2009.
Image Bushs upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his

vacations on his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy
image.[329][330] I think people look at him and think
John Wayne, said Piers Morgan, editor of the British
Daily Mirror.[331] It has been suggested that Bushs accent
Other courts Main article: List of federal judges
was an active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself
appointed by George W. Bush
from Northeastern intellectuals and anchoring himself to
his Texas roots.[332] Both supporters and detractors have
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support
appointed 61 judges to the United States courts of ap- or criticism.[330]
peals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Bush has been parodied by the media,[333] comediEach of these numbers, along with his total of 324 ju- ans, and other politicians.[334][335] Detractors tended to
dicial appointments, is third in American history, be- cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his pubhind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush expe- lic speeches, which are colloquially referred to as
rienced a number of judicial appointment controversies. Bushisms.[336] Some pundits labeled Bush the worst
Debate during one conrmation session lasted 39 stupe- president ever.[337][338][339][340][341] In contrast to his fafying hours according to The New York Times. On Au- ther, who was perceived as having troubles with an overgust 3, 2001, the Senate did not consent to keep existing arching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions
nominations in status quo, returning 40 judicial nomina- and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge
tions, and 164 total nominations.[324][325][326]
risks.[342] Tony Blair wrote in 2010 that the caricature of
At the outset, Judicature magazine noted that the Senate Bush as being dumb is ludicrous and that Bush is very
Democrats were gearing up for the approaching conr- smart.[343]
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH

Job approval Bush began his presidency with approval
ratings near 50%.[344] After the September 11 attacks,
Bush gained an approval rating of 90%,[345] maintaining
8090% approval for four months after the attacks. It
remained over 50% during most of his rst term[15] and
then fell to as low as 19% in his second term.[346]
19
100
September 11th, 2001 Attacks
90
80
Invasion of Iraq
70
Capture of Saddam Hussein
60
50
Jan 06
Jul 05
Oct 05
Jan 05
Apr 05
Jul 04
Oct 04
Jan 04
Apr 04
Jul 03
Oct 03
Jan 03
Apr 03
Jul 02
Oct 02
Jan 02
Apr 02
Jul 01
Oct 01
Apr 01
In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George

40
W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to
0
someone who the editors believe has done the most to inuence the events of the year.[347] In May 2004, Gallup
reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved
of Bush.[348] However, the support waned due mostly to President Bushs approval rating with key events marked, 2001
a minority of Republicans frustration with him on is- 2006
sues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern
aairs.[349]
By the beginning of 2008, his nal year in oce, Bushs
Within the United States armed forces, according to an approval rating had dropped to a low of just 19%, largely
[346]
Comunscientic survey, the president was strongly supported from the loss of support among Republicans.
[350]
in the 2004 presidential elections.
While 73% of mil- menting on his low poll numbers and accusations of being
[363][364]
Bush would say, I make
itary personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% the worst president,
[350]
preferred his Democratic rival, John Kerry.
Accord- decisions on what I think is right for the United States
ing to Peter D. Feaver, a Duke University political sci- based upon principles. I frankly don't give a damn about
[365]
entist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. the polls.
military, members of the armed services supported Bush In the spring of that year, Bushs disapproval ratings
because they found him more likely than Kerry to com- reached the highest ever recorded for any president in
plete the War in Iraq.[350]
the 70-year history of the Gallup poll, with 69% of those
Bushs approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP- polled in April 2008 disapproving of the job Bush was
Ipsos polling in December 2004.[351] Thereafter, his ap- doing as president and 28% approving although the
proval ratings and approval of his handling of domes- majority (66%) of Republicans still approved of his job
[366]
In polls conducted in the fall, just betic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush performance.
received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq fore the 2008 election, his approval ratings remained at
[367][368]
while his disapproval
War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the record lows of 1920%,
[368][369]
In
Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveil- ratings ranged from 67% to as high as 75%.
lance, the Plame aair, and Guantanamo Bay deten- polling conducted January 911, 2009, his nal job aption camp controversies.[352] There were calls for Bushs proval rating by Gallup was 34%, which placed him on
impeachment, though most polls showed a plurality of par with Jimmy Carter and Harry Truman, the other presAmericans would not support such an action.[353] The ar- idents whose nal Gallup ratings measured in the low 30s
guments oered for impeachment usually centered on (Richard Nixon's nal Gallup approval rating was even
[370]
According to a CBS News/New York
the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,[354] the lower, at 24%).
[355]
Times poll conducted January 1115, 2009, Bushs nal
Bush administrations justication for the war in Iraq,
[367]
and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.[356] approval rating in oce was 22%.
Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), who had run Early in his presidency, following the September 11, 2001
against Bush during the 2004 presidential campaign, in- terrorist attacks, he had achieved the highest job approval
troduced 35 articles of impeachment on the oor of the rating of any American president since World War II, at
House of Representatives against Bush on June 9, 2008, 90%;[366][367] but Bush left the White House as one of the
but Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) declared that impeach- most unpopular presidents, second in overall unpopularity
ment was o the table.[357]
only to Richard Nixon.[370][371]
Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush,[358] the lowest for any secondForeign perceptions Bush was criticized internationterm president at that point of his term since Harry S.
ally and targeted by the global anti-war and antiTruman in March 1951 (when Trumans approval rating
globalization campaigns for his administrations foreign
was 28%),[351][359] which contributed to what Bush called
policy.[372][373] Views of him within the international
the thumping of the Republican Party in the 2006 midcommunity were more negative than those of most
term elections.[360] Throughout most of 2007, Bushs apprevious American Presidents, even from close ally
[361]
proval rating hovered in the mid-thirties;
the averFrance.[374]
age for his entire second term was 37%, according to
Bush was described as having especially close perGallup.[362]
sonal relationships with Tony Blair of the UK and
20
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
ion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his
administration as negative for world security.[383][384] In
2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United
States, and towards Americans, became less favorable
around the world.[385]
A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by
Zogby International and the University of Maryland
found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab
world.[386]
President Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic

Republic of Pakistan, September 22, 2006
Vicente Fox of Mexico, although formal relations were

sometimes strained.[375][376][377] Other leaders, such as
Afghan president Hamid Karzai,[378] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,[379] Spanish prime minister Jos
Luis Rodrguez Zapatero,[380] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chvez,[381] openly criticized the president.
Later in Bushs presidency, tensions arose between him
and Vladimir Putin, which led to a cooling of their
relationship.[382]
The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll

found that out of 47 countries, in only nine countries did
most respondents express a lot of condence or some
condence in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory
Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.[387]
During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly
Muslim[388] Eastern European nation of Albania,
Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 2.8 million,[389] has troops in both Iraq and
Afghanistan, and the countrys government is highly
supportive of American foreign policy.[390] A huge
image of the President was hung in the middle of the
capital city of Tirana anked by Albanian and American
ags while a local street was named after him.[391][392]
A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in FusheKruje, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.[393] The
Bush administrations support for the independence
of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to
the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia,
leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S.
embassy in Belgrade.[394]
Acknowledgments and dedications On May 7, 2005,

during an ocial state visit to Latvia, Bush was awarded
the Order of the Three Stars presented to him by President Vaira Ve-Freiberga.[395] A few places outside the
United States bear Bushs name. In 2005, the Tbilisi
City Council voted to rename a street in honor of the
U.S. president.[396] Previously known as Melaani Drive,
the street links the Georgian capitals airport with the
city center and was used by Bushs motorcade during his
visit four months earlier.[397] A street in Tirana, formerly
known as Rruga Puntort e Rilendjes, situated directly
outside the Albanian Parliament, was renamed after Bush
a few days before he made the rst-ever visit by an American president to Albania in June 2007.[398] In Jerusalem,
a small plaza with a monument bearing his name is also
dedicated to Bush.[399]
Anti-war demonstration during President Bushs visit to London,

June 2008
In 2012, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves

awarded Bush the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
for his work in expanding NATO.[400]
In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed 1.1.7

around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opin-
Post-presidency
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
George and Laura Bush waving to a crowd of 1000 at Andrews

Air Force Base before their nal departure to Texas, January 20,
2009
21
George W. Bush, President Obama, and Bill Clinton meeting in

the Oval Oce, January 16, 2010
following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve
[413]
Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and press coverage.
his family ew from Andrews Air Force Base to a home- Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on Novemcoming celebration in Midland, Texas, following which ber 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promotthey returned to their ranch in Crawford, Texas.[401] They ing the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accombought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of plishment to be keeping the country safe amid a real
Dallas, Texas, where they settled down.[402]
danger, and his greatest failure to be his inability to seResidence
He makes regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas/Fort Worth area, most notably when he
conducted the opening coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys
rst game in the teams new stadium in Arlington[403]
and an April 2009 visit to a Texas Rangers game, where
he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle
in and was met with a standing ovation.[404] He also attended every home playo game for the Texas Rangers
2010 season and, accompanied by his father, threw out
the ceremonial rst pitch at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington for Game 4 of the 2010 World Series on October 31,
2010.[405]
cure the passage of Social Security reform.[414] He also

made news defending his administrations enhanced interrogation techniques, specically the waterboarding of
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying, I'd do it again to save
lives.[415]
In 2012, he wrote the foreword of The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs, an economics book published by the George W. Bush Presidential Center.[416][417][418] He also presented the book at the
Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas.[419]
Bush appeared on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

on November 19, 2013, along with the former First Lady.
On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a When asked by Leno why he does not comment publicly
coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had about the Obama administration, Bush said, I don't think
been found during an annual medical examination.[406]
its good for the country to have a former president criticize his successor.[420]
Messages
Since leaving oce, Bush has kept a relatively low
prole[407] though he has made public appearances, most
notably after the release of his memoirs in 2010 and for
the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2011.
In March 2009, he delivered his rst post-presidency
speech in Calgary, Alberta,[408][409] appeared via video on
The Colbert Report during which he praised U.S. troops
for earning a special place in American history,[410] and
attended the funeral of Senator Ted Kennedy.[411] Bush
made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26
at the Get Motivated seminar in Dallas.[412] In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on
November 5, 2009, in Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims families the day
Alongside the 2014 United StatesAfrica Leaders Summit, Bush, Michelle Obama, the State Department, and
the George W. Bush Institute hosted a daylong forum
on education and health with the spouses of the African
leaders attending the summit. Bush urged African leaders to avoid discriminatory laws that make the treatment
of HIV/AIDS more dicult.[421]
Bush published a biography of his father, George H.W.
Bush, called 41: A Portrait of My Father. It was released
on November 11, 2014.[422]
Collaborations
At President Obamas request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund to raise contribu-
22
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
tions for relief and recovery eorts following the 2010

Haiti earthquake earlier in January.[423]
On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was
at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama
bin Laden had been killed.[424] The Bushes joined the
Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the
Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President
Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost ve sons
during the Civil War.[425]
Bush as an artist
After serving as U.S. president, Bush has started painting
as a hobby. Subjects include dogs and still lifes.[426] He
has also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including Vladimir Putin and Tony Blair.[427][428][429]
1.1.8
Legacy
George W. Bushs legacy remains a contested one, with

both liberals and conservatives still holding strong feelings with regards to his overall place in history. Supporters credit Bushs counterterrorism policies with preventing another major terrorist attack from occurring after 9/11 and have also praised individual policies such as
the No Child Left Behind Act, the Medicare prescription drug benet and the AIDS relief program known as
PEPFAR. His critics often point to his handling of the
Iraq War, specically the failure to nd Weapons of Mass
Destruction that were initially the basis for the war, as
well as his handling of tax policy, Hurricane Katrina and
the 2008 nancial crisis as proof that George W. Bush
was unt to be president.[430][431]
Among the public, his reputation has improved somewhat since his presidency ended in 2009. In February
2012, Gallup reported that Americans still rate George
W. Bush among the worst presidents, though their views
have become more positive in the three years since he
left oce.[438] Gallup had earlier noted that Bushs favorability ratings in public opinion surveys had begun to
rise a year after he had left oce, from 40% in January 2009 and 35% in March 2009, to 45% in July
2010, a period during which he had remained largely
out of the news.[439] Other pollsters have noted similar
trends of slight improvement in Bushs personal favorability since the end of his presidency.[440] In April 2013,
Bushs approval rating stood at 47% approval and 50%
disapproval in a poll jointly conducted for the Washington
Post and ABC, his highest approval rating since December 2005. Bush had achieved notable gains among seniors, non-college whites, and moderate and conservative Democrats since leaving oce, although majorities
disapproved of his handling of the economy (53%) and
the Iraq War (57%).[441] His 47% approval rating was
equal to that of President Obamas in the same polling
period.[442] A CNN poll conducted that same month
found that 55% of Americans said Bushs presidency had
been a failure, with 80% of Republican calling it a success, but only 43% of independents calling it a success
and nearly 90% of Democrats calling it a failure.[443]
While President Bushs approval rating among the public
has seen an improvement, the most recent survey of the
opinions of historians, political scientists, and Presidential scholars, conducted in 2010 by the Siena Research
Institute, ranked him 39th out of 43 Presidents. The
survey respondents gave President Bush low ratings on
his handling of the U.S. economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and
intelligence.[444]
Despite the ongoing debate between liberals and conservatives, it is often acknowledged that Bush was one
of the most consequential presidents in American his- 1.1.9 See also
tory. According to Princeton University scholar Julian
Zelizer, Bushs presidency was a transformative one,
Electoral history of George W. Bush
and stated that some people hate him, some people love
him, but I do think he'll have a much more substantive
Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush
perception as time goes on.[432] Bryon Williams of The
Hungton Post referred to Bush as the most notewor List of George W. Bush legislation and programs
thy president since FDR" and pointed to policies such
as the Patriot Act which he argues increased authority
List of multilingual Presidents of the United States
of the executive branch at the expense of judicial opinions about when searches and seizures are reasonable
List of nicknames for George W. Bush
as evidence.[433] These arguments are further reected
in the continuation of many policies implemented dur List of nicknames used by George W. Bush
ing his presidency. His administration presided over the
largest tax cuts since the Reagan administration,[434] and
List of Presidents of the United States
his homeland security reforms proved to be the most signicant expansion of the federal government since the
List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by
Great Society,[435] with much of these policies having enprevious experience
dured in the administration of Bushs Democratic successor, Barack Obama.[436][437]
Political positions of George W. Bush
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
1.1.10
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1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH
37
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1.1.11
Further reading
Academic
Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W.
Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006
Elections (2007), 324pp excerpt and text search
Allard, Scott W. The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration. Publius 2007
37(3): 304332. Issn: 0048-5950
Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics
(2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage
of electoral politics and Congress.
Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. Jimmy
Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy,
and an Evangelical Presidential Style. Presidential
Studies Quarterly. 36#4 2006. pp 606+. online edition
Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew
Rudalevige, eds.. The George W. Bush Legacy Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays
by scholars excerpts and online search from Amazon.com
Congressional Quarterly. CQ Almanac Plus highly
detailed annual compilation of events in Congress,
White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the
weekly Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report.
(annual, 20022009)
Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. Federalism, the
Bush Administration, and the Transformation of
American Conservatism. Publius 2007 37(3): 279
303. Issn: 0048-5950
Desch, Michael C. Bush and the Generals. Foreign Aairs 2007 86(3): 97108. Issn: 0015-7120
Fulltext: Ebsco
Eckersley, Robyn. Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol,
the Bush Administrations Climate Policy and the
Erosion of Legitimacy. International Politics 2007
44(23): 306324. Issn: 1384-5748
Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds.
New Challenges for the American Presidency New
York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles
from Presidential Studies Quarterly
Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds.
The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush (2007),
478pp; essays by scholars; excerpt and online search
from Amazon.com
Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds.
Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed (2007), 146pp excerpt and online search from
Amazon.com
Graham John D. Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks (Indiana University
Press, 2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education,
health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory
reform.
Greenstein, Fred I. ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
Greenstein, Fred I. The Contemporary Presidency:
The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A
Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison in Presidential
Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. online edition
Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford University Press,
2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bushs
NATO Enlargement. White House Studies. (2004)
4#3 pp: 319+. online edition
Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President
at Midterm SUNY Press 2004
38
Jacobson, Gary C. The Bush Presidency and the
American Electorate Presidential Studies Quarterly
v 33 No.4 2003 pp 701+. online edition
Jacobson, Gary C. Referendum: the 2006 Midterm
Congressional Elections. Political Science Quarterly
2007 122(1): 124. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext:
Ebsco
Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. George W.
Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism.
Publius 2007 37(3): 478503. Issn: 0048-5950
Moens, Alexander The Foreign Policy of George W.
Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Ashgate, 2004.
227 pp.
Rabe, Barry. Environmental Policy and the Bush
Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation. Publius 2007
37(3): 413431. Issn: 0048-5950
Sabato, Larry J. ed. The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise
and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency (2007),
experts on the 2006 elections in major states
Strozeski, Josh, et al. From Benign Neglect to
Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign
Policies of Bush 41 and 43. White House Studies
2007 7(1): 3551. Issn: 1535-4738
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Gerson, Michael J. Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace Americas Ideals (And
Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't) (2007),
excerpt and text search
Greenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2007)
Hayes, Stephen F. Cheney: The Untold Story of
Americas Most Powerful and Controversial Vice
President (2007), excerpts and online search
Hughes, Karen. George W. Bush: Portrait of a
Leader (2005)
Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice
and Her Path to Power (2007)
Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. Bushs Brain:
How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential
(2003) online edition
Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of
My Years in Washington (2011)
Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir (2011)
Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W.
Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul
O'Neill (2004), excerpts and online search from
Amazon.com
Wekkin, Gary D. George H. W. Bush and George

Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack (2003), excerpt and
W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the
text search
Presidency?" White House Studies 2007 7(2): 113
124. Issn: 1535-4738
Primary sources
Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. Education
Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child
Left Behind and the Bush Presidency. Publius 2007
37(3): 333350. Issn: 0048-5950
Reections on the Bush presidency
Barnes, Fred. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush
Is Redening the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)
Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of

the President (annual 1947), complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables
Bush, George W. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle,
and Patriotism (2004)
Bush, George W. Decision Points (2010)
Bartlett, Bruce. Impostor: How George W. Bush 1.1.12

Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan
Legacy (2006)
Ocial
Cheney, Dick. In My Time: A Personal and Political
Memoir (2011)
Draper, Robert. Inside the Bush White House: The
Presidency of George W. Bush (2007)
Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. W Stands
for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency
Shaped a New Politics of Gender (2007)
External links
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum

White House biography
Speeches and statements
Full audio of a number of Bush speeches Miller
Center of Public Aairs
1.1. GEORGE W. BUSH

Media coverage
George W. Bush collected news and commentary at
The New York Times
George W. Bush collected news and commentary at
The Wall Street Journal
Other
Essays on Bush, each member of his cabinet and the

First Lady the Miller Center of Public Aairs
George W. Bush at C-SPAN's American Presidents:
Life Portraits
Archived White House website from January 20,
2009 National Archives and Records Administration
George W. Bush at DMOZ
39
Chapter 2
Life
2.1 Early life of George W. Bush
See also: Professional life of George W. Bush
George W. Bush, the oldest child in a family of six children was born in the city of New Haven, Connecticut,
grew up in the Texan cities of Midland and Houston.
He studied at Yale University and the Harvard Business
School before serving in the Texas Air National Guard.
Bush would later be part owner and managing partner of
the Texas Rangers baseball franchise, become governor
of Texas and eventually become the 43rd President of the
United States.
2.1.1
Upbringing and education
George W. Bush as a baby with parents.
Bush descended from, or was otherwise related to, as

many as 217 people involved in the trials.
When Bush was two years old, his father moved the family from New Haven to the town of Odessa in West Texas
to begin a career in the oil industry. According to George
W., then age two, the family lived in one of the few duplexes in Odessa with an indoor bathroom, which they
shared with a couple of hookers.[1] He was subsequently
raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with siblings Jeb,
George W. Bush with parents and siblings in the early 1960s. Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy. A younger sister, Robin, died
In the front row, from left to right, stand his younger brothers of leukemia in 1953 at the age of three, when Bush was 7.
Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Jeb Bush. In the back row are his His parents came to pick him up from school two days afyounger sister Doro Bush, himself, his mother Barbara Bush, and
ter her death; Bush ran up to their car hoping to see Robin
father George H. W. Bush)
with them, and they told him the news. Bush understood
his sister had died, but his younger brother Jeb did
George Walker Bush, the eldest son of George Herbert that[2]
The family spent the summers and most holidays
not.
Walker Bush and Barbara Bush, was born in New Haven,
at
the
Bush
Compound in Maine.
Connecticut, on July 6, 1946. His paternal ancestors had
emigrated from Somerset in the West Country of England Bush attended Sam Houston Elementary School and San
to North America in the seventeenth century. They were Jacinto Junior High School in Midland, Texas. He
connected with the Salem witch trials: Mary Parker, ex- later moved to The Kinkaid School in Piney Point Vilecuted for witchcraft, was an 8th great-grandmother, and lage, Texas for two years. Afterward, like his father,
40
2.1. EARLY LIFE OF GEORGE W. BUSH
41
Rugby
Bush was a keen rugby union player, during high school
and Yale University.[8][9] He played at the position of
fullback[9] for Yales 1st XV, and in 1968 was in the Yale
team that dramatically defeated Harvard.[8][9]
2.1.2 Service in the Air National Guard

See also: George W. Bush military service controversy
The Midland boyhood home of Bush.
Bush attended Phillips Academy (September 1961June

1964[3][4][5] and later Yale University (September 1964
May 1968). At Yale, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon, of
which he was president from October 1965 until graduation, and the Skull and Bones secret society; Bushs father George H. W. Bush (1948) and grandfather Prescott
S. Bush (1917) were also members of Skull and Bones.
Bush was also in the Yale First XV rugby union team
in 1968.<ref name"Rugby yale">Historical Rugby Milestones - 1900s. Rugby Football History. Retrieved July
14, 2006.</ref> He was a C student, scoring 77% (with
no As and one D, in astronomy) with a grade point average of 2.35 out of a possible 4.00. Bush joked that he
was known more for his social life than for his grades.[6]
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1968.
The entire entry from his yearbook read:
GEORGE BUSH. Born July 6, 1946, in

New Haven, Connecticut, son of George H.W.
Bush (Class of '48) and Barbara Pierce Bush.
Prepared at Phillips Academy-Andover, Andover, Massachusetts. Entered Yale, September, 1964. History Major. Resident Member:
Davenport (Social Council, 1964-68; Football,
1964-68, Captain, 1967-68; Baseball, 196568); Delta Kappa Epsilon, President, 196667; Skull and Bones; Inter- Council, 1966-67;
Freshman Baseball, 1965; Rugby Club, 196668. Roommates: R.J. Dieter, C. Johnson, III,
C. Johnson, Jr. Address: Apt. 8, 5000 Longmont Drive, Houston, Texas 77027.
After graduating from Yale University, Bush joined the

Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968, during the
Vietnam War, with a commitment to serve until May 26,
1974. He was promoted to rst lieutenant on the November 1970 recommendation of Texas Air National Guard
commander Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian. He served as an F102 pilot until 1972. Bush was discharged from the Texas
Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the
Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from
the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end
of his six-year service obligation.[10]
2.1.3 Alcohol use and DUI arrest

Bush had described his days before his religious conversion in his 40s as his nomadic period and irresponsible
youth. Although Bush states that he was not an alcoholic,
he has acknowledged that he was drinking too much.[11]
On September 4, 1976, Bush was arrested for driving
under the inuence of alcohol near his familys summer
home in Kennebunkport, Maine. He admitted his guilt,
was ned US$150, and had his driving license in the state
briey suspended.[12]
During the 2000 presidential campaign, Bush said that he
gave up drinking after waking up with a hangover after
his 40th birthday celebration: I quit drinking in 1986 and
haven't had a drop since then. He ascribed the change in
part to a 1985 meeting with Reverend Billy Graham, after
which he began serious Bible study, as well as to gentle
but persistent pressure from his wife, Laura.[13][14][15]
2.1.4 Family life

Main article: Bush family
Bush married Laura Welch in 1977. They have fraternal twin daughters, Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Bush
Hager, born in 1981.
Bushs 1970 application to the University of Texas School

of Law was rejected,[7] and after his service in the Texas
Air National Guard he entered Harvard Business School 2.1.5 References
in 1973. He graduated with an Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degree in 1975, the rst U.S. presi- [1] George W. Bush interview with Bob Schieer on Face the
dent with an MBA.
Nation (aired November 9, 2014)
42
CHAPTER 2. LIFE
2.2 Professional life of George W.

Bush
Bush and his family

[2] Tragedy Created Bush Mother-Son Bond. The Washington Post. July 26, 1999.
[3] "History and research. George W. Bush Childhood Home.
[4] George W. Bush: Living the Bush Legacy. CNN. October 29, 2000. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
[5] Nicholas D. Kristof (June 10, 2000). George W. Bushs
Journey The Cheerleader: Earning As in People Skills at
Andover. The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
[6] Self-Deprecating Bush Talks
FoxNews.com, May 21, 2000.
to
Yale
Grads,
[7] Bush Chronology. PBS - Frontline. Retrieved 2008-0210.

[8] Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar
Facts about Rugby in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd
Edition), p297 (pub: John Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
England) ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
[9] Clarke, Wes Famous Ruggers, retrieved 24th August,
2009
[10] Brit Hume, Mara Liasson, Je Birnbaum, Charles
Krauthammer (July 9, 2004). The All-Star Panel Discusses John Kerrys Shifting Positions on Iraq War Spending. Fox News Network (transcript).
George W. Bush
This article covers the professional life of George W.

Bush, the 43rd President of the United States. Prior to
his election as President in 2000, Bush held numerous
other positions, including oil executive, a Major League
Baseball franchise owner, and Governor of Texas. (Also
see Governorship of George W. Bush.)
2.2.1 Business
Bush began his industry career in 1979, when he established Arbusto Energy, an oil and gas exploration company he nanced with his education trust fund surplus
and money from other investors, including Dorothy Bush,
The Smoking Gun: Archive
Lewis Lehrman, William Henry Draper III, Bill GamIn His Own Words: 'I Made Mistakes". The Washington mell, and James R. Bath, the last of whom represented
Post. July 30, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Salem bin Laden, a half-brother and cousin of Osama bin
Bushs Life-Changing Year. The Washington Post. July Laden. In 1984, Bush sold the company, hurt in the wake
30, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
of the 1979 energy crisis, to Spectrum 7, another Texas
gas exploration rm. Under the terms of the sale, Bush
Bush acknowledges 1976 DUI charge. CNN. November
became CEO. Spectrum 7 lost revenue and was merged
3, 2000. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
into Harken Energy Corporation in 1986, with Bush becoming a director of Harken.
[11] Kristof, Nicholas, How Bush Came to Tame His Inner

Scamp, The New York Times, July 29, 2000
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
2.1.6
External links
Bush acknowledges 1976 DUI charge - CNN story, Texas Rangers and allegations of insider trading
November 2000.
After working on his fathers successful 1988 presiden Famous Ruggers including a picture of Bush playing tial campaign, Bush learned from fellow Yale alumnus
2.2. PROFESSIONAL LIFE OF GEORGE W. BUSH
43
William DeWitt, Jr., that family friend Eddie Chiles

wanted to sell the Texas Rangers baseball franchise along
with the new sports dome; built on land acquired under eminent domain law and built under funding nanced
through taxpayers funds backed by a bond issued for its
debt. The new home of the Texas Rangers is still being contested in court by the original landowner who has
not received payment for the land. The sports dome has
not yet been paid o with the tax increase enacted to pay
o the bond. The selling of the baseball team included
the new stadium, which accounts for the huge prots
the investors received. The benets to the taxpayers or
the landowner from their contributions are unknown. In
April 1989, Bush assembled a group of investors from his
fathers close friends, including fellow fraternity brother
Roland W. Betts; the group bought an 86% share of the
Rangers for $75 million. Bush received a 2% share by
investing $606,302, of which $500,000 was a bank loan.
Against the advice of his counsel, Bush repaid the loan
by selling $848,000 worth of stock in Harken Energy.
Harken reported signicant nancial losses within a year
of this sale, triggering allegations of insider trading. On
March 27, 1992, the Securities and Exchange Commission concluded that Bush had a preexisting plan to sell,
that Bush had a relatively limited role in Harken management, and that it had not seen evidence of insider
trading.[1][2][3][4]
that the insiders investment decision was based on the

inside information... the insider should be advised not to
sell. This memo was turned over by Bushs attorney the
day after the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) ruled that it would not charge Bush with insider
trading. On June 22, Bush sold his 212,140 shares of
stock anyway for a net prot of $848,560. The very next
quarter, Harken announced losses of $23 million, which
continued to the end of the year when the stock plummeted from $4 to $1.25.
The subsequent SEC investigation ended in 1992 with a

memo stating it appears that Bush did not engage in illegal insider trading, but noted that the memo must in no
way be construed as indicating that the party has been exonerated or that no action may ultimately result.[5] Critics allege that this decision was strongly inuenced by the
makeup of the SEC at the time, which heavily favored
Bush. The chairman at the time was Richard Breeden, a
good friend of the Bush familys who had been nominated
to the SEC by President George H. W. Bush and who
had been a lawyer in James Bakers rm, Baker Botts.
The SECs general counsel at the time was James Doty,
who had represented George W. Bush when he sought
to buy into the Texas Rangers (although Doty recused
himself from the investigation.) Bushs own lawyer was
Robert Jordan, who had been partners with both Doty
and Breeden at Baker Botts and who later became George
W. Bushs ambassador to Saudi Arabia".
After a United States National Guard transfer in 1972, he

served as political director for an Alabama senate campaign. In 1978, Bush ran for the U.S. House of Representatives but lost to Kent Hance. Bush stressed his energy credentials and conservative values in the campaign.
Hance, however, also held many conservative views, opposing gun control and strict regulation; he successfully
portrayed Bush as out of touch with rural Texans. Hance
later became a Republican and donated money to Bushs
campaign for Governor of Texas in 1993.[10]
As President, Bush has refused to authorize the SEC to

release its full report on the Harken investigation.[6] When
the Rangers franchise was sold for $250 million in 1998,
at a total prot of $170 million, Bush personally received
$14.9 million for his $600,000 investment.[7]
As managing general partner of the Rangers, Bush assisted the teams media relations and the construction of
a new stadium.[8] Many in Arlington protested that the
stadium was paid for with public funds, and when the stadium title was given to the Texas Rangers Organization,
it eectively allowed Bush to cash out public funds. His
public role generated valuable goodwill and reinforced
name recognition throughout Texas.[9]
Early political career
2.2.2 See also

George W. Bush main article
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000
In House of Bush, House of Saud, Craig Unger notes that

at the time of Bushs sale, Harken Energy was expected 2.2.3 References
to run out of money in just three days (p. 123). In a
last-ditch attempt to save the company, Harken was ad- [1] PublicIntegrity.org Doc5
vised by the endowment fund of Harvard University to
[2] UPI.com
spin o two of its lower-performing divisions. According to a Harken memo, if the plan did not go through, the [3] PublicIntegrity.org Doc7
company had 'no other source of immediate nancing.'"
Bush had already taken out a $500,000 loan and sought [4] http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/
Harkens general counsel for advice. The reply was excampaigns/wh2000/stories/bush073099.htm Washington
Post
plicit: The act of trading, particularly if close in time to
the receipt of the inside information, is strong evidence
[5] CNN Bush stock
44
[6] Files: Bush Knew Firms Plight Before Stock Sale.

Washington Post. 200-07-21. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
Check date values in: |date= (help)
[7] http://www.austinchronicle.com/issues/vol17/issue19/
pols.bush.html Austin Chronicle
CHAPTER 2. LIFE
of the economy, and tort reform. Following an impressive
performance in the debates, Bushs popularity grew.[1] He
won with 53.5 percent against Richards 45.9 percent.[2]
2.3.2 1998
[8] JoeNickP.com
[9] Making contact, hitting all the bases
[10] Bush Wasn't Always a Front-Runner. Washington Post.
1999-10-17. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
Main article: Texas gubernatorial election, 1998

As a popular governor, Bush won re-election in a landslide
victory with nearly 69 percent of the vote.
He won 40 percent of the Latino vote and 27 percent of

2.3 George W. Bush as Governor of the African American vote, becoming the rst Texas governor to be elected for two consecutive terms since Dolph
Texas
Briscoe was re-elected in 1974.[3] Within a year, he had
decided to seek the Republican nomination for the PresGeorge W. Bush served as the 46th Governor of Texas idency.
from 1995 until 2000, when he resigned as governor following his election as the 43rd President of the United
States. As governor, Bush successfully sponsored legis- 2.3.3 Capital punishment policy
lation for tort reform, increased education funding, set
higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal Under his leadership, Texas executed 152 prisoners, more
justice system. Bush also pioneered faith-based welfare than any previous governor in modern American history;
programs and helped make Texas the leading producer of critics such as Helen Prejean argue that he failed to give
serious consideration to clemency requests.[4]
wind powered electricity in the US.
During his tenure, Bush presided over more executions
of death row inmates than any other Governor in the his2.3.1 1994
tory of Texas so far, surpassed only by his successor Rick
Perry (Governor since 2000). The rate averages an execuMain article: Texas gubernatorial election, 1994
tion in the state every nine days.[5] The only death penalty
case among the 153 that came across George W. Bushs
With his father George H. W. Bush's election to the desk in his tenure as Texas Governor in which Governor
United States Presidency in 1988, speculation had arisen Bush intervened and commuted the death sentence was
among Republicans that George W. Bush would enter that of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas. Under Texas law,
the 1990 Texas gubernatorial election. This was oset however, the governor only has power to commute the
by Bushs purchase of the Texas Rangers baseball team sentence if the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles rst
and personal concerns regarding his own record and pro- recommends commutation or pardon; Bushs only option
le after which Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 for the vast majority of the death penalty cases was to
election, even as his brother Jeb rst sought the governor- oer a one-time, non-renewable 30 day reprieve from
ship of Florida. Winning the Republican primary easily, execution.[6]
Bush faced incumbent Governor Ann Richards, a popular Democrat who was considered the easy favorite, given
2.3.4 Fiscal policy
Bushs lack of political credentials.
Bush was aided in his campaign by a close coterie of
political advisers that included Karen Hughes, a former
journalist who was his communications adviser; Joe Allbaugh, who became his campaign manager, and Karl
Rove, a personal friend and political activist who is believed to have been a strong inuence in encouraging
Bush to enter the election. Bushs aides crafted a campaign strategy that attacked Governor Richards record on
law enforcement, her political appointments, and her support of liberal political causes. Bush developed a positive
image and message with themes of personal responsibility and moral leadership. His campaign focused on
issues such as education (seeking more accountability for
schools over student performance), crime, deregulation
Seeking to reduce high property taxes to benet homeowners while increasing general education funding, Bush
sought to create business taxes, but faced vigorous opposition from his own party and the private sector. Failing to obtain political consensus for his proposal, Bush
used a budget surplus to push through a $2 billion tax-cut
plan, which was the largest in Texas history and cemented
Bushs credentials as a pro-business scal conservative.[7]
To pay for the tax cuts, he sought federal approval of a
plan to privatize Texas social services.
Bush also helped make Texas the leading producer of
wind powered electricity in the US.[8][9][10] In 1995 Bush
made wind power a key facet of Texas renewable energy
2.3. GEORGE W. BUSH AS GOVERNOR OF TEXAS
45
policy. Under a 1999 Texas state law, electric retailers are

obliged to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources (RPS).[11][12][13] This environmentally progressive legislation is a striking counterpoint to the energy
policies of his presidency that favored the status quo.[14]
[2] Elections of Texas Governors, 18452006 (PDF). Texas

Almanac.;
George Bush. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original
on 2009-11-01.
2.3.5
[3] Associated Press (1998-11-03). Texas Gov. George W.

Bush wins in landslide. CNN. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
Social policy
Bush also pioneered faith-based welfare programs by extending government funding and support for religious organizations providing social services such as education,
alcohol and drug abuse prevention, and reduction of domestic violence. As governor, he reached out to religious
leaders such as Kirbyjon Caldwell (who would later oer
the ocial benediction at Bushs presidential inauguration). He signed a memorandum on April 17, 2000 proclaiming June 10 to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day where
he urge[d] all Texans to answer the call to serve those in
need.[15] Although Bush was criticized for allegedly violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
(Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion), his initiative was popular with most people
across the state, especially religious and social conservatives. In the 1996 United States Presidential Election,
Bush criticized Republican nominee Bob Dole for trying
to bring Pro-choice advocates into the party.[16]
2.3.6
Education policy
ley. p. 210. ISBN 0-471-42327-0.
[4] The New York Review of Books: Death in Texas.

[5] "The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins, Bantam Press,
London, 2006 p. 291
[6] Texas Administrative Code Title 37 PUBLIC SAFETY
AND CORRECTIONS, Part 5 TEXAS BOARD OF
PARDONS AND PAROLES, Chapter 143 EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY, Subchapter E COMMUTATION
OF SENTENCE, Rule 143.57 Commutation of Death
Sentence to Lesser Penalty retrieved July 19, 2013
Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential. USA: Wiley. pp. 23336. ISBN 0-471-42327-0.
[8] Koronowski, Ryan. Its Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 Repower America, 19 January 2011. Accessed: 24 September 2011.
[9] Galbraith, Kate and Price, Asher. A mighty wind Texas
Monthly, August 2011. Accessed: 24 September 2011.
[10] Swift Boats and Texas Wind Wind Sector, 28 July 2011.
Accessed: 24 September 2011.
Bush supported local control of schools, higher edu- [11] SB7 Law textTexas Legislature Online, May 1999. Accessed: 24 September 2011.
cational standards, and an updated academic curriculum. Charter schools mired in nancial scandals. There [12] Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard Texas State Energy
were protests against one test determining a childs
Conservation Oce. Accessed: 24 September 2011.
promotion.[17]
[13] Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard Pew Center on Global
Climate Change. Accessed: 24 September 2011.
2.3.7
Appointments
[14] McGrane, Sally (2006). The Green Rose of Texas.

Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Right after his re-election, Bush named insurance commissioner Elton Boomer, a Democrat from Anderson [15] Jesus Day (JPEG). Texas State Archives. PBS. 2005-0311. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
County in East Texas, as the new Texas Secretary of
State. He also appointed Michael L. Williams to the
[16] Herman, Ken (12 June 1996).
Austin AmericanTexas Railroad Commission in 1999 upon the resignaStatesman
http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/
tion of Carole Keeton Strayhorn (who was then known as
Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_
Carole Keeton Rylander at the time), who resigned folaction=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_
lowing her election as Comptroller of Public Accounts in
text_direct-0=0EA2139C4F419461&p_field_direct-0=
1998.
document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:
D&s_trackval=GooglePM |url= missing title (help).
Williams became the rst African American to serve in

an executive statewide oce, and easily won a special [17] http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40078/tsl-40078.
election in 2000 for an unexpired term and was re-elected
html
to six year-terms in 2002 and 2008.
2.3.8
References

Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential. USA: Wi-
Chapter 3
Presidency
3.1 Presidency of George W. Bush
Running as a self-styled war president in the midst of

the Iraq War,[7] Bush won re-election in 2004,[8] as his
campaign against Senator John Kerry was successful deThe presidency of George W. Bush began on January spite controversy over Bushs prosecution of the Iraq War
[9][10]
20, 2001, when he was inaugurated as the 43rd President and his handling of the economy.
of the United States of America. The oldest son of for- His second term was highlighted by several free trade
mer president George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush was agreements, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 alongside a
elected president in the 2000 general election, and be- strong push for oshore and domestic drilling, the nomcame the second U.S. president whose father had held inations of Supreme Court Justices John Roberts and
the same oce (John Quincy Adams was the rst).
Samuel Alito, a push for Social Security and immigraAfter two recounts, Democratic presidential candidate tion reform, his administrations response to Hurricane
Vice President Al Gore led a lawsuit for a third. The Katrina, a surge of troops in Iraq, which was followed by
Supreme Courts highly controversial decision in Bush a drop in violence, and several dierent economic iniv. Gore resolved the dispute. The Florida Secretary of tiatives aimed at preventing a banking system collapse,
State certied Bush as the winner of Florida. Floridas stopping foreclosures, and stimulating the economy dur[11][12][13][14][15]
25 electoral votes gave Bush, the Republican candidate, ing the recession.
271 electoral votes, enough to defeat Al Gore. Bush was The approval ratings of George W. Bush have, at dierent
re-elected in 2004. His second term ended on January points in time, run the gamut from high to all-time record
20, 2009.
low. Bush began his presidency with ratings near 50%.[16]
As president, Bush pushed through a $1.3 trillion tax cut In the time of national crisis following the September
program, causing record federal budget decits, and the 11 attacks, polls showed approval ratings of greater than
[16]
No Child Left Behind Act, and also pushed for socially 85%, peaking in one October 2001 poll at 92%, and a
conservative eorts such as the Partial-Birth Abortion steady 8090% approval for about four months after the
[17]
Ban Act and faith-based welfare initiatives. Nearly 8 mil- attacks. Afterward, his ratings steadily declined as the
lion people immigrated to the United States in 2000 economy suered and the Iraq War initiated by his administration continued. By early 2006, his average rating
2005;[1] nearly half entered illegally.[2]
was near 40%, and in July 2008, a poll indicated a near
After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Bush all-time low of 22%. Upon leaving oce the nal poll
declared a global War on Terrorism and, in October recorded his approval rating as 19%, a record low for any
2001, ordered an invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow U.S. President.[16][18][19]
the Taliban, destroy Al-Qaeda, and to capture Osama bin
Laden. In March 2003, Bush received a mandate from
the U.S. Congress to lead an invasion of Iraq, asserting
3.1.1 Major issues of presidency
that Iraq was in violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441.[3]
Major acts as president
Bush also initiated an AIDS program that committed $15
billion to combat AIDS over ve years.[4] His record as a State of the Union Addresses
humanitarian included helping enroll as many as 29 million of Africas poorest children in schools.[5]
Main article: President Bushs speeches
On his second full day in oce, Bush reinstated the
Mexico City Policy; this policy required any nongovernmental organization receiving US Government
First inaugural address (January 20, 2001)
funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion
services in other countries.[6]
Second inaugural address (January 20, 2005)
46
3.1. PRESIDENCY OF GEORGE W. BUSH

2001 address (not ocially a State of the Union address) (February 27, 2001)
2002 State of the Union address (January 29, 2002)
2005 State of the Union address (February 2, 2005)
3.1.2
International treaties signed
George W. Bush signed several international treaties, including but not limited to:
Major treaties withdrawn
ABM Treaty (2002) limited anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against
missile-delivered nuclear weapons between the
United States and the U.S.S.R.
United Nations Population Fund (2002) promoted
the human right of reproductive health, that is
physical, mental, and social health in matters related
to reproduction and the reproductive system.
3.1.3
Major legislation
Legislation signed
Legislation vetoed
President Bush vetoed 12 pieces of legislation, four of
which were overturned by congress:
47
November 13, 2007:
Vetoed H.R. 3043,
Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act of 2008. Override attempt
failed in House, 277-141 (279 votes needed).
December 12, 2007: Vetoed H.R. 3963, Childrens
Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of
2007.[27] Override attempt failed in House, 260-152
(275 votes needed).
December 28, 2007: Pocket Vetoed H.R. 1585,
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2008.[28] A later version of the bill that changed a
minor provision of which the President disapproved
was quickly passed by Congress (H.R. 4986) and
was enacted with the Presidents approval as Pub.L.
110181 on January 28, 2008.
March 8, 2008: Vetoed H.R. 2082, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008.[29][30] Override
attempt failed in House, 225-188.
May 21, 2008: Vetoed H.R. 2419, 2007 U.S. Farm
Bill.[31][32] Overridden by House, 316-108 (283
votes needed). Overridden by Senate, 82-13 (64
votes needed). Enacted as Pub.L. 110234 over
the Presidents veto. Due to a clerical error, this
act was repealed by Pub.L. 110246.
June 18, 2008: Vetoed H.R. 6421, 2007 U.S. Farm
Bill, re-passed by Congress to correct a clerical error in HR 2419.[33][34] Overridden by House, 317109 (284 votes required). Overridden by Senate, 8014 (63 votes needed). Enacted as Pub.L. 110246
over the Presidents veto.
July 15, 2008: Vetoed H.R. 6331, Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act.[35][36]
Overridden by House, 383-41 (283 votes required.)
Overridden by Senate, 70-26 (64 votes required).
Enacted as Pub.L. 110275 over the Presidents
veto.
July 19, 2006: Stem Cell Research Enactment Act

3.1.4
of 2006
Administration and cabinet
May 1, 2007: H.R. 1591, U.S. Troop Readiness,

Veterans Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act of 2007
June 20, 2007: Stem Cell Research Enactment Act
of 2007
October 3, 2007: State Childrens Health Insurance
Program Expansion H.R. 976
November 2, 2007: Vetoed H.R. 1495, Water Resources Development Act of 2007. Overridden by
House, 361-54 (277 votes needed). Overridden by
Senate, 79-14 (62 needed), and enacted as Pub.L.
Cabinet meeting
110114 over Presidents veto.
48
Bushs Cabinet had included gures that were prominent
in past administrations, notably former Secretary of State
Colin Powell, who had served as United States National
Security Advisor under Ronald Reagan. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld had served as White House Chief
of Sta and Secretary of Defense under Gerald Ford;
Rumsfelds successor, Robert Gates, served as Director
of Central Intelligence under George H.W. Bush. Vice
President Dick Cheney served as Secretary of Defense
under George H. W. Bush.
Bush placed a high value on personal loyalty and, as a result, his administration had high message discipline. He
maintained a hands-o style of management. I'm condent in my management style. I'm a delegator because
I trust the people I've asked to join the team. I'm willing
to delegate. That makes it easier to be President, he said
in an interview with Diane Sawyer on ABC in December
2003. Critics alleged, however, that Bush was willing to
overlook mistakes made by loyal subordinates.
There was only one non-Republican in Bushs cabinet:
Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta, the rst
Asian American cabinet secretary, who had previously
served as Secretary of Commerce under Bill Clinton, is a
Democrat. Mineta resigned from Bushs cabinet on July
7, 2006 to pursue other challenges.[37] Mary Peters,
a Republican, was nominated and conrmed to succeed
him as Transportation Secretary. At least one other nonRepublican was apparently oered a position in the administration but declined. CNN reported that in the transition to his second term, Bush oered the positions of
Ambassador to the United Nations and subsequently Secretary of Homeland Security to Senator Joe Lieberman,
then a Democrat and currently an Independent Democrat.
In 2006, Bush replaced long-time chief of sta Andrew
Card with Joshua Bolten and made major sta and
cabinet changes with the intention of revitalizing his
Administration.[38]
CHAPTER 3. PRESIDENCY
Attorney General.
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
Main article: NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
Labor Bushs rst nomination for Secretary of Labor

was Linda Chavez. This nomination came under attack
when evidence came to light that she had given money
to an illegal immigrant from Guatemala who lived in
her home. Chavez claimed that the woman was not an
employee and she had merely provided her with emergency assistance due to the domestic abuse the woman
had been facing at the time.[43] Chavezs nomination was
withdrawn. Instead, Bush nominated Elaine Chao, a former ocial with the administrations with Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, who was conrmed by the
Senate. Chao was the only member of Bushs Cabinet to
serve during Bushs entire tenure as President.
Energy Bushs rst Secretary of Energy, Spencer Abraham, was controversial at the time of his 2001 appointment because as a senator he co-sponsored S.896, a
bill to abolish the United States Department of Energy,
in 1999.[44] Samuel Wright Bodman III, Sc.D. replaced
Abraham as United States Secretary of Energy in 2005
and remained in this position until January 2009. Bodman was previously Deputy Secretary of the Department
of the Treasury.
Homeland Security When Tom Ridge announced his
decision to resign as Secretary of Homeland Security,
Bushs rst choice to replace him was Bernard Kerik, who
served as Police Commissioner of the City of New York
during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Keriks nomination raised controversy when it was discovered that he had
previously hired an undocumented worker as a nanny and
housekeeper. After a week, Kerik pulled his nomination
and Bush went on to nominate Michael Cherto.[45]
On November 8, 2006 (the day after the Democrats

took back Congress in the midterm elections), Bush announced plans to replace Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld with former CIA Director Robert Gates. Gates Advisors and other ocials
was conrmed by the United States Senate on December
6 and took oce as the 22nd Secretary of Defense on
Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz
December 18.[39]
(20012005), Gordon R. England (20052009)
Cabinet members
Attorney General Bushs rst Attorney General, John
Ashcroft, was politically controversial, but widely viewed
as incompetent. Ashcroft resigned days after Bushs
2004 re-election. Bushs second Attorney General was
Alberto Gonzales. In addition to his work on providing guidelines for detainee interrogation methods prior
to his appointment,[40][41] he claimed there was no right
to Habeas Corpus for detained combatants.[42] Michael
Mukasey succeeded Gonzales and was the countrys 81st
CIA Director George Tenet (20012004), John

E. McLaughlin (acting, 2004), Porter J. Goss
(20042006), Michael Hayden (20062009)
FBI Director Louis Freeh (2001), Thomas J.
Pickard (acting, 2001), Robert S. Mueller (2001
2009)
NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe (2001
2005), Michael D. Grin (20052009)
FAA Administrator Marion Blakey (2002
2007), Robert A. Sturgell (acting) (20072009)

FDA commissioner Mark McClellan (2002
2004), Lester Crawford (2005), Andrew von Eschenbach (20052009)
National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice
(20012005), Stephen Hadley (20052009)
49
Chief of Naval Operations Michael Mullen
(20052007), Gary Roughead (20072011)
Commandant of the Marine Corps Michael
Hagee (20032006), James T. Conway (2006
2010)
Deputy National Security Advisor for Iraq

and Afghanistan Meghan O'Sullivan (?2007), Supreme Court nominations and appointments
Douglas Lute (20072009)
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Ambassador to the United Nations John Negroponte (20012004), John Danforth (2004); John
Bush nominated the following people to the Supreme
R. Bolton (20052006), Zalmay Khalilzad (2007
Court of the United States:
2009)
FCC Chairman Michael Powell (20012005),
Kevin Martin (20052009)
White House Deputy Chief of Sta Joe Hagin
(20012008), Joshua Bolten (20012003), Harriet
Miers (20032004), Karl Rove (20052007), Joel
Kaplan (20062009), Blake Gottesman (2008
2009)
Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte (20052007), John Michael McConnell
(20072009)
John G. Roberts 2005, was rst nominated for

Associate Justice replacing Sandra Day O'Connor;
after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist,
Bush nominated him for the position of Chief Justice. Conrmed: 7822
Harriet Miers 2005, was nominated upon the elevation of John G. Roberts as the Chief Justice. Her
nomination was later withdrawn.
Samuel Alito 2006, nominated in 2005 upon the
withdrawal of Harriet Miers. Conrmed: 58-42
White House Counsel Alberto R. Gonzales

(20012005), Harriet Miers (20052007), Fred Court of Appeals nominations and appointments
Fielding (20072009)
Main article: George W. Bush judicial appointment
White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer controversies
(20012003), Scott McClellan (20032006), Tony
Snow (20062007), Dana Perino (20072009)
Jerey R. Howard 1st Circuit (2002)
Senior Advisor to the President Karl Rove
Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr. 2nd Circuit (2001)
(20012007), Barry Steven Jackson (20072009)
Chief of Sta to the Vice President of the United
States Lewis Libby (20012005), David Addington (20052009)
Counselor to the President Karen Hughes
(20012002), Dan Bartlett (20022007), Ed Gillespie (20072009)
Military nominations and appointments
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta Richard
B. Myers (2001 2005), Peter Pace (2005 2007),
Michael Mullen (2007 2011)
Chief of Sta of the United States Army Peter
Schoomaker (20032007), George W. Casey, Jr.
(2007 2011)
Chief of Sta of the United States Air Force
John P. Jumper (20012005), T. Michael Moseley
(20052008), Norton A. Schwartz(2008-)
Reena Raggi 2nd Circuit (2002)

Richard C. Wesley 2nd Circuit (2003)
Peter W. Hall 2nd Circuit (2004)
Debra Ann Livingston 2nd Circuit (2007)
D. Brooks Smith 3rd Circuit (2002)
Michael Cherto 3rd Circuit (2003)
D. Michael Fisher 3rd Circuit (2003)
Franklin Stuart Van Antwerpen 3rd Circuit (2004)
Michael A. Chagares 3rd Circuit (2006)
Kent A. Jordan 3rd Circuit (2006)
Thomas M. Hardiman 3rd Circuit (2007)
Roger L. Gregory 4th Circuit (2001)
Dennis W. Shedd 4th Circuit (2002)
50
Allyson Kay Duncan 4th Circuit (2003)
Timothy M. Tymkovich 10th Circuit (2003)
G. Steven Agee 4th Circuit (2008)
Neil M. Gorsuch 10th Circuit (2006)
Edith Brown Clement 5th Circuit (2001)
Jerome A. Holmes 10th Circuit (2006)
Edward C. Prado 5th Circuit (2003)
William H. Pryor, Jr. 11th Circuit (2004)
Priscilla Owen 5th Circuit (2005)

Jennifer Walker Elrod 5th Circuit (2007)
Leslie H. Southwick 5th Circuit (2007)
Catharina Haynes 5th Circuit (2008)
Julia Smith Gibbons 6th Circuit (2002)
John M. Rogers 6th Circuit (2002)
Jerey S. Sutton 6th Circuit (2003)
Deborah L. Cook 6th Circuit (2003)
John G. Roberts, Jr. D.C. Circuit (2003)

Janice Rogers Brown D.C. Circuit (2005)
Thomas B. Grith D.C. Circuit (2005)
Brett M. Kavanaugh D.C. Circuit (2006)
Sharon Prost Federal Circuit (2001)
Kimberly Ann Moore Federal Circuit (2006)
Federal Reserve appointment
David W. McKeague 6th Circuit (2005)

Richard Allen Grin 6th Circuit (2005)
Susan Bieke Neilson 6th Circuit (2005)
Raymond M. Kethledge 6th Circuit (2008)
Helene N. White 6th Circuit (2008)
On October 24, 2005, Bush nominated Ben Bernanke

to succeed Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal
Reserve. The Senate Banking Committee recommended
Bernankes conrmation by a 131 voice vote on November 16, 2005. With the full Senates approval on January
31, 2006, by another voice vote, Bernanke was sworn in
on February 1, 2006.
Diane S. Sykes 7th Circuit (2004)

John Daniel Tinder 7th Circuit (2007)
William J. Riley 8th Circuit (2001)
Michael Joseph Melloy 8th Circuit (2002)
3.1.5 First term (20012005)

Main article: George W. Bushs rst term as President
of the United States
Lavenski R. Smith 8th Circuit (2002)

Steven M. Colloton 8th Circuit (2003)
Raymond W. Gruender 8th Circuit (2004)
William Duane Benton 8th Circuit (2004)
3.1.6 Second term (20052009)

Main article: George W. Bushs second term as President
of the United States
Bobby E. Shepherd 8th Circuit (2006)

Richard R. Clifton 9th Circuit (2002)
Jay Bybee 9th Circuit (2003)
Consuelo Maria Callahan 9th Circuit (2003)
Carlos T. Bea 9th Circuit (2003)
Milan D. Smith, Jr. 9th Circuit (2006)
Sandra Segal Ikuta 9th Circuit (2006)
N. Randy Smith 9th Circuit (2007)
Harris L. Hartz 10th Circuit (2001)
Terrence L. O'Brien 10th Circuit (2002)
Michael W. McConnell 10th Circuit (2002)
3.1.7 Political philosophy

The guiding political philosophy of the Bush Administration has been termed neoconservative. The specic elements of neoconservative leadership have been itemized
in policy papers by leading members of the Project for a
New American Century, and is represented in the editorial perspective of the political journal the Weekly Standard. Administration ocials chosen from the membership of the Project for a New American Century (PNAC)
began with the selection of the candidate for vice president, Dick Cheney. Others included Richard Armitage,
Zalmay Khalilzad, Lewis Scooter Libby, Richard Perle,
former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and
Paul Wolfowitz.
51
In 1998, members of the PNAC, including Rumsfeld and

Wolfowitz, wrote to President Bill Clinton urging him
to remove Saddam Hussein from power using US diplomatic, political and military power.
In September 2000, the PNAC issued a report entitled
Rebuilding Americas Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and
Resources For A New Century, proceeding from the belief that America should seek to preserve and extend its
position of global leadership by maintaining the preeminence of U.S. military forces. The group stated that
when diplomacy or sanctions fail, the United States must
be prepared to take military action. The PNAC argued
that the Cold War deployment of forces was obsolete.
Defense spending and force deployment must reect the
postCold War duties that US forces are obligated to
perform. Constabulary duties such as peacekeeping in
the Balkans and the enforcement of the No Fly Zones in
Iraq put a strain upon, and reduced the readiness of, US
forces. The PNAC recommended the forward redeployment of US forces at new strategically placed permanent
military bases in Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia.
Permanent bases would ease the strain on US forces, allowing readiness to be maintained and the carrier eet
to be reduced. Furthermore, PNAC advocated that the
US-globalized military should be enlarged, equipped and
restructured for the constabulary roles associated with
shaping the security in critical regions of the world.[46]
Cabinet meeting
3.1.8
Environmental record
In March 2001, the Bush Administration announced that

it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, that would
require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions,
claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic
setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to
limit emissions from developing nations.[50] In February
2002, Bush announced his alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, by bringing forth a plan to reduce the intensity of
greenhouse gases by 18 percent over 10 years. The intensity of greenhouse gases specically is the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions and economic output, meaning that
under this plan, emissions would still continue to grow,
but at a slower pace. Bush stated that this plan would
prevent the release of 500 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, which is about the equivalent of removing
70 million cars from the road. This target would achieve
this goal by providing tax credits to businesses that use
renewable energy sources.[51]
See also: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration Environment and Climate change policy of the
George W. Bush administration
George W. Bushs environmental record began with
promises as a presidential candidate to clean up power
plants and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In a speech
on September 29, 2000 in Saginaw, Michigan, Bush
pledged to commit two billion dollars to the funding of
clean coal technology research. In the same speech,
he also promised to work with Congress, environmental
groups and the energy industry to require a reduction of
the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury
and carbon dioxide into the environment within a reasonable period of time.[47] He would later reverse his
position on that specic campaign pledge in March 2001
in a letter to Nebraska senator Chuck Hagel, stating that
carbon dioxide was not considered a pollutant under the
Clean Air Act, and that restricting carbon dioxide emis- In late November 2002, the Bush Administration resions would lead to higher energy prices.[48]
leased proposed rule changes that would lead to increased
In 2001, Bush appointed Philip A. Cooney, a for- logging of federal forests for commercial or recreational
mer lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute, to activities by giving local forest managers the ability to
the White House Council on Environmental Equality. open up the forests to development without requiring
Cooney is known to have edited government climate environmental impact assessments and without specic
reports in order to minimize the ndings of scientic standards to maintain local sh and wildlife populations.
sources tying greenhouse gas emissions to global warm- The proposed changes would aect roughly 192,000,000
ing.[49]
acres (780,000 km2 ) of US forests and grasslands. Ad-
52
ministration ocials claimed the changes were appropriate because existing rules, which were approved by the
Clinton administration two months before Bush took ofce, were unclear.[52]
worlds largest protected marine area. The Pacic

Ocean habitat includes the Mariana Trench and the waters and corals surrounding three uninhabited islands in
the Northern Mariana Islands, Rose Atoll in American
[59]
In November 2004, Bush Administration ocials asked Samoa, and seven islands along the equator.
the United Nations to allow US industries to use an additional 458 tons of methyl bromide, an ozone-destroying 3.1.9 Legacy
pesticide that was slated for elimination by the 1987
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Numerous ocials wrote memoirs, some of them quite
Layer. The additional increase request brings the USs harsh in their judgements.[60] Many of them are analyzed
total exemption for the year 2005 to 9,400 metric tons by Melvyn Leer.[61]
of methyl bromide, more than all other nations requests
combined, and well over the 7,674 metric tons used by In 2006, 744 professional historians began to analyze
the legacy when they were surveyed by New York-based
US agribusiness in 2002.[53]
Siena College. They regarded Bushs presidency to date
In January 2004, United States Secretary of the Interior as: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below
Gale Norton approved a move to open nearly 9,000,000 Average: 24%; Failure: 58%. Thomas Kelly, professor
acres (36,000 km2 ) of Alaskas North Slope to oil and emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that
gas development, citing claims from the energy industry In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to
that nearly 13 billion barrels (2.1109 m3 ) of oil could be cut the President more slack than the experts do. Similar
extracted from the region. The North Slope borders the outcomes were reported by two informal surveys done by
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a sanctuary and habi- the History News Network in 2004 and 2008.[62]
tat for migratory birds, whales, seals and other wildlife.
Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey, however, es- On January 15, 2009, Bush gave a nationally televised
timate that less than one-third of the reported 13 billion farewell address. He discussed many of his decisions
barrels (2.1109 m3 ) is economically recoverable in the and cited the fact that he had kept the country safe since
entire 23,500,000-acre (95,000 km2 ) National Petroleum September 11, 2001, as a major accomplishment. He
said that the United States must continue promoting huReserve.[54]
man liberty, human rights, and human dignity around the
In July 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency de- world. One of his nal lines was We have faced danger
cided to delay the release of an annual report on fuel and trial, and theres more ahead. But with the courage of
economy. The report shows that automakers have taken our people and condence in our ideals, this great nation
advantage of loopholes in US fuel economy regulations to will never tire, never falter and never fail.[63][64]
manufacture vehicles that are less fuel-ecient than they
were in the late 1980s. Fuel-eciency had on average
dropped six percent during that period, from 22.1 miles 3.1.10 See also
per gallon to 20.8 mpg. Evidence suggests that the ad George W. Bushs rst term to second term cabinet
ministrations decision to delay the reports release was
reorganization
because of its potential to aect Congresss upcoming nal vote on an energy bill six years in the making, which
Domestic policy of the George W. Bush Administurned a blind eye to fuel economy regulations.[55]
tration
That same year, the administration exempts hydraulic
fracturing from the Safe Drinking Water Act, citing an3.1.11 References
other EPA study.[56]
In May 2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) allegedly blocked release of a report
that suggested global warming had been a contributor to
the frequency and strength of hurricanes in recent years.
In February, NOAA (part of the Department of Commerce) set up a seven-member panel of climate scientists
to compile the report. The panels chair, Ants Leema, received an e-mail from a Commerce Department ocial
asking for the report to not be released as it needed to be
made less technical.[57] NOAA would later go on to say
that the report was not released because it was not complete and was in reality not a report, but a two-page fact
sheet about the issue.[58]
On January 6, 2009, President Bush designated the
[1] "Study: Immigration grows, reaching record numbers".

USATODAY.com. December 12, 2005.
[2] "Immigration surge called 'highest ever'". Washington
Times. December 12, 2005.
[3] Powell, Colin (February 5, 2003). U.S. Secretary of
State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council.
The White House. Retrieved May 25, 2006.
[4] Frist, Bill (January 16, 2009). Commentary:". CNN.
[5] Michael Steele, Bushs Africa legacy, 2008-03-27, Washington Times, (5th paragraph)
[6] "Obama Ends Global Family Planning Restrictions".
NPR: National Public Radio. January 23, 2009.
53
[7] Transcript for Feb. 8th. MSNBC. February 8, 2004.

[27] Message to the House of Representatives, December 12,

2007, The White House
[8] U.S. Election results for 2004. Uselectionatlas.org (200411-02). Retrieved June 13, 2011.
[28] Memorandum of Disapproval for the National Defense

Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, December 28,
2007, The White House
[9] The Third Bush-Kerry Presidential Debate transcript,

2004-10-13, Debates.org
[10] CNNs exit poll showed terrorism (19%) and Iraq (15%)
as the third and fourth most important issues behind moral
values (22%) and the economy (20%) CNN U.S. President / National / Exit Poll / Election 2004
[29] Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, March 8, 2008, The White House
[30] Bush Announces Veto of Waterboarding Ban, March 8,
2008, The Washington Post
[11] Bush to Sign Economic Stimulus Plan, 2008-02-09, VOA

News
[31] Farm Bill Veto Message to the House of Representatives,

May 21, 2008, The White House
[12] Bush Unveils Foreclosure Relief Plan, 2007-12-06, NPR
[32] Farm Bill Veto Message, CQ Politics
[13] Bush: Bailout plan necessary to deal with crisis, 2008-0925, CNN.com
[33] Bush vetos farm bill for second time, June 18, 2000, AFP
[14] President Bushs Second Term Accomplishments and

Agenda, 2005-08-03, The White House
[34] Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval H.R. 6124, the Food, Conservation, and
Energy Act of 2008, June 18, 2008, The White House
[15] Charles Krauthammer, Surge Results are Visible, 200704-13, Real Clear Politics
[35] Bush to Veto Medicare Bill Tuesday; Override Expected,

July 14, 2008, CQ Politics
[16] Roper Center (2009). Job Performance Ratings for President Bush. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
[36] Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval H.R. 6331, the Medicare Improvements for
Patients and Providers Act of 2008, June 18, 2008, The
White House
[17] USA Today (May 20, 2005).

DAY/GALLUP Poll.
CNN/USA TO-
[18] PollingReport.com. PRESIDENT BUSH Overall Job

Rating in national polls.
[19] The National Economy. americanresearchgroup.com.
February 19, 2009.
[20] Status of Ratications. Chm.pops.int. Retrieved June 13,
2011.
[21] Computer Crime Convention Between the UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and OTHER GOVERNMENTS. US Department of State. November 23, 2001.
(PDF) . Retrieved June 13, 2011.
[37] Wilber, Del Quentin (June 24, 2006). Lone Democrat in

Bush Cabinet Is Departing. Washington Post. Retrieved
November 20, 2006.
[38] White House shake-up: Chief of sta resigns.
MSNBC.com. Associated Press. March 28, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
[39] New US defence secretary sworn in. BBC News. December 18, 2006.
[40] Berlow, Alan (November 21, 2004). The Presidents Yes
Man. Washington Post. p. B07. Retrieved August 30,
2007.
[22] Rights.
Optional Protocol Between the UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and OTHER GOVERNMENTS. US Department of State. New York May 25,
2000
[41] Barton Gellman and Jo Becker (June 25, 2007). Pushing

the Envelope on Presidential Power. Washington Post.
Retrieved August 30, 2007.
[23] Microsoft Word 13095 Multilateral Child Rights

May 25 2000 CS.DOC. (PDF) . Retrieved June 13,
2011.
[42] Egelko, Bob (January 24, 2007). Gonzales says the Constitution doesn't guarantee habeas corpus. San Francisco
Chronicle. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
[24] Bush, George W. (May 14, 2002). President Signs Farm

Bill. White House. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
[43] Chavez Withdraws As Labor Nominee Associated Press

article in the January 9, 2001 Washington Post. Retrieved
November 22, 2006.
[25] Bush, George W. (August 17, 2002). President Bush

Signs H.R. 4, the Pension Protection Act of 2006. White
House. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
[26] Bush, George W. (October 4, 2006). Presidents Statement on H.R. 5441, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007"". White House. Retrieved
October 4, 2006.
[44] Mark Helm (January 15, 2001). Leading Environmentalists Urge Senate to Oppose Abraham. Common
Dreams. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
[45] As Kerik Faces Court, Questions Persist on Background
Check by William K. Rashbaum The New York Times
June 30, 2006.
54
[46] Rebuilding Americas Defenses: Strategy, Forces and

Resources For a New Century (PDF). Project for the New
American Century. September 2000. Retrieved April 7,
2007.
[47] George W. Bush for President Ocial Site: Speeches at
the Wayback Machine (archived January 11, 2001). Retrieved June 13, 2011.
[48] Bush reverses position on emissions reductions. CNN.
March 14, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[49] Revkin, Andrew C. (June 8, 2005). Bush Aide Softened
Greenhouse Gas Links to Global Warming. The New
York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[50] US blow to Kyoto hopes. BBC News. March 28, 2001.
[51] Bush unveils voluntary plan to reduce global warming.
CNN. February 14, 2002. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[52] Logging rules may be eased. Seattlepi.com (2002-11-26).
[53] Pelley, Janet; Burke, Maria (2005). Conservation rst in
Canadian Arctic Methyl bromide phaseout drags. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (6): 127A127A.
doi:10.1021/es0532133.
[54] The Bush Record January 2004 Actions. NRDC. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
[55] E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Eciency. The
New York Times. July 28, 2005
[56] Fracklash. New York magazine. Sep 10, 2012.
[57] Schmid, Randolph E. (September 27, 2006). Journal:
Agency Blocked Hurricane Report. The Washington
Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[58] Giles, Jim (September 28, 2006). Is US hurricane
report being quashed?". Nature 443 (7110): 378.
doi:10.1038/443378a.
[59] Suzanne Goldenberg: Bush designates ocean conservation areas in nal weeks as president guardian.co.uk,
January 6, 2009
[60] George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown,
2010) is Bushs own memoir. Others include, in alphabetical order: John Ashcroft, Never Again: Securing America
and Restoring Justice (New York: Center Street, 2006);
L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year
in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2006); Dick Cheney with Liz
Cheney, In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (New York: Threshold Editions, 2011); Richard A.
Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside Americas War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004); Douglas Feith, War
and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War
on Terrorism (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008); Ari
Fleischer, Taking Heat: The President, the Press, and My
Years in the White House (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005); Robert M. Gates, "Duty: Memoirs of a
Secretary at War" (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014);
Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: Norton, 2007); Richard N. Haass, War of Necessity, War of
Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraqi Wars (New York: Simon
& Schuster, 2009); Karen Hughes, Ten Minutes from Normal (New York: Viking, 2004); Scott McClellan, What
Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washingtons
Culture of Deception (New York: PublicAairs, 2008);
Richard B. Meyers with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on
the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009); Condoleezza
Rice, No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2011); Condoleezza Rice, Inside the Mind of George W. Bush: 43rd
President of the United States of America (2013) is a joke
book (all the pages are blank) and was not prepared by
Rice; Karl Rove, Courage and Consequence: My Life As a
Conservative in the Fight (New York: Threshold Editions,
2010); Donald Rumsfeld, Known and Unknown: A Memoir (New York: Sentinel, 2011); Ricardo Sanchez with
Donald T. Phillips, Wiser in Battle: A Soldiers Story (New
York: Harper Perennial, 2008); Hugh Shelton, Without
Hesitation: The Odyssey of an American Warrior (New
York: St. Martins Grin, 2010); Ron Suskind, The Price
of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the
Education of Paul O'Neill (2004) New York: Simon &
Schuster,comprises long interviews with O'Neill; John B.
Taylor, Global Financial Warriors: The Untold Story of
International Finance in the Post 9/11 World (New York:
Norton, 2007); George Tenet with Bill Harlow, At the
Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York:
Harper Perennial, 2007); Dov S. Zakheim, A Vulcans
Tale: How the Bush Administration Mismanaged the Reconstruction of Afghanistan (Washington DC: Brookings
Institution, 2011)
[61] Melvyn Leer, The Foreign Policies of the George W.
Bush Administration: Memoirs, History and Legacy,
Diplomatic History (2013) 37#2 pp: 190-216. DOI:
10.1093/dh/dht013
[62] See results at Experts: Bush Presidency Is A Failure Little Chance To Improve Ranking Siena College Research
Institute May 1, 2006
[63] Bush Says Decisions in Oce Kept America Safe From
Attack. Fox News. January 15, 2009.
[64] Bush defends presidency in farewell speech Politics
White House msnbc.com. MSNBC (2009-01-15). Retrieved June 13, 2011.
3.1.12 External links

George W. Bush Administration Appointee Directory
George W. Bush Administration Nominations by
Name or Date
The Bush Years: High and Low Points slideshow
by The First Post
George W. Bush Presidency collection of academic articles on the Bush Presidency.
3.2. GEORGE W. BUSHS FIRST TERM AS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
55
3.2 George W. Bushs rst term as

President of the United States
George W. Bushs rst term as president of the
United States began on January 20, 2001 and continued
until his second term commenced on January 20, 2005.
By far the most memorable event of this rst term in ofce was the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington,
D.C.
Bush was instrumental in pushing forward legislation in
education and national security, in bringing about taxreduction and allocating funds for global warming. He
withdrew the United States from participation in the 1998
Kyoto Protocol on world climate change and from the
1989 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, as well as withdrawing U.S. support for the International Criminal Court, but
his legacy was dened by his response to the 9/11 attack
on the World Trade Center.
Shortly after the terrorist attack, a U.S.-led invasion of
Afghanistan resulted in the overthrow of the Taliban government in Kabul, a region which had allowed terrorist
training camps, directed at western targets, to operate
in Desert Storm. This approach was symptomatic of a
change in the perception of the world and of the international treats to the United States, one expounded in Bushs
2005 State of the Union Address and known subsequently
as the Bush Doctrine. The United States gave itself the
right to pursue its enemies wherever they could be found.
In 2003, a U.S.-led military force invaded Iraq, to remove
the alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) under
the control of Saddam Hussein.
More and more people understand that
being a patriot is more than just putting your
hand over your heart and saying the Pledge
of Allegiance to a nation under God... more
and more people understand that serving
something greater than yourself in life is a part
of being a complete American.
President George W Bush, Saturday,
September 25, 2006
[1]
3.2.1
Electoral College
President George W. Bush discusses American national security

at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota in August 2002.
Gore, yet narrowly defeated Gore in the Electoral College by the narrow margin of 271266. A ve-weeklong battle over extremely close results in Florida ended
when the Supreme Court abruptly terminated the states
month-long recounts on December 13, 2000. As a result
of this, Bush won the state by 537 votes, the result of a
November 27 recount that had been certied by Floridas
Secretary of State, Katharine Harris. This judicial resolution was disputed by the Gore campaign and many
other Democrats, since even the narrowest win for Gore
in Florida would have been enough to make him President. Recounts following the November 27 certication by Harris had narrowed Bushs lead to just 125 votes
when the U.S. Supreme Court declared George W Bush
the winner in their December 13 ruling.
Bushs rst few months were dominated by public disenchantment at this controversial and unusual election outcome, something reected in his rainy inauguration ceremony in Washington DC, where 10,000 protesters rallied
against the president.
Senate
Following the 2000 election, the U.S. Senate was split between 50 Democrat-held seats and 50 Republican-held
seats while the Republicans had an extremely slim majority in the House of Representatives. The Vice President, however, is given the constitutional authority as presiding ocer in the Senate to break 50-50 ties by casting a deciding vote, so this represented a slim majority
for the Republicans. However, this situation changed on
May 24, 2001, when the liberal Republican Senator Jim
Jeords switched his party aliation to become the only
Independent senator and announced that he would caucus
with the Democrats. This gave the Democrats the hope of
out-voting the Republicans on some issues in the Senate.
In Bushs rst few months in oce as president, the administrations focus was largely on matters concerning the
economy, relations with North Korea and their nuclear
eorts, stem cell research, and the job of uniting a nation still bitter over the controversy that surrounded the In the 2002 mid-term elections, Bush campaigned
2000 presidential election. In that election, Bush had strongly in support of some hand-picked Republican Senlost the nationwide popular vote to Vice President Al atorial candidates in states considered marginal, such
56
as New Hampshire, Missouri, Georgia, Minnesota and

South Dakota. According to conservative pundit John
Podhoretz, Bush was instrumental in helping to revert
Senate control back to the Republicans with a two-seat
majority, defying the conventional wisdom that the party
in power will lose seats mid-term. Of those marginal
states visited by the President, only South Dakota retained
its incumbent Democratic Senator. Bush helped to install
such reliable conservative stalwarts as Norm Coleman,
Saxby Chambliss, John E. Sununu and Jim Talent, defeating, respectively, former Vice-President Walter Mondale,
incumbent Max Cleland, Governor Jeanne Shaheen and
incumbent Jean Carnahan.
3.2.2
Social Agenda
dened marriage as a union between one man and one

woman.
Euthanasia
Bush was staunchly opposed to euthanasia and supported
Attorney General John Ashcroft's decision to le suit
against the voter-approved Oregon Death with Dignity
Act, which was ultimately decided by the United States
Supreme Court in favor of the Oregon law.[5] However,
as governor of Texas, Bush had signed a law which gave
hospitals the authority to remove life support from terminally ill patients against the wishes of spouse or parents,
if the doctors deemed it to be medically appropriate.[6]
This perceived inconsistency in policy became an issue
in 2005, when Bush signed controversial legislation forwarded and voted on by only three members of the United
States Senate to initiate federal intervention in the court
battle of Terri Schiavo, a comatose Florida woman who
ultimately died.[7]
AIDS
President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act.
Marriage, abortion and faith

On his rst day in oce, Bush moved to block federal
aid to foreign groups that oered counseling or any other
assistance to women in obtaining abortions.[2] Days later,
he announced his commitment to channeling more federal aid to faith-based service organizations, despite the
fears of critics that this would dissolve the traditional
separation of church and state in the United States.[3][4]
To further this commitment, Bush created the White
House Oce of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
to assist faith-based service organizations. In a televised
address on August 9, 2001, Bush announced a national
policy on stem cell research that authorized funding and
research work, with federal restrictions over the use of
human embryos.
Bush also successfully pushed for the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, enacted in 2003 with bi-partisan support but
criticized by pro-choice groups as an attack upon legalized abortion rights. Following a national furor over the
recognition of same-sex marriages in San Francisco and
Massachusetts, Bush announced his opposition to samesex marriages, but supported allowing states to make provision for civil unions. He endorsed the Federal Marriage Amendment to the United States Constitution which
In his State of the Union message in January 2003, President Bush outlined a ve-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the Presidents Emergency Plan For
AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort, $3 billion a year for ve years, but requested less
in annual budgets, though some members of Congress
added amendments to increase the requested amounts.
The emergency relief eort was led by U.S. Ambassador
Randall L. Tobias, former CEO of Eli Lilly and Company and Global AIDS Coordinator at the Department of
State. $9 billion was allocated for new programs in AIDS
relief in the 15 countries most aected by HIV/AIDS.
Another $5 billion was to go to continuing support for
AIDS relief in 100 countries where the United States already had bilateral programs established. An additional
$1 billion was to go to support the Global Fund to Fight
AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
This quantity of money set aside by the United States to
ght AIDS globally was more than that contributed by all
other donor countries combined.
3.2.3 Economic policies

Federal spending in constant dollars increased under Bush
by 26% in his rst four and one-half years in oce.
The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate, based on
the American Housing Survey, started at 4.7% in January 2001, peaked at 6.2% in June 2003, and retreated
to 4.6% in May 2006; however the New York Stock Exchange traded for a record 61 consecutive trading sessions
at above 11,000 points during Bushs presidency,
Americans received a check from the Internal Revenue
57
tion. A negotiated settlement to the softwood lumber dispute was reached in April 2006, and a seven-year deal was
nalized on July 1, 2006.
3.2.4 Education
President Bushs domestic agenda carried forward the
theme of increased responsibility for performance that
had characterised his days as Texas governor, and he
worked hard to lobby for the adoption of the No Child
Left Behind Act, with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy
as its chief sponsor. This legislation aimed to close the
President George W. Bush prepares for the State of the Union achievement gap between the most and the least able chilAddress.
dren, measure student performance, provide options to
parents with students in low-performing schools and tarService (IRS) as reconciliation for having paid more tax get more federal funding to low-income schools. President Bush also increased funding signicantly for the
than was necessary.
National Science Foundation and the National Institutes
Facing opposition in Congress, Bush held public meet- of Health, creating education programs to strengthen the
ings across the United States to increase nationwide sup- grounding in science and mathematics for American high
port for his plan for a $1.3 trillion tax cut. He and his school students.
economic advisors argued that unspent government funds
should be returned to the taxpayers who had provided Looking back on his rst term, on August 1, 2005, in rethese funds, and with reports of the threat of recession sponse to a question from the media about the teaching of
from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Bush intelligent design versus evolution in public schools, Bush
argued that such a tax cut would have the benecial ef- answered, Both sides ought to be properly taught... so
fect of stimulating the economy and creating jobs. Five people can understand what the debate is about.... I think
is to expose people to dierent
Senate Democrats crossed party lines to join Republicans that a part of education
[8]
schools
of
thought.
Bush
did not elaborate upon his
in approving this $1.35 trillion tax cut program. It was
personal
views
concerning
intelligent
design.
one of the largest in United States history and regarded as
a major political victory given Bushs controversial elec- President Bush heavily promoted his No Child Left Betion.
hind education program in 2001, visiting schools across
Bush sought and obtained Congressional approval for the country. This program was endorsed by Masthese major tax cuts spread over three years: 2001, 2002, sachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy and during this period
and 2003. They reduced taxes for almost every tax- of his presidency, Bushs approval ratings rose at times
payer in the U.S. by altering the lowest tax bracket, in- to 63 percent. In terms of overall performance, howcreasing the child tax credit and eliminating the so-called ever, the Associated Press noted that, of Bushs campaign
"marriage penalty". Arguably, tax cuts were distributed promises for the rst 100 days in oce, he managed to
disproportionately to higher income taxpayers through a keep about a quarter of them while shelving all the others.
decrease in the marginal rates at higher income, but the The political climate in Washington, it argued however,
change in rates was greater for those of lower income, rehad changed since the campaign.
sulting in an income tax structure that was more progressive overall. Complexity was increased, however, with
new categories of income to be taxed at dierent rates
and with the introduction of new deductions and credits;
at the same time, the number of individuals subject to the
Alternative Minimum Tax increased, since this remained
unchanged.
Trade taris
Funding for airtime

On January 6, 2005, it was discovered that the United
States Department of Education had paid The Graham
Williams Group, a company run by the newspaper columnist and commentator Armstrong Williams, $240,000
to mention the No Child Left Behind Act regularly in
columns and during broadcasts, to create one minute radio features with Education Secretary Rod Paige and not
to mention that they were government funded, to create a
video promotion for No Child Left Behind that appeared
to be a news story and for Armstrong Williams to interview Paige and other department ocials for television.
Bushs imposition of a tari on imported steel and on

Canadian softwood lumber was controversial in light of
his advocacy of free market policies in other areas This
attracted criticism both from his fellow conservatives and
from the nations aected. The steel tari was later re- The Education Department, through the Ketchum pubscinded under pressure from the World Trade Organiza- lic relations rm, arranged with Williams to use contacts
58
CEV would be used to return American astronauts to the
Moon by 2018.
The Bush administration implemented a major change in

United States foreign policy by withdrawing its participation in the 1998 Kyoto Protocol on world climate change.
The Bush administration during this period has been accused of censoring or manipulating scientic research to
suit various political agendas, most notably in the areas of
climate change and the economic development of environmentally sensitive locations.[11] In January 2006, lead
NASA climate scientist Dr James E Hansen and several
other career scientists at NASAs Goddard Institute for
President George W. Bush talks with Secretary of State Colin Space Studies accused appointee George Deutsch of forPowell and Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage at his bidding them from publicly discussing research on global
warming risks.[12] The Union of Concerned Scientists
Crawford, Texas ranch.
published a report, Scientic Integrity in Policymaking, in
March 2004 that criticized the unprecedented manipuwith Americas Black Forum, a group of black broadcast- lation, suppression, and misrepresentation of science by
ers and journalists, to encourage the producers to peri- the Bush administration.
odically address No Child Left Behind. Williams also
Much talk had circulated during Bushs rst eight months
persuaded Steve Harvey to have Paige appear twice on
in oce over how to handle the stem-cell research debate.
his syndicated radio show.
On August 8, 2001, in a televised address to the nation
The department paid Ketchum $700,000 (USD) to rate from his ranch in Crawford, Texas, Bush announced that
journalists on how positively or negatively they reported the federal government would provide funding, but only
on No Child Left Behind. Congress prohibited the use for research that used human embryos which had already
of propaganda, but the Education Department stated that been destroyed.
the contract was permissible use of taxpayer funds under legal government contracting procedures and was an
attempt to educate poor and minority communities about 3.2.7 Military incidents
the benets of the law. Williams claims that he felt the
contract was a way for him to promote something that Main articles: Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collihe truly believed in, although he afterwards regretted his sion and Hainan Island incident
decision to participate.
3.2.5
Healthcare
On February 9, 2001, a U.S. submarine, the USS

Greeneville, collided with a Japanese shing ship and
killed 9 people on board the vessel. Bush soon apologized
to the Japanese for this incident. In April 2001, a U.S.
military spy plane was forced to land at a Chinese military airport. This spy plane incident between the United
States and China, or Hainan Island incident, was one of
the rst major international challenges that the new administration had to face.
Bush promoted the increase of de-regulation and investment options in social services, leading Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, which added prescription drug coverage to Medicare and created Health
Savings Accounts, which would permit people to set aside
a portion of their Medicare tax to build a nest egg.
Kalanz said that the law, estimated to cost US$400 billion over the rst 10 years, would give the elderly better
3.2.8
choices and more control over their health care.[9]
3.2.6
Science and technology
September 11, 2001
Main article: September 11 attacks

Prior to September 11, 2001, President Bush had been
receiving growing criticism for the amount of vacation
time he was taking. Due to the nature of the U.S. presidency there is no strict or clear guidance regarding days
that the president can take o. Dierent sources claim
that the president was averaging between two or three
days o a week.[13][14] He spent most of August 2001 on
a near month-long vacation.[15]
In the wake of the Columbia space shuttle disaster on January 14, 2004, Bush announced a major re-direction for
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.[10]
Known as the Vision for Space Exploration, the policy
called for the completion of the International Space Station by 2010 and the retirement of the space shuttle, while
developing a new spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Eight months after Bush had taken oce, however, a sinVehicle (CEV) under the title Project Constellation. The gle day was to dene the rst term of his presidency. On
George W. Bush is told about the second plane hitting the World
Trade Center.
September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked airliners and ew

them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in
New York City, destroying both 110-story skyscrapers,
and into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. An aircraft
thought to be intended to be used in an attack on either the
White House or Capitol Hill was brought down in Pennsylvania, following a struggle between terrorists and the
aircrafts passengers. On the evening of the day of these
attacks, the President declared a War on Terror. Soon afterwards, President Bushs approval rating, calculated by
the Gallup Organization, rose to 90%,[16] the highest approval rating it had recorded for any president.[17] Gallup
begun its polls during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Policy response
59
President George W. Bush signs The Flight 93 National Memorial Act in the Oval Oce Standing with the President are Pennsylvania Congressman Sen. Rick Santorum, far left; Rep. John
Murtha, center; and Sen. Arlen Specter.
Military response
Bushs military response to the terrorist attacks began in
October 2001, with the deployment of 11,000 troops to
Afghanistan. The invasion was supported by many countries, but especially by troops from the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia and Germany. This military invasion
was supported also by the Afghan Northern Alliance, a
large group of allied Afghan tribes that had been waging a
civil war against the Taliban for many years. The invasion
was supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The stated goal of the mission was to overthrow the Taliban government, an Islamic fundamentalist regime thought to be allowing terrorist training camps
directed at western targets to operate in Afghanistan and
believed to be harboring Osama Bin Laden, the leader of
Al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization that was blamed for
the 9/11 attacks, and which later claimed responsibility
for them.
On Tuesday, September 24, 2001. President Bush signed

a bill authorizing the building of a national memorial to
President Bushs rst policy response to 9/11 came on the passengers and crew who died aboard Flight 93 when
October 8, 2001, when, during a speech to Congress, it crashed into Shanksville, in Somerset County, Pennsylhe announced the creation of the Oce of Homeland vania, during the September 11 terrorist attacks.
Security and appointed Tom Ridge, a former governor
of Pennsylvania, as its director. This was the rst new
executive-level oce to be created since 1988, when 3.2.9 Foreign policy
President Ronald Reagan had appointed a head of the
Department of Veterans Aairs. The stated purpose of Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush adthe Oce of Homeland Security was to develop and co- ministration
ordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national Initial public perceptions of the Bush administration destrategy and to secure the United States from terrorist tected a lack of interest in foreign aairs. However,
threats or attacks.
the Bush administration implemented a major change in
This departments most public accomplishment came on
March 12, 2002, when the Homeland Security Advisory
System was unveiled, a system of color-coded alerts designed to warn the population of the United States of the
assessed level of threat from terrorist activity, based on
the evaluation of credible intelligence reports. The terror alert level was posted on a daily basis.
U.S. foreign policy by withdrawing its participation in the

1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia, in order
to pursue a national missile defense strategy of its own.[18]
In June 2001, Bush gave a speech in Iowa touting missile
defense as a sensible post-Cold War system.[19] International leaders criticized Bush for withdrawing U.S. support for the International Criminal Court soon after he
60
rising violence in the region and the failure of the Clinton administrations eorts to negotiate. Bush specically shunned the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat for not
tracking down Palestinian militant groups as per Ariel
Sharon's requirements, but following prompts from European leaders, he became the rst American president to
embrace a two-state solution in the Middle East, envisaging an independent Palestinian state existing side-byside with Israel. Bush sponsored dialogue between Prime
Ministers Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas, but continued his administrations boycott of Arafat. Bush also later
supported Sharons unilateral disengagement plan, and
lauded the democratic elections held in the Palestinian
President of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas, PresiNational Authority following Arafats death.
dent Bush, and former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Red
Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003.
North Korea
assumed the presidency. The administration had voiced
concerns that the court could conceivably over-rule the During President Bushs rst few months in oce, the
administrations focus was clearly on relations with North
authority of the United States judicial system.[20]
Korea and its nuclear eorts.
Although lauded by Republicans and conservatives,
global public opinion was distrustful of any United States
policy that reinforced its position as sole arbiter in world Bush doctrine
aairs. Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-Il of North
Korea and his Stalinist regime. Bush also undertook In 2002, during his State of the Union Address, Bush set
bold action by expressing U.S. support for the defense forth what has become known as the Bush Doctrine. Alof Taiwan following its stand-o in March 2001 with the though this doctrine was technically used for justifying
Peoples Republic of China over the crash of a Chinese air the invasion of Afghanistan, it was not clearly stated as a
force jet and the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003 matter of policy until this address. Simply put, because
04, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti of the new world Americans were now living in and
and Liberia to restore order and oversee a transition to the possibility of further massive terrorist attacks orchesdemocracy.
trated by organizations that existed in multiple places all
over the world, the United States could no longer think
of the world as being exclusively made up of sovereign
Israel
nations. Because of this, the United States would now
implement a policy of using preemptive military strikes
against any nation known to be harboring or aiding a terrorist organization hostile to the United States. President
Bush also outlined what he called the Axis of Evil, consisting of three nations that, he stated, posed the greatest
threat to world peace at the time. These were Iraq, North
Korea and Iran.
Afghanistan
President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney discuss the Israeli-Palestinian issue in the Oval Oce with: United
Nations Secretary General Ko Annan, Secretary of State Colin
Powell, Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig-Moeller, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Ivanov, European Union Commissioner for
External Relations Chris Patten and European Union High Representative Javier Solana.
President Bush advocated a hands-o approach to the

conict between Israel and the Palestinians in the wake of
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,

the Taliban had described Osama Bin Laden as their
guest and refused to place him in United States custody,
although Bin Laden may have been hiding out of the
reach of the Taliban, in the mountains of Afghanistan.
The U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan overthrew the Taliban from the capital Kabul, and from large areas of
Afghanistan, and a U.S.-approved government was installed. The majority of Al-Qaeda members, including
Osama Bin Laden, were not captured, however, and some
were still active in 2009. Bush has been criticized for
sending an insucient number of troops into Afghanistan
61
initially and thus failing to achieve all of the missions

objectives. The Bush administration was successful in
freezing Al-Qaeda funds and shutting down many of the
terrorist training camps. The U.S. captured many AlQaeda leaders and members in the months and years following invasion.
Ellen Mariani, widow of Louis Neil Mariani, killed in
the September 11 attacks, charged that Bush has not
been forthright and honest with regard to his administrations pre-knowledge of the potential of the 9/11
attacks.[21] Former White House chief counter-terrorism
advisor Richard A. Clarke criticized both the failure to
prevent the attacks of 9/11, and the response to them in President George W. Bush meets with Vice President Dick Cheney
both domestic and foreign policy, in his book Against All and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld outside the Oval OfEnemies.
ce shortly after authorizing operation Iraqi Freedom.
Iraq
Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001

[22]
In the days immediately following 9/11, the Bush Administration national security team actively debated an invasion of Iraq. A memo written by Sec. Rumsfeld dated
November 27, 2001 considers a US-Iraq war. One section of the memo questions How start?", listing multiple
possible justications for a US-Iraq War.[22][23]
Weapons of mass destruction The Bush administration began announcing in 2002 that ocials had evidence for the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq. The description of these devices
ranged from chemical weapons to nuclear warheads with
their associated delivery systems. The administration
supported this claim with intelligence documents as well
as aerial photographs. Saddam Hussein, the President of
Iraq, was described as being a threat to the world and to
his own people as long as he remained in power especially if his regime had access to WMDs. Saddam had
been supplied with conventional weapons and other assistance by the United States during the IranIraq War in
the 1980s, but since then, the political arena had altered,
especially due to an increasingly hardline stance taken by
Saddam in Iraq, and his arbitrary invasion of Kuwait in
1990.
from the British Prime Minister Tony Blair, had attempted to gain a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to remove Saddam from
power, this attempt to gain international approval for the
invasion was unsuccessful. Proponents of the use of force
pointed to current and previous violations by Iraq of resolutions and sanctions imposed by the United Nations
(UN) and the UN Security Council, as substantive enough
to justify military intervention. President Bush, however,
drew criticism for preemptively attacking a country that
had never attacked the United States or threatened to do
so, and for disregarding the opinion of the United Nations. He was criticized also, especially at home, for diverting attention away from capturing Osama Bin Laden.
When asked during a press conference in March 2002
about what he was doing to capture Bin Laden, the president remarked: You know, I just don't spend that much
time on him..[24]
On May 2, from the ight deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln, in front of a huge banner that read Mission Accomplished, Bush declared that major combat operations in Iraq have ended. This drew criticism for being
premature, since many Coalition forces were still ghting in Iraq. The banner, some said, was supposed to have
been removed before the speech, and the president had
not been involved.
Following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, the Iraq Survey Group (ISG), made up of 1,200 members of British
and American experts in the eld of concealed weapons
programs, was established. On October 3, 2003, it released its Interim report on Iraq, which stated that it had
found numerous WMD related materials but no actual
WMDs.
On November 27, 2003, the president made a surprise

visit to Iraq to share a Thanksgiving dinner with the solInvasion Main article: Invasion of Iraq
diers there in an eort to raise low morale. He spent two
The armed forces of the United States and several other hours eating with troops at Baghdad International Airport
countries invaded Iraq in 2003. The operation was known before returning to the U.S.. The visit was kept top secret
in the United States as Operation Iraqi Freedom. Al- and even the army personnel had no idea he was coming.
though the American government, with encouragement Some saw it as a patriotic gesture; others as a dangerous
62
political stunt. Accompanied by U.S. National Security
adviser Condoleezza Rice, the trip went without incident.
They're illegal. They're against the United Nations resolutions, and we've so far discovered
two. And we'll nd more weapons as time goes
on. But for those who say we haven't found
the banned manufacturing devices or banned
weapons, they're wrong, we found them.[25]
It is now known that the Bush administration had full

knowledge, from their team of independent experts on
May 27, 2003, that these labs were used for nothing more
than lling weather balloons with hydrogen.[26]
Some people felt that the President had had adequate reason to attack Iraq and that he truly believed there were
WMD development programs in place, given that allied
President George W. Bush talks with the press during a meeting intelligence agencies believed that they had grounds for
with congressional leaders in the Oval Oce. Friday, March 21, suspicion, and that numerous requests by UN inspectors
2003.
to visit facilities of interest in Iraq had consistently been
refused by Saddam. Bush, in their opinion, was acting in
A few weeks later, on December 13, Saddam Hussein, the best interest of the United States.
the deposed President of Iraq, was found and captured
by U.S. forces. Pictures of the now bearded former
leader, looking severely dazed, being poked and prodded
by medical examiners, circulated in newspapers and on
the Internet around the world. This was a boost to the 3.2.10 Intelligence reform
Bush presidency; most Americans were pleased that Saddam had been found and captured.
As part of the recommendations made by the 9/11 Commission, Congress planned to pass a major intelligence
reform bill in the summer of 2004. However, the bill
Doubts On January 23, 2004, the head of the Iraq Surwas slowed down by disagreements between the Republivey Group (ISG), David Kay, resigned his position, statcans in Congress. Armed Services Committee Chairman
ing that he believed WMDs would not be found in Iraq. I
Duncan Hunter from California opposed the bill because
don't think they existed, he commented. What everyhe thought it moved too much control over intelligence
one was talking about is stockpiles produced after the end
operations and budgets from the military to a new naof the last Gulf War and I don't think there was a largetional intelligence director. House Judiciary Committee
scale production program in the '90s. Kay criticized the
Chairman James Sensenbrenner of Wisconsin wanted the
intelligence that led to the war in testimony to the Senate
bill changed to stop states from issuing drivers licenses to
Armed Services Committee, saying: We were all wrong
illegal immigrants. The Bush administration, however,
and that is most disturbing. The former UN weapons
was keen to push for the bill as part of its war on terror
inspector Charles Duelfer was named by CIA director
initiative, but it was blocked in the House on 20 NovemGeorge Tenet as Kays successor. In May, Bushs apber 2004.[27]
proval rating had fallen to 46%. On September 30, the
ISG released the Duelfer Report, its nal report, conrm- On December 10, 2004, an agreement was nally reached
ing David Kays assertion that there were no WMDs in on the language of the bill and it was approved in the Senate by 89 votes to 2. The bill forced intelligence and law
Iraq.
enforcement agencies to share information, called for a
Some said that allegations of Iraqi development of
minimum federal standard for state drivers licenses and
WMDs were a lie to get access to Iraqs oil reserves and
for Homeland Security to set a standard for the identithat Bush had committed young Americans lives for cation needed to board a commercial aircraft. The bill
nancial gain. Many people saw a continuation of this
created a new federal counter-terrorism center and a new,
stance, even after the invasion, as illustrated by this May
controversial, United States Director of National Intel29, 2003 statement:
ligence, who was to be given strong budgetary control.
However, the complexity of the bills language was critiWe found the weapons of mass destruccized, with concerns that it might lead to confusion over
tion. We found biological laboratories. You
the directors exact powers. Bush, who passed the bill into
remember when Colin Powell stood up in front
law on December 17, was accused of pressuring Congress
of the world, and he said, Iraq has got laborainto passing the bill before the end of the year. Some contories, mobile labs to build biological weapons.
sidered it to be the largest legislation overhaul in 50 years.
63
forcement agencies across the country, Bush allowed the

Federal Assault Weapons Ban to quietly die on September 13; this did not substantially aect his approval rating,
however. In fact, it went virtually unnoticed. Polls were
very close to dead-even by the rst presidential debate on
September 30, 2004.
Presidential debates
During the three presidential debates, reactions to President Bushs performance were mixed. He was said to
have scowled during the rst debate several times, which
he later made light of. Most media sources agree that he
lost the rst two debates. But by the third, which media
sources saw as a tie, Bush had noticeably straightened up
and appeared as rm and condent as he had been during past performances. Highly speculative claims that the
President might have worn a wire or an earpiece of some
kind during the last debate were suggested, based on pictures of Bush, taken during the debate, which show an apparent bulge running down his back. No investigation
was ever conducted into these claims and most agree that
if the president had been coached through an electronic
Flying to the USS Abraham Lincoln, President George W. Bush device, his performances would probably have been betwalks across the tarmac to Navy One, an S-3B Viking jet, at
ter. Some technical problems surrounding this have been
Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, 1 May 2003.
pointed out as well.
3.2.11
2004 election
Campaign
Election day
See also: 2004 United States election voting controversies
Intense issues in the Middle East, such as the overall security situation in Iraq and the lack of WMDs found in that
country, fueled the re for the 2004 election. During his
campaign, Bushs platform changed little from that of the
2000 election, although he added several claims of success in ghting the war on terror and preventing another
9/11-style attack. Other presidential candidates criticized
Bush for his failures in the war on terror, the war in Iraq,
his policies on the environment, education, health care
and the economy, the decit in the Federal budget and
his near-unilateral approach to foreign policy. Bush portrayed his Democratic opponent John Kerry as soft and
said he would ip-op, or change opinions on issues for
political gain. Kerry portrayed Bush as stubborn, rigid
and unyielding in his views, although Republicans, seizing upon this, claimed that Bushs stubbornness was a positive asset for the country.
On the eve of Election Day, most polls showed President

Bush ahead by 2%. Many popular television, radio and
print media, however, predicted that John Kerry would
win the presidency. Exit polls showed Bush leading by
2 to 3%.[28] As polling centers closed and the remaining votes were being counted, it became clear that Bush
and Kerry were winning the same states that had been
won by their parties in 2000. Bush managed to win the
swing states of Florida (by 400,000 as opposed to the 537
margin of 2000) and Ohio (by 119,000). He won his reelection bid by 34 electoral votes, the end total being:
Bush286, Kerry251. The next afternoon John Kerry
conceded his candidacy. During a speech on that same
day, Bush outlined what he hoped to do in his second term
and stated that he interpreted the results of the election as
a mandate from the American people.
The campaign was bitterly fought and each candidate

made attacks on his opponent in some form or another
almost on a daily basis. The polls remained neck-andneck in the weeks before the election. The only time either candidate was signicantly ahead in the polls was
after their political parties conventions. After the 2004
Republican National Convention most polls showed an
eleven-point lead for President Bush, which kept dwindling as time went on. Despite outcries by law en-
The enthusiasm shown by the public in this election and

its campaign resulted in a record voter turnout and something of a resurgence in the common Americans interest in politics. It was often said that for Bush to have a
successful second term, he must bridge a growing divide
between Americans and win over his opponents supporters. However, with a majority in both houses of Congress
and the prospect of appointing three new Supreme Court
Justices, getting his policies passed swiftly did not seem
64
likely to require bi-partisan cooperation.
3.2.12 Time Magazine Person of the Year

On December 19, 2004, Time Magazine chose George
W Bush to be its annual Person of the Year. Time Magazine gives this award to the person or persons who most
aected the news and our lives, for good or for ill, and
embodied what was important about the year, for better
or for worse, and said they gave to it Bush for sticking
to his guns (literally and guratively), for reshaping the
rules of politics to t his 10-gallon-hat leadership style
and for persuading a majority of voters this time around
that he deserved to be in the White House for another four
years. They had made George W. Bush their Person of
the Year in 2000. His father, former President George H.
W. Bush, had received the title in 1990.
3.2.13
President George W. Bush addresses the press after meeting with

his national security team at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.
Further criticism was leveled at undelivered relief funds

for the 2003 Earthquake in Iran and also that foreign aid
money made up less than one quarter of one percent of the
United States budget. As further details of the devastation
Response to the 2004 Indian Ocean around the Indian Ocean were revealed, Bush stepped up
tsunami
U.S. aid to $35 million in response and sent his brother,
the Governor of Florida Jeb Bush and Secretary of State
Colin Powell to Asia to assess the damage. After Japan
announced that they were pledging US$500 million, the
largest amount of any country so far, and when the death
count had risen to estimates of around 150,000, Bush
again increased the United States aid package to $350
million, making it the second largest contribution. On
February 9, as relief eorts continued to be made, Bush
asked Congress for a total of $950 million.
President George W. Bush speaks with Sri Lankan President

Chandrika Kumaratunga during a phone call in Crawford,
Texas.
The president was beginning his post-Christmas vacation

at his Crawford, Texas ranch when he was informed of
a devastating tsunami that was unfolding in the Indian
Ocean. The rst estimates of casualties were 22,000 people killed, of whom, six were Americans. These gures
were to rise dramatically in the coming hours and days.
Bush said the earthquake was a terrible loss of life and
suering and a $15 million aid package was put together
to help the Asian countries suering from the devastation
caused by this tsunami. The U.S. and other Western nations were criticized, however, rst by the UN and then by
The New York Times, for not providing enough aid. They
claimed that the amount pledged by the United States was
half as much as Republicans were planning to spend on
inauguration festivities. The New York Times also criticized Bush for waiting three days to express his condolences to the countries hit by the disaster.
These nancial pledges did not include the costs associated with the use of United States military personnel in
the relief eort. By January 12, 2005, 15,000 troops
had been committed, 25 ships and nearly 100 aircraft,
whose role included the delivery of emergency supplies
and search and rescue.
Private relief funding was also substantial. On January 3,
2005, the president named his two immediate predecessors, Bill Clinton and father George H. W. Bush, to head
up a major campaign to gather private funding to assist
the tsunami victims. By January 11, only eight days later,
$360 million had already been raised and more was expected.
3.2.14 Major bills passed

Although many bills were passed during Bushs rst term,
there were several initiatives that he not only spearheaded
but which served to shape his general ideology. These
were:
USA Patriot Act - October 26, 2001
No Child Left Behind Act - December 13, 2001
3.2.15
References
Fred Barnes. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush

Is Redening the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)
L. Paul Bremer III, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to
Build a Future of Hope (2006)
George W. Bush. George W. Bush on God and
Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith,
Principle, and Patriotism (2004)
65
[6] Knight Ridder; Newsday (2005-03-22). As governor,

Bush signed right-to-die law. Seattle Times. Retrieved
2006-06-30.
[7] Babington, Charles; Allen, Mike (2005-03-21).
Congress Passes Schiavo Measure. The Washington
Post. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[8] Hutcheson, Ron; Ridder, Knight (2005-08-02). Bush
endorses 'intelligent design'". Boston Globe. Retrieved
2006-06-30.
[9] President Signs Medicare Legislation. The White
House. 2003-12-08. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
James Mann. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of [10] President Kalanz Announces New Vision for Space ExBushs War Cabinet (2004)
ploration Program. The White House. 2004-01-14. Re Bob Woodward. Plan of Attack (2003)
trieved 2006-06-30.
[11] Murray Whyte, The Toronto Star: Turning the Table, 4
Bruce Bartlett, Impostor: How George W. Bush

January 2009.
[12] Andrew C. Revkin. New York Times: "Ex-Press Aide for
Legacy (2006)
NASA Oers Defense", 10 February 2006
Hersh. Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to
Abu Ghraib (2004)
[13] Bushed out: A vacations vital message. Retrieved 30

July 2013.
Stefan Halper.
America Alone: The NeoConservatives and the Global Order (2004)
[14] Balz, John (August 12, 2001). Bushs earned vacation:

6 days. St. Petersburg Times.
Ron Suskind. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush,

the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill
(2004)
[15] Hillman, G. Robert (August 29, 2001). Bush vacation

winds down as he gears up for Mexicos Fox, Congress.
The Dallas Morning News.
George Packer. The Assassins Gate: America in

Iraq (2005)
James Risen. State of War: The Secret History of the
C.I.A. and the Bush Administration (2006)
Notes
[1] {{Cite book author= United States government title="Public Papers of the Presidents of
the United States url=http://books.google.com/
books?id=f_vhrnvPUqwC&pg=PA1423&lpg=
PA1423&dq=&source=bl&ots=-cSf-HH2lC&sig=
--vDoPgFs1kTMVdM6yxWgvVTCvI&hl=en&
sa=X&ei=NMtpU72uKszJsQTkmILQAw&ved=
0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
publisher=
State Department accessdate=2014-5-7}}
[2] Oce of the Press Secretary (2001-01-22).
Memorandum for Restoration of the Mexico City
Policy. The White House. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[3] Buckley, Thomas E. (2002-11-11). Church, State
and the Faith-Based Initiative. America, The National
Catholic Weekly. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[4] Brancaccio, David (2003-09-26). Faith-based Initiatives. God and Government (NOW, PBS). Retrieved
2006-06-30.
[5] Johnson, Kevin (2002-04-18). Federal judge backs Oregon suicide law. USAToday. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[16] Roger Simon. One year after 9/11: A Nation Changed.

U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
[17] Bill Sammon (2005-01-20). Bushs mark of leadership:
War, agenda set place in history. The Washington Times.
Retrieved 2007-01-26.
[18] President Bush Speech on Missile Defence. Federation
of American Scientists. 2001-05-01. Retrieved 2006-0630.
[19] Allen, Mike (June 8, 2001). Bush rehearses his pitch for
missile defense. The Washington Post. Archived from
the original on June 10, 2001.
[20] U.S. renounces world court treaty. BBC. 2002-05-06.
[21] Mariani v. Bush, Case number 03-5273, United States
District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
[22] http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/02/16/
building-momentum-for-regime-change-rumsfelds-secret-memos/
[23] http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2013/02/
newly-released-memos-of-donald-rumsfeld-prove-knowing-iraq-war.
html
[24] http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/
releases/2002/03/20020313-8.html
[25] White House
[26] Washington Post
[27] Washington Post
[28] CNN.com Election 2004. CNN.
66
3.2.16
See also
3.3.1 Stated goals
George W. Bushs second term as President of the

United States
George W. Bush main article
President of the United States of America
Bush v. Gore
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2004
3.3 George W. Bushs second term

as President of the United
States
President George W. Bush is sworn into his second term on January 20, 2005 by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, as First Lady
Laura Bush and their daughters Barbara and Jenna, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert
look on.
Bushs stated goals for his second term:

1. Major changes to the federal tax code
2. Limits on medical malpractice lawsuits (tort reform
and non-economic damages caps)
3. Reform of Social Security
4. Immigration Reform
5. Continuation of the War in Iraq
6. Continue to ght the War on Terror
7. Strengthen public education, particularly through
the continuation of the No Child Left Behind Act
8. Expand college aordability programs
3.3.2 Inauguration
President Bush delivers his 2007 State of the Union address

during his second term to a U.S. Congress controlled by the
Democrats. This also marked the rst time that a Democrat
sat in the Speakers chair during Bushs term, Nancy Pelosi of
California became the rst female Speaker of the House and introduced the President, as custom.
President Bush delivers his second Inaugural Address in front of
George W. Bush's second term as President of the Capitol Hill.

United States began at noon on January 20, 2005 and expired with the swearing-in of the 44th President Barack Some $40 million[1] was raised by private sponsors such
Obama at noon, on January 20, 2009.
as ExxonMobil, Chevron, Cinergy, Occidental Petroleum
3.3. GEORGE W. BUSHS SECOND TERM AS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

and the Nuclear Energy Institute.[2][3] The money was to
be spent on parties, parades, and other celebrations before and after the actual inauguration. Donors received
special tickets and seating at the events. While Bill Clinton's second inauguration in 1997 cost $42.7 million,
Bush drew some criticism for planning such an extravagant celebration.[4]
67
of Social Security. The plan called to give younger workers the option of redirecting some payroll taxes into their
own private account. Current retirees and those soon to
retire would see little change, but opponents of Social
Security reform contend that later retirees would receive
lower benets. Congress budget analysts estimated that
the programs trust funds would be depleted in 2052, and
something had to be done to save the program. Republicans even argued that the trust fund had already been
spent for other purposes with no plan to pay it back and
that Social Security would run out of funds by 2018.
Democrats, however, accused the President and other Republicans of creating a Social Security scare, and that the
program was not in as much danger as the Republicans
had claimed. The Social Security plan remained a priority for Bushs national agenda for several months but it
proved unpopular with the majority of the public[7] and
ultimately, since no reform bill was released by committees in the Republican controlled House and Senate, nothing came to pass.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the inaugural events as a National Special Security
Event (NSSE). The designation provided additional security measures and a higher number of security personnel.
Bush was surrounded by Secret Service ocers and police on all sides of the procession from the Capitol to the
White House and snipers were positioned on top of buildings. Due to the tight security measures the most signicant threat to materialize was a snowball thrown at Dick
Cheney's limousine. There were many protesters and at
least one re, however, but this did not threaten the safety
of the event in any signicant way. Bush remained in his
own limousine until he reached the last leg of the journey down Pennsylvania Avenue, where, as is traditional,
he got out of his car and walked the rest of the way. This State of the Union
was the most heavily secured inauguration in the history
of the United States.
3.3.3
First 100 days
George W. Bush, having won a majority of the vote in the

2004 election, began his second term with a self-declared
historic victory[5] and with "political capital".[6] He is
the sixteenth president to win a full second term. As in
his rst term, he began his second administration with a
majority of his party, the Republicans, in both the House
and Senate.
Social Security reform
President George W. Bush gives his fth State of the Union address after winning his re-election months before. Bush painted
an optimistic picture for his second term, focusing on energy independence and eventual victory for the War in Iraq.
On February 2, Bush delivered the rst State of the Union

Address of his second term. He discussed his plans for
partially privatizing Social Security, receiving jeers from
Democrats and applause from Republicans. He chastised Iran as the primary state sponsor of terror"[8] and
promised Iranian reformists the backing of the U.S., and
warned Syria to stop supporting terrorists as well. He encouraged Egypt and Saudi Arabia to do more to foster
democracy as part of the United States highest ideal in
the War on Terror: America will stand with the allies of
freedom to support democratic movements in the Middle
President George W. Bush talks with Colleen Rummel during East and beyond, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny
a conversation on Social Security at the James Lee Community in our world... Our aim is to build and preserve a commuCenter, Falls Church, Virginia.
nity of free and independent nations, with governments
that answer to their citizens, and reect their own culThe rst month of Bushs second term was largely spent tures. And because democracies respect their own people
in debate over one of his stated goals, partial privatization and their neighbors, the advance of freedom will lead to
68
peace.[8] A regular device of recent State of the Union

Addresses is to use special guests to illustrate points. This
address included an embrace between the parents of a
Marine killed in Iraq, and an Iraqi woman, Saa Taleb alSuhail, who took part in the recent Iraqi election, 11 years
after her own father was murdered by Saddam Hussein's
intelligence services.
Bush did have a legislative success in February when the
Congress passed and he signed the Class Action Fairness
Act of 2005. Similar bills had been stalled by libusters
in his rst term.
European visit
President George W. Bush throws out the ceremonial rst pitch

at the rst Washington Nationals baseball game. (2005)
Attending the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit, President George W. Bush meets with French President Jacques Chirac
in Brussels, Belgium.
sional Democrats and Republican George Voinovich

libustered the nomination, claiming the Bush administration was withholding important documents from
President Bush began his crucial European tour on Febru- Boltons service in the Department of Defense. On Auary 20 in hopes of repairing relations between Europe and gust 1 Bush appointed Bolton to the position during a conthe U.S. His ve-day trip began in Brussels and concluded gressional recess.
in Slovakia where he met with virtually every prominent politician on the continent: Jacques Chirac, Gerhard
Schrder, Viktor Yushchenko, Tony Blair, Silvio Berlus- Energy plan
coni, members of the European Council, North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) heads of states, and com- On April 15, Bush called for an energy plan to be develpleted with Vladimir Putin. After Brussels, President oped by Congress. After lengthy negotiations between
Bush stopped in Mainz, Germany, where he dined with the House and Senate, the Energy Policy Act of 2005
U.S. troops based near Wiesbaden. Bush ultimately ar- passed. Although it included large subsidies for the oil,
rived for the conclusive Slovakia Summit for a conver- coal, nuclear, and natural gas industries and weakened
sation with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Presi- many environmental protections, Bush touted the provident Bushs celebrated arrival to Slovakia marking the sions that maintained a wind tax credit and conservation
rst time a sitting President of the United States visited and eciency incentives. Despite pressure from Bush
Slovakia was greeted by Slovakian Prime Minister and [Alaska]'s senators, environmentalists were able to
Mikul Dzurinda and President Ivan Gaparovi.
keep drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge out
Bush continued to warm relations with critical allies fol- of the bill. Bush signed it into law on August 8.
lowing the trip, notably through meetings with new leaders Stephen Harper of Canada in March and Angela
3.3.4
Merkel of Germany in January.
Assassination attempt
During a visit to the Republic of Georgia on May

10, 2005 there was an attempt to assassinate Bush by
Vladimir Arutinian, whose live grenade failed to detoOn March 7 Bush nominated John Bolton as the United nate after hitting a girl and landing in the large crowd
States Ambassador to the United Nations. Congres- 19 meters from the podium where Bush was delivering a
Bolton nomination

speech.
3.3.5
2006 State of the Union Address
Main article: 2006 State of the Union Address

In Bushs 2006 State of the Union Address, delivered on
January 31, he declared, America is addicted to oil[9]
and announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase
alternative energy research. While keeping with many of
the same priorities and achievements he outlined in his
previous address, Bush touted elections in Egypt and the
Palestinian territories and praised reform in Saudi Arabia.
69
In a series of speeches, President Bush spoke more openly

about his the American interrogation program, touted
progress in the War on Terror, declared the Iraq War central to it, and shifted Bushs rhetoric from portraying the
Iraq War as the cornerstone of a transformational change
to democracy in the Middle East to the battleground in a
broader global conict with Islamic extremism comparable to the ght against Nazi fascism in World War II.
On September 11, 2006, the United States and relatives

of the victims commemorated the fth anniversary of the
terrorist attacks on American soil. President Bush visited
the sites of the attacks, laying a wreath with First Lady
Laura Bush at the eld near Shanksville, Pennsylvania in
which United Flight 93 crashed. Bush later that day delivered a prime-time speech from the Oval Oce, proBush pressed the Congress to focus on reforming Social
claiming the War on Terror the ideological struggle of
Security and Medicare. This address was seen as key as
the 21st century and the calling of our generation and a
to whether Bushs Republican Party would get head-start
struggle for civilization.[10] While conceding the miswith polls indicating their defeat later in the year.
conceived link between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda,
supported by the conclusion of a U.S. Senate report re[11]
3.3.6 Fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks leased on September 8, he said Husseins regime posed
a clear threat that justied a war that he said has made
the world safer.[10] Bush was resolute that changing direction in Iraq would be tantamount to giving in to terrorists
like Osama bin Laden whom he said sees the Iraq War as
"The Third World War".[10]
3.3.7 Mid-term elections

President Bush lent his views to a few controversies
that would potentially shape the mid-term elections, held
on November 7, 2006. On October 11 Bush called
Mark Foley's actions in the congressional page scandal
disgusting[12] and said the Republicans would retain control of Congress in the 2006 congressional elections despite the scandal.[13] On October 30, Senator John Kerry
said, You know, education - if you make the most of
it, you study hard and you do your homework and you
make an eort to be smart, you can do well. If you don't,
you get stuck in Iraq.[14] Bush countered, The senators
suggestion that the men and women of our military are
somehow uneducated is insulting and shameful. The men
and women who serve in our all-volunteer armed forces
are plenty smart and are serving because they are patriots - and Senator Kerry owes them an apology.[14] Kerry
initially refused to apologize, saying, The White Houses
attempt to distort my true statement is a remarkable testament to their abject failure in making America safe. Its a
stunning statement about their willingness to reduce any[14]
Kerry caved in to biPresident George W. Bush and Laura Bush stand in silence after thing in America to raw politics.
laying a wreath in the north reecting pool at Ground Zero, in partisan pressure and apologized the next day on Novemcommemoration of the fth anniversary of the terrorist attacks ber 1.
of September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center in New York
City.
Bush also went on the campaign trail, stressing that the

Republicans were strong on national security and would
Bush launched a public relations campaign prior to the keep taxes low, unlike the Democrats.
fth anniversary of the terrorist attacks on American soil. But Bushs tone changed accordingly when the Republi-
70
ing this country.[16] Bush highlighted bipartisan eorts

in the past: We had some pretty good success early on
in this administration. We got the No Child Left Behind
Act passed, which was an important part of bipartisan
legislation. We got some tax cuts passed with Democrat
votes, adding later that the prospects of immigration reform are improved under a Democratic-led Congress.[16]
He also said, I knew we were going to lose seats, I just
didn't know how many... I thought when it was all said
and done, the American people would understand the importance of taxes and the importance of security.[16] Regarding the Defense Secretary post, he said he made the
decision based on the consent from Rumsfeld, whom he
President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney meet said appreciated the value of bringing in a fresh perwith incoming Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV) spective during a critical period in this war [in Iraq]",
and incoming Senate Majority Whip Sen. Richard Durbin (D-IL) and Gates from speaking to them on election day, and
after the landslide defeat of Bushs party in the mid-term elec- that the change would have happened regardless of the
tions.
outcome of the elections.[16] While arming the United
States commitment to the mission in Iraq through statements to U.S. enemies, U.S. troops, and the Iraqi people,
he said he was looking forward to the suggestions of the
Iraq Study Group, of which Gates was a member at the
time, on U.S. policy in Iraq.[16]
3.3.8 Invoking the 25th Amendment
Incoming Speaker of the House Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and

incoming House Majority Leader Rep. Steny Hoyer (D-MD) meet
with President George W. Bush at the White House. Pelosi and
Bush promised to work together and nd a common ground to the
War in Iraq. Deputy Assistant Press Secretary Carlton Carroll
looks on.
cans lost the majority of state governorships and control

of both houses of the bicameral legislature, the House
of Representatives and the Senate, to the Democrats.
The next day on November 8, Defense Secretary Donald
Rumsfeld resigned. Rumsfeld, who had endured several calls for his resignation but had won what many
thought was an assurance of his job security as recently
as November 1 by Bushs voiced condence in his job
performance,[15] served until the conrmation of his successor, whom Bush nominated that day to be former CIA
Director Robert Gates. Bush spoke about these developments in a press conference. Regarding the elections, he
said, Look, this was a close election. If you look at race
by race, it was close. The cumulative eect, however,
was not too close. It was a thumping... I'm obviously disappointed with the outcome of the election, and as the
head of the Republican Party, I share a large part of the
responsibility. I told my partys leaders that it is now our
duty to put the elections behind us and work together with
the Democrats and independents on the great issues fac-
On July 21, 2007 Bush underwent a colonoscopy for

the second time. During the 2 hour operation the
25th Amendment was invoked making Dick Cheney
the Acting President for the second time within Bushs
presidency.[17]
3.3.9 Shoe-throwing incident

Main article: Muntadhar al-Zaidi
On December 14, 2008, as gesture of disdain and disrespect, journalist Muntadar al-Zaidi threw both his shoes
at President Bush while giving a press conference in Iraq.
President Bush dodged both. Afterwards Mr. Zaidi was
wrestled to the ground by security personnel and hauled
away.[18]
3.3.10 Domestic policy

Terri Schiavo case
In 2005, a national controversy arose over the fate of
Terri Schiavo, a woman diagnosed as being in an irreversible persistent vegetative state. Her husband was trying to get her feeding tube removed against the wishes of
Schiavos family through court action. After a state court
ordered the feeding tube removed, Congress passed the
Palm Sunday Compromise allowing the case to be moved
from state court into federal court. The Senate passed

the act late in the evening on March 20, 2005 (Palm Sunday), and the House passed it after midnight on March
21. Bush ew to Washington from his vacation in ranch
in Crawford, Texas to sign the bill half an hour after it
was passed at 1:11 am. However, Schiavos familys case
was unsuccessful, and her feeding tube was removed on
March 18, 2005. She died on March 31, 2005.
71
(FEMA) Director Michael Brown, with whom the Bush

administration feuded in Hurricane Katrinas aftermath,
resigned on September 12; on September 13, in a vague
answer to his critics, Bush said, "[T]o the extent that the
federal government didn't fully do its job right, I take
responsibility.[21]
Approaching the one-year anniversary of Hurricane KatAfter her death, Bush oered his sympathies to the family rina, on August 23, President Bush met with Rockey Vacand said:
carella, a St. Bernard Parish resident and Katrina survivor
who drove his FEMA trailer to the White House to thank
the president for providing mobile homes to victims.
Hurricane Katrina
Supreme Court and Federal Reserve appointments
New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen

Blanco, President Bush and Louisiana Senator David Vitter meet
September 2, 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
During a working vacation Bush left his ranch two days

early following criticism of a slow and inadequate response to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina in
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama in late August 2005.
On August 30, 2005, Bush received additional criticism
when photographed playing a guitar he was presented
with by country singer Mark Wills during a speech at Californias Naval Base Coronado. The administration also
faced mounting complaints about the ongoing occupation
of Iraq, which some saw as draining much needed manpower and resources needed in the United States during
disasters. Bush also faced criticism from scal conservatives and those who felt the disaster relief eorts came
too late when Bush signed into law a urry of legislation, including the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Meet Immediate Needs Arising From the
Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, Second Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations Act to Meet Immediate
Needs Arising From the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Flexibility for Displaced Workers Act, Katrina
Emergency Tax Relief Act of 2005, QI, TMA, and Abstinence Programs Extension and Hurricane Katrina Unemployment Relief Act of 2005, and the Gulf Opportunity
Zone Act of 2005. Some pundits observed that these recovery activities illustrated Bushs compassionate conservatism, giving opportunities to the needy through a public
works overhaul that included emergency aid and incentives to work. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Bush enjoyed successful nominations to the Supreme

Court and Federal Reserve toward the end of the rst
year in his second term. After Associate Justice Sandra
Day O'Connor's July 1 announcement of her retirement,
Bush nominated D.C. Circuit judge John Roberts to take
her seat. Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist died on
September 3, however, and on September 5 Bush withdrew Robertss associate justice nomination to instead
have him considered for the vacant chief justice seat, with
O'Connor agreeing to stay on the Supreme Court until the
conrmation of her replacement; the Senate conrmed
Robertss nomination with a 78-22 vote on September
29. On October 3 Bush nominated White House Counsel
Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor, but following controversy over her judicial and conservative credentials,
on October 27 Miers asked Bush to withdraw her nomination, which he did later that day. On October 31,
2005 Bush nominated Third Circuit judge Samuel Alito to replace O'Connor. Alito was conrmed on January 31, 2006 on a 58-42 vote. Bushs choice to replace
Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan, Ben Bernanke, however,
won relatively smooth conrmation. Following Bushs
October 24 nomination of Bernanke, the Senate Banking
Committee recommended Bernankes conrmation by a
13-1 voice vote on November 16. The full Senate conrmed Bernanke on January 31, 2006 by another voice
vote, and Bernanke was sworn in on February 1.
Immigration
In response to the massive immigration protests following bill H.R. 4437 and the subsequent intense debate
within and beyond Congress, Bush proposed sweeping
legislation that would include a guest worker program,
path to citizenship, and increased border security. Bush,
who has faced opposition from fellow Republicans on the
illegal immigration issue, announced on May 15, 2006
that he would dispatch the National Guard to the United
States-Mexico border as an immediate solution.[22] On
May 25 the Senate approved bill S. 2611 that would create comprehensive immigration reform consistent with
Bushs proposal. On October 26 Bush signed the Secure
72
he would resign upon his replacement, and Tony Snow
took on press secretary duties on May 8. Deputy Chief
of Sta Karl Rove moved his focus to the fall mid-term
elections on April 19 but retained his titles and oces.
Although those changes received the most attention, Dirk
Kempthorne replaced Gale Norton as Secretary of the Interior on May 26, Henry Paulson replaced John W. Snow
as Secretary of the Treasury on July 10, and Mary Peters replaced Norm Mineta, who resigned on July 7, as
Secretary of Transportation on September 30.
Marriage
President George W. Bush gives a television address to the American public outlining his comprehensive immigration reform in
response to growing concern of massive protests demanding legal status for millions of illegal immigrants.
Fence Act of 2006, authorizing the construction of a 700mile fence along the 1,951-mile United States-Mexico
border. In May and June 2007, Bush strongly advocated
Senate passage of another sweeping immigration reform
proposal, the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and
Immigration Reform Act of 2007. The bill was prepared
by a bipartisan group of senators with an active participation of the Bush administration. For this reason, the time
of its introduction in the Senate in May 2007 the bill was
seen as having a greater chance of becoming law compared with the previous immigration reform proposals.
A heated debate, both in Congress and among the public, followed. Most of the conservatives broke ranks with
Bush and vigorously opposed the bill, for its provisions
regarding legalization of illegal immigrants and providing them with a path to citizenship.[23] The bill was ultimately defeated in the Senate, when, on June 28, 2007,
a cloture motion to limit the debate failed, 46-53, and
did not gather even a simple majority, whereas 60 votes
were needed for the motion to pass.[24] In the absence of
legislative action, on August 10, 2007 the Bush administration announced a series of immigration enforcement
initiatives that do not require a change in law. [25]
White House shakeup

Main article: White House shakeup
To revitalize the administration with fresh ideas and
improve relations with the press, Bushs cabinet and
executive oce underwent what major media outlets and
Bush himself have called the White House shakeup.[26]
Joshua Bolten succeeded Andy Card as White House
Chief of Sta on April 14, 2006 following the latters resignation on March 28. Bush gave Bolten his condence
to make sta changes, and Bolten requested that anyone
considering resigning soon should do so now. On April 19
White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan announced
With Bushs backing, the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment was subjected to rigorous debate in
Congress. With a 49-48 short of the 60 required for a
cloture motion in the Senate, on June 7 the amendment
failed to pass.
Stem cell research
In July 2006 Bush used his rst Presidential veto on
the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act, which would
have expanded federal funding of embryonic stem cell
research. A similar bill was passed in the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate in the early summer of
2007 as part of Speaker Nancy Pelosis 100-Hour Plan.
However, Bush vetoed the second bill as well and the
votes in Congress were still not enough to override the
Presidents rejection of the legislation.
School violence
On October 10 Bush held a conference on school safety
in response to recent school shootings in Colorado,
Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania.
Economy
The economy had seen a fairly large growth in Bushs second term until a huge increase in the price of oil occurred
and the subprime mortgage crisis went into full swing. In
the fall of 2008, the economy suered its most serious
downturn since the Great Depression.[27][28]
Between 2001 and 2008 the Bush Administration called
for reforms to government-sponsored enterprises created
by the United States Congress (GSEs, Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac) some seventeen times as cited below.
2001 April: The Administrations FY02 budget declares
that the size of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is a potential problem, because nancial trouble of a large GSE
could cause strong repercussions in nancial markets, affecting Federally insured entities and economic activity.
(2002 Budget Analytic Perspectives, pg. 142)
73
2002 May: The Oce of Management and Budget

(OMB) calls for the disclosure and corporate governance
principles contained in the Presidents 10-point plan for
corporate responsibility to apply to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. (OMB Prompt Letter to OFHEO, 5/29/02)
Financial Times, 2/24/04)
September: Then-Treasury Secretary John Snow testies before the House Financial Services Committee to
recommend that Congress enact legislation to create a
new Federal agency to regulate and supervise the nancial
activities of our housing-related government sponsored
enterprises and set prudent and appropriate minimum
capital adequacy requirements.
June: Then-Treasury Deputy Secretary Samuel Bodman

spotlights the risk posed by the GSEs and calls for reform, saying We do not have a world-class system of
supervision of the housing government sponsored enterprises (GSEs), even though the importance of the housing nancial system that the GSEs serve demands the
best in supervision to ensure the long-term vitality of that
system. Therefore, the Administration has called for a
new, rst class, regulatory supervisor for the three housing GSEs: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal
Home Loan Banking System. (Samuel Bodman, House
Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Testimony, 6/16/04)
April: Rep. Frank ignores the warnings, accusing

the Administration of creating an articial issue. At a
speech to the Mortgage Bankers Association conference,
Rep. Frank said people tend to pay their mortgages. I
2003 February: The Oce of Federal Housing Enter- don't think we are in any remote danger here. This foprise Oversight (OFHEO) releases a report explaining cus on receivership, I think, is intended to create fears
that unexpected problems at a GSE could immediately that aren't there. (Frank: GSE Failure A Phony Issue,
spread into nancial sectors beyond the housing market. American Banker, 4/21/04)
September: Then-House Financial Services Committee Ranking Member Barney Frank (D-MA) strongly
disagrees with the Administrations assessment, saying
these two entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are
not facing any kind of nancial crisis The more people
exaggerate these problems, the more pressure there is on
these companies, the less we will see in terms of aordable housing. (Stephen Labaton, New Agency Proposed
To Oversee Freddie Mac And Fannie Mae, The New
York Times, 9/11/03) October: Senator Thomas Carper
(D-DE) refuses to acknowledge any necessity for GSE reforms, saying if it ain't broke, don't x it. (Sen. Carper,
Hearing of Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and
Urban Aairs, 10/16/03)
2005 April: Then-Secretary Snow repeats his call for

GSE reform, saying Events that have transpired since
I testied before this Committee in 2003 reinforce concerns over the systemic risks posed by the GSEs and further highlight the need for real GSE reform to ensure that
our housing nance system remains a strong and vibrant
source of funding for expanding homeownership opportunities in America Half-measures will only exacerbate the risks to our nancial system. (Secretary John W.
Snow, Testimony Before The U.S. House Financial Services Committee, 4/13/05) July: Then-Minority Leader
Harry Reid rejects legislation reforming GSEs, while I
favor improving oversight by our federal housing regulators to ensure safety and soundness, we cannot pass legislation that could limit Americans from owning homes and
potentially harm our economy in the process. (Dems
Rip New Fannie Mae Regulatory Measure, United Press
International, 7/28/05)
November: Then-Council of the Economic Advisers

(CEA) Chairman Greg Mankiw explains that any legislation to reform GSE regulation should empower the new
regulator with sucient strength and credibility to reduce systemic risk. To reduce the potential for systemic
instability, the regulator would have broad authority to
set both risk-based and minimum capital standards and
receivership powers necessary to wind down the aairs
of a troubled GSE. (N. Gregory Mankiw, Remarks At
The Conference Of State Bank Supervisors State Banking Summit And Leadership, 11/6/03)
NOTE: following dissatisfaction with Iraq War, and Bush
2004 February: The Presidents FY05 Budget again Administrations 2006 legislative defeats regarding Social Security Reform, the 2006 US midterm elections
highlights the risk posed by the explosive growth of the
GSEs and their low levels of required capital and calls held on Tuesday Nov 07, 2006, resulted in a sweepfor creation of a new, world-class regulator: The Ad- ing victory for Democratic Party which captured both
ministration has determined that the safety and sound- House of Representatives (233202 advantage, Speaker,
ness regulators of the housing GSEs lack sucient power Nancy Pelosi), and eective eight-seat loss in the Senate
and stature to meet their responsibilities, and therefore (51-49, Harry Reid Majority Leader, with independents
should be replaced with a new strengthened regulator. Bernie Sanders and Joe Lieberman, both caucused with
Democrats, plus eventually on Nov 9th, James Webb/VA,
(2005 Budget Analytic Perspectives, pg. 83)
and John Tester/MT following protracted vote recounts),
February: Then-CEA Chairman Mankiw cautions in addition to a majority of governorships (28-22) & state
Congress to not take [the nancial markets] strength for legislatures.
granted. Again, the call from the Administration was to
reduce this risk by ensuring that the housing GSEs are 2007 August: President Bush emphatically calls on
overseen by an eective regulator. (N. Gregory Mankiw, Congress to pass a reform package for Fannie Mae and
Op-Ed, Keeping Fannie And Freddies House In Order, Freddie Mac, saying rst things rst when it comes to
74
those two institutions. Congress needs to get them reformed, get them streamlined, get them focused, and
then I will consider other options. (President George W.
Bush, Press Conference, the White House, 8/9/07)
August: Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and
Urban Aairs Chairman Christopher Dodd ignores the
Presidents warnings and calls on him to immediately
reconsider his ill-advised position. (Eric Dash, Fannie
Maes Oer To Help Ease Credit Squeeze Is Rejected,
As Critics Complain Of Opportunism, The New York
Times, 8/11/07)
December: President Bush again warns Congress of the
need to pass legislation reforming GSEs, saying These
institutions provide liquidity in the mortgage market that
benets millions of homeowners, and it is vital they operate safely and operate soundly. So I've called on Congress
to pass legislation that strengthens independent regulation of the GSEs and ensures they focus on their important housing mission. The GSE reform bill passed by
the House earlier this year is a good start. But the Senate has not acted. And the United States Senate needs to
pass this legislation soon. (President George W. Bush,
Discusses Housing, the White House, 12/6/07)
2008
Main article: Great Recession
Mac to ensure they focus on their housing mission, and
allow state housing agencies to issue tax-free bonds to
renance sub-prime loans. (President George W. Bush,
Radio Address, 5/3/08) "[T]he government ought to be
helping credit worthy people stay in their homes. And one
way we can do that and Congress is making progress on
this is the reform of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. That
reform will come with a strong, independent regulator.
(President George W. Bush, Meeting With The Secretary
Of The Treasury, the White House, 5/19/08) Congress
needs to pass legislation to modernize the Federal Housing Administration, reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
to ensure they focus on their housing mission, and allow
State housing agencies to issue tax-free bonds to renance
subprime loans. (President George W. Bush, Radio Address, 5/31/08)
June: As foreclosure rates continued to rise in the rst
quarter, the President once again asks Congress to take
the necessary measures to address this challenge, saying
we need to pass legislation to reform Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac. (President George W. Bush, Remarks At
Swearing In Ceremony For Secretary Of Housing And
Urban Development, Washington, D.C., 6/6/08)
July: Congress heeds the Presidents call for action and
passes reform legislation for Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac as it becomes clear that the institutions are failing.
September: Democrats in Congress forget their previous objections to GSE reforms, as Senator Dodd questions why weren't we doing more, why did we wait almost a year before there were any signicant steps taken
to try to deal with this problem? I have a lot of
questions about where was the administration over the
last eight years. (Dawn Kopecki, Fannie Mae, Freddie 'House Of Cards Prompts Takeover, Bloomberg,
March: President Bush calls on Congress to take ac- 9/9/08) (Ref: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.
tion and move forward with reforms on Fannie Mae and gov/news/releases/2008/10/20081009-10.html).
Freddie Mac. They need to continue to modernize the
FHA, as well as allow State housing agencies to issue tax3.3.11 National security and presidential
free bonds to homeowners to renance their mortgages.
power controversies
(President George W. Bush, Remarks To The Economic
Club Of New York, New York, NY, 3/14/08)
Bushs presidency had been characterized by the unitary
April: President Bush urges Congress to pass the much executive theory, which is a vigorous defense of
needed legislation and modernize Fannie Mae and Fred- "executive privilege", evidenced in such acts as signing
die Mac. [There are] constructive things Congress can Executive Order 13233, which suspends the release of
do that will encourage the housing market to correct presidential papers, tight control of Congressional inquickly by helping people stay in their homes. (Presi- quiries into White House ocers such as in the 9/11
dent George W. Bush, Meeting With Cabinet, the White Commission's interviews with Condoleezza Rice, Bush
House, 4/14/08)
and Dick Cheney, and the generally high level of coordiMay: President Bush issues several pleas to Congress to nation between the White House, Congressional Repubpass legislation reforming Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac licans and Senate Republicans in both of Bushs terms.
before the situation deteriorates further. Americans are Many commentators have claimed that deference to execconcerned about making their mortgage payments and utive privilege was one of the principal considerations in
keeping their homes. Yet Congress has failed to pass Bushs administration, when he proposed his three nomlegislation I have repeatedly requested to modernize the inations for the Supreme Court, and appointed John R.
[29][30]
Federal Housing Administration that will help more fam- Bolton to the United Nations.
ilies stay in their homes, reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Policies of the Bush administration have been criticized
February: Assistant Treasury Secretary David Nason reiterates the urgency of reforms, saying A new regulatory structure for the housing GSEs is essential if these
entities are to continue to perform their public mission
successfully. (David Nason, Testimony On Reforming
GSE Regulation, Senate Committee On Banking, Housing And Urban Aairs, 2/7/08)
75
for subverting elements of the Constitution, violating

treaty obligations, and obstructing justice. The suspension of habeas corpus for U.S. citizens was reversed by
the Supreme Court in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507
(2004). Domestic spying has included undercover inltration of political organizations with no suspected terrorist aliations, telephone surveillance without a warrant, and the Carnivore program for internet surveillance.
The policy of holding enemy combatants in a legal status, outside of either due process of criminal prosecution or the Geneva conventions for prisoners of war, created a legal limbo without a process for adjudication or
appeal. The extraordinary rendition of an innocent citizen of Canada, to Syria, caused an international incident involving kidnapping, wrongful imprisonment and
torture.[31] The Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank,
stated in a white paper that President Bushs constitutional vision is, in short, sharply at odds with the text, history, and structure of our Constitution, which authorizes
a government of limited powers.[32]
of the U.S. Army Field Manual on Interrogation passed

through the Senate on a 90-9 vote. On December 15,
2005, President Bush announced that he would make
it clear to the world that this government does not torture and that we adhere to the international convention of
torture, whether it be here at home or abroad.[33] Bush
claried his interpretation of the legislation on December 30, 2005, in a signing statement, reserving what he
interpreted to be his presidential constitutional authority
in order to avoid further terrorist attacks.[34] The amendment, which critics said had no power to stop the U.S. military from torturing terrorist suspects, followed years of
reports of torture in overseas prisons, such as the abuse at
the Abu Ghraib prison. Relatedly, a report of CIA secret
prisons in a November 2, 2005 Washington Post article
generated further controversy.
CIA leak scandal
President Bush on September 6 acknowledged that the

United States connes terrorists to jail cells overseas
through a secret CIA interrogation program. Conceding the programs wide prior disclosure, Bush noted in a
televised interview with CBS Evening News anchor Katie
Couric, Everybody knows that, but I'm now formally
announcing it.[35] Bush denied that detainees are tortured but declared the interrogative techniques eective:
I cannot describe the specic methods used I think
you understand why... But I can say the procedures were
tough, and they were safe, and lawful and necessary...
Were it not for this program, our intelligence community
believes that al-Qaida and its allies would have succeeded
in launching another attack against the American homeland, he said, releasing declassied information about intelligence gained from captured terrorists.[36] The president announced the transfer of fourteen high-prole terrorist suspects, including the alleged mastermind of the
September 11 attacks and architects of the USS Cole
bombing and U.S. Embassy bombings, from secret prisons to the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp for trial.
Bush called on Congress to swiftly pass legislation legalizing the use of military commissions for trials of terrorist
suspects.
In mid-July, Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney's

chief political advisors, Karl Rove and Lewis Scooter
Libby respectively, came under re for revealing the identity of covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent
Valerie Plame to reporters in the CIA leak scandal. Libby
resigned on October 28, hours after his indictment by a
grand jury on multiple counts of perjury, false statements,
and obstruction in this case. In November Bush ordered
that his sta take mandatory briengs on ethical behavior
and handling of classied information.
Interrogation
President Bush meets with Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), sitting next
to him and Sen. John Warner (R-VA), then Chairman of the
Senate Armed Services Committee to discuss U.S. position on the
interrogation of prisoners.
On October 5, 2005, the Detainee Treatment Act of

2005, which sought to outlaw inhumane treatment of prisoners by restricting interrogation methods to the connes
In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld the Supreme Court rebued the

administration on the issue of detainee rights, ruling the
military commissions at the Guantnamo Bay detainment
camp illegal and pressuring the interrogation program to
reform.
On September 21, Bush bridged an impasse on negotiations for legislation on the treatment of terrorist suspects that was formed when Republican Senators John
Warner, the Chairman of the Senate Armed Services
Committee, decorated Vietnam War veteran John McCain, and Armed Services and Judiciary Committee
member Lindsey Graham broke with the party line with
Bushs plan announced on September 6; former Bush administration Secretary of State Colin Powell also voiced
his opposition to the program. In the agreement, Bush
made concessions on the harshness of the language but he
said it preserves the single most potent tool we have in
76
protecting America and foiling terrorist attacks.[37] On
September 28 and September 29 the Senate and House
respectively passed dierent versions of the Military
Commissions Act of 2006, which Bush signed into law
on October 17.[38] It creates military commissions to try
suspected terrorists and allow the president to determine
the legality of interrogation techniques so long as they do
not constitute clear abuse of the Geneva Conventions.
tions as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Pakistan, on February
22 threatened to veto any legislation that would block the
deal, saying, It would send a terrible signal to friends
and allies not to let this transaction go through.[43] On
February 23, Dubai Ports World volunteered to postpone
the takeover to convince Congress and the public that
the deal would pose no additional security threat to the
United States. The company said on March 3 that it would
transfer its operations of American ports to a "U.S. entity" after congressional leaders reportedly told Bush of
the improbability of Congresss approval of the deal.[44]
According to a report on June 19, however, Dubai Ports
World still owned and controlled operations at 22 U.S.
ports.[45]
According to the book Dark Side: The Inside Story of

How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American
Ideals by Jane Mayer, in 2007, Red Cross investigators
concluded in a secret report that the Central Intelligence
Agencys interrogation methods for high-level Al-Qaeda
prisoners constituted torture, which could make the Bush
administration ocials who approved them guilty of war
crimes.[39]
Domestic surveillance
Manfred Nowak, the special representative on torture at
the UN Commission on Human Rights stated in January Senator Arlen Specter, the former chairman of the Senate
2009 that Bush and Donald Rumsfeld should both be Judiciary Committee, has led challenges to the adminprosecuted for war crimes due to their approval of the istration over its stance on the NSA warrantless wireinterrogation methods used on prisoners at the USA mil- tapping program, and on August 17 U.S. District Court
Judge Anna Diggs Taylor ruled the program unconstituitary base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.[40]
tional in ACLU v. NSA; the federal government subsequently appealed the decision.
Cheney hunting incident
On February 11 Vice President Dick Cheney accidentally
shot his friend Harry Whittington in the face in a hunting
incident. Cheney did not speak about the incident until his interview with Fox News Channel's Brit Hume on
February 15. In Bushs rst public comments about the
incident on February 16, Bush said, I thought the vice
president handled the issue just ne. Yesterday when he
was here in the Oval Oce, I saw the deep concern he had
about a person who he wounded. I thought yesterdays explanation was a very strong and important explanation to
make to the American people.[41] Bush also stated that
Democrats who found the incident suggestive of a White
House penchant for secrecy drew the wrong conclusion
about a tragic accident.[41]
Port security
In February Dubai Ports World's purchase of Peninsular
and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), which
operated major U.S. port facilities in New York City,
New Jersey, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, and
Miami, grew imminent. Bipartisan opposition to the
takeover ensued, with Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist
and Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert questioning the
deal and Frist threatening to block it. The White House
said that Bush did not know of the transaction until it had
been approved by his administration[42] but Bush, who
has proposed the creation of a U.S.Middle East Free
Trade Area by 2013, implemented free trade agreements
with Jordan, Morocco, and Bahrain and signed one with
Oman, and built relations with such Middle Eastern na-
Signing statements
Specter and the American Bar Association have challenged Bushs practice of issuing signing statements.
United States attorneys
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
The administration has come under criticism for memoranda and Senate testimony revealing potentially politically motivated dismissals of United States Attorneys and
eorts to use of the expanded appointment powers of the
United States Attorney General (permitted by the USA
PATRIOT Act) to diminish Senate inuence in monitoring and conrming appointments to vacant U.S. Attorney
oces.
3.3.12 Foreign policy

Iraq War
Bush remained committed to the Iraq War, acknowledging on August 21 that it was straining the psyche of our
country and would be an issue in the fall congressional
elections, but said that the United States would remain in
Iraq throughout his presidency.[46]
In 2005, the Iraq War persisted during a year in which
Iraq underwent revolutionary democratic reforms. True
to a Bush campaign promise, on January 30 Iraq held its

rst general election since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, in
which the Iraqi people voted on representatives for the
Iraqi National Assembly. On December 15, Iraqis elected
the rst permanent assembly under the Constitution of
Iraq, which was ratied on October 15.
President Bush and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki shake

hands at the conclusion of a joint press availability session in the
East Room of the White House on July 26, 2006
But the direction and stability of Iraq remain contentious.

In August 2005, during what was termed a 'working vacation' at Bushs ranch outside Crawford, Texas, Cindy
Sheehan, mother of Casey Sheehan, an American casualty in Iraq, led a demonstration in opposition to the
Iraq War at the peace camp Camp Casey outside the
ranch, sparking assembly in the town by both supporters and detractors of the war. In Iraq, Ibrahim al-Jaafari,
elected the rst post-invasion Prime Minister of Iraq in
the December 2005 legislative election, faced calls for
his resignation from Sunni and Kurdish Iraqi leaders
and the Bush administration pressured al-Jaafari to step
down. On April 22, 2006, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani,
with the White Houses support, named Nouri al-Maliki
prime-minister delegate. Maliki presented his Cabinet
to Parliament on May 20; the seats of Interior Minister
and Defense Minister were not permanently lled until
June 8. Along with the death of Al Qaeda in Iraq leader
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi on June 7, Bush hailed Iraqs
national unity government. Although Maliki, who vowed
to crack down on militias upon stepping into oce, presented his national reconciliation plan on June 25, and despite the security crackdown in Baghdad begun on June
14 dubbed Operation Forward Together, United States
Central Command Commander John Abizaid, with the
backing of Joint Chiefs of Sta Chairman Peter Pace,
on August 3 told the Senate Armed Services Committee, Sectarian violence is probably as bad as I have seen
it.[47] On September 3 Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaak al-Rubaie announced the arrest of secondranking al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Hamid Juma Faris Jouri
al-Saeedi.[48] On September 6 Iraqi National Assembly
President Mahmoud al-Mashhadani said that the Iraq
must embrace national reconciliation within three to
fourth months lest the government fail.[49] On Septem-
77
ber 7, 8 days after General George Casey said on August 30 that he expected Iraqi forces to take over security
operations in 12 to 18 months with very little Coalition
support,[50] coalition forces handed over military command to the Iraqs naval and air forces and the 8th Iraqi
Army Division.[51] On September 19, as Iraqi lawmakers
demanded that the defense and interior ministries explain
their plans for controlling rampaging Shiite death squads,
General Abizaid announced the likelihood of the maintenance of or increase in U.S. troop levels in Iraq through
the spring of 2007 or as needed.[52] On September 2 Iraqi
politicians agreed to consider a federalism bill that would
allow some regional self-rule, as al-Maliki pled for peace
a day before the holy Muslim month of Ramadan would
began.[53] On September 26, Bush disputed the implications of and declassied parts of a leaked National Intelligence Estimate report that assessed, The Iraq conict
has become the 'cause clbre' for jihadists",[54] that appeared in media reports[55][56] on September 24; emphasizing the reports conclusion that the Iraq War is central
to the global jihadist movement[54] as reason to ght
the war, Bush challenged Democrats who interpreted the
report as saying the war has increased terrorism and decreased American safety. On September 27 a senior U.S.
military ocial said that Iraqi Shiite militias have cooperated with the Iranian Badr Organization in killing thousands of Sunni Arabs in the country.[57] On October 2,
Maliki announced a four-point plan to stem sectarian violence through the unity of Sunni and Shiite parties in
his government, as it extended Iraqs state of emergency
for a month and the country suered two massive kidnappings on consecutive days.[58] On October 11, Bush
rejected as uncredible[59] a report that Iraqi deaths have
totaled 655,000 from the war,[60] and United States Army
Chief of Sta General Peter Schoomaker said that the
U.S. military is planning to retain current troop levels
in Iraq through 2010.[61] Bush met with military commanders and Cabinet secretaries to discuss policy in Iraq
on October 21, a day after saying, The tactics are constantly changing.[62] On October 24, U.S. ocials said
that Iraqi leaders have agreed to develop a security and
political timetable by years end and General Casey said
that Iraq will take responsible for its security with U.S.
support within twelve to eighteen months.[63] On October
25, Bush said that he was not satised with the situation
in Iraq and The ultimate accountability rests with me. If
people are unhappy about it, look right to the president,
but absolutely we're winning the Iraq War.[64] On October 28, hours after a Maliki aide quote the Iraqi prime
minister as saying, I am not Americas man in Iraq,
Bush and Maliki said they were committed to the partnership and agreed in the goals of speeding up the training, Iraqi control, and national control of security of Iraqs
security forces.[65] On November 5, former President of
Iraq Saddam Hussein, who had been tried for murdering
143 Shiites from Dujail in retaliation for the failed assassination attempt against him of July 8, 1982, was sentenced
to death for crimes against humanity. Bush hailed the
78
conviction, saying, Saddam Husseins trial is a milestone
in the Iraqi people's eorts to replace the rule of a tyrant
with the rule of lawits a major achievement for Iraqs
young democracy and its constitutional government.[66]
A series of attacks in Sadr City on November 23 killed
at least 215 people and injured 257 others, making it the
deadliest attack in the Iraq Wars history.
Bush participated in a urry of activity on the war weeks
after the mid-term elections. U.S. Defense Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld resigned on November 8 in the immediate aftermath of the elections, to be replaced by Robert
Gates, whose term will begin on December 18. Gates has
said in his conrmation hearings that he will continue to
try to transform the U.S. military into a light, robust force
to deal with 21st-century changes and has been open to
signicant changes to U.S. strategy in Afghanistan and
Iraq. According to a report by The New York Times on
December 2, Rumsfeld wrote a classied dated November 6 that also said current U.S. strategy in Iraq is not
working and requires major adjustments. On November
29, thirty Parliament lawmakers and six Cabinet ministers loyal to Iraqi cleric Muqtada al-Sadr boycotted the
Iraq government to protest a planned meeting between
Bush and Maliki that day; Maliki called on an end to
the boycott on November 30. Bush and Maliki met in
Amman, Jordan for crisis talks but a three-way dinner
between the leaders and Jordans King Abdullah was cancelled, reportedly because of a November 8 memo by
National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley leaked by The
New York Times expressing doubts about Malikis ability
to rein in Iraqs militias and secure the country. Bush and
Maliki met with Abdullah separately, who was concerned
about Irans growing inuence in Iraq. During the meeting between Bush and Maliki on November 30, Maliki
said that Iraq would be able to assume command of its
security forces by June 2007, Bush agreed to speed up
the turnover of responsibility for security, and both leaders agreed that Iraq not be partitioned. Reports would
surface that the Iraq government is in talks to replace
Maliki and bring in a coalition against al-Sadr, but the
White House has denied a bid to oust the Iraqi PM. Bush
met with Abdel Aziz al-Hakim, leader of the Supreme
Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq. On December 5 Maliki, who had rejected UN Secretary General
Ko Annan's request for a peace conference on Iraq because it would have been held outside the country, said
Iraq would hold a regional conference with its neighbors,
a development the White House welcomed. On December 6, the Iraq Study Group released its Report, which
called for conditional phased withdrawal of U.S. troops,
a conditional American transition from a leading to a supporting role, and for talks with Iraqi neighbors Iran, with
which Iraq signed a security agreement on November 29,
and Syria; Talibani decried the report on December 10.
Bush met with Iraqi Vice President Tariq al-Hashemi,
who asked for a timetable for withdrawal of U.S. troops
from Iraq, on December 12. Bush, who has acknowledged the grave situation in Iraq, said on December 13
that he would not rush to make a decision for a new way
forward there.
A CNN report noted that the U.S. led interim government, the Coalition Provisional Authority lasting until
2004 in Iraq had lost $8,800,000,000 in the Development
Fund for Iraq. An inspector generals report mentioned
that "'Severe ineciencies and poor management' by the
Coalition Provisional Authority would leave no guarantee
that the money was properly used, Stuart W. Bowen Jr.,
director of the Oce of the Special Inspector General for
Iraq Reconstruction, said.[67]
War in Afghanistan
President Bush and Afghani President Hamid Karzai at a joint

news conference at the Presidential Palace in Kabul on March 1,
2006
Bush also continued to stress the priority of the

Afghanistan War, on September 29 declaring, As
Afghans have braved the terrorists and claimed their freedom, we've helped them, and we will continue to help
them. Its in our interests that we help this young democracy survive and grow strong.[68] Nevertheless, the
February arrest of Abdul Rahman, a convert from Islam
to Christianity, oered a sobering look at Afghanistan's
stunted social and democratic reforms. Although the
Afghan court, under international pressure, notably including that from the Bush administration, turned over
the case to prosecutors on March 26 and released Rahman on March 27, the arrest exhibited a lingering conict between the Constitution of Afghanistan's recognition of freedom of religion, albeit limited, and its inclusion of the Hana school of Islamic jurisprudence, which
stipulates the death penalty for apostasy. In response
to the ongoing Taliban insurgency, the U.S.-led coalition launched Operation Mountain Thrust from about
May 15 to July 31. With North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces assuming control of the region
on August 1, violence continued to wage and American forces remained in the eastern provinces. Bush said
that the Taliban, whose refusal to cooperate against al-

Qaeda he said led to Operation Enduring Freedom, understand that the arrival of Afghan and coalition forces
in the region means that the government is beginning
to win the hearts of the people, and saw the transfer
of the region from the United States to NATO control
as a window of opportunity.[68] NATO-led forces began Operation Medusa on September 2 to route out insurgents in the Panjwaye and Zhari districts;[69] the offensive nished on September 17. On September 8 a
car bomb in the capital of Kabul killed sixteen people, the highest death toll from a suicide attack since
the fall of the Taliban in 2001.[70] On September 10
Provincial Governor Hakim Taniwal of Paktia was assassinated by a suicide bomber on the same day that
NATO said it made its biggest oensive against the Taliban, killing nearly 100 insurgents.[71] Operation Mountain Fury was launched on September 16 to route out
insurgents in Afghanistans eastern provinces. Yet amid
what international news reports,[72][73][74] partisan[75][76]
and nonpartisan[77] think tanks, the U.S. military,[78] and
the Afghan government[79] have called a Taliban resurgence, Bush said that the Afghan National Police have
faced problems with corruption and substandard leadership, but as the police become more capable, and better
led, and more disciplined, they will gain legitimacy and
they will earn the respect of the Afghan people.[68] Underscoring the delicate security situation in Afghanistan,
British General David Richards, who commands NATOs
International Security Assistance Force, said on October
8, By this time next year I would understand if a lot of
Afghans, down in the south in particular, said to us all,
'Listen, you're failing year after year at delivering the improvements which you have promised to us. And if you
don't do something about it,' that 70 percent or so will
start saying, 'Come on, we'd rather have the Taliban,'"
adding, We're at a tipping point and next year could
be much better.[80]
79
31 deadline for Iran to abandon its nuclear program or

risk facing economic and political sanctions, inaugurated
a heavy-water nuclear reactor. On August 31, the UN
declared that Iran had not complied with the deadline,
while Iran reiterated its interest in reopening talks. On
December 23, the Security Council unanimously passed
Resolution 1737 imposing sanctions on Iran for its nuclear program. In response, Iran said hours later that it
would install 3,000 centrifuges in a uranium enrichment
plant for what it continues to insist is civilian purposes.
North Korea
North Korea launched missile tests on July 5, leading to

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695. The
country said on October 3, The U.S. extreme threat of a
nuclear war and sanctions and pressure compel the DPRK
to conduct a nuclear test", which the Bush administration
has denied and denounced.[83] Following North Koreas
claimed nuclear test on October 9 (it was conrmed by
the Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte's
oce on October 16),[84] Bush said, The United States
condemns this provocative act. Once again North Korea
has deed the will of the international community, and
the international community will respond.[85] Indeed,
other Security Council members and neighbors of North
Korea were quick to release statements of their own.[86]
On October 11, Bush said that the United States will seek
to severely punish but not attack North Korea, shortly after Kim Jong-il said he would consider any further provocation by the U.S. an act of war.[59] On October 14, the
Security Council voted unanimously to sanction North
Korea for the claimed test; North Korea immediately rejected the UN resolution.[87] On October 31 North Korea
agreed to join six-party talks; of the diplomatic breakthrough Bush said, I am pleased and I want to thank the
Chinese.[88] On October 10, 2008, Bush dropped North
Afghani-Pakistani relations are critically important to the Korea from the U.Ss ocial list of state sponsors of terWar in Afghanistan. On September 22, Bush held a joint rorism because he felt that North Korea was complying
conference with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf with verication of its nuclear weapons checks.[89]
in which the presidents hailed their alliance in the War
on Terror but sidestepped Musharrafs claim made on
September 21 that the U.S. threatened to bomb Pakistan Israeli-Palestinian conict
back to the Stone Age" if the country did not aide the
U.S. in the global conict.[81] On September 24, Afghan Hamas's refusal to comply with the demand of the U.S.,
President Hamid Karzai said that if the money spent on Israel, and the European Union to disarm, recognize Isthe Iraq War went to Afghanistan, his country would rael, and denounce terror following the groups winning
be in heaven in less than one year.[82] The presiden- a majority of seats in the January Palestinian legislative
tial neighbors comments came ahead of a September 26 election and the return to violence between it and Israel
three-way talk between the heads of state.
months later inamed the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conict and detracted from the road map for peace, which
was rst proposed by Bush. Yet the Bush administration
Iran
still considers Palestinian National Authority President
Mahmoud Abbas a peace partner. In a September 20
Iran has drawn international attention through what has meeting with the Palestinian leader, Bush called Abbas,
been called the Iranian nuclear crisis, announcing on who was unsuccessfully trying to form a coalition govApril 11, 2006 that it had enriched uranium and on Au- ernment with Hamas that met the Quartets demands for
gust 26, ve days before the Security Councils August peace and recognition of Israel, a man of peace.[90]
80
and France.
Global literacy
Bush on September 18, 2006 spoke at the White House
Conference on Literacy, hosted in New York by First
Lady Laura Bush, at which he said, The simple act of
teaching a child to read or an adult to read has the capacity to transform nations and yield the peace we all want.
You can't realize the blessings of liberty if you can't read
a ballot.[91]
President George W. Bush meets with President Mahmoud Abbas

of the Palestinian Authority advocating a two-state solution to
bring peace between Israel and the Palestinians
UN speech
Israel-Lebanon conict
President George W. Bush addresses the United Nations General

Assembly in New York City in 2006, declaring that the West is
not at war with Islam but aspires to build successful democracies
in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and that Iran must end its nuclear
ambitions
President George W. Bush addresses reporters on the South Lawn
of the White House Sunday, July 30, 2006
In a speech before the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, 2006, Bush, while challenging the
Middle East to push for reform and choose freedom over
extremism, sought to reassure Muslims that the West is
not at war with Islam but respect[s]"[92] the religion and
wants peace, and Iraqis of the American commitment to
their security. He also pressed the Iranian government
to end its nuclear program, addressing his concerns also
to the Iranian people. Explaining that a peaceful and
liberated Middle East not only builds Western security
but also passes onto the regions people the blessings of
liberty, Bush said that democratic transformations take
time, the extent to which he admitted a miscalculation,
saying the stability we thought we saw in the Middle
East was a mirage.[92] The speech came at a time of
criticism of the United States and was greeted with both
receptive and politically charged reactions, notably by
Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez's speech on September 20 in which he called Bush the devil.[93] \
The warfare between Israel and Lebanon disturbed the attention on the Iranian nuclear crisis. President Bush supported the Israelis on the basis that Hezbollah, which the
U.S. considers a terrorist organization, started the ght
and Israel had the right to defend itself and live in peace.
To this end, Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza
Rice resisted UN and international eorts to reach an immediate ceasere, desiring a sustaining resolution to the
conict and not a return to the status quo. Bush and Rice
demanded an international peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon as a precondition to the end of the ghting, and repeated that Iran and Syria must stop funding or
otherwise sponsoring Hezbollah. This strong stance created a rift among Arab leaders, especially Jordan, Saudi
Arabia and Egypt due to domestic pressure to support
Hezbollah. The issue also created a breakage between
some European allies, especially France, although United
Nations Security Council Resolution 1701, unanimously
approved on August 11 to end the ghting and approved
respectively by the Lebanese and Israeli governments on 3.3.13 See also
August 12 and August 13 with Hezbollahs support, was
White House shakeup (2004)
based on a draft initially proposed by the United States
3.3.14
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[3] Drinkard, Jim (2005-01-17). Donors get good seats,
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[4] Curl, Joseph (2005-01-20). Inaugural price tag in line
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[5] Oce of the Press Secretary (2004-11-03). President
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[7] Langer, Gary (2005-03-14). Poll: Bushs Social Security
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[8] PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH'S ADDRESS BEFORE A JOINT SESSION OF THE CONGRESS ON
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[23] Talk radio helped sink immigration reform, Politico.com
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Hill.com June 28, 2007 article
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[27] Thomas Payne, The Great Recession: What Happened
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secret history of Americas extraordinary rendition program.. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
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[33] McCain, Bush agree on torture ban. CNN. 2005-12-15.
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11detain.html
[40] Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative. Deutsche Welle (German Public Radio - World Service). 2009-01-21.
[41] Associated Press (2006-02-16). Bush says Cheney handled accident 'just ne'". MSNBC. Retrieved 2006-1001.
[57] Moore, Solomon (2006-09-28). Killings by Shiite Militias Detailed. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 200610-01.
[58] Associated Press (2006-10-02). Iraqi prime minister announces unity plan. MSNBC. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
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[42] MSNBC sta and news service reports (2006-02-22).

Documents show conditions for Dubai deal. MSNBC.
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dead in attacks across Baghdad. CNN. Retrieved 200610-13.
[43] Bush threatens veto in ports row. BBC News. 2006-0222. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
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[44] SALE OF P&O PORTS NORTH AMERICA (PDF).

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[48] Oppel, Jr., Richard A. (2006-09-04). Iraqi Ocial Reports Capture of Top Insurgent Leader Linked to Shrine
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[49] Parliament speaker: Iraq has months to avoid collapse.
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Months. Fox News Channel, Associated Press. 200610-24. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
[64] Hunt, Terence, Associated Press (2006-10-26). Bush
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[65] Associated Press (2006-10-28). Bush rearms support
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[66] Oce of the Press Secretary (2006-11-05). Presidents
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[67] |Audit: U.S. lost track of $9 billion in Iraq funds|Monday,
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Reuters. 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-10-01.

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2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
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[72] Rashid, Ahmed (2006-06-02). Afghanistan: Talebans

second coming. BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
[73] Dhal Samanta, Prenab (2006-09-11). Taliban resurgence, Paks Waziristan pact cause deep concern in
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[55] Mark Mazzetti (2006-09-24). Spy Agencies Say Iraq

War Worsens Terrorism Threat. The New York Times.
[74] Associated Press (2006-09-13). NATO: 50 Killed

Across Afghanistan in Violence on Wednesday. Fox
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[56] DeYoung, Karen (2006-09-24). Spy Agencies Say Iraq

War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight. The Washington Post.
[75] Phillips, James (2005-09-16). Afghanistans Elections

and the Resurgent Taliban. The Heritage Foundation.
3.4. DOMESTIC POLICY OF THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION
[76] Escalating Violence in Afghanistan. Center for American Progress. 2006-09-20. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
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[78] The Taliban Resurgent. The Economist. 2006-06-08.
83

CNN Special Report on Bushs Second Term
3.4 Domestic policy of the George

W. Bush administration
[79] McGeough, Paul (2005-09-22). U.S., Afghanistan

squabble over resurgent Taliban. The Sydney Morning
Herald. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
[80] NATO chief warns Afghans may switch allegiance to
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[81] CBS News/Associated Press (2006-09-22). Bush 'Taken
Aback' By Musharraf Claim. CBS News. Retrieved
2006-10-01.
[82] MSNBC and NBC News (2006-09-24). Karzai says U.S.
underfunding Afghanistan. MSNBC. Retrieved 200610-01.
[83] North Korea pledges to test nuclear bomb. CNN. 200610-04. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
[84] NBC News and lnews services (2006-10-16). U.S. conrms N. Korean blast was radioactive. MSNBC. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
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[86] MSNBC, Associated Press, Reuters (2006-10-09). Bush
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[87] Associated Press (2006-10-14). Security Council Unanimously Approves Sanctions on N. Korea. Fox News
Channel. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
President George W. Bush signs into law S.2590, the Federal

Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 in the
Dwight D. Eisenhower Executive Oce Building. Looking on are
Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME), Chairwoman of the Senate Homeland Security Committee, and from left: Rep. Roy Blunt (R-MO),
Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), Sen. Tom Carper (D-DE), Rep. Jeb
Hensarling (R-TX), and Rep. Henry Waxman (D-CA).
This article discusses the domestic policy of the George

W. Bush Administration, from January 20, 2001 to
January 20, 2009, when the Administration ended.
3.4.1 Domestic security
[88] Hutzler, Charles, Associated Press (2006-10-31). North

Korea agrees to nuclear talks. The Houston Chronicle.
Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Bush

Administration proposed and Congress approved, a series of laws stated to be necessary in prosecuting the "War
[89] Kessler, Glenn (2008-10-11). U.S. Drops North Korea on Terror. These included a wide variety of surveillance
From Terrorism List. The Washington Post. Retrieved programs, some of which came under heavy re from
civil liberties interest groups that criticized the new regu2008-11-16.
lations for infringing upon certain civil liberties. The ad[90] Oce of the Press Secretary (2006-09-20). President ministration has also been criticized for refusing to back
Bush Meets with President Abbas of the Palestinian Au- various security measures relating to port security in 2003
thority. The White House. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
and 2004 and vetoing all US$39 million for the 2002
[91] Oce of the Press Secretary (2006-09-18). President Container Security Initiative.
and Mrs. Bush Attend White House Conference on
Global Literacy. The White House. Retrieved 2006-1001.
3.4.2 Diversity and civil rights
[92] Transcript of Bushs U.N. speech. CNN. 2006-09-19.

Faith-based initiatives
[93] CBS News/Associated Press (2006-09-20). Chavez

Calls Bush 'The Devil'". CBS News. Retrieved 2006-1001.
In early 2001, President Bush worked with Republicans in

Congress to pass legislation changing the way the federal
government regulated, taxed and funded charities and
84
President George W. Bush meets with his cabinet after his reelection.
that the Bush White House wanted to avoid bad publicity without alienating evangelical conservative Christian
voters. Thus, he did not repeal President Clintons Executive Order banning discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation in the federal civilian government, but its critics felt it was being ignored.[5] He did not attempt to repeal Don't ask, don't tell, nor make an eort to change it.
He threatened to veto the Matthew Shepard Act, which
would have included sexual orientation in hate crimes.
President George W. Bush meets with Prime Minister Abdullah
Ahmad Badawi of Malaysia during Bushs visit to New York City
for the United Nations General Assembly.
non-prot initiatives run by religious organizations. Although prior to the legislation it was possible for these
organizations to receive federal assistance, the new legislation removed reporting requirements, which required
the organizations to separate their charitable functions
from their religious functions. Bush also created the
White House Oce of Faith Based and Community Initiatives.[1] Days into his rst term, Bush announced his
commitment to channeling more federal aid to faithbased service organizations. Bush created the Oce of
Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to assist faithbased service organizations. Critics claimed that this was
an infringement of the separation of church and state.[2][3]
LGBT issues
While President Bush had always been on record as

opposing the legal recognition of same-sex marriages,
the 2004 Republican campaign strategy was to focus on
value issues such as a Federal Marriage Amendment,
that would prohibit same-sex couples from obtaining any
legal recognition. President Bush endorsed this proposed
amendment, but late in the campaign told ABC News and
Larry King that he did not have a problem with state legislators enacting some type of civil unions legislation, although critics charged that the constitutional amendment
he endorsed did not permit recognition of such unions.
Bush still expressed support for the Federal Marriage
Amendment in his February 2, 2005 State of the Union
address and during the 2006 midterm election, but given
that it did not even receive majority support in the Senate,
has ignored this issue in his most recent public statements
and speeches.
Bush was the rst Republican president to appoint an
openly gay man to serve in his administration, Scott Evertz as director of the Oce of National AIDS Policy.[6]
In addition, during Bushs rst term, his nominee as ambassador to Romania, Michael E. Guest, became the rst
openly gay man to be conrmed by the Senate as a U.S.
ambassador. The rst openly gay ambassador, James
Hormel, received a recess appointment from Bill Clinton
after the Senate failed to conrm the nomination.
As Governor of Texas, Bush had opposed eorts to repeal the criminal prohibition on homosexual conduct,
the same law that the United States Supreme Court overturned in 2003. (Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558
(2003)). During the 2000 campaign he did not endorse a
single piece of gay rights legislation, although he did meet
Racial diversity
with an approved group of Log Cabin Republicans, a rst
for a Republican presidential candidate.[4]
According to a CNN exit poll, Bushs support from
In his rst four years of oce, his views on gay rights African-Americans increased during his presidency from
were often dicult to ascertain, but many experts feel 9% of the black vote in 2000 to 11% in 2004.[7] An in-
85
crease in Ohio (from 9% to 16%,[7] each about 5%)

may have helped give the victory to Bush over Kerry.
ducing pollution.
Bush generally was opposed to
biology especially the science of human reproduction and
Although Bush expressed appreciation for the Supreme reproductive health; and science with global warming.
Court's ruling upholding the selection of college appli- Bush supported "Teach the Controversy". Bushs posicants for purposes of diversity, his Administration led tions were not always shared by his party.
briefs against it. Bush has said he opposes government
sanctioned and enforced quotas and racial preferences, Stem cell research
but that the private and public sector should be encouraged to reach out to accomplished minorities to increase President Bush supported adult stem cell research and
employment diversity.
umbilical cord blood stem cell research. However, Bush
In August 2005, a report by the United States Commission on Civil Rights states that the government fails to
seriously consider race-neutral alternatives as the Constitution requires.[8] Chairman Gerald A. Reynolds explained, Federal agencies do not independently evaluate,
conduct research, collect data, or periodically review programs to determine whether race-neutral strategies will
provide an adequate alternative to race-conscious programs. Civil rights groups have expressed concern that
this report is an attack on armative action inconsistent
with Grutter v. Bollinger.
In his rst term, Bush appointed Colin Powell as
Secretary of State. Powell was the rst African-American
man to serve in that position, and was succeeded
by Condoleezza Rice: Rice became the rst AfricanAmerican woman to hold the post. In 2005, he appointed
Alberto Gonzales as the United States Attorney General,
the rst Hispanic to hold that position.
opposed any new embryonic stem cell research, and had

limited the federal funding of existing research. Federal funding for embryonic stem cell research was rst
approved under President Clinton on January 19, 1999,
but no money was to be spent until the guidelines were
published. The guidelines were released under Clinton
on August 23, 2000. They allowed use of unused frozen
embryos. On August 9, 2001, before any funding was
granted under these guidelines, Bush announced modications to the guidelines to allow use of only existing
stem cell lines.[15] While Bush claimed that more than 60
embryonic stem cell lines already existed from privately
funded research, scientists in 2003 said there were only
11 usable lines, and in 2005 that all lines approved for
Federal funding are contaminated and unusable.[16] Adult
stem cell funding was not restricted and was supported by
President Bush as a more viable means of research.
Bush met with the National Urban League, the nations Space exploration
oldest civil rights organization during his term of oce
as well.
Genetic Non-Discrimination
President George W. Bush signed into law the Genetic
Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).[9] [10] The
bill protects Americans against discrimination based on
their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment. The issue had been debated for
13 years before becoming law. It is designed to protect
citizens while not hindering genetic research.
3.4.3
Science
On December 19, 2002, Bush signed into law H. R.

4664, far-reaching legislation to put the National Science Foundation (NSF) on a track to double its budget over ve years and to create new mathematics
and science education initiatives at both the pre-college
and undergraduate level.[11] In the rst three years of
those ve, the R&D budget has increased by fourteen percent.[12][13] Bush has long been dogged by criticism that his administration ignores or suppresses scientic advice.[14] Bush showed support for oceanography
and space exploration; and supported sciences on re-
President George W. Bush waves as he prepares to depart the

White House aboard Marine One from the South Lawn en route
to Andrews Air Force Base for his trip to Michigan.
On January 14, 2004, Bush announced a Vision for

Space Exploration,[17] calling for the completion of the
International Space Station by 2010 and the retirement of
the space shuttle while developing a new spacecraft called
the Crew Exploration Vehicle under the title Project Constellation. The CEV would be used to return American
astronauts to the Moon by 2018, with the objective of
establishing a permanent lunar base, and eventually sending future manned missions to Mars.[18] To this end, the
plan proposes that NASA's budget increase by ve per-
86
cent every year until it is capped at US$18 billion in
2008, with only inationary increases thereafter.[19] The
planned retirement of the Space Shuttle eet in 2010 after the ISS is completed is also expected to free up US$5
billion to US$6 billion a year. The US$16.2 billion budget for 2005 proposed by NASA met with resistance from
House and Senate spending committees, and the initiative
was little-mentioned during the presidential campaign.[20]
Nonetheless, the budget was approved with only minor
changes shortly after the November elections.
ing key provisions of his Healthy Forests Initiative. Another subject of controversy is Bushs Clear Skies Initiative, which seeks to reduce air pollution through expansion of emissions trading.
Bush signed the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002 authorizing the federal government to begin cleaning up
pollution and contaminated sediment in the Great Lakes,
as well as the Brownelds Legislation in 2002, accelerating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites, or
brownelds, to better protect public health, create jobs,
Supporters believe that this plan will be an important part and revitalize communities.
of what Bush set in place while in oce. However, the Bush stated his reason for not supporting the Kyoto Protopolicy has been criticized on two fronts. Firstly, critics col was that it unfairly targeted the United States while behave opined that the United States should deal with solving deliberately lenient with certain developing countries,
ing domestic issues before concentrating on space explo- especially China and India. Bush stated, The worlds
ration. Secondly, of the funding over the next ve years second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases is China. Yet,
that Bush has proposed, only US$1 billion will be in new China was entirely exempted from the requirements of
appropriations while the remaining US$11 billion will be the Kyoto Protocol.
reallocated from NASA's other programs, and therefore
inadequate to fully realize this vision. Most of the spend- Bush also questioned the science behind the global warming for the new program, and most of the budget cuts for ing phenomenon, insisting that more research be done to
[22]
existing programs, are scheduled after the last year of the determine its validity.
Bush presidency. It is unclear how the space vision will Further information: Kyoto protocol#United States
be reconciled with budgetary concerns in the longer term.
Global warming Main article: Climate change policy
of the George W. Bush administration
Upon arriving in oce in 2001, President Bush withdrew United States support of the then-pending Kyoto
Protocol, a UN Convention seeking to impose mandatory
targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bush
stated that human activity had not been proven to be the
cause and cited concerns about the treatys impact on the
U.S. economy and pointed out that China and India had
not signed on.[23] The Protocol entered into force on 16
February 2005. As of September 2011, 191 states have
signed and ratied the protocol.[24] The only remaining
President George W. Bush addresses the nation from the Oval Ofce Monday evening, September 11, 2006, marking the fth an- signatory not to have ratied the protocol is the United
niversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001. President Bush States.
said, The war against this enemy is more than a military conict. It is the decisive ideological struggle of the 21st century and
the calling of our generation..
In January 2005, the White House released a new Space

Transportation Policy fact sheet [21] which outlined the
administrations space policy in broad terms and tied the
development of space transport capabilities to national
security requirements.
Environment
In 2002, the Bush Administrations EPA issued a Climate Action Report concluding that the climate changes
observed over several decades are likely mostly due to
human activities, but we cannot rule out that some signicant part of these changes is also a reection of natural variability.[25] While the EPA report was initially
hailed by some environmentalists critical of the Bush administration as a 180-degree turn on the science reversing everything the president has said about global warming since he took oce, within days President Bush dismissed the report as being put out by the bureaucracy,
red his Republican appointee who wrote it and reafrmed his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol.[25]
Further information: Environmental policy of the United

States during the Bush administration
The Bush Administrations stance on global warming, and
in particular its questioning the consensus of scientists,
In December 2003, Bush signed legislation implement- would remain controversial in the scientic and environ-
87
mental communities during his presidency. In 2004, the

Director of NASA's Goddard Institute, James E. Hansen,
came out publicly and harshly accusing the Administration of misinforming the public by suppressing the scientic evidence of the dangers of greenhouse gases, saying the Bush Administration wanted to hear only scientic results that t predetermined, inexible positions
and edited reports to make the dangers sound less threatening in what he asserted was direct opposition to the
most fundamental precepts of science.[26][27] Other experts, such as former U.S. Department of Energy ocial
Joseph Romm, have decried the Bush administration as
a denier and delayer of government action essential to
President George W. Bush gestures as he addresses his remarks
reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.[28]
In 2005, Council on Environmental Quality chairman and
former oil industry lobbyist Philip Cooney, was accused
of doctoring and watering down descriptions of climate
research from other government agencies. The White
House denied these reports.[29] Two days later, Cooney
announced his resignation [30] and conceded his role in
altering the reports. My sole loyalty was to the President and advancing the policies of his administration,
he told the United States House Committee on Oversight
and Government Reform.[31][32]
to the media in Camp David, following a meeting with his economic advisors, from left to right, Edward P. Lazear, chairman
of the Council of Economic Advisors; Rob Portman, director of
the Oce of Management and Budget; U.S. Secretary of Labor
Elaine Chao; Vice President Dick Cheney; U.S. Secretary of the
Treasury Henry Paulson; U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos
Gutierrez; U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael
O. Leavitt and Allan Hubbard, director of the National Economic
Council.
plains fragile ecosystem and its wildlife. Proponents

stated that modern techniques can extract the oil without
In addition, the administration thanked Exxon executives
damaging the environment [38]
for the companys active involvement in helping to determine climate change policy, including the US stance
on Kyoto.[33]
The Clear Skies Act of 2003 Initially announced by
[39]
President Bush believes that global warming is real[34] President Bush in 2002, the Clear Skies Initiative was
and has said that he has consistently noted that global aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to further reduce air
warming is a serious problem but asserted there is a de- pollution and expanded the emissions trading programs to
bate over whether its manmade or naturally caused and include new pollutants such as mercury. The goal of the
maintained that regardless of that debate his administra- initiative was to reduce the sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide,
tion was working on plans to make America less depen- and mercury emissions of power plants over the course of
[39]
dent on foreign oil for economic and national security 15 years, while saving consumers millions of dollars.
[35]
reasons.
Among other things, the Clear Skies Act states that it
[40][41][42]
The United States has signed the Asia Pacic Partnership would:
on Clean Development and Climate, a pact that allows
signatory countries to set goals for reducing greenhouse
Cut mercury emissions by 69 percent, - the rst-ever
gas emissions individually, but with no enforcement
national cap on mercury emissions. Emissions will
mechanism. Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegbe cut from current emissions of 48 tons to a cap of
ger, along with 187 mayors from US towns and cities,
26 tons in 2010, and 15 tons in 2018.
have pledged to adopt Kyoto style legal limits on green Cut emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) by 67 perhouse gas emissions.[36]
cent, from emissions of 5 million tons to a cap of
2.1 million tons in 2008, and to 1.7 million tons in
2018
Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge For
economic and national security reasons, Bush supported
Cut sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 73 percent,
Alaska Senator Ted Stevens plan to tap the oil reserves
from emissions of 11 million tons to a cap of 4.5
in a 2,000-acre (8 km2 ) area of Alaskas 19 million acre
million tons in 2010, and 3 million tons in 2018.
(77,000 km) Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Pro Emission caps will be set to account for dierent air
exploration supporters argue that U.S. companies have
quality needs in the East and the West.
the most stringent environmental requirements, and that
by doing the drilling in the middle of the winter, it would
Section 483 of the Bill exempt some older building
create a very small environmental footprint.[37]
from many of the provisions of the Bill, but must
Opponents stated that drilling would damage the coastal
still meet carbon monoxide standards.
88
The Natural Resources Defense Council, and its more

than 500,000 members, examined the administration
proposal and concluded it would harm public health,
weaken current pollution ghting programs and worsen
global warming. S. 385, the administrations bill to
amend the Clean Air Act would: 1. Allow power plant
pollution to continue to inict huge, avoidable health
damages on the public. 2. Repeal or interfere with major health and air quality safeguards in current law. 3.
Worsen global warming by ignoring CO2 emissions from
the power sector.[43]
3.4.4
Education
No Child Left Behind

In January 2002, Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy as chief
sponsor,[44] which aims to close the achievement gap,
measures student performance, provides options to parents with children in low-performing schools, and targets more federal funding to low-income schools. Critics, including Senator John Kerry and the National Education Association, say schools were not given the resources to help meet new standards, although their argument is based on premise that authorization levels are
spending promises instead of spending caps. The House
Committee on Education and the Workforce said that the
Department of Educations overall funding increased by
US$14 billion since the enactment of NCLB in scal year
2001, going from US$42.6 billion to US$56.6 billion in
scal year 2005. Some state governments are refusing to
implement provisions of the act as long as they are not
adequately funded.[45]
In January 2005, USA Today reported that the United
States Department of Education had paid US$240,000
to African-American conservative political commentator
Armstrong Williams to promote the law on his nationally syndicated television show and to urge other black
journalist to do the same.[46] Williams did not disclose
the payments.
George W. Bush speaks to reghters on November 4, 2003, as

California Governor-Elect Arnold Schwarzenegger and Governor Gray Davis listen.
search, the economy suered from a recession that lasted

from March 2001 to November 2001. During the Bush
Administration, Real GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 2.5%.[47]
Ination under Bush has remained near historic lows at
about 2-3% per year. The recession and a drop in some
prices led to concern about deation from mid-2001 to
late-2003. More recently, high oil prices have caused
concern about increasing ination.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in
economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade and budget
decits. Under the Bush administration, productivity has
grown by an average of 3.76% per year, the highest such
average in ten years.[48]
While the GDP recovered from a recession that
some claim Bush inherited from the previous
administration,[49] poverty has since worsened according to the Census Bureau. The percentage of the
population below the poverty level increased in each of
Bushs rst four years, while it decreased for each of
the prior seven years to an 11-year low. Although the
poverty level increased the increase was still lower from
2000 to 2002 than it was from 1992 to 1997, which
reached a peak of 39.3% in 1993. In 2002 the poverty
rate was 34.6% which was almost equal to the rate in
1998, which was 34.5%. Poverty was at 12.7% in 2004.
The House Education and Workforce Committee stated,

As a result of the No Child Left Behind Act, signed by
Bush on January 8, 2002, the Federal government today is
spending more money on elementary and High School (K12) education than at any other time in the history of the
Taxes
United States. Funding increases have to a large degree
been oset at the state level by increased costs associated
President Bush won passage for two major tax cuts during
with implementing NCLB, as well as the impacts of the
his term in oce: The Economic Growth and Tax Reeconomic downturn on education budgets.
lief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth
Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Collectively, they
became known, analyzed, and debated as the "Bush tax
3.4.5 Economy
cuts".
Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush The cuts, scheduled to expire a decade after passage, inadministration
creased the standard income tax deduction for married
According to the National Bureau of Economic Re- couples, eliminated the estate tax, and reduced marginal

tax rates. Bush asked Congress to make the tax cuts
permanent, but others wanted the cuts to be wholly or
partially repealed even before their scheduled expiration,
seeing the decrease in revenue while increasing spending
as scally irresponsible.
Bushs supporters claim that the tax cuts increase the pace
of economic recovery and job creation. They also claim
that total benets to wealthier individuals are a reection of higher taxes paid. Individual income tax rate
provisions in the 2001 law, for instance, created larger
marginal tax rate decreases for people earning less than
US$12,000 than any other earners.[50]
89
as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product, to the

lowest level since 1959. With the NASDAQ crash and
one quarter of negative growth in 2000 it was likely we
were headed into a recession,[52] yet merely two years
after the 2003 Bush tax cuts, federal revenues (in dollars) had reached a record high.[53] The eect of simultaneous record increases in spending and tax reductions
was to create record budget decits in absolute terms,
though as recently as 1993, the decit was slightly larger
than the current 3.6% of the GDP. In the last year of
the Clinton administration, the federal budget showed an
annual surplus of more than US$230 billion.[54] Under
Bush, the government returned to decit spending. The
annual decit reached an absolute record of US$374 billion in 2003 and then a further record of $413 billion in
2004.[55][56]
Spending
President Bush expanded public spending by 70 percent,
more than double the increase under President Clinton.
Bush was the rst president in 176 years to continue an
entire term without vetoing any legislation.[57]
The tax cuts, recession, and increases in outlays all contributed to record budget decits during the Bush administration. The annual decit reached record currentdollar levels of US$374 billion in 2003 and US$413 billion in 2004. National debt, the cumulative total of
yearly decits, rose from US$5.7 trillion (58% of GDP)
to US$8.3 trillion (67% of GDP) under Bush, as compared to the US$2.7 trillion total debt owed when Ronald
Reagan left oce, which was 52% of the GDP.[58]
President George W. Bush addresses the media during a visit to

the National Security Agency in Fort Meade, Maryland.
His opponents contest job prediction claims, primarily noting that the increase in job creation predicted by
Bushs plan failed to materialize. They instead allege that
the purpose of the tax cuts was intended to favor the
wealthy and special interests, as the majority of benet
from the tax cut, in absolute terms, went to earners in the
higher tax brackets. Bushs opponents additionally claim
that the tax cuts are a major reason Bush reversed a national surplus into a historically large decit.
According to the baseline forecast of federal revenue

and spending by the Congressional Budget Oce (in its
January 2005 Baseline Budget Projections,[59] the budget decits will decrease over the next several years. In
this projection the decit will fall to US$368 billion in
2005, US$261 billion in 2007, and US$207 billion in
2009, with a small surplus by 2012. The CBO noted,
however, that this projection omits a signicant amount
of spending that will occur this year and possibly for
some time to come for U.S. military operations in
Iraq and Afghanistan and for other activities related to
the global War on Terrorism. The projection also assumes that the Bush tax cuts will expire as scheduled
on December 31, 2010. If, as Bush has urged, the tax
cuts were to be extended, then the budget outlook for
2015 would change from a surplus of US$141 billion to
a decit of US$282 billion. Other economists have disputed this, arguing that the CBO does not use dynamic
scoring, to take into account what eect tax cuts would
have on the economy.
In an open letter to Bush in 2004, more than 100 professors of business and economics at U.S. business schools
ascribed this scal reversal to Bushs policy of slash- Federal spending in constant dollars increased under Bush
ing taxes - primarily for those at the upper reaches of the by 26% in his rst four and a half years. Non-defense
income distribution.[51]
spending increased 18% in that time.[60] Of the US$2.4
By 2004, these cuts had reduced federal tax revenues, trillion budgeted for 2005, about US$450 billion are
90
planned to be spent on defense. This level is generally comparable to the defense spending during the cold
war. Congress approved US$87 billion for Iraq and
Afghanistan in November, and had approved an earlier
US$79 billion package last spring. Most of those funds
were for U.S. military operations in the two countries.
Former President Clintons last budget featured an increase of 16% on domestic non security discretionary
spending. Growth under President Bush was cut to 6.2%
in his rst budget, 5.5% in his second, 4.3% in his third,
and 2.2% in his fourth.
Unemployment percentage, 20002005
Trade
Bush supports free trade policies and legislation but has
resorted to protectionist policies on occasion. Taris on
imported steel imposed by the White House in March
2002 were lifted after the World Trade Organization
ruled them illegal. Bush explained that the safeguard
measures had achieved their purpose, and as a result
of changed economic circumstances, it was time to lift
them.[61]
President Bush signed the Dominican Republic-Central
America Free Trade Agreement into law on August 2,
2005. The agreement is designed to create a free trade
Poverty Rate, 1973 to Present
zone similar to the one embodied in the North American
Free Trade Agreement.
Regulation
Economic regulation expanded rapidly during the Bush
administration. President Bush is quoted as the biggest
regulator since President Richard Nixon.[62] Bush administration increased the number of new pages in the
Federal Registry, a proxy for economic regulation, from
64,438 new pages in 2001 to 78,090 in new pages in
2007, a record amount of regulation.[62] Economically
signicant regulations, dened as regulations which cost
more than $100 million a year, increased by 70%.[62]
Spending on regulation increased by 62% from $26.4 billion to $42.7 billion.[62]
Employment
Looking at the annual average unemployment rates for
each of the eight years of Bushs presidency, the average of all eight gures, and thus of his entire presidency,
is 5.26%, with a low of 4.6% for the years of 2006 and
2007, and a high of 6.0% for 2003.[63]
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number
of unemployed was nearly 6.0 million in January 2001
and 6.9 million in September 2006. The unemployment
rate was 4.2% in January 2001, 4.6% in September 2006,
and 7.2% in December 2008. Employment peaked in late
1999 and declined through 2008.[64]
The Current Population Survey (aka Household Survey)

measures the percentage of the population that is employed and unemployed. The result can be multiplied by
population estimates to get total employment estimates.
This survey has the advantage over the payroll survey in
that it includes self-employed. The Household Survey is
less accurate in producing total numbers since it requires
population estimates and in that it samples many fewer
people (60,000 households versus 400,000 business establishments). For better or worse, the Household Survey counts multiple jobs held by one person only once,
and it includes government workers, farm workers, unpaid family workers, and workers absent without pay.
The Household Survey indicates that the percentage of
the population employed decreased from 64.4% in December 2000 and January 2001 to 62.1% in August and
September 2003. By August 2005, it had recovered only
to 62.9%. In absolute numbers, this corresponds to a drop
of 1.6 million jobs but an eventual net gain of 4.7 million
jobs during the Bush administration.[65]
Economic Report
In 2004, a full chapter on Iraqs economy was excised
from the Economic Report of the President, in part because it doesn't t the feel good tone of the writing,
according to White House ocials.
3.4.6
91
Health care
Democrats opposed changes that they felt were turning

Social Security into a welfare program that would be poIn July 2002, Bush cut o U.S. funding to the United litically vulnerable. Portions of Bushs bill exempting priNations Population Fund (UNFPA). Bush stated that the vate companies from social security payments have led to
UNFPA supported forced abortions and sterilizations in complaints that Bushs plan was created to benet private
companies, and that it would turn Social Security into just
the Peoples Republic of China.[66]
another insurance program.
Bush signed the Medicare Act of 2003, which added
prescription drug coverage to Medicare (United States),
subsidized pharmaceutical corporations, and prohibited
the Federal government from negotiating discounts with 3.4.8 Capital punishment
drug companies.
George W. Bush is a strong supporter of capital punishBush signed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, ment. During his tenure as Governor of Texas, 152 peohaving declared his aim to promote a culture of life".
ple were executed in that state, maintaining its record as
the leading state in executions.[67] As President of the
United States, he has continued in his support for capi3.4.7 Social Security
tal punishment, including presiding over the rst federal
execution in decades, that of convicted terrorist Timothy
McVeigh. Although Bushs support of the death penalty
is known, controversy broke in 1999 when journalist
Tucker Carlson revealed that the Governor had mocked
the plight of Karla Faye Tucker in an interview.[68]
3.4.9 Other issues

Abortion
Shortly after his second inauguration, Bush (here seen with a
panel in Omaha, Nebraska) toured the nation to promote his proposal for Social Security (United States) personal accounts.
Main article: Social Security debate (United States)

Bush is an advocate of the partial privatization of Social
Security wherein an individual would be free to invest a
portion of his Social Security taxes in personal retirement
accounts.
Bush has called for major changes in Social Security,
identifying the systems projected insolvency as a priority early in his second term. From January through April
2005, he toured the country, stopping in over 50 cities
across the nation warning of an impending crisis. Initially, President Bush emphasized his proposal for personalized accounts would allow individual workers to invest a portion of their Social Security Tax (FICA) into
secured investments. The main advantage of personal accounts within Social Security is to allow workers to own
the money they place into retirement that cannot be taken
away by political whims.
Most Democrats and some Republicans are critical of
such ideas, partly because of the large (US$1 trillion or
more) federal borrowing the plan would require, which
might actually worsen the imbalance between revenues
and expenses that Bush pointed to as a looming problem; and partly because of the problems encountered
by the United Kingdom's privatized pension plan. See
Social Security debate (United States). In addition, many
On his rst day in oce, President Bush implemented

the Mexico City Policy; this policy required nongovernmental organizations receiving federal funds to agree not
to perform abortions or to actively promote abortion as
a method of family planning in other nations.[69][70] In
2002, President Bush signed the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act, which extends legal protection to infants
born alive after failed attempts at induced abortion.[71]
Also in 2002, President Bush withdrew funding from
the United Nations Population Fund based on a nding that UNPFs activities facilitated Chinas one-childonly/forced abortion policy.[72] In 2003, President Bush
signed the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act into law;[73] that
law was later upheld by the Supreme Court of the United
States in Gonzales v. Carhart.[74] President Bush signed
the Unborn Victims of Violence Act (Laci and Conners
Law), which provides that a person who commits certain
federal violent crimes and thereby causes the death of,
or bodily injury to, a fetus shall be guilty of a separate
oense, whether or not the person knew the mother was
pregnant or intended to harm the fetus.[75]
Euthanasia
Bush staunchly opposes euthanasia. He supported
Ashcrofts decision to le suit against the voter-approved
Oregon Death with Dignity Act, which was ultimately
decided by the Supreme Court in favor of the Oregon
law.[76] As governor of Texas, however, Bush had signed
92
a law which gave hospitals the authority to take terminally ill patients o of life support against the wishes of
their spouse or parents, if the doctors deemed it medically
appropriate.[77] This became an issue in 2005, when the
President signed controversial legislation forwarded and
voted on by only three members of the Senate to initiate
federal intervention in the Terri Schiavo case.[78]
greater education and support for American students. In

the 2007 State of the Union speech, President Bush proposed a 20:10 policy, where, as a nation, the United States
would be working to reduce 20% of the national energy
usage in next 10 years by converting to ethanol.
Amber Alert
Bushs imposition of a tari on imported steel and on

Canadian softwood lumber was controversial in light of
his advocacy of free market policies in other areas; this
attracted criticism both from his fellow conservatives and
from nations aected. The steel tari was later rescinded
under pressure from the World Trade Organization. A
negotiated settlement to the softwood lumber dispute was
reached in April 2006, and the historic seven-year deal
was nalized on July 1, 2006.
Taris
Bush signed the Amber Alert legislation into law on April

30, 2003, which was developed to quickly alert the general public about child abductions using various media
sources.[79] On July 27, 2006 Bush signed the Adam
Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act which establishes
a national database requiring all convicted sex oenders
to register their current residency and related details on
a monthly instead of the previous yearly basis. Newly
convicted sex oenders will also face longer mandatory
3.4.10
incarceration periods.[80]
References
[1] Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
National preserves
On June 15, 2006, Bush created the seventy-fth, and
largest, National Monument in U.S. history and the
largest Marine Protected Area in the world with the formation of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National
Monument.[81]
[2] Buckley, Thomas E. (2002-11-11). Church, State

and the Faith-Based Initiative. America, The National
Catholic Weekly. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[3] Brancaccio, David (2003-09-26). Faith-based Initiatives. God and Government (NOW, PBS). Retrieved
2006-06-30.
[4] National Lesbian and Gay Task Force
Prison Rape
[5] Lee, Christopher (2005-05-25). Ocial Says Law

Doesn't Cover Gays. The Washington Post. Retrieved
2010-05-01.
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is the

rst United States federal law passed dealing with the
sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law [6] Heredia, Christopher (2001-04-10). NEWSMAKER
PROFILE / Scott Evertz / New AIDS Czar Called a Skillon September 4, 2003. As a result, the National Prison
ful Bridge Builder / Evertz the rst gay man to hold poRape Elimination Commission was created to study the
sition. The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the
problem and recommend solutions. Federal funding for
original on 24 May 2011.
prisons also began to require detainment facilities to keep
records on sexual assault. Failure to follow PREA re- [7] CNN.com Election 2004. CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
quirements resulted in losing up to 5% of funding. New
grants to prevent sexual assault were also created by the [8] U.S. Commission on Civil Rights - FOIA
law. Signicant support for the act came from Human
[9] http://www.genome.gov/24519851
Rights Watch, Concerned Women for America, Just Detention International, and numerous evangelical organi- [10] http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_
zations.
Genome/publicat/GINAMay2008.pdf
[11] Public Policy Report for 12/20/2002
Energy
In 2005-06, Bush emphasized the need for comprehensive energy reform and proposed increased funding for
research and development of renewable sources of energy such as hydrogen power, nuclear power, ethanol, and
clean coal technologies. Bush proposed the American
Competitiveness Initiative which seeks to support increasing competitiveness of the U.S. economy, with
greater development of advanced technologies, as well as
[12] AAAS R&D Funding Update on R&D in the Final FY

2005 National Science Foundation Budget - December 2
[13] http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/nsf05cf1.pdf
[14] Reports: Scientic Integrity in Policy Making
[15] President Discusses Stem Cell Research
[16] House passes embryonic stem cell bill. CNN. 2005-0525. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
93
[17] President Bush Delivers Remarks On U.S. Space Policy

January 14, 2004. Release from NASA Facts.
[38] Senate rejects drilling in Arctic refuge - Politics MSNBC.com
[18] Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond. CNN. 200401-14. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[39] Executive Summary The Clear Skies Initiative. White

House. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
[19] Strategy Based on Long-Term Aordability - A January

14, 2006 graph showing a plan for NASAs long-term budget.
[40] The Clear Skies Initiative
[20] http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/
world/8572141.htm?1c
[42] http://www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/Air_005.pdf
[21] http://www.ostp.gov/html/
SpaceTransFactSheetJan2005.pdf
[22] President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change
[23] Corn, David (2001-06-19). George W. Bush: The Unscience Guy. AlterNet. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
[24] Status of Ratication of the Kyoto Protocol. United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
[25] Bush Disses Global Warming Report.
2002-06-04. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
CBS News.
[26] NASA Scientist Rips Bush on Global Warming.

MSNBC. 2004-10-27. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
[27] 60 Minutes: Rewriting the Science. CBS News. 200603-19. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
[41] EPA: Clear Skies
[43] US Senate Committee Hearing, April 8, 2003, Testimony of the Natural Resources Defense Council by
David G. Hawkins,
[44] Leonard, Mary; Vaishnav, Anand (2004-03-16). Bush
relaxes rules on teacher standards. The Boston Globe.
[45] Dobbs, Michael (2004-02-19). More States Are Fighting 'No Child Left Behind' Law. The Washington Post
(Washington Post). p. A03. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
[46] Toppo, Greg (2005-01-07). Education Dept. paid commentator to promote law. USA Today. Retrieved 201005-01.
[47] Gross Domestic Product. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
[48] Archived News Releases for Productivity and Costs
[49] Did Bish 'inherit' a recession?
MSNBC.com
- Answer desk -
[28] Joseph Romm's 2006 book Hell and High Water.

(Publisher description here) Romm calls Bushs don't
rush to judgment and we need to ask more questions
stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.
[50] http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/TaxFacts/TFDB/
TFTemplate.cfm?Docid=21
[29] Bush aide 'edited climate papers". BBC News. 2005-0609. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[52] US Department of Commerce (BEA) GDP News Release

Archive
[30] Andrew Revkin (June 10, 2005). Editor of Climate Report Resigns. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-0423.
[53] US Department of the Treasury
[31] Robert Lusetich (March 21, 2007). Climate science was

doctored. The Australian.
[32] House Probe Turns to Role of Cheneys Oce. March
20, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
[33] Revealed: how oil giant inuenced Bush. The Guardian
(London). 2005-06-08. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[34] Interview with President Bush. White House Transcript
(Politico). 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-05-14. Q. Mr.
President, for the record, is global warming real? A. Yes,
it is real, sure is.
[51] YubaNet Article Manager
[54] White, CNN (2000-09-27). President Clinton announces another record budget surplus. CNN. Retrieved
2010-05-01.
[55] Federal Decit Hits Record $374B. CBS News. 200308-26.
[56] Government says 2004 decit was record $413 billion.
USA Today. 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[57] Where Did Bush Go Wrong? - A depressing look back
on eight years of arrogance, power lust, and incompetence. Reason magazine. January 15, 2009.
[58] U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) - bea.gov
Home Page
[35] Press Conference. White House. 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
[59] The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006 to

2015
[36] Harrabin, Roger; Hounslow, Steve (2005-11-03). "'Gas

muzzlers challenge Bush. BBC News. Retrieved 201005-01.
[60] http://www.bea.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb/TableView.asp?
SelectedTable=102&FirstYear=2003&LastYear=
2005&Freq=Qtr
[37] Senate votes to open arctic refuge to oil drilling - Environment - MSNBC.com
[61] Washington, Wayne (2003-12-05). Bush lifts steel import taris. The Boston Globe.
94
[62] Bushs Regulatory Kiss-O - Obamas assertions to the

contrary, the 43rd president was the biggest regulator since
Nixon.. Reason magazine. January 2009.
[63]
[64] Archived News Releases for Employment Situation
[65] Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population
by sex and age
[66] US to axe family planning funds. BBC News. 2002-0722. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[67] Death in Texas - The New York Review of Books
[68] Tucker Carlson
[69] Oce of the Press Secretary (2001-01-22).
Memorandum for Restoration of the Mexico City
Policy. The White House. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[70] Mexico City Policy - Voluntary Population Planning | The
White House
[71] President Signs Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
[72] Mosher, Steve (2002-08-19). Bush stops funds for
UNFPA abuses; the U.N. population fund supports forced
abortions and sterilizations. Insight on the News.
[73] Baptist Press - Partial-birth abortion ban to end 'terrible
form of violence' against children, Bush declares - News
with a Christian Perspective
[74] `Partial Birth' Abortion Ban Upheld by Top U.S. Court
(Update5) - Bloomberg
3.5 List of George W. Bush legislation and programs

George W. Bush during his presidency of 8 years from
2001 to 2008 signed 56 legislations. Major ones of
these included Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of
United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, Job Creation
and Worker Assistance Act of 2002, United States-Chile
Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Controlling
the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, Foreign Investment and National Security Act of
2007. He vetoed Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of
2008, Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act and 2 other
legislations.
During his presidency America withdrew from AntiBallistic Missile Treaty, Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Population Fund. Some of the international treaties
signed during Bushs presidency were SORT, Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, International Cooperation on Computer Crimes among others.
3.5.1 Legislation signed
3.6 Economic policy of the George

W. Bush administration
[75] Bush signs Unborn Victims of Violence Act: legislation

targets abortion rights
The economic policy of the George W. Bush administration was a combination of tax cuts, expenditures for
[76] Johnson, Kevin (2002-04-18). Federal judge backs Ore- ghting two wars, and a free-market ideology intended to
de-emphasize the role of government in the private secgon suicide law. USA Today. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
tor. He advocated the ownership society, premised on the
[77] Knight Ridder; Newsday (2005-03-22). As governor,
concepts of individual accountability, less government,
Bush signed right-to-die law. Seattle Times. Retrieved
and the owning of property.
2006-06-30.
During his rst term (20012005), he sought and obtained Congressional approval for tax cuts: the Economic
Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, the
Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 and the
[79] Bush signs child protection bill. CNN Inside Politics. Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.
2003-05-01. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
These acts decreased all tax rates, reduced the capital
[80] Lee, Davidson (2006-07-28). Bush signs, Hatch praises gains tax, increased the child tax credit and eliminated
new Child Protection Act. DeseretNews. Retrieved the so-called marriage penalty, and were set to expire
2006-07-31.
in 2011.
[78] Babington, Charles; Allen, Mike (2005-03-21).
Congress Passes Schiavo Measure. The Washington
Post. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[81] White House Oce of the Press Secretary (2006-06-15).

President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
The last two years of his presidency were characterized by

the worsening subprime mortgage crisis, which resulted
in government intervention to bail out damaged nancial
institutions and a weakening economy.
The U.S. national debt grew signicantly from 2001 to

2009, both in dollar terms and relative to the size of the
Kennedy, Jr., Robert F. (2005). Crimes Against Na- economy (GDP),[1] due to a combination of tax cuts and
ture: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals wars in both Afghanistan and Iraq. Budgeted spending
Are Plundering the Country and Highjacking Our under President Bush averaged 19.9% of GDP, similar
Democracy. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 256 to his predecessor President Bill Clinton, although tax repages. ISBN 0-06-074687-4.
ceipts were lower at 17.9% versus 19.1%.[2]
3.4.11
Further reading
3.6. ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION
3.6.1
Fiscal policy
During the George W. Bush administration, the federal

government spending was increased from $1789 billion to
$2983 billion (70%) but the revenues were only increased
from $2025 billion to $2524 billion (25%). Individual income tax revenues were increased by 14%, corporate tax
revenues by 50%, customs and duties by 40%. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare spending
by 131%, social security by 51%, and income security
spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by
35% and spending by 65%.[3]
95
Leader Tom Daschle argued that the tax cut is too large,
too generous to the rich and too expensive.[6]
Some policy analysts and non-prot groups such as Center
on Budget and Policy Priorities,[7] have attributed some
of the rise in income inequality to the Bush Tax Cuts.
Others, such as the Tax Policy Center[8] attribute much of
the rise to changes in technology, trade and immigration,
and a decline in labor unions, among others. In February
2007, President Bush addressed this rise of inequality,
saying The fact is that income inequality is real -- its
been rising for more than 25 years. The reason is clear:
We have an economy that increasingly rewards education
and skills because of that education. [9]
Also proportionally Bush increased government spending However, prominent social scientists, such as economist
more than any predecessor since Lyndon B. Johnson.[4]
Paul Krugman and political scientist Larry Bartels, have
pointed out that education fails to explain the rising gap
between the top 1% and the bottom 99%, which has been
3.6.2 Tax policy
the site of most increases in inequality. They point out
that if education were to blame, a larger group would be
Tax cuts
pulling ahead of the rest of the population, and that wages
of highly educated earners have fallen far behind those of
the very rich. Furthermore, they point out that the U.S.
is unique among developed countries in seeing such a
sharp rise in inequality, while the composition of its economy and labor force is not - if education were to blame,
one would expect the same trend across all post-industrial
nations.[10] Bartels has asserted that the skill base explanation is partially used as it is more comforting to blame
impersonal forces, rather than policies.[11]
Decit and debt increases 2001-2008.
See also: Bush tax cuts

Between 2001 and 2003, the Bush administration instituted a federal tax cut for all taxpayers. Among other
changes, the lowest income tax rate was lowered from
15% to 10%, the 27% rate went to 25%, the 30% rate
went to 28%, the 35% rate went to 33%, and the top
marginal tax rate went from 39.6% to 35%.[5] In addition, the child tax credit went from $500 to $1000, and
the "marriage penalty" was reduced. Since the cuts were
implemented as part of the annual congressional budget
resolution, which protected the bill from libusters, numerous amendments, and more than 20 hours of debate,
it had to include a sunset clause. Unless congress passed
legislation making the tax cuts permanent, they were to
expire in 2010.
The tax cuts had been largely opposed by American economists, including the Bush administrations
own Economic Advisement Council.[12] In 2003, 450
economists, including ten Nobel Prize laureate, signed
the Economists statement opposing the Bush tax cuts,
sent to President Bush stating that these tax cuts will
worsen the long-term budget outlook... will reduce the
capacity of the government to nance Social Security
and Medicare benets as well as investments in schools,
health, infrastructure, and basic research... [and] generate further inequalities in after-tax income.[13]
The Bush administration had claimed, based on the concept of the Laer Curve, that the tax cuts actually paid for
the themselves by generating enough extra revenue from
additional economic growth to oset the lower taxation
rates. However, income tax revenues in dollar terms did
not regain their FY 2000 peak until 2006. Through the
end of 2008, total federal tax revenues relative to GDP
had yet to regain their 2000 peak.[2]
When asked whether the Bush tax cuts had generated
more revenue, Laer stated that he did not know. However, he did say that the tax cuts were what was right,
because after the September 11 attacks and threats of
recession, Bush needed to stimulate the economy and
spend for defense.[14]
House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt said the middle class will not benet enough from the tax cut and the In terms of increasing inequality, the eect of Bushs
wealthy will reap unfairly high benets. Senate Majority tax cuts on the upper, middle and lower class is con-
96
tentious. Some economists argue that the cuts have beneted the nations richest households at the expense of
the middle and lower class,[15] while libertarians and
conservatives[16] have claimed that tax cuts have benetted all taxpayers.[17] Economists Peter Orszag and
William Gale described the Bush tax cuts as reverse
government redistribution of wealth, "[shifting] the burden of taxation away from upper-income, capital-owning
households and toward the wage-earning households of
the lower and middle classes.[18]
This would suggest that the Bush tax cut policy was highly
regressive, but some writers, notably at the Koch-funded
Tax Foundation, argue that the concept of a progressive
tax should be detached from its traditional association
with income redistribution,[19] noting that since the share
of income of the most wealthy rose so much during the
period, their share of the total tax burden went up even as
their tax rates went down. Between 2003 and 2004, following the 2003 tax cuts, the share of after-tax income
going to the top 1% rose from 12.2% in 2003 to 14.0%
in 2004. (This followed the period from 2000 to 2002,
where after-tax incomes declined the most for the top
1%.)[20] At the same time, the share of overall tax liabilities of the top 1% increased from 22.9% to 25.3%,.[21]
In this way, they claim, the tax system actually became
more progressive between 2000 and 2004.[19]
President Bush signing the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Rec2001 tax cut
onciliation Act of 2001 in the White House East Room on June

7, 2001
See also: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconcilia- 2003 tax cuts on the grounds that they would fail as a
growth stimulus, increase inequality and worsen the budtion Act of 2001
get outlook considerably (see Economists statement opposing the Bush tax cuts).[25] Some argued the eects of
Facing opposition in Congress for an initially proposed
the
tax cuts have been as promised as revenues actually
$1.6 trillion tax cut (over ten years),[22] Bush held town
increased, the recession of 2000 ended, and the economy
hall-style public meetings across the nation in 2001 to inourished.[26]
crease public support for it. Bush and some of his economic advisers argued that unspent government funds Critics indicate that the tax revenues would have been
should be returned to taxpayers. With reports of the considerably higher if the tax cuts had not been
threat of recession, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan made.[27][28] Income tax revenues in dollar terms did
Greenspan said tax cuts could work but must be oset not regain their FY 2000 peak until 2006.[2] The
Congressional Budget Oce (CBO) has estimated that
with spending cuts.[23]
extending the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts (which were schedBush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the econuled to expire in 2010) would cost the U.S. Treasury
omy and create jobs. In the end, ve Senate Democrats
nearly $1.8 trillion in the following decade, dramatically
crossed party lines to join Republicans in approving a
increasing federal decits.[29]
[24]
tax cut program one of the largest
$1.35 trillion
The Tax Policy Center reported that the various tax cuts
in U.S. history.
under the Bush administration were extraordinarily expensive to the Treasury:[30]
2003 cuts and later
See also: Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation
Act of 2003
Economists, including the Treasury Secretary at the time
Paul O'Neill and 450 economists, including ten Nobel
prize laureates, who contacted Bush in 2003, opposed the
The congressional Joint Committee on

Taxation calculated a score, or revenue change,
for each of the seven major tax cut bills passed
during the Bush administration: their combined cost sums to over $2.0 trillion from 2001
to 2017. Extending these tax cuts into the future would carry a similar cost: the Congres-

sional Budget Oce (CBO) recently estimated
the cost of extending them through 2017 at
$1.9 trillion, not counting the costs of debt service, and not counting the cost of indexing the
alternative minimum tax (AMT) to ination to
prevent it from undoing much of the cuts...if
one takes into account the direct eects of the
tax cuts, extra interest payments, and the extra
interaction cost of reforming the AMT while
extending the Bush tax cuts, the combined cost
of extending the tax cuts through 2017 adds up
to $2.8 trillion.
97
security programs account for 84 percent of the increases

in debt racked up by Congress and the President over this
period.[37] Lawrence Kudlow, however, noted The U.S.
has spent roughly $750 billion for the ve-year war. Sure,
thats a lot of money. But the total cost works out to 1 percent of the $63 trillion GDP over that time period. Its
miniscule [sic]. He also reported that during the ve
years of the Iraq war,. . .household net worth has increased by $20 trillion. [38] Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz
has estimated the total cost of the Iraq War at closer to
$3 trillion.[39]
Interest on the debt (including both public and intragovernmental amounts) increased from $322 billion to $454
See Income inequality: Tax cuts
billion annually. The share of public debt owned by foreigners increased signicantly from 31% in June 2001
to 50% in June 2008, with the dollar balance owed to
3.6.3 Eect of policies on federal budget foreigners increasing from $1.0 trillion to $2.6 trillion.
decit and national debt
This also signicantly increased the interest payments
sent overseas, from approximately $50 billion in 2001 to
The cumulative debt of the United States in the scal $121 billion during 2008.[40]
years 2001-2007 was approximately $4.08 trillion, or
President Bush also signed into law Medicare Part D,
about 40.8% of the total national debt at the time of that
which provides additional prescription drug benets to
completion of approximately $10.0 trillion.[31][32]
seniors. The program was not funded by any changes
to the tax code. According to the GAO, this program
The total surplus in FY 2001 was $128 billion. A com- alone created $8.4 trillion in unfunded obligations in
bination of tax cuts and spending initiatives has added al- present value terms, a larger scal challenge than Social
most $1.7 trillionthrough budget decitsto the na- Security.[41]
tional debt since then (October 1, 2001 through September 30, 2007). It should be noted that yearly debt accumulation often exceeds the yearly budget decit, be- 3.6.4 Trade policy
cause, for example, paying the interest on the debt is not
planned in the budget to be paid o or because Social
Security receipts run a surplus (see Fiscal policy of the
United States). The total budget decit for FY 2007 was
$162 billion.[33]
From the end of Fiscal Year 2001 (ending Oct. 1, 2001)
to the fourth quarter of 2007, the economy has produced $6.5 trillion (in constant 2000 dollars) over and
above third quarter 2001 GDP levels of $9.87 trillion per
year.[34] In the same period the federal government accumulated $3.0 trillion in gross debt (in constant 2000 dollars) or a debt load of 46.5 per dollar of the increased
production (for comparison purposes in expressing the
size of the debt; that is, new debt didn't exceed new production, but growing economies of growing populations
are dependent for their vitality to certain consumption U.S. Current Account or Trade Decit.
levels, so the increased production isn't necessarily immediately usable in its entirety to pay for the debt).[35][36] The Bush administration generally pursued free trade
Most debt was accumulated as a result of tax cuts and in- policies. Bush used the authority he gained from the
creased national security spending. According to Richard Trade Act of 2002 to push through bilateral trade agreeKogan and Matt Fiedler, the largest costs $1.2 trillion ments with several countries. Bush also sought to expand
over six years resulted from the tax cuts enacted since multilateral trade agreements through the World Trade
the start of 2001. Increased spending for defense, inter- Organization, but negotiations were stalled in the Doha
national aairs, and homeland security primarily for Development Round for most of Bushs presidency.
prosecuting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan also was Developing countries blamed the US and the EU for stagquite costly, amounting to almost $800 billion to date. nated negotiations since both maintain protectionist poliTogether, tax cuts and the spending increases for these cies in agriculture. While generally favoring free trade,
98
Bush has also occasionally supported protectionist mea- to aord them and insucient regulation of nancial
sures, notably the 2002 United States steel tari early institutions.[49]
in his term. Bush also implemented a 300% tax on
Roquefort cheese from France in retaliation for a European Union ban on hormone-treated beef common in the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
American beef industry.[42]
In 2003, the Bush Administration attempted to create an
George W. Bush successfully gained ratication of
agency to oversee Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The bill
the Dominican RepublicCentral America Free Trade
never made progress in Congress, facing sharp opposiAgreement (DR-CAFTA). Supporters of DR-CAFTA
tion by Democrats.[50] In 2005, the Republican controlled
claim it has been a success,[43] but detractors still oppose
House of Representatives passed a GSE reform bill (Fedthe agreement for a variety of reasons including its impact
eral Housing Finance Reform Act) which would have
on the environment.[44]
created a stronger regulator with new powers to increase
In 2005, Ben Bernanke addressed the implications of the capital at Fannie and Freddie, to limit their portfolios and
USAs high and rising current account (trade) decit, re- to deal with the possibility of receivership.[51] However,
sulting from USA imports exceeding its exports.[45] Be- the Bush administration opposed the bill and it died in the
tween 1996 and 2004, the USA current account decit Senate. Of the bill and its reception by the Bush White
increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. House, Ohio Republican Mike Oxley (the bills author)
Financing these decits required the USA to borrow large said: The critics have forgotten that the House passed a
sums from abroad, much of it from countries running GSE reform bill in 2005 that could well have prevented
trade surpluses, mainly the emerging economies in Asia the current crisis. All the handwringing and bedwetting
and oil-exporting nations.
is going on without remembering how the House stepped
up on this. What did we get from the White House? We
got a one-nger salute. [51] The Bush economic policy
3.6.5 Eorts to reform Social Security
regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac changed during
the economic downturn of 2008, culminating in the fedMain article: Social Security debate (United States)
eral takeover of the two largest lenders in the mortgage
market. Further economic challenges have resulted in
President Bush advocated the partial privatization of the Bush administration attempting an economic interSocial Security in 2005-2006, but was unsuccessful in vention, through a requested $700 billion bailout package
achieving any reforms to the program against strong con- for Wall Street investment houses.
gressional resistance. His proposal would have diverted
some of the payroll tax revenues that fund the program
into private accounts. Critics argued that privatizing So- Sarbanes-Oxley Act
cial Security does nothing to address the long-term funding challenge facing the program. Diverting funds to pri- President Bush signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act into law
vate accounts would reduce available funds to pay cur- during July 2002, which he called the most far-reaching
rent retirees, requiring signicant borrowing. An anal- reforms of American business practices since the time of
ysis by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities esti- Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The law was passed in the
mates that President Bushs 2005 privatization proposal wake of several corporate scandals and widespread stock
would have added $1 trillion in new federal debt in its rst market losses. The law addressed conicts of interest
decade of implementation and $3.5 trillion in the decade between accounting rms and the corporations they audit and required executives to certify the accuracy of the
thereafter.[46]
corporations nancial statements.[52] The law has been
According to the Social Security Administration, pay- controversial, with some advocating its positive eect on
ments will be cut by 22% under current law around 2041, investor condence and detractors citing its signicant
if no reforms are made to the program.[47]
cost.[53]
3.6.6
Regulatory philosophy
Regulation of the nancial sector
The number of economic regulation governmental work- President Bush stated in September 2008: Once this
ers was increased by 91,196, whereas Bill Clinton had cut crisis is resolved, there will be time to update our down the number by 969.[48]
nancial regulatory structures. Our 21st century global
President Bush advocated the Ownership society, economy remains regulated largely by outdated 20th cenpremised on the concepts of individual accountability, tury laws.[54] The Securities and Exchange Commission
smaller government, and the owning of property. Critics (SEC) and Alan Greenspan conceded failure in allowing
have argued this contributed to the subprime mortgage the self-regulation of investment banks, which proceeded
crisis, by encouraging home ownership for those unable to take on increasingly risky bets and leverage after a key
99
2000 to 18% in 2007; in 2008 rose to 19%.[63] From 2000

to 2005, only 4% of workers, typically highly educated
professionals, had real income increases.[64]
Economic growth
Leverage ratios of investment banks increased signicantly between 2003 and 2007.
2004 decision.[55][56]
Nobel laureate Paul Krugman described the run on the
shadow banking system as the core of what happened
to cause the crisis. As the shadow banking system
expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government ocials
should have realized that they were re-creating the kind
of nancial vulnerability that made the Great Depression
possibleand they should have responded by extending
regulations and the nancial safety net to cover these new
institutions. Inuential gures should have proclaimed a
simple rule: anything that does what a bank does, anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are,
should be regulated like a bank. He referred to this lack
of controls as malign neglect.[57]
3.6.7
Economic growth for the 2001 to 2005 business cycle compared

to the average for business cycles between 1949 to 2000.[12][65]
At the time Bush took oce the economy had grown at

a 1.1% annualized rate over the previous three quarters
to March 31 of the rst year of Bush presidency [66] (see
Early 2000s recession). Bush had his tax cut plan approved by Congress in June.
Overall real GDP from January 2001 through December
2008 grew at an average annual rate of 2.125%.[67] From
2001 through 2004, GDP growth was clocked at 2.35%.
The number of jobs created grew by 6.5% on average.
The growth in average salaries was 1.2%. Growth in consumer spending was 72% faster than growth in income.
Investment in residential real-estate soared, growing 26%
faster than average.[12][65]
Economic indicators
A March 2006 report by the United States Congress Joint

Economic Committee showed that the U.S. economy outUnemployment
performed its peer group of large developed economies
from 2001 to 2005. (The other economies are Canada,
The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate rose from the European Union, and Japan.) The U.S. led in real
4.3% in January 2001, peaking at 6.3% in June 2003 GDP growth, investment, industrial production, employand reaching a trough of 4.4% in March 2007. Af- ment, labor productivity, and price stability.[68]
ter an economic slowdown, the rate rose again to 6.1%
in August 2008 and up to 7.2% in December 2008.[58] A signicant driver of economic growth during the Bush
From December 2007 when the recession started to De- administration was home equity extraction, in essence
cember 2008, an additional 3.6 million people became borrowing against the value of the home to nance personal consumption. Free cash used by consumers from
unemployed.[59]
equity extraction doubled from $627 billion in 2001 to
$1,428 billion in 2005 as the housing bubble built, a total of nearly $5 trillion dollars over the period. Using the
Income disparity
home as a source of funds also reduced the net savings
During President Bushs terms, income disparity grew. rate signicantly.[69][70][71] By comparison, GDP grew by
Median household income has more than kept up with approximately $2.3 trillion during the same 2001-2005
ination since Bush took control of scal policy during period in current dollars, from $10.1 to $12.4 trillion.[72]
the 2001 near-recession, growing 1.6% higher in con- President Bush tried to calm turmoil in nancial marstant 2007 dollars to $50,233 in 2007 from $49,454 in kets on March 17, 2008, by saying that his administra2001,[60][61] while poverty rate increased from 11.25% in tion is on top of the situation in dealing with the slump2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004; ing Economy of the United States.[73] Bush and Congress
in 2008 increased to 13.2%.[62]
had responded to signs of a slowing economy with the
Under 18 years poverty rate increased from 16.2% in Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 on February 13.
100
3.6.8
2008 economic crisis and recession
and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke. He kept

a low public prole on the issue with his most signicant
Further information: Economic crisis of 2008 and role being a public television address where he announced
that a bailout was necessary otherwise the United States
Government_intervention_during_the_subprime_mortgage_crisis
could experience a long and painful recession. [77]
United_States
The last year of Bushs second term was dominated by an 3.6.9
economic recession. The National Bureau of Economic
Research (NBER) marked December 2007, the month
with the highest payroll employment numbers, as the high
point of American economic production with output declining from then on to the present.[74] GDP declined by
an annualized 0.5% in the third quarter and 3.8% in
the fourth quarter of 2008.[75] The two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth met the rule of thumb
denition of a recession, conrming the NBERs declaration of a recession.
Income inequality
Share of pre-tax household income received by the top 1%, top
Bush responded to the early signs of economic problems 0.1% and top 0.01%, between 1917 and 2005.[78][79]
with lump-sum tax rebates and other stimulative measures in the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008. In March
2008, Bear Stearns, a major US investment bank heavily
invested in subprime mortgage derivatives, began to go
under. Rumors of low cash reserves dragged Bears stock
price down while lenders to Bear began to withdraw their
cash. The Federal Reserve funneled an emergency loan
to Bear through JP Morgan Chase. (As an investment
bank, Bear could not borrow from the Fed but JP Morgan Chase, a commercial bank, could).
The Fed ended up brokering an agreement for the sale

of Bear to JP Morgan Chase that took place at the end
of March. In July, IndyMac went under and had to be
placed in conservatorship. In the middle of the summer
it seemed like recession might be avoided even though
high gas prices threatened consumers and credit problems
Real After Tax Income Changes Skewed to Top 1%
threatened investment markets, but the economy entered
crisis in the fall. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were also Many economists are critical of the Bush administraput under conservatorship in early September.
tions policies and argue that the economy is only benA few days later, Lehman Brothers began to falter. Trea- eting the wealthy, increasing inequality between the top
sury Secretary Hank Paulson, who in July had publicly 1% and the rest of society.[80] Economists Aviva Aronexpressed concern that continuous bailouts would lead Dine and Richard Sherman point to recent data from the
to moral hazard, decided to let Lehman fail. The fall- Congressional Budget Oce (CBO), showing that the
out from Lehmans failure snowballed into market-wide average after-tax income of the richest one percent of
panic. AIG, an insurance company, had sold credit de- households rose from $722,000 in 2003 to $868,000 in
fault swaps insuring against Lehmans failure under the 2004, after adjusting for ination, a one-year increase of
assumption that such a failure was extremely unlikely.
nearly $146,000, or 20 percent. This increase was the
measured both in percentage
Without enough cash to pay out its Lehman-related debts, largest increase in 15 years,
[20]
terms
and
in
real
dollars.
AIG went under and was nationalized. Credit markets
locked up and catastrophe seemed all too likely. Paulson
proposed providing liquidity to nancial markets by having the government buy up debt related to bad mortgages
with a Troubled Asset Relief Program. Congressional
Democrats advocated an alternative policy of investing
in nancial companies directly. Congress passed the
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which
authorized both policies.[76]
At the same time, the share of overall tax liabilities of the

top 1% increased from 22.9% to 25.3% ,[21] as the result of a tax system which became more progressive since
2000.[19] According to economists Emmanuel Saez and
Thomas Piketty, who reviewed income tax returns for all
income groups since 1917, found that in 2005, the top 1%
received its largest share of gross income since 1928.[81]
Economist John Weeks asserts that increased income inThroughout the crisis, Bush seemed to defer to Paulson equality in the U.S., one of only four high-income OECD

countries to experience a signicant increase in inequality, is largely the result of a less progressive taxation structure, the weakening strength of labor unions, which has
resulted in a growing imbalance in the economic and political power of capital and labor.[82] However, claims of
a less progressive taxation structure are refuted by the
fact that high-income households pay a modestly larger
share of total federal income taxes, which is the generally accepted measure of progressivity.[83]
101
sucient evidence to dismiss the ndings of Saez, which

are further supported by the CBO. According to him,
many of [Reynolds] criticisms are misguided or unfair
given the goals of the Pikkety-Saez project... The CBO
handles almost all the problems Reynolds mentions, and
its calculations show a sizeable rise in both pre-tax and
after-tax inequality since the late 1980s.[88]
3.6.10 See also
In actuality though, the existence of a progressive federal personal income tax, does not refute the claims of an
Starve the beast - Post 1970s taxation/budget policy
overall regressive tax system. First consider that the prior
statement ignores federal payroll and excise/customs
taxes, which as suggested by the fact that these taxes 3.6.11 References
are disproportionately carried by the middle and lower
classes, are widely considered regressive type taxes.[84]
[1] FY 2009 Budget
Moreover, as a percentage of total federal taxes, these re[2] CBO Historical Tables (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-29.
gressive type taxes have seen an increase in recent years.
To display this, consider that in 2000, 60.8% of the fed- [3] Historical Budget Data, Congressional Budget Oce, Taeral taxes collected came from personal and corporate
bles F-1, F-3, F-7, F-9, and F-12.
income taxes (i.e. two progressive taxes) whereas only
38.9% came from payroll and excise/customs taxes (i.e. [4] Spending Under President George W. Bush, Veronique de
Rugy, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Mar
two regressive taxes). This is a ratio of 60.8 to 38.9, with
2009, Table 2
the remaining 0.4% coming from taxes collected from the
rest of the world. By 2005, this ratio had changed to 56.4 [5] Tax Policy Center: Urban Institute and Brookings Instito 43.1, thus indicating a trend towards a less progressive
tution. (March 13, 2007). Tax Facts: Historical Top Tax
Rate.. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
federal tax system.[84]:73
Lastly, by taking local and state taxes into consideration,
it can be fully seen how claims about the strong progressiveness of the American tax system are misguided
as local/state tax systems are very regressive. Consider
that in the year 2000, 30.1% of all state and local taxes
were from progressive type taxes (see above for examples)whereas 64.4% came from regressive type taxes. By
2005, this trend had become exacerbated as only 28.8%
now came from progressive type taxes, and 65.0% came
from regressive type taxes.[84]:73
[6] Wallace, Kelly (June 7, 2001). "$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law. CNN InsidePolitics archives. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
[7] Aron, Aviva (2007-01-23). New CBO Data Show Income Inequality Continues to Widen Center on Budget
and Policy Priorities. Cbpp.org. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[8] Burman, Leonard E. (2007-05-01). Rising Economic Inequality and Tax Policy. Taxpolicycenter.org. Retrieved
2011-08-29.
One could say that this has no bearing as state and local [9] Abramowitz, Michael; Montgomery, Lori (2007-01taxes make up a smaller portion of overall revenue as a
31). Bush Addresses Income Inequality. Washingtonshare of GDP.<who?> However, examine that in 2005
post.com. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
federal, local and state revenue as a share of GDP was
26.9% and that of this number, 9.3% came from state and [10] Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. New
York: W. W. Norton.
local taxes, whereas 17.6% came from federal taxes. This
is the closest these two numbers have been since 1959 and [11] Bartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal democracy: The political
further shows the increasing reliance upon state and local
economy of the new gilded age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
tax revenue which have been suggested to come from reUniversity Press.
gressive sources.[84]:72
[12] Price, L. (October 25, 2005). The Boom That Wasnt:
Economist Stephen Rose asserts that Piketty and Saez use

The economy has little to show for $860 billion in tax cuts.
an older method to adjusting for ination, exclude gov(PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-10.
ernment transfers, and they do not address demographic
changes. Rose concludes that while inequality did in- [13] 4. Akerlof, G., Arrow, K. J., Diamond, P., Klein, L.
R., McFadden, D. L., Mischel, L., Modigliani, F., North,
crease, the increase has been exaggerated.[85]
Libertarian economist Alan Reynolds, senior fellow at
the Cato Institute, makes similar assertions as Rose[86][87]
Gary Burtless, senior fellow at the centrist Brookings Institution, however, stated that Reynolds did not provide
D. C., Samuelson, P. A., Sharpe, W. F., Solow, R. M.,

Stiglitz, J., Tyson, A. D. & Yellen, J. (2003). Economists
Statement Opposing the Bush Tax Cuts. (PDF). Archived
from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved 200710-13.
102
[14] Justin Fox (2007-12-06). Tax Cuts Don't Boost Revenues. Time. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
[35] Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It. Retrieved 200803-30.
[15] Andrews, Edmund L. (2007-01-08). Tax Cuts Oer

Most for Very Rich, Study Says. The New York Times.
[36] Consumer Price Index - All Urban Consumers. Bureau

of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
[16] Chait, J. (September 10, 2007). Feast of the Wingnuts:

How economic crackpots devoured American politics.
The New Republic, 237, 27-31.
[37] Fiedler, M. & Kogan, R. (December 13, 2006). From

Surplus to Decit: Legislation Enacted Over the Last Six
Years Has Raised the Debt by $2.3 Trillion.. Retrieved
2007-11-10.
[17] Tax cuts and the rich. The Washington Times. 200701-14. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
[18] Gale, G. W. & Orzsag, P. R. (May 4, 2005). The Great
Tax Shift.. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
[38] Kudlow, Lawrence (April 14, 2008). What Price Freedom?"". Retrieved 2008-04-15.
[39] Stiglitz, Joseph E. NPR-Stiglitz Interview. Npr.org. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[19] The Tax Foundation (August, 2007). Have Federal Income Taxes Gotten More Progressive Since 2000?.. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
[40] GAO on BPD Federal Debt Schedules (PDF). Retrieved

2011-08-29.
[20] Aron-Dine, A. & Sherman, R. (January 23, 2007). New

CBO data show inequality continues to widen: After-tax
income for top 1% rose by $146,000 in 2004.. Retrieved
2007-11-10.
[41] GAO-08-446CG U.S. Financial Condition and Fiscal

Future Brieng, presented by the Honorable David M.
Walker, Comptroller General of the United States: The
National Press Foundation, Washington, D.C.: January
17, 2008 (PDF). p. 17. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[21] Congressional Budget Oce (December, 2006). Historical Eective Federal Tax Rates. (PDF). Retrieved 200801-25.
[22] Bush Touts $1.6 trillion Tax Cut. CNN.com (Atlanta:
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.). 2001-02-01. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
[23] Alan Greenspan Bashes President Bush in New Book.
Fox News. 2007-09-15.
[24] Wallace, Kelly (2001-06-07). "$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law. CNN InsidePolitics archives. Retrieved
2006-06-30.
[25] CBS Interviews Former Treasury Secretary Paul
O'Neill]". Retrieved 2007-07-25.
[42] US roquefort tari angers French. http://www.guardian.

co.uk/world/2009/jan/17/france-america-import-tariffs
[43] One Year After Cafta. The Wall Street Journal. 200702-26.
[44] http://www.sierraclub.org/trade/cafta/cafta_
centralamerica.asp
[45] Bernanke-The Global Saving Glut and U.S. Current Account Decit. Federalreserve.gov. Retrieved 2009-0227.
[46] Twelve Reasons Privatizing Social Security is a Bad IdeaReason 3 (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[26] U.S. economic growth revised up. CNN. 2003-11-25.

[47] Social Security Trustees Report (PDF). Retrieved 201108-29.
[27] A Heckuva Claim. Washingtonpost.com. 2007-01-06.

[48] Bushs Regulatory Kiss-O - Obamas assertions to the

contrary, the 43rd president was the biggest regulator since
Nixon.. Reason magazine. January 2009.
[28] Sebastian Mallaby - The Return Of Voodoo Economics.

Washingtonpost.com. 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2011-0829.
[49] Krugman Interview. Pbs.org. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[29] An Analysis of the Presidents Budgetary Proposals for

Fiscal Year 2008 (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[50] Labaton, Stephen (2003-09-11). New Agency Proposed

to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The New York
Times. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[30] Tax Policy Center. Tax Policy Center-Brieng Book

2008. Taxpolicycenter.org. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[51] Farrell, Greg (2008-09-09). Oxley Hits Back At Ideologues. The Financial Times.
[31] U.S. Treasury website
[52] Bumiller, Elisabeth (2002-07-31).

CORPORATE
CONDUCT: THE PRESIDENT; Bush Signs Bill Aimed
at Fraud In Corporations. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[32] http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp
[33] Budget of the United States Government, FY 2009, Historical Tables.. Government Printing Oce. Retrieved
2008-04-12.
[34] Current Dollar and Real Gross Domestic Product.
Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
[53] Farrell, Greg (2007-07-30). USA Today-Sarbox. Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2011-08-29.

[54] Presidents Address to the Nation September 2008.
3.7. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION
103
[55] Labaton, Stephen (2008-09-27). SEC Concedes Oversight Flaws. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-0501.
[77] Terrence P. Jerey. Declaring Entire Economy in Danger, Bush Calls Bipartisan Powwow for Biggest Bailout
Ever. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
[56] Labaton, Stephen (2008-10-03). The Reckoning. The

New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
[78] Saez, E. & Piketty, T. (2003). Income inequality in the

United States: 1913-1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 1-39.
[57] Krugman, Paul (2009). The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008. W.W. Norton Company
Limited. ISBN 978-0-393-07101-6.
[58] Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
[79] Saez, E. (October, 2007). Table A1: Top fractiles income shares (excluding capital gains) in the U.S., 19132005.. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
[59] Bureau of Labor Statistics. December 2008.
[80] Lou Dobbs on the Bush administrations economic policy. CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
[60] Historical Income Tables - Households. United States

Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on
March 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
[81] Johnston, D. C. (March 29, 2007). Income Gap is

Widening, Data Shows. The New York Times.. 200703-29. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
[61] Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the

United States: 2007 (PDF).
[82] Weeks, J. (2007). Inequality Trends in Some Developed

OECD Countries. In J. K.S. & J. Baudot (Ed.), Flat
World, Big Gaps: Economic Liberalization, Globalization, Poverty & Inequality (pp. 159-175). New York:
ZED Books (published in association with the United Nations).
[62] U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables, table 7.

[63] U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables, table 3.
[64] Scheve, Kenneth F. (2007-07-01). Slaughter-A New
Deal for Globalization. Foreignaairs.com. Retrieved
2011-08-29.
[65] Price, L. & Ratner, D. (October 26, 2005). Economy
pays price for Bushs tax cuts. (PDF). Retrieved 200711-10.
[66] "(March 27, 2008) Gross Domestic Product: percent
change from previous period. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
[67] U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) - Retrieved August 1, 2013
[68] Joint Economic Committee (March, 2006). Research
Report #109-32. (PDF). Retrieved 2008-01-25.
[69] Sources and Uses of Equity Extracted from Homes Greenspan Kennedy Report - Table 2 (PDF). Retrieved
2011-08-29.
[70] Equity extraction - Charts. Seekingalpha.com. 200704-25. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[71] Reuters-Spending Boosted by Home Equity Loans.
Reuters.com. 2007-04-23. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[72] BEA GDP Data-Excel. Bea.gov. Retrieved 2011-0829.
[73] Bush: Economy facing 'challenging times (March 17,
2008)". CNN. Archived from the original on June 10,
2008. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
[74] NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee. Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity.
11 December 2008.
[75] GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: FOURTH QUARTER 2008 (ADVANCE)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-29.
[76] Stimulus Watch.
[83] Aron-Dine, A. (March 11, 2008). Have the Bush tax cuts
made the tax code more progressive?". Retrieved 200803-20.
[84] Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto.
2006. The State of Working America, 2006/2007. 10th
edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 67-74.
[85] Rose, Stephen (June, 2007). Does Productivity Growth
Still Benet Working Americans?. (PDF). Retrieved
2008-01-27.
[86] Reynolds, Alan (January 8, 2007)..
[87] Mayer, J. (August 30, 2010). Covert Operations: The
billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama
accessdate=2010-12-22.
[88] Burtless, G. (January 11, 2007). Comments on `Has U.S.
Income Ineequality Really Increased?` Retrieved from the
Brookings Institution. (PDF). Retrieved 2007-01-25.
3.7 Foreign policy of the George W.

Bush administration
For more details about specic policy matters, see 2003
invasion of Iraq, Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and
War in Darfur.
See also: Foreign policy of the United States
During his campaign for election as President of the
United States, George W. Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico,
and a reduction of involvement in "nation building" and
other small-scale military engagements.
104
resolution stated that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets
and timetables for developing nations as well as industrialized ones, or that would result in serious harm to the
economy of the United States.
International Criminal Court
George W. Bush greeted by Romanian children.
3.7.1
International treaties
On December 13, 2001, President Bush announced the

withdrawal of the United States from the 1972 AntiBallistic Missile Treaty, a bedrock of U.S.Soviet nuclear stability during the Cold War era. Bush stated, I
have concluded the ABM treaty hinders our governments
ability to develop ways to protect our people from future terrorist or rogue state missile attacks. According
to the announcement, the withdrawal was to become effective six months from that date.[1] The National Missile
Defense project Bush supported is being designed to detect intercontinental ballistic missiles and destroy them
in ight. Critics doubted that the project could ever work
and said that it would cost US$53 billion from 2004 to
2009, being the largest single line item in the Pentagon's
funding.
The Bush presidency was also marked by diplomatic tensions with the Peoples Republic of China and North Korea, the latter of which admitted in 2003 to having been
in the process of building nuclear weapons and threatened
to use them if provoked by the U.S. The administration
was concerned that Iran may also be developing nuclear
weapons, although Iran has denied such allegations, maintaining that it is pursuing peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Bush made his rst visit to Europe in June 2001.[2] Bush
came under criticism from European leaders for the rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, which was aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global
warming. He asserted that the Kyoto Protocol is unfair
and ineective because it would exempt 80 percent of
the world and cause serious harm to the U.S. economy.
Many governments have criticized the failure of the
United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, which was
signed but not submitted for ratication by the previous
administration. Former President Bill Clinton recommended that his successor not submit the treaty for ratication until the wording was altered to reect U.S. concerns. Bush, who was opposed to the treaty, rescinded
U.S. executive approval from the proposed treaty. In
1997, prior to the Kyoto negotiations, the ByrdHagel
Resolution passed in the U.S. Senate by a 950 vote. The
World map of ICC member states
The International Criminal Court came into being on July

1, 2002. The ICC is the rst ever permanent, treaty
based, international criminal court established to promote
the rule of law and ensure that the gravest international
crimes do not go unpunished.
Later that year, in August 2002, the American Servicemembers Protection Act (ASPA) was passed by the
United States Congress with the stated intention to protect United States military personnel and other elected
and appointed ocials of the United States government
against criminal prosecution by an international criminal
court to which the United States is not a party.
International trade
Bush supported free trade policies and legislation but resorted to protectionist policies on occasion. Taris on imported steel imposed by the White House in March 2002
were lifted after the World Trade Organisation (WTO)
ruled them illegal. Bush explained that the safeguard
measures had achieved their purpose, and as a result
of changed economic circumstances, it was time to lift
them.[3] On August 31, 2004, WTO arbitrators authorized the European Union and other leading U.S. trade
partners to impose economic sanctions against the United
States for violation of global trade laws. The decision
by the WTO was one of several cases where the U.S.
was found to have been in breach of international trade
rules.[4]
However, Bush pursued and signed free trade agreements between with several countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Chile, Morocco, Oman, Peru, Singapore,
Ukraine, and with six countries under the Central American Free Trade Agreement.
3.7.2 Defense
105
Weapons of mass destruction
The ratio of defense spending of the U.S. and its allies to

its potential adversaries, for the year 2000, was about 6
The Bush Administration released its National Strategy to 1.
to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction in December
2002. The strategy includes three key elements: counterproliferation to combat the use of Weapons of Mass De- 3.7.3 International organizations
struction (WMD), strengthened nonproliferation to combat WMD proliferation, and consequence management In July 2002, Bush cut o all funding, approximately
to respond to WMD use. The classied version of this $34 million, for the United Nations Population Fund
strategy reportedly reserved the right to use overwhelm- (UNFPA). This funding had been allocated by Congress
ing force, including potentially nuclear weapons, in re- the previous December. Bush claimed that the UNFPA
sponse to a WMD attack against the United States, its supported forced abortions and sterilizations in China.
forces or allies.[5]
His justication came from a group of members of
In February 2004, in the context of recent revelations Congress who oppose abortion and an anti-abortion orgaabout clandestine nuclear programs in Iran and Libya, nization called the Population Research Institute, which
and the role of the A. Q. Khan network in prolifera- claimed to have obtained rst-hand video taped evidence
tion of sensitive nuclear technology, Bush proposed seven from victims of forced abortion and forced sterilization in
counties where the UNFPA operates in China. This accuinitiatives:[6]
sation has never been supported by any investigation, and
has in fact been disproved by the US State Department,
1. Cooperation on law enforcement for interdiction of UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities
WMD trade, known as the Proliferation Security in China. The UNFPA points out that it does not proInitiative;
vide support for abortion services. Its charter includes a
strong statement condemning coercion.
2. Passage of a UN Security Council Resolution requiring states to enact WMD-related controls, which The Bush administration continued to withhold funding
through 2007, and fought Congressional eorts to reled to UN Security Council Resolution 1540;
quire an explanation of its decision to block the funds.
3. Expansion of the G8 Global Partnership to eliminate Womens rights groups criticized the decision and pointed
WMD and secure WMD materials worldwide;
out that the PRI refused to release information that would
allow the team to locate the women, and thus no indepen4. Reliable access to nuclear fuel, accompanied by a dent verication of PRIs claims was possible.
ban on transfers of enrichment and reprocessing
technology to countries that do not already have such
facilities;
3.7.4 Foreign aid
5. Making the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) Additional Protocol a condition for nuclear On July 21, 2004, in a statement on the ftieth anniversupply, and ratication of the U.S. Additional Pro- sary of the Food for Peace program, Bush hailed the
United States for feeding the hungry. Noting that Miltocol;
lions are facing great aiction..., he stated that Amer[7]
6. Establishing a Special Committee of the IAEA ica has a special calling to come to their aid.... AfBoard of Governors on safeguards and verication ter the 2004 election, however, the Bush administration
told several private charities that it would not be honoring
to strengthen compliance and enforcement; and
previous funding commitments. The shortfall, estimated
7. Excluding countries under investigation for nonpro- at $100 million, forced the charities to suspend or elimiliferation violations from serving on the Board or nate programs that had already been approved to improve
farming, education and health in order to promote selfthe Special Committee.
suciency in poor countries.[8]
Defense spending
While the United States continued to give large amounts

of aid abroad, the George W. Bush presidency was criticized for having a major impact upon the Millennium
Development Goals project of the United Nations. Many
nations, including key OECD members, were criticized
for falling far short of their promise to give 0.7% of their
GDP in order to drastically reduce poverty by the target
date of 2015.[9]
Of the US$2.4 trillion budgeted for 2005, about $450

billion was planned to be spent on defense. This level
was generally comparable to the defense spending during
the Cold War. Congress approved $87 billion for U.S.
involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan in November, and
had approved an earlier $79 billion package the previous
spring. Most of the funds were for military operations in In his State of the Union Address in January 2003, Bush
outlined a ve-year strategy for global emergency AIDS
the two countries.
106
relief, the Presidents Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief.

The emergency relief eort was led by U.S. Ambassador
Randall L. Tobias, former CEO of Eli Lilly and Global
AIDS Coordinator at the Department of State. At the
time of the speech, $9 billion was earmarked for new programs in AIDS relief for the 15 countries most aected
by HIV/AIDS, another $5 billion for continuing support
of AIDS relief in 100 countries where the U.S. already
had bilateral programs established, and an additional $1
billion towards the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[10] This budget represented more
money contributed to ght AIDS globally than all other
donor countries combined.
As the largest national economy in the world, the United
States leadership and commitment was seen as vital in
addressing world poverty and ensuring implementation of
the project, considered the most progressive and feasible
to date for the United Nations or any other institution.
President George W. Bush signed a multi-million dollar aid deal with the government of Tanzania on February 17, 2008.[11] George W. Bush, cheering Liberians to
rebound from Second Liberian Civil War that left their
nation in ruins, said February 21, 2008 that the United
States will keep lending a hand to make Liberia a symbol
of liberty for Africa and the world.[12] President George
W. Bush ordered the release of $200 million in emergency aid to help countries in Africa and elsewhere. Riots from Haiti to Bangladesh to Egypt over surging food
prices catapulted the issue to the forefront of the worlds
attention.[13]
3.7.5
Middle East and central Asia
Afghanistan
Bush talks with South Korean President days after the 9/11 attacks.
On September 11, 2001, two hijacked planes were own

into and destroyed the World Trade Center in New York
City, a third plane was aimed at the Pentagon and a fourth
crashed in a eld in Pennsylvania after being averted
by passengers from its target, believed to be the White
House. In reaction to this, the US led a NATO inva-
sion of Afghanistan, instigating the "Global War on Terror". NATO forces scoured the region for 9/11 alleged
mastermind Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist network
Al-Qaeda and drove the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban
regime, which was sheltering and providing sanctuary for
Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, from power. However once Bin
Laden left Afghanistan and took up sanctuary in Pakistan,
Bush said that he was not that concerned about him
as the Al-Qaeda leader continued to plot attacks against
America.[14]
Major criticisms started to emerge from international human rights organizations about the United States policy of
detaining alleged Taliban and Al-Qaeda combatants and
refusing to grant these detainees their rights as prisoners
of war as detailed in the Geneva Conventions. Other allegations stated that numerous captured Taliban ghters
possessed no link to either Al-Qaeda or the Taliban. Instead these ghters had the misfortune of being forcibly
recruited into the Taliban military during the American
invasion. The practice of impressment was systematic
of the Taliban regime which would raid villages for able
bodied men to serve on the front lines for a specic time
period.
President Bush and his administration labelled the detainees as "unlawful combatants" deemed to pose a threat
to the U.S. or to have information about terrorist structures, plans and tactics. The administration has said that
such detainees can be held for as long as necessary.
Critics claim that anyone accused of a crime has a right
to a fair trial and question whether people like Mullah
Abdul Salam Zaeef, the former Taliban ambassador to
Pakistan, can be called an unlawful combatant. In the
case of Zaeef, they claim he cannot be a combatant because he was crippled during the Soviet occupation and
that he wasn't unlawful because he was ambassador of
his country. The Bush Administration and its supporters
claim that the war against America by Al-Qaeda is ongoing, that it is unconventional, and that the battleeld extends into the U.S. itself.[15][16] According to the declassied April 2006 National Intelligence Estimate, United
States-led counterterrorism eorts have seriously damaged the leadership of Al-Qaeda and disrupted its operations; however, we judge that al-Qaida will continue to
pose the greatest threat to the Homeland and US interests
abroad by a single terrorist organization. We also assess
that the global jihadist movementwhich includes AlQaeda, aliated and independent terrorist groups, and
emerging networks and cellsis spreading and adapting
to counterterrorism eorts.
Although the Bush administration released over 100 detainees and authorized military tribunals for the rest, the
legal framework governing them has been slow in the
making. According to Human Rights Watch, as of January 2004, the public still [did] not know who the detainees are, what they [had] allegedly done, and whether
and when they will be charged with crimes or released.
There [had] been no hearings to determine the legal sta-

tus of detainees and no judicial reviewin short, no legal
process at all.[15] In February 2002 the United States began releasing several dozen detainees to their home countries, including many British and Pakistani nationals. The
British detainees were briey investigated and cleared of
any British charges within 24 hours of their arrival.
107
implementation of the act and removal of Iraqi president

Saddam Hussein, with a focus on rebuilding a coalition,
tougher sanctions, reinstating inspections, and support for
the Iraqi National Congress.
In November 2001, Bush asked Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld to begin developing a plan for war.
By early 2002 Bush began publicly pressing for regime
change, indicating that his government had reason to believe that the Iraqi government had ties to terrorist groups,
was developing weapons of mass destruction and did not
cooperate suciently with United Nations weapons inspectors. In January 2003, Bush was convinced that
diplomacy was not working and started notifying allies
such as Saudi Arabia that war was imminent.
Although no agreement on authorizing force could be

found within the United Nations Security Council, the
war was ultimately launched in March 2003, after Bush,
in a speech on March 17 eectively had declared war on
Iraq, along with a declaration of his objectives as assurPresident George W. Bush sits with Vice President Dick Cheney ing [the] national security of the United States, and no
and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as they host a working more poison factories, no more executions of dissidents, no
dinner at the White House with President Hamid Karzai (left) more torture chambers and rape rooms. [18]
of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and President Pervez
Musharraf, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, September 27,
2006. White House photo by Eric Draper.
The domestic political equation changed in the U.S. after

the September 11, 2001 attacks, bolstering the inuence
of the neoconservative faction of the administration and
throughout Washington. The conict in Afghanistan, and
the events that had launched the war, coincided with a reassessment of foreign policy by the administration, which
President Bush articulated in his rst State of the Union
message on January 29, 2002. Previously, September
11 had underscored the threat of attacks from terrorist
groups like Al-Qaeda, as opposed to nation-states, and
U.S. military intervention in Afghanistan targeted the ruling Taliban militia for having harbored al-Qaeda sponsor Osama bin Laden. Now speaking of an "axis of
evil" comprising Iran, North Korea, and Iraq in his address to Congress, Bush claimed that he was preparing to
open a new front in the U.S global war on terrorism.
Bush declared, Iraq continues to aunt its hostility toward America and to support terror. Announcing that
he would possibly take action to topple the Iraqi government, he claimed, The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for
over a decade.[17]
Further information: War in Afghanistan (2001present)
Iraq
Beginning with the Iraq Liberation Act signed into law
by President Bill Clinton in 1998, the U.S. government
ocially called for regime change in Iraq. The Republican Partys campaign platform of 2000 called for full
President George W. Bush walks with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri

al-Maliki at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, June 13, 2006.
During his unannounced trip to Iraq, President Bush thanked the
Prime Minister, telling him, I'm convinced you will succeed, and
so will the world.
108
Saddam Hussein was deposed and went into hiding on
April 10 when Baghdad was captured, and was subsequently located and arrested in December. The occupation would ultimately prove dicult, with many Iraqis
and foreigners launching attacks on U.S. forces stationed
in the country. Eventually, the U.S. death toll in the postwar occupation surpassed that of the actual war itself.
Thousands of civilians were killed during the invasion and
by resistance ghters. Nevertheless, Bush remained optimistic, hailing the victory and such developments as
the signing of the Iraqi Constitution.
Throughout the course of the Iraq war, Bush was often
the target of harsh criticism. Both in the U.S. and in the
rest of the world there were numerous anti-war protests,
particularly before the wars onset. See Popular opposition to war on Iraq, and Protests against the 2003 Iraq
war. Even before the invasion it was clear to many observers that insucient planning had been made for the
stability of post-war Iraq.
Criticism also came from the governments of many countries, notably from many on the United Nations Security Council, who argued that the war broke international
law.[19] (Article VI of the U.S. Constitution states that
"...all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of
the Land... and that "...all executive and judicial Ocers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be
bound by Oath or Armation, to support this Constitution..., while Article III states that the judicial power of
the US Supreme Court extends to all ... Treaties made".
This makes a violation of international law also a violation of the supreme Law of The Land of America,
and withholds immunity from government ocials, including the president.) See Worldwide government positions on war on Iraq and The UN Security Council and
the Iraq war. For its part, the U.S. administration soon
presented a list of countries called the coalition of the
willing which supported its position. A later aspect of
the criticism has been the death toll in Iraq; over 100,000
Iraqi civilians and 4000 U.S. soldiers have been killed
since the beginning of the war mainly during the ensuing
insurgency and civil war.[20][21] In 2004, public assertions
by Bushs former Secretary of the Treasury Paul O'Neill
and counter-terrorism expert Richard Clarke raised questions about the credibility of the Bush administrations
pre-war claims. Both presented evidence that questioned
how focused the Bush administration was on combating
Al-Qaeda (which was operating out of Afghanistan, not
Iraq) before September 11. Specically, O'Neill presented classied and unclassied documents indicating
that planning for a war with Iraq and the subsequent
occupation began at the rst National Security Council
meeting and continued with each meeting. Clarke presented testimony and witnesses concerning how Bush and
much of his cabinet tried to nd excuses to attack Iraq
immediately after September 11, such as associating it
with September 11, claiming that Saddam Hussein pos-
sessed weapons of mass destruction, and claiming that
Iraq posed an imminent threat, which implied that a war
against Iraq would be legal by Article 51[22] of the U.N.
Charter.
Testimony at the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (ongoing during March
2004) has included claims of how much of the Bush administrations immediate post-9/11 emphasis on Iraq was
appropriate and proportional to the overall picture of terrorism, especially in light of the administrations subsequent decision to pursue military action in Afghanistan
rst, the fact that organizations accused of 9/11 are in
Afghanistan, not Iraq, and that no links have been found
between these organizations and Saddam Hussein. The
Commissions report is expected to be released before the
Presidential election. On June 16, 2004, the USAs 9/11
Commission led an initial report on its ndings, stating
that it found no credible evidence of a collaborative
relationship between pre-invasion Iraq and Al-Qaeda or
of Iraqi involvement in the 9/11 attacks.
The inability of the U.S. to nd weapons of mass destruction in Iraq has led to greater domestic criticism
of the administrations Iraq policy. Several of the statements that Bush and his administration made leading up
to the war in Iraq, especially those involving claims of
Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, have been criticized
as misleading or inaccurate. Particularly controversial
was Bushs claim in the 2003 State of the Union Address that British Intelligence had discovered that Iraq
was seeking to buy uranium from Africa. Ocials and
diplomats disputed the evidence for this claim, especially
after a document describing an attempted purchase from
Niger, which was presented to the United Nations Security Council by Colin Powell, was found to be a forgery.
This led to a public embarrassment for George Tenet, the
director of the CIA, as well as the Valerie Plame scandal.
Much criticism on these issues has come from political
opponents of Bush. The Iraq war was a signicant issue
in the 2004 Democratic primary, including the campaigns
of Howard Dean, John Kerry, Al Sharpton, and Dennis
Kucinich.
However, State Department documents declassied in
2006 cite hundreds of weapons of mass destruction found
in Iraq. Nonetheless, it was soon quickly revealed that the
particular weapons in question were WMD Saddam had
obtained during the Iran-Iraq war, which had long since
become stale and non-functional.[23][24]
On March 24, 2004, Bush joked about the weapons of
mass destruction issue at the annual White House Correspondents Dinner. While showing slides of himself
searching the Oval Oce, he joked, those weapons of
mass destruction have got to be somewhere ... nope, no
weapons over there ... maybe under here?" Some found it
tasteless of him to be joking about the issue. Others defended the joke as being in line with the self-deprecatory
sort of humor that has come to be expected of Presidents
109
when they speak at that event.
but the processes that Iran has been developing to reproOn September 26, 2006, Bush declassied the key judg- cess and enrich uranium are also critical components for
ments of the April 2006 National Intelligence Estimate. the development of a nuclear weapon.
The estimate, titled Trends in Global Terrorism: Implica- Since there exists some circumstantial evidence that Iran,
tions for the United States, states the following: We as- classied by the U.S. as a state sponsor of terrorism, may
sess that the Iraq jihad is shaping a new generation of ter- have intentions of pursuing a weapons program, the Irarorist leaders and operatives; perceived jihadist success nian nuclear program became a major foreign policy of
there would inspire more ghters to continue the struggle the United States.[28] George W. Bush has made clear that
elsewhere. The Iraq conict has become the 'cause cele- an Iranian enrichment program is unacceptable, consisbre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of US in- tently stating that the United States will not allow Iran to
volvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters possess a nuclear weapon or the means to create a nuclear
for the global jihadist movement. Should jihadists leav- weapon. Accordingly, the passage of UN Security Couning Iraq perceive themselves, and be perceived, to have cil resolutions calling on Iran to stop enriching uranium,
failed, we judge fewer ghters will be inspired to carry imposing sanctions on Iran for continuing to enrich uraon the ght.
nium, and to tighten sanctions are seen as foreign policy
On December 1, 2008, during an interview with ABC successes for the Bush administration. Despite these resWorld News, Bush stated The biggest regret of all the olutions, as of January 2009, Irans nuclear program conpresidency has to have been the intelligence failure in tinued relatively unfettered, meaning that Bushs policy
Iraq. A lot of people put their reputations on the line goal of ending Irans enrichment was not achieved during
and said the weapons of mass destruction is a reason to his Presidency.
remove Saddam Hussein..."I think I was unprepared for
war. In other words, I didn't campaign and say, 'Please Israel
vote for me, I'll be able to handle an attack'...I didn't anticipate war. and on early withdrawal of troops, It was
a tough call, particularly, since a lot of people were advising for me to get out of Iraq, or pull back in Iraq,[25]
On December 14, 2008, during a joint press conference
with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, Bush was
publicly insulted when an Iraqi reporter threw his shoes at
the President as Bush and al-Maliki were about to shake
hands. The oender, later identied as television correspondent Muntadar al-Zeidi,[26] leapt from his chair and
quickly hurled rst one shoe and then the other at the
president, who was about 20 feet away. Bush successfully dodged both projectiles which were aimed at his
head. Zeidi worked for Al-Baghdadia television, an Iraqiowned station based in Cairo.[26] He was wrestled to the
ground by security ocials and then hauled away, moaning as they left the room. So what if the guy threw a
shoe at me?" Bush said, comparing the action to political
protests in the United States.[26] Al-Baghdadias Baghdad
manager told the Associated Press he had no idea what
prompted his reporter to go on the attack.[26] The Iraqi
government has demanded an on-air apology from his
employer.[27]
Further information: Iraq War
Iran
Mahmoud Abbas, United States President George W. Bush, and

Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon after reading statement to
the press during the closing moments of the Red Sea Summit in
Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003
Bush has maintained a desire to resume the peace process in Israel, and had openly proclaimed his desire for
a Palestinian state to be created before 2005. He outlined a road map for peace in cooperation with Russia, the
European Union, and the United Nations, which featured
compromises that had to be made by both sides before
Palestinian statehood could become a reality.
One particular proposal was his insistence on new Palestinian leadership; a stance that saw the appointment of the
rst ever Palestinian Prime Minister on April 29, 2003.
Bush had denounced Palestine Liberation Organization
leader Yasser Arafat for continued support of violence
and militant groups. The road map for peace stalled
within months after more violence and the resignation of
the new Palestinian Prime Minister, Mahmoud Abbas.
There has been much controversy surrounding Iran and its

nuclear program in the past few years. The controversy
centers on the Iranian enrichment of Uranium. Iran ofcials have stated that they are enriching the uranium to
fuel civilian reactors as permitted under the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty and other international agreements, By the end of 2003, neither side had done what was out-
110
lined in the plan. In April 2004 Bush announced that he

endorsed Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's plan to
disengage from the Gaza Strip but retain Jewish settlements in the West Bank. He also announced agreement
with Sharons policy of denying the right of return. This
led to condemnation from Palestinian President Yasser
Arafat, Arab and European governments[29] and was a
major departure from previous U.S. foreign policy in the
region. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak commented
Bushs policies had led to an 'unprecedented hatred' of
Arabs for the U.S.[30]
in oil-related transactions in Sudan. The order comes as

the Bush administrations new special envoy for Sudan,
Andrew Natsios, began a trip to Sudan, where he plans to
meet with government ocials and visit war-torn Darfur.
3.7.6
Post September 11, President Bush worked closely with

his NATO allies in Europe, to ght against the Taliban
and Al-Qaeda, in Afghanistan. However, after the 2003
Invasion of Iraq, relations were strained with France and
Germany, who strongly opposed the invasion. But President Bush had an excellent relationship with Tony Blair,
of Britain, and Silvio Berlusconi of Italy, which took
part in the wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Bush
began his second term with an emphasis on improving
strained relations with European nations. Bush lauded the
pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine. However, Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan and Ilham
Aliyev of Azerbaijan, both undemocratically elected and
ercely autocratic, received ocial state visits to the
White House,[32] along with increased economic and military assistance.[33] The President had encouraged both
leaders to hold free and fair elections early on in his second term, but in fact neither leader carried out signicant
reforms.[34][35][36]
Africa
Humanitarian aid
President Bush has done work to reduce the HIV/AIDS
epidemics in Africa, stop the spread of Malaria, and rebuild broken nations from their genocidal pasts. One
of the most notable programs initiated by Bush is the
PEPFAR (Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
Program, which was a commitment of $15 billion over
ve years (20032008) from the United States to ght the
global HIV/AIDS pandemic. As of September 2007, the
program estimates that it has supported the provision of
antiretroviral treatment to approximately 1,445,500 people, mostly in Africa. Bush has also initiated programs
that have put more than 29 million of Africas poorest
children into schools.[31] Bush has provided huge overt
support in Liberia to stabilize the country, and increasingly eective aid and trade backing good governance
have helped improve health and provide education, skills,
and jobs on the continent.[31] He has also supported agricultural independence in Africa, reducing Chinese mercantilism on the continent that had been overwhelming
the farmers. Beninese cotton farmers urged him to
stand fast on his opposition to the pork-belly politics of
the farm bill that is winding its disgraceful way through
Congress on his last visit to Africa. Finally, he has been
steadfast in changing the Doha round of World Trade Organization talks so it will favor the poor in Africa.[31] It
has been said, from Time Magazine, that Africa is the
triumph of American foreign policy and is the Bush
Administrations greatest achievement.[31]
Sudan/Darfur conict
On October 14, 2006 Bush signed a law imposing sanctions against people responsible for genocide and war
crimes in Sudan. It enables the Bush administration to
deny Sudans government access to oil revenues. Furthermore to the signing of the law, he signed another executive order that conrms the existing sanctions but eases
some on parts of southern Sudan. It also includes exceptions to facilitate the ow of humanitarian aid to Darfur.
On the other side the order toughens some sanctions, including a provision that bars any American from engaging
In response to the Government of Sudans continued

complicity in unabated violence occurring in Darfur,
Bush imposed new economic sanctions on Sudan in May
2007.
3.7.7 Europe
Russia
A planned missile defense system in Eastern Europe
poses no threat to Russia, President George Bush, told
April 1, 2008, responding to concerns that the U.S. might
use interceptor missiles for oensive purposes. His comments came before he left Kiev for a NATO summit in
Bucharest, Romania, that is expected to highlight divisions over the plan. Russian President Vladimir Putin
and U.S. President George W. Bush failed to resolve their
dierences over U.S. plans for the planned missile defense system based in Poland and the Czech Republic, on
their meeting in the Russian Black Sea resort of Sochi on
April 6, 2008, but said they had agreed a strategic framework to guide future U.S.-Russian relations, in which
Russia and the U.S. said they recognized that the era in
which each had considered the other to be a strategic
threat or enemy was over. Before leaving April 1, 2008
for Bucharest, Bush told that Russia will not be able to
veto Georgia's or Ukraine's inclusion into NATO. Bush
said that both countries should be able to take part in
NATOs Membership Action Plan, which is designed to
help aspiring countries meet the requirements of joining
the alliance. Bush added that Ukraine already contributes
to NATO missions, specically in Iraq, Afghanistan and
111
Kosovo. Ukraine also has demonstrated a commitment

to democracy. Bush denied that the United States might
ease o on membership plans for Ukraine and Georgia if
Russia acquiesces on the missile shield.[37][38]
3.7.8
Asia
Bush with Prime Minister Helen Clark during her visit to the
White House in 2007
New Zealands anti-nuclear policy which banned visits by

nuclear-armed or nuclear-powered warships. This led the
United States to suspend defense and intelligence cooperation with New Zealand in 1986.[41]
President George W. Bush shakes hands with Indias Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during his visit to India in 2006, at the
Hyderabad House in New Delhi.
Following the 9/11 attacks, Prime Minister Clark expressed condolences with the victims of 9/11 and contributed New Zealand military forces to the US-led War
in Afghanistan in October 2001.[41] While New Zealand
did not participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, it still
contributed a small engineering and support force to assist coalition forces in post-war reconstruction and the
provision of humanitarian work.[42] Cables leaked by
Wikileaks in 2010 suggested New Zealand had only done
so in order to keep valuable Oil for Food contracts.[43][44]
President Bush has simultaneously improved relations

with India, Japan, South Korea, China and ASEAN. Bush
conrmed that he would be attending the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) conference for the
rst time during his presidency in 2007. It is believed
that he has not previously participated in protest of politNew Zealand was also involved in the Proliferation Seical events in Myanmar (Burma).[39]
curity Initiative (PSI), which was launched by President
Relations with India have improved signicantly during Bush on 31st May 2003 as part of a US-led global efGeorge W. Bush's tenure. In September 2001, President fort which aimed to stop tracking of weapons of mass
Bush removed sanctions which had been imposed in May destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related
1998, after the Pokhran-II nuclear tests. Both his Indian materials to and from states and non-state actors of procontemporaries, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Manmohan liferation concern.[45] New Zealands participation in the
Singh have visited the United States at various times.
PSI led to the improvement of defense ties with the
President Bush called Chinese President Hu Jintao March United States, including increased participation in joint
26, 2008 to express his concern about Chinas crackdown military exercies. In 2008, the Secretary of State Conon protesters in Tibet since March 10, 2008. Bush and doleezza Rice visited Prime Minister Helen Clark, and
Hu also discussed issues including Taiwan, North Korea's described New Zealand as a friend and an ally. She
also signalled that the US-NZ relationship had moved
denuclearization and Myanmar.
beyond the ANZUS dispute. The strengthening of USNZ bilateral relations would be continued by the Barack
Obama administration, and Clarks successor: the John
3.7.9 Oceania
Key National Government.[41]
New Zealand
Relations with New Zealand under the Bush adminis- 3.7.10 See also
tration improved and became increasingly closer especially after the Labour Prime Minister Helen Clark vis Foreign relations of the United States
ited the White House on 22nd March 2007.[40] The
United States and New Zealand had been allies during
Condoleezza Rices tenure as Secretary of State
World War II and both countries were members of the
ANZUS security alliance during the Cold War, which
*"Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War". by Robert
also included Australia. However, bilateral relations were
strained under the Ronald Reagan Administration due to
M. Gates. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
112
3.7.11
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Treaty. White House, Oce of the Press Secretary. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
[18] President Bush (March 17, 2003). President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours. Oce
of the Press Secretary. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[19] Rachel S. Taylor. International Law: War in Iraq.
World Press. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[2] Tom McNichol (June 12, 2001). President Bushs rstever trip to Europe. Salon Media Group. Retrieved
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[20] Iraq Body Count
[3] Wayne Washington (December 5, 2003). Bush lifts steel

import taris: Industry angry; trade war averted. The
Boston Globe. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[22] Charter of the United Nations: CHAPTER VII. United

Nations. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007.
[4] Paul Meller, Elizabeth Becker (September 1, 2004). U.S.

Loses Trade Cases and Faces Penalties. The New York
Times. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[23] Hundreds of Chemical Weapons Found in Iraq. Andrew

Breitbart. June 22, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
[5] President Bush (September 17, 2002). National Strategy

to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. National Security Presidential Directives. Retrieved September 16,
2012.
[6] President Bush (February 11, 2004). President Announces New Measures to Counter the Threat of WMD.
Oce of the Press Secretary. Retrieved September 16,
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[7] USAID - 50 Years of Food For Peace: Bringing Hope to
the Hungry. USAID. July 13, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[8] Elizabeth Becker (December 22, 2004). U.S. slashes
aid to food programs / Charities estimate $100 million in
cuts. New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[9] Poverty can be halved if eorts are coupled with better
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[10] Associated Press (January 29, 2006). Quarter Of Bushs
$15 Billion For AIDS Going To Christian Groups. The
Hungton Post. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
[11] CNN (February 17, 2008). Bush signs aid deal with Tanzania. CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
[12] CNN (February 21, 2008). Bush vows to help warcrippled Liberia rebound. CNN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
[21] Operation Iraqi Freedom iCasualties
[24] Report: Hundreds of WMD Found in Iraq. Fox News.

June 22, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
[25] Zakaria, Tabassum (December 1, 2008). Bush calls
awed Iraq intelligence biggest regret. Reuters. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
[26] BUSH NOTEBOOK: Bush ducks shoes in Baghdad.
The Associated Press. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
[27] Iraq rally for Bush shoe attacker. BBC News. December 15, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
[28] Linzer, Dafna (February 8, 2006). Strong Leads and
Dead Ends in Nuclear Case Against Iran. Washington
Post. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
[29] Ewen MacAskill, Patrick Wintour (April 20, 2004).
Blair condemns Israel and opens rift with US. The
Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[30] Ewen MacAskill, Suzanne Goldenberg (April 21, 2004).
Arab ally snubs Bush amid 'unprecedented hatred' for
US. The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[31] Bob Geldof (May 3, 2008). The Healer. Time Magazine: 3839.
[32] President Bush Welcomes President Aliyev of Azerbaijan to the White House. Transcript from The Oval Oce.
Oce of the Press Secretary. April 28, 2005. Retrieved
October 23, 2006.
[13] CNN (April 15, 2008). U.S. to give $200M in food aid.
CNN. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
[33] Diehl, Jackson (April 24, 2006). Retreat From the Freedom Agenda. The Washington Post. Retrieved October
23, 2006.
[14] Reynolds, Maura (October 14, 2004). Bush 'Not Concerned' About Bin Laden in '02. LA Times. Retrieved
September 16, 2012.
[34] Azerbaijan Protests Face Crackdown. CBS News.

November 27, 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2006.
[15] United States: Guantanamo Two Years On. Human

Rights Watch. January 9, 2004. Retrieved September 16,
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[35] Supporters Of Slain Kazakh Oppositionist Open Probe.

Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. August 29, 2006.
[16] Guantanamo Bay: Overview of the ICRCs work for internees. International Committee of the Red Cross. January 30, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[36] Setback for Democracy in Kazakhstan. Perspicacity

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[17] Full text: State of the Union address. BBC News. January 30, 2002. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
[37] Bush: Missile shield no threat to Russia. CNN. April 1,

3.8. BUSH DOCTRINE
[38] Bush, Putin disagree on missile defense. CNN. April

6, 2008. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008.
[39] PM Lee meets Bush; Bush conrms he'll meet ASEAN
leaders in Singapore. Channel News Asia. May 5, 2007.
[40] President Bush Welcomes NZ PM Clark to Oval Oce.
Scoop Independent News. 22 March 2007.
[41] Vaughn, Bruce (2011). New Zealand: Background and
Bilateral Relations with the United States. CRS Report
for Congress (Congressional Research Service): 117.
Retrieved 3 July 2013.
[42] Iraq Frequently Asked Questions. NZ Army. Retrieved
25 February 2013.
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Moens, Alexander (2004). The Foreign Policy Of
George W. Bush: Values, Strategy and Loyalty.
Pressman, Jeremy (2009). Power without Inuence: The Bush Administrations Foreign Policy
Failure in the Middle East. International Security
33 (4): 149179. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.149.
Wright, Steven (2007). The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on
Terror. Ithaca Press. ISBN 978-0-86372-321-6.
3.8 Bush Doctrine
[43] Fonterra contract behind NZ involvement in Iraq. 3

News NZ. 20 December 2010.
[44] NZ in Iraq to help Fonterra - cable. NZ Herald. 20
December 2010.
[45] Proliferation Security Initiative. United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
3.7.12
Further reading
Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2006). Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies.
Diplomatic History 30 (3): 509543.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00563.x.
President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference
in the Rose Garden about Iran's nuclear ambitions and discusses
Britton, Gregory (2006). September 11, American

North Korea's nuclear test
Exceptionalism, and the War in Iraq. Australasian
Journal of American Studies 25: 125141.
The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various
Bush, George W. (2005). Dietrich, John W., ed. related foreign policy principles of the 43rd President of
The George W. Bush Foreign Policy Reader: Presi- the United States, George W. Bush. The phrase was rst
used by Charles Krauthammer in June 2001 to describe
dential Speeches.
the Bush Administrations unilaterally withdrawing from
Daalder, Ivo H.; Lindsay, James M. (2005). Amerthe ABM treaty and rejecting the Kyoto protocol.[1] Afica Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy.
ter 9/11 the phrase described the policy that the United
Dalby, Simon (2005). Geopolitics, Grand Strategy, States had the right to secure itself against countries that
and the Bush Doctrine. Institute of Defence and harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to
justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.[1][2]
Strategic Studies Working Papers (Singapore) 90.
Halberstam, David (2007). The History Boys. Dierent pundits would attribute dierent meanings to
Vanity Fair. Halberstams nal essay (debunks the the Bush Doctrine, as it came to describe other elements, including his neoconservative ideology of preBush administrations wild distortion of history)
emptive strikes, which represented a defensive strategy,
Jentleson, Bruce W. (2003). American Foreign Pol- especially towards any immediate threat to the security
icy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century of the United States. This one particular principle, which
(Second ed.).
is the most controversial of all, was used to promote
the spread of democracy around the world, especially in
Kagan, Robert (2003). Of Paradise and Power:
the Middle East, as a strategy for combating terrorism;
America and Europe in the New World Order.
and a willingness to unilaterally pursue U.S. military in Leer, Melvyn P. (2013). The Foreign Policies of terests.[3][4][5] Some of these policies were codied in a
the George W. Bush Administration: Memoirs, His- National Security Council text entitled the National Secutory, Legacy. Diplomatic History 37 (2): 190216. rity Strategy of the United States published on September
doi:10.1093/dh/dht013.
20, 2002.[6]
114
The phrase Bush Doctrine was rarely used by members

of the Bush administration. The expression was used at
least once, though, by Vice President Richard Cheney, in
a June 2003 speech in which he said, If there is anyone in
the world today who doubts the seriousness of the Bush
Doctrine, I would urge that person to consider the fate
of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and of Saddam Husseins
regime in Iraq.[7]
3.8.1
National Security Strategy of the

United States
In his 2010 memoir Decision Points, President Bush articulates his discrete concept of the Bush Doctrine. According to the President, his doctrine consisted of four
prongs, three of them practical, and one idealistic.
They are the following: (In his words)
1. Make no distinction between terrorists and the nations that harbor them--and hold both to account.
2. Take the ght to the enemy overseas before they
can attack us again here at home.
3. Confront threats before they fully materialize.
4. Advance liberty and hope as an alternative to the

The main elements of the Bush Doctrine were delineated
enemys ideology of repression and fear.
in a document, the National Security Strategy of the United
[8]
States, published on September 17, 2002. This document is often cited as the denitive statement of the
Unilateralism
doctrine.[9][10][11] It was updated in 2006[12] and is stated
as follows:[13]
Unilateral elements were evident in the rst months of
Bushs presidency. Conservative Charles Krauthammer,
coiner of the term Bush Doctrine, deployed unilater3.8.2 Components
alism, in February 2001 to refer to the presidents increased unilateralism in foreign policy, specically reThe Bush Doctrine has been dened as a collection of garding the presidents decision to withdraw from the
strategy principles, practical policy decisions, and a set ABM treaty.[24][25]
of rationales and ideas for guiding United States foreign
policy.[14] Some of these had reemerged from the 1992 There is some evidence that Bushs willingness for the
draft Wolfowitz Doctrine, which had been leaked and United States to act unilaterally came even earlier. The
disavowed by the rst Bush administration; Wolfowitz, International Journal of Peace Studies 2003 article The
as deputy secretary of defense, was at the center of Bush administrations image of Europe: From ambiva[26]
the new Bush administrations strategic planning.[15] Two lence to rigidity states:
main pillars are identied for the doctrine: preemptive
strikes against potential enemies and promoting demo- Attacking countries that harbor terrorists
cratic regime change.[14][16]
The George W. Bush administration claimed that the
United States is locked in a global war; a war of
ideology, in which its enemies are bound together
by a common ideology and a common hatred of
democracy.[14][17][18][19][20][21]
Out of the National Security Strategy, four main points are
highlighted as the core to the Bush Doctrine: Preemption,
Military Primacy, New Multilateralism, and the Spread
of Democracy.[22] The document emphasized preemption by stating: America is now threatened less by conquering states than we are by failing ones. We are menaced less by eets and armies than by catastrophic technologies in the hands of the embittered few, and required
defending the United States, the American people, and
our interests at home and abroad by identifying and destroying the threat before it reaches our borders.[23]
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld remarked thus in
2006, in a statement taken to reect his view of the Doctrines ecacy: If I were rating, I would say we probably
deserve a D or D+ as a country as how well we're doing
in the battle of ideas thats taking place. I'm not going to
suggest that its easy, but we have not found the formula
as a country.[20]
At a joint session of Congress President Bush pledges to

defend Americas freedom against the fear of terrorism.
September 20, 2001 (audio only)
The doctrine was developed more fully as an executive
branch response in the wake of the September 11, 2001
attacks. The attacks presented a foreign policy challenge,
since it was not Afghanistan that had initiated the attacks, and there was no evidence that they had any foreknowledge of the attacks.[27] In an address to the nation
on the evening of September 11, Bush stated his resolution of the issue by declaring that we will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts
and those who harbor them.[28] President Bush made
3.8. BUSH DOCTRINE
115
an even more aggressive restatement of this principle in ing the threat of terrorism, and that the United States had
his September 20, 2001 address to a Joint Session of the right to act unilaterally in its own security interests,
Congress:[29]
without the approval of international bodies such as the
[3][4][5]
This represented a departure from
Ari Fleischer, the White House Press Secretary at the United Nations.
the
Cold
War
policies
of
deterrence and containment untime, later wrote in an autobiographical account of
der
the
Truman
Doctrine
and postCold War philosothat address, In a speech hailed by the press and
phies
such
as
the
Powell
Doctrine
and the Clinton Docby Democrats, [the President] announced what became
trine.
[30]
known as the 'Bush Doctrine'". The rst published reference after the 9/11 attacks to the terror-ghting doc- In his 2003 State of the Union Address, Bush declared:[35]
trine appeared September 30 in an op-ed by political sci- After his second inauguration, in a January 2006 speech
entist Neal Coates.[31]
at National Defense University, Bush said: The defense
This policy was used to justify the invasion of of freedom requires the advance of freedom.
Afghanistan in October 2001,[2] and has since been Neoconservatives and the Bush Doctrine held that the haapplied to American military action against Al Qaeda tred for the West and United States in particular does
camps in North-West Pakistan.
not exist because of actions perpetrated by the United
Pre-emptive strikes
Bush addressed the cadets at the U.S. Military Academy
(West Point) on June 1, 2002, and made clear the role
pre-emptive war would play in the future of American
foreign policy and national defense:[32]
States, but rather because the countries from which terrorists emerge are in social disarray and do not experience
the freedom that is an intrinsic part of democracy.[14][20]
The Bush Doctrine holds that enemies of United States
are using terrorism as a war of ideology against the United
States. The responsibility of the United States is to protect itself and its friends by promoting democracy where
the terrorists are located so as to undermine the basis for
terrorist activities.[14][20]
The stance of the US administration was that the harsh

measures to spread the democracy around the globe are
inevitable and ecacious, in which for instance, liberating
Iraq will not only plant democracy in the area, but also
enable the democracy to ourish in the rest of the Middle 3.8.3 Inuences on the Bush Doctrine
East.[33]
Neoconservatives
Two distinct schools of thought arose in the Bush Administration regarding the question of how to handle counThe development of the doctrine was inuenced by
tries such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea (the so-called
neoconservative ideology,[36][37] and it was considered
"Axis of Evil"[34] states). Secretary of State Colin Powto be a step from the political realism of the Reagan
ell and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, as
Doctrine.[36][38] The Reagan Doctrine was considered
well as U.S. Department of State specialists, argued for
key to American foreign policy until the end of the
what was essentially the continuation of existing U.S. forCold War, just before Bill Clinton became president of
eign policy. These policies, developed after the Cold
the United States. The Reagan Doctrine was considWar, sought to establish a multilateral consensus for acered anti-Communist and in opposition to Soviet Union
tion (which would likely take the form of increasingly
global inuence, but later spoke of a peace dividend toharsh sanctions against the problem states, summarized
wards the end of the Cold War with economic benets
as the policy of containment). The opposing view, argued
of a decrease in defense spending. The Reagan Docby Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense
trine was strongly criticized[38][39][40] by the neoconserDonald Rumsfeld and a number of inuential Department
vatives, who also became disgruntled with the outcome
of Defense policy makers such as Paul Wolfowitz and
of the Gulf War[36][37] and United States foreign polRichard Perle, held that direct and unilateral action was
icy under Bill Clinton,[37][41] sparking them to call for
both possible and justied and that America should emchange towards global stability[37][42] through their supbrace the opportunities for democracy and security ofport for active intervention and the democratic peace
fered by its position as sole remaining superpower.
theory.[41] Several central persons in the counsel to the
George W. Bush administration considered themselves to
be neoconservatives or strongly support their foreign polDemocratic regime change
icy ideas.[37][43][44][45][46][47]
In a series of speeches in late 2001 and 2002, Bush expanded on his view of American foreign policy and global
intervention, declaring that the United States should actively support democratic governments around the world,
especially in the Middle East, as a strategy for combat-
Neoconservatives are widely known to long have supported the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and on
January 26, 1998, the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) sent a public letter to then-President Bill
Clinton stating:
116
Among the signatories to PNACs original statement of
Principals is George H. W. Bushs Vice President Dan
Quayle, George W. Bushs defense secretary Donald
Rumsfeld, his deputy defense secretary Paul Wolfowitz,
his Vice President Dick Cheney, and his brother Jeb
Bush.[37]
PNAC member and the chairman of the Defense Policy
Board Advisory Committee (DPBAC), Neoconservative
Richard Perle, later expressed regret over the Iraq invasion and ultimately put the blame for the invasion on President George W. Bush;.[48]
Other than Bush and Rumsfeld, who are thought to
have adopted neoconservative foreign policy thinking include Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice.[49]
Expanding United States inuence
Princeton University research fellow Dr. Jonathan Monten, in his 2005 International Security journal article The
Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and
Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy,[52] attributed
the Bush administrations activist democracy promotion
to two main factors: the expansion of material capabilities, and the presence of a nationalist domestic ideology.
He claims that the Bush Doctrine promotion of democracy abroad was held as vital by the Bush administration
to the success of the United States in the "war on terror". It was also a key objective of the administrations
grand strategy of expanding the political and economic
inuence of the United States internationally. He examines two contending approaches to the long-term promotion of democracy: "exemplarism," or leadership by example, and "vindicationism," or the direct application of
United States power, including the use of coercive force.
Whereas exemplarism largely prevailed in the 20th century, vindicationism has been the preferred approach of
the Bush administration.
The Bush Doctrine, in line with long-standing neoconservative ideas, held that the United States is entangled
in a global war of ideas between the western values of
freedom on the one hand, and extremism seeking to destroy them on the other; a war of ideology where the
United States must take responsibility for security and
show leadership in the world by actively seeking out the
enemies and also change those countries who are support3.8.4
ing enemies.[14][20][21][50]
The Bush Doctrine, and neoconservative reasoning, held
that containment of the enemy as under the Realpolitik
of Reagan did not work, and that the enemy of United
States must be destroyed pre-emptively before they attack
using all the United States available means, resources
and inuences to do so.[14][20][21]
On the book Winning the War on Terror Dr. James Forest, U.S. Military Academy Combating Terrorism Center
at West Point, comments: While the West faces uncertainties in the struggle against militant Islams armies of
darkness, and while it is true that we do not yet know precisely how it will end, what has become abundantly clear
is that the world will succeed in defeating militant Islam
because of the Wests exible, democratic institutions and
its all-encompassing ideology of freedom.[21]
Natan Sharansky
Further information: Democratic peace theory
Another part of the intellectual underpinning of the Bush
Doctrine was the 2004 book The Case for Democracy,
written by Israeli politician and author Natan Sharansky
and Israeli Minister of Economic Aairs in the United
States Ron Dermer, which Bush has cited as inuential
in his thinking.[51] The book argues that replacing dictatorships with democratic governments is both morally
justied, since it leads to greater freedom for the citizens
of such countries, and strategically wise, since democratic
countries are more peaceful, and breed less terrorism than
dictatorial ones.
Criticism and analysis
The Bush Doctrine resulted in criticism and

controversy.[26][53] Peter D. Feaver, who worked on
the Bush national security strategy as a sta member
on the National Security Council, said he has counted
as many as seven distinct Bush doctrines. One of the
drafters of the National Security Strategy of the United
States, which is commonly mistakenly referred to as the
Bush Doctrine, demurred at investing the statement
with too much weight. I actually never thought there
was a Bush doctrine, said Philip D. Zelikow, who later
served as State Department counselor under Secretary of
State Condoleezza Rice. Indeed, I believe the assertion
that there is such a doctrine lends greater coherence
to the administrations policies than they deserve.
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jimmy Carter's national security
adviser, said he thought there was no single piece of
paper that represents the Bush doctrine.[54]
And yet there are inspections that indicate such strategies
that are concentrated on liberalism and democracy follow the mainstream of American diplomatic traditions.
With the adherence to liberal and universal political ideals, evangelism, and perceived obligations to disseminate
the norms internationally, the United States historically
played its role as an agent of liberal change in international arena.[55]
Experts on geopolitical strategy note that Halford
Mackinder's theories in "The Geographical Pivot of
History" about the Heartland and world resource
control are still as valid today as when they were
formulated.[56][57][58]
In his 2007 book In the Defense of the Bush Doctrine,[14]
3.8. BUSH DOCTRINE

Robert G. Kaufman wrote: No one grasped the logics
or implications of this transformation better than Halford Mackinder. His prescient theories, rst set forth in
Geographical Pivot of History, published in 1904, have
rightly shaped American grand strategy since World War
II. Mackinder warned that any single power dominating
Eurasia, the World Island, as he called it, would have
the potential to dominate the world, including the United
States.[59] Kaufman is a political scientist, public policy
professor and member of The Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee. He said in an interview about the book:
I wrote this book because of my conviction that the Bush
Doctrine has a more compelling logic and historical pedigree than people realize. [17]
117
Radical departure
According to Buchanan and others, the Bush Doctrine
was a radical departure from former United States foreign policies, and a continuation of the radical ideological
roots of neoconservatism.[36][71][72][73][74][75]
Initially, support for the United States was high,[75] but
by the end of the Bush administration, after seven years
of war, anti-Americanism was high and criticism of the
Bush Doctrine was widespread;[75][76] nonetheless the
doctrine still had support among some United States political leaders.[76]
The representation of prominent neoconservatives

and their inuences on the Bush Doctrine had
The Bush Doctrine was polarizing both domestically and been highly controversial among the United States
internationally.[60] In 2008, polls showed there was more public.[38][49][76][77]
anti-Americanism than before the Bush administration
formed the Bush Doctrine; this increase was probably, at Critics, like John Micklethwait in the book The Right Naleast partially, a result of implementing the Bush doctrine tion, claim that Bush was deceived by neoconservatives
into adopting their policies.[49][78][79]
and conservative foreign policy.[61][62]
Foreign interventionism
Polarization
Anti-war critics have claimed that the Bush Doctrine was

Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush strongly polarizing domestically, had estranged allies of
administration
the United States,[70] and belied Bushs stated desire to
be a uniter, not a divider.[60]
The foreign policy of the Bush Doctrine was subject to controversy both in the United States and
Compassionate belief and religious inuence
internationally.[26][52]
Some critics of the policies were suspicious of the in- Bush often talked about his belief in compassionate concreasing willingness of the United States to use military servatism[80][81] and liberty as Gods gift.[35] In his
force unilaterally.[63][64]
Claremont Institute article Democracy and the Bush Doc[74]
Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson argued that trine, Charles R. Kesler wrote, As he begins his secit reects a turn away from international law, and marks ond term, the president and his advisors must take a hard,
second look at the Bush Doctrine. In many respects, it is
the end of American legitimacy in foreign aairs.[65]
the export version of compassionate conservatism.
Others have stated that it could lead to other states resorting to the production of WMD or terrorist activities.[66]
This doctrine is argued to be contrary to the just war Sociopsychological strategy and eects
theory and would constitute a war of aggression.[67][68]
Patrick J. Buchanan wrote that the 2003 invasion of Iraq There is also criticism on the Bush Doctrine practices rehad signicant similarities to the 1996 neoconservative lated to their sociopsychological eects saying they create
policy paper A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing a culture of fear.[82][83][84][85]
the Realm.[69]
Author Naomi Klein wrote in her book The Shock DocPolitical scientist Karen Kwiatkowski in 2007 wrote on trine about a recurrent metaphor of shock, and claimed
her article Making Sense of the Bush Doctrine":
in an interview that the Bush administration has continued to exploit a window of opportunity that opens up in
a state of shock, followed by a comforting rationale for
We are killing terrorists in self-defense and
the public, as a form of social control.[86]
for the good of the world, you see. We are
taking over foreign countries, setting them up
with our favorite puppets in charge, conDemocratization
trolling their economy, their movements, their
Some commentators argue that the Bush Doctrine has not
dress codes, their defensive projects, and their
aimed to support genuine democratic regimes driven by
dreams, solely because we love them, and aplocal peoples, but rather US-friendly regimes installed by
parently cant live without them.[70]
118
diplomats acting on behalf of the United States, and in- 3.8.6 References
tended only to seem democratic to U.S. voters.[87] For
example, in the case of Afghanistan, it is argued that par- [1] Krauthammer, Charles (September 13, 2008). Charlie
Gibsons Gae. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012liamentary democracy was downplayed by the US and
03-31. According to Charles Krauthammer, who was
power concentrated in the hands of the Afghan president
the rst to use it in June 2001, the phrase has had four
[88]
Hamid Karzai, a U.S. ally. The election of Karzai has
distinct meanings, each one succeeding another over the
been described as the result of manipulation on the parts
eight years of the George W. Bush presidency: rstly, uniof the U.S. government and U.S. policy maker Zalmay
lateralism, i.e. unilaterally withdrawing from the AntiKhalilzad. At the same time, these commentators draw
Ballistic Missile Treaty and rejecting the Kyoto Protoattention to the number of unpopular (but U.S.-friendly)
col; secondly, after 9-11-2001, the with us or against us
warlords achieving legitimating positions under U.S.
policy on terror; thirdly, a doctrine of pre-emptive war,
e.g. Iraq; and fourthly, the idea that the fundamental missupervision of the elections. Some commentators intersion of American foreign policy is to spread democracy
preted voter turnout gures as evidence of large-scale
[89]
throughout the world.
fraud. Sonali Kolhatkar and James Ingalls have written, It remains to be seen if U.S. policy makers will ever [2] Weisman, Steven R. (April 13, 2002). Editorial Oballow anything approaching democracy to break out in
server; President Bush and the Middle East Axis of AmAfghanistan and interfere with their plans.[90]
biguity. The New York Times.
Of the elections in Afghanistan, Sima Samar, former
Afghan Minister for Womens Aairs, stated, This is not
a democracy, it is a rubber stamp. Everything has already
been decided by the powerful ones.[91]
Most studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the history of the United States exporting
democracy. John A. Tures examined 228 cases of American intervention from 1973 to 2005, using Freedom
House data.[92] A plurality of interventions, 96, caused
no change in the countrys democracy. In 69 instances
the country became less democratic after the intervention. In the remaining 63 cases, a country became more
democratic.[92]
[3] Allen, Mike (May 2, 2007). Edwards Rejects the 'War

on Terror'". TIME.
[4] Levin, Mark (August 16, 2006). "...and another thing:
First Things First. National Review.
[5] Page, Susan (March 17, 2003). Confronting Iraq. USA
Today Education.
[6] National Security Council (September 2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States. The White
House.
[7] Vice President Tells West Point Cadets Bush Doctrine
Is Serious, American Forces Press Service, June 2, 2003
[8] Introduction - The National Security Strategy 2002, PDF
3.8.5
See also
Monroe Doctrine
Truman Doctrine
Carter Doctrine
Clinton Doctrine
Jus ad bellum
Obama Doctrine
Powell Doctrine
Reagan Doctrine
The One Percent Doctrine
United States Presidential doctrines
War on Terrorism
Weinberger Doctrine
Wolfowitz Doctrine
[9] Opinion (April 13, 2003). Aftermath; The Bush Doctrine. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
[10] Opinion (September 22, 2002). The Bush Doctrine.
New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
[11] Gitlin, Todd (JanuaryFebruary 2003). Americas Age
of Empire: The Bush Doctrine. Mother Jones. Retrieved
2008-09-12.
[12] National Security Council (March 2006). The National
Security Strategy of the United States. The White House.
[13] National Security Council (March 2006). Summary of
National Security Strategy 2002. The National Security
Strategy of the United States. The White House.
[14] Kaufman, Robert G. (2007). In the defense of the Bush
Doctrine. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-08131-2434-6. OCLC 224925740.
[15] John Lewis Gaddis, Grand Strategy of Transformation,
p.52, Foreign Policy, No. 133 (Nov. - Dec., 2002)
[16] Wattenberg, Ben J. (Jualy 11, 2002). The Bush Doctrine. Think Tank. PBS. Retrieved 2008-09-18. Check
date values in: |date= (help)
[17] Public Policy Professor Robert G. Kaufman Defends
Bush Doctrine in New Book. Pepperdine University.
3.8. BUSH DOCTRINE
[18] Sanger, David E. (August 14, 2006). News Analysis: 'Islamic fascists? Bush sees a war of ideology.
International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
[19] Brooks, David (July 24, 2004). War of Idelogoy. New
York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
[20] Rumsfeld, Donald H. (March 27, 2006). DefenseLink
News Transcript: Remarks by Secretary Rumsfeld at the
Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
[21] Quist, Colonel B. Wayne and David F. Drake (2005).
Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American
Values. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-35776-5. OCLC
237026706.
[22] Lieber, Keir A. and Robert J. Lieber (December 2002).
The Bush National Security Strategy. U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda (U.S. Department of State) 7 (4).
119
[36] Schmidt, Brian C.; Michael C. Williams (December 17

19, 2007). The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives vs. Realists (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Paper
presented at the Annual Conference of the British International Studies Association.
[37] Abrams, Elliot, et al. (1997-06-03). PNAC Statement
of Princicples. Project for the New American Century.
[38] Podhoretz, Norman (August 23, 2006). Is the Bush Doctrine Dead?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 200809-16.
[39] Podhoretz, Norman (May 2, 1982). The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagans Foreign Policy. The New
York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
[23] Tribune Sta (September 12, 2008). The Bush Doctrine. Chicago Tribune.
[40] Podhoretz, Norman (America and the World 1984). The

First Term: The Reagan Road to Dtente. Foreign Aairs
(Council on Foreign Relations) 63 (3). Retrieved 200809-15. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[24] Krauthammer, Charles (February 26, 2001). The Bush

doctrine: In American foreign policy, a new motto: Don't
ask. Tell. CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
[41] Halper, Stefan; Jonathan Clarke (2004). America Alone:

The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order. Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67460-7.
[25] Krauthammer, Charles (September 12, 2008). Charlie

Gibsons Gae. Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-0912.
[42] Copeland, Dale C. (2000). The Origins of Major War.

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-80148757-9.
[26] David, Charles-Philippe; Frdric Ramel (Spring

Summer 2003). The Bush Administrationss Image of
Europe: From Ambivalence to Rigidity. International
Journal of Peace Studies 8 (1). Retrieved 2008-09-19.
[43] Boyer, Peter J. (November 1, 2004). The Believer: Paul

Wolfowitz Defends His War. The New Yorker. Retrieved
2007-06-20.
[27] Phares, Walid (November 30, 2007). Bin Laden and Future Jihad in Europe. World Defense Review.
[28] Bush, George W. (September 11, 2001). Statement by
the President in His Address to the Nation. The White
House.
[29] Bush, George W. (September 20, 2001). Address to a
Joint Session of Congress and the American People. The
[30] page 186
[31] Coates, Neal (September 30, 2001). The Bush Doctrine:
New Policy to Ensure Our Safety Must Be Examined.
Abilene Reporter News. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
[32] Bush, George W. (June 1, 2002). President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point. The White House.
[33] Jervis,Robert (Fall, 2003). Understanding the Bush Doctrine. The Academy of Political Science, Political Science Quarterly ,
[34] Bush State of the Union address. CNN. January 29,
[35] Bush, George W. (January 28, 2003). President Delivers
State of the Union"". The White House. Retrieved 200809-19.
[44] Cassidy, John (April 9, 2007). The Next Crusade: Paul

Wolfowitz at the World Bank. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
[45] Cf. Amy Goodman, Bush Names Iraq War Architect Paul Wolfowitz to Head World Bank, transcript,
Democracy Now!, March 17, 2005, accessed May 17,
2007.
[46] Cf. Ibrahim Warde, Iraq: Looters License, 16
22 in Americas Gulag: Full Spectrum Dominance Versus Universal Human Rights, ed. Ken Coates (London:
Spokesman Books, 2004), ISBN 0-85124-691-5.
[47] Steigerwald, Bill (May 29, 2004). So, what is a 'neocon'?". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 2008-0916.
[48] Borger, Julian (November 4, 2006). Neocons turn on
Bush for incompetence over Iraq war. The Guardian
(London).
[49] Krauthammer, Charles (July 21, 2005). The Neoconservative Convergence. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
2008-09-19.
[50] Podhoretz, Norman (September 2002). In Praise of the
Bush Doctrine. Our Jerusalem. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
[51] Dickerson, John F. (January 10, 2005). What the president reads. TIME.
120
[52] Monten, Jonathan (Spring 2005). The Roots of the Bush

Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy. International Security 29 (4).
[70] Kwiatkowski, Karen (January 15, 2007). Making Sense

of the Bush Doctrine. LewRockwell.com. Retrieved
2008-09-18.
[53] Tyner, Jarvis (January 12, 2002). Unity can defeat the
Bush doctrine. People Weekly World. Retrieved 200809-19.
[71] Muravchik, Joshua (NovemberDecember 2006).

Operation Comeback (Republished by the American
Enterprise Institute (AEI)). Foreign Policy. Retrieved
2008-09-15.
[54] Abramowitz, Michael (September 13, 2008). Many Versions of 'Bush Doctrine'". The Washington Post.
[55] Monten,Jonathan (Spring, 2005). The Roots of the Bush
Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.s. Strategy.
[56] Fettweis, Christopher J. (Summer 2000). Sir Halford
Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st
Century. Parameters (U.S. Army War College Quarterly) XXX (2). Retrieved 2008-09-18.
[57] Sempa, Francis P. (2000). Mackinders WORLD.
American Diplomacy V (1). Retrieved 2008-09-18.
[58] Sempa, Francis P. (December 15, 2007). Geopolitics. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0726-5.
OCLC 156808348.
[59] Kaufman 2007, pp. 1112
[60] Kondracke, Mort (February 1, 2008). Bush Insists U.S.
Is Stronger Since He Took Oce. Roll Call. Retrieved
2008-08-18.
[61] Frum, David (June 14, 2008). Don't Blame George Bush
for Anti-Americanism. National Post (Canada: Republished by the American Enterprise Institute). Retrieved
2008-09-18.
[62] Speulda, Nicole (2005). Documenting the Phenomenon
of Anti-Americanism (PDF). Princeton University: The
Princeton Project on National Security.
[63] Rowley, Storer H. (June 24, 2002). Critics Say Bush
Doctrine Might Provoke 1st Strike. Chicago Tribune.
[64] Parry, Nat (April 12, 2004). The Bush Doctrines Vietnam Paradox. Consortiumnews.com. Consortium for Independent Journalism.
[65] Tucker, Robert W.; David C. Hendrickson (November
December 2004). The Sources of American Legitimacy. Foreign Aairs: 1832.
[66] Falk, Richard (2002-06-27). The New Bush Doctrine.
The Nation. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
[72] Meyer, Karl (Spring 2004). America Unlimited: The

Radical Sources of the Bush Doctrine. World Policy
Journal ( World Policy Institute) XXI (1).
[73] Buchanan, Pat (August 12, 2004). Where the Right Went
Wrong: How Neoconservatives Subverted the Reagan Revolution and Hijacked the Bush Presidency. Thomas Dunne
Books. ISBN 978-0-312-34115-2. OCLC 231989002.
[74] Kesler, Charles R. (2005-01-26). Democracy and the
Bush Doctrine. Claremont Institute. Retrieved 200809-15.
[75] Gurtov, Melvin; Peter Van Ness (2005). Confronting
the Bush Doctrine: Critical Views from the Asia-Pacic.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35533-8. OCLC 238751530.
[76] Desch, Michael C. (January 14, 2008). Declaring Forever War, Giuliani has surrounded himself with advisers
who think the Bush Doctrine didn't go nearly far enough.
The American Conservative. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
[77] Muravchik, Joshua (November 19, 2006). Can the Neocons Get Their Groove Back?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
[78] Cox, William John (June 2004). Youre Not Stupid! Get
the Truth. Joshua Tree, CA: Progressive Press. ISBN 9780-930852-32-0. OCLC 238122634.
[79] Micklethwait, John (May 24, 2004). The Right Nation:
Conservative Power in America. Penguin Press. ISBN 159420-020-3. OCLC 186427485.
[80] Ide, Arthur Frederick (November 1, 2000). George
W. Bush : Portrait of a Compassionate Conservative.
Monument Press. ISBN 978-0-930383-50-3. OCLC
44803063.
[81] Froomkin, Dan (September 12, 2008). What Is the Bush
Doctrine, Anyway?". Washington Post.
[82] Furedi, Frank (October 30, 2007). Invitation to Terror:
The Expanding Empire of the Unknown. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9957-8.
OCLC 156830963.
[67] Crawford, Neta C. (2003).

Just War Theory
and the U.S. Counterterror War.
Perspectives
on Politics (Cambridge University Press) 1: 525.
doi:10.1017/S1537592703000021.
[83] Furedi, Frank (October 6, 2005). Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right. Continuum International Publishing
Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8728-5. OCLC 238727258.
[68] Record, Jerey (Spring 2003). The Bush Doctrine and

War with Iraq (PDF). Parameters (U.S. Army War Quarterly). XXXIII (1): 421.
[84] Klein, Naomi (June 24, 2008). The Shock Doctrine: The
Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. ISBN 978-0-31242799-3. OCLC 182737600.
[69] Buchanan, Patrick J. (March 24, 2003). Whose War?".

The American Conservative.
[85] Gourevitch, Alex (December 2, 2007). The Politics of

Fear, Part 1. n+1 (6). Retrieved July 19, 2013.
3.8. BUSH DOCTRINE
[86] Klein, Naomi; Franklin Foer (October 8, 2007). The

Shock Doctrine: Naomi Klein on C-SPAN. After Words.
C-SPAN. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
121
Defense Policy Guidance 19921994. SourceWatch.org.
[87] Kolhatkar, S.; J. Ingalls (2007). Bleeding Afghanistan:

Washington, warlords and the propaganda of silence.
ISBN 1-58322-731-8.
Myers, General Richard B. (Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Sta) (March 2005). "=The National
Military Strategy of the United States of America
(PDF).
[88] Kolhatkar & Ingalls 2007
Dissident President April 2006
[89] Krugman, Paul (October 1, 2004). Americas lost respect. New York Times.
[90] Kolhatkar & Ingalls 2007, p. 166
[91] Tempers Flare At Loya Jirga. BBC News online. June
12, 2002. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
[92] Tures, John A. (2005). Operation Exporting Freedom:
The Quest for Democratization via United States Military
Operations (PDF). The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy
and International Relations (Winter/Spring): 97111..
3.8.7
External links
Bush, George W. (September 2002). ' The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House.
Bush, George W. (March 2006). ' The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The
White House.
Kolodziej, Edward A. (December 2006). Getting
Beyond the Bush Doctrine (PDF). Center for
Global Studies.
Speed, Roger; Michael May (MarchApril 2005).
Dangerous Doctrine. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61 (2): 38. doi:10.2968/061002012.
Record, Jeery (Spring 2003). The Bush Doctrine
and War With Iraq (PDF, (html version)). Parameters.
Long, Bryan; Chip Pitts (October 24, 2006). War,
Law, and American Democracy. OpenDemocracy.net.
Tyler, Patrick E. (March 8, 1992). U.S. Strategy
Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop A OneSuperpower World; Pentagons Document Outlines
Ways to Thwart Challenges to Primacy of America. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-15. The
document is known in Pentagon parlance as the Defense Planning Guidance, an internal Administration policy statement that is distributed to the military leaders and civilian Defense Department heads
to instruct them on how to prepare their forces, budgets and strategy for the remainder of the decade.
The policy guidance is typically prepared every two
years....
3.8.8 Books
Bacevich, Andrew J. The New American Militarism:
How Americans Are Seduced By War, New York &
London, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 019-517338-4
Bennett, William J. Why We Fight: Moral Clarity
and the War on Terrorism, New York, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-385-50680-5
Chernus, Ira Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin, Boulder, CO,
Paradigm Publishers, 2006 ISBN 1-59451-276-0
Dolan, Chris J (2005). In War We Trust: The Bush
Doctrine And The Pursuit Of Just War. Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd. p. 229. ISBN 0-7546-4234-8.
Dolan, Chris J; Betty Glad (2004). Striking First:
The Preventive War Doctrine and the Reshaping of
U.S. Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 232.
ISBN 1-4039-6548-X.
Donnelly, Thomas The Military We Need: The Defense Requirements of the Bush Doctrine, Washington, D.C., American Enterprise Institute Press,
2005. ISBN 0-8447-4229-5
Gaddis, John Lewis Surprise, Security, and the
American Experience, Cambridge, MA, Harvard
University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-674-01174-0
Grandin, Greg Empires Workshop: Latin America,
The United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, New York, Metropolitan Press, 2006. ISBN
0-8050-7738-3
Hayes, Stephen (2005). The Brain: Paul Wolfowitz
and the Making of the Bush Doctrine. New York:
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-072346-7.
Kaplan, Lawrence and William Kristol The War
over Iraq: Saddams Tyranny and Americas Mission, San Francisco, Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN
1-893554-69-4
Kolodziej, Edward A. and Roger E. Kanet (eds.)
From Superpower to Besieged Global Power: Restoring World Order after the Failure of the Bush Doctrine, Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press,
2008. ISBN 978-0-8203-3074-7
122
Meiertns, Heiko. The Doctrines of US Security coordinating Army, Navy, Airforce and the CIA--provide
Policy - An Evaluation under International Law, Rumsfeld with updated Iraq invasion plans within a week.
Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0- [2] Franks writes, At the time I was working with op521-76648-7.
erations sta on air support for Afghan units pushing into
the spin mountains around Tora Bora. Id. The Tora Bora
Shanahan, Timothy (ed.) Philosophy 9/11: Thinking fortress was where intelligence placed Bin Laden; Deabout the War on Terrorism, Chicago & LaSalle, IL, cember 7, 2001, after Bin Laden was sighted near Tora
Open Court, 2005 ISBN 0-8126-9582-8
Bora, CIA operative Gary Berntsen, made repeated reto block bin Ladens escape but
Smith, Grant F. Deadly Dogma, Washington, DC, quests for 800 rangers
[3]
they
were
refused.
Shortly
after Christmas, General
Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy, 2006.
Franks
(having
toured
Afghanistan
shortly before ChristISBN 0-9764437-4-0
mas) was called to Texas to meet President Bush. Presi Tremblay, Rodrigue The New American Empire, dent Bush briey asked about Afghanistan--and whether
West Conshohocken, PA, Innity, 2004, ISBN 0- Bin Laden had been killed. General Franks then fully
briefed Bush, Rumsfeld, Cheney and the other members
7414-1887-8
of the Cabinet on plans for Desert Storm II, another Iraq
Weisberg, Jacob The Bush Tragedy, Random House, invasion, which he had been updating since the end of
2008. ISBN 978-1-4000-6678-0
November. [4]
Woodward, Bob Plan of Attack, New York, Simon Beginning at his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, President Bush began publicly focusing attention
& Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X
on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied
Wright, Steven. The United States and Persian Gulf with terrorists and posing a grave and growing danger
Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror, to U.S. interests through possession of "weapons of mass
Ithaca Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-86372-321-6
destruction".[5] In the later half of 2002, Central Intelligence Agency reports requested by the Administration
contained assertions that Saddam Hussein was intent on
3.9 George W. Bush and the Iraq reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, had not properly accounted for Iraqi biological weapons and chemical
War
weapons material in violation of UN sanctions, and that
some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by
the UN sanctions.[6] In particular, the CIA drew together
an October 1, 2002 National Intelligence Estimate on
Iraqs Weapons of Mass Destruction, pulling together the
intelligence, estimations, opinions and judgments of 16
dierent U.S. intelligence services, including dissenting
views or challenges to various assertions. Several versions of this report were or have been produced with varying levels of declassication, inclusion of dissenting opinions, and completeness.[7] President Bush received a onepage summary of the National Intelligence Estimate.[8]
The question of whether the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraqs
Weapons of Mass Destruction capabilities or attempted
to create a tie between Sadaam Hussein and the al Qaeda
terrorists who carried out the September 11, 2001 attacks
President George W. Bush addresses the nation from the Oval
would
eventually become a major point of criticism and
Oce, March 19, 2003, to announce the beginning of Operation
controversy
for the President.[9]
Iraqi Freedom. i like men now will not live at the mercy of an
outlaw regime that threatens the peace with weapons of mass
murder. The Senate committee found that many of the administrations pre-war statements about Iraqi WMD were not supported by the underlying intelligence.
General Tommy Frankss autobiography states that, while

the Afghanistan operation was only a few months old, he
was told by Donald Rumsfeld on November 27, 2001 that
President G.W. Bush "...wants us to look at options for
Iraq. What is the status of your planning. [1] Rumsfeld demanded Franks--then lead general in Afghanistan
In late 2002 and early 2003, President Bush urged the

United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates,
precipitating a diplomatic crisis. On November 13, 2002,
under UN Security Council Resolution 1441, Hans Blix
and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in
Iraq. There was controversy over the ecacy of inspections and lapses in Iraqi compliance. UN inspection teams departed Iraq upon U.S. advisement given four
days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests
for more time to complete their tasks.[10] The U.S. ini-
3.9. GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE IRAQ WAR
123
U.S. President George W. Bush meets with troops in Iraq on

Thanksgiving Day.(Nov. 27.2003)
President Bush, with Naval Flight Ocer Lieutenant Ryan

Philips, in the ight suit he wore for his televised arrival and
speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln in 2003.
tially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force pursuant to Chapter VII
of the United Nations Charter.[11] Upon facing vigorous opposition from several nations (primarily Russia and
China), however, the U.S. dropped the bid for UN approval and began to prepare for war; Benjamin Ferencz,
a former chief prosecutor of the Nuremberg Trials and
an anti-American proponent argued that for these actions
Bush, with his Administration, could be prosecuted for
war crimes.[12] Ko Annan, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, as
well as leaders of several nations made similar statements,
implying that the attack was illegal.[13]
In order to comply with the 2002 Authorization for Use
of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution by Congress,
on March 18, 2003, President Bush certied to Congress
that he had determined that: (1) reliance by the United
States on further diplomatic and other peaceful means
alone will neither (A) adequately protect the national security of the United States against the continuing threat
posed by Iraq nor (B) likely lead to enforcement of
all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions
regarding Iraq; and (2) acting pursuant to the Constitution and Public Law 107-243 is consistent with the
United States and other countries continuing to take the
necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or
aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11,
2001.[14]
The war eort was joined by more than 30 other nations

(most notably the United Kingdom and Australia) who
the Bush Administration designated the "coalition of the
willing".[15] The invasion of Iraq commenced on March
20, 2003, ostensibly to pre-empt Iraqi WMD deployment
and remove Saddam from power. The Iraqi military was
quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9,
2003. On May 1, 2003, President Bush declared the end
of major combat operations in Iraq in a speech from the
deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln. This speech would
become known as his "Mission Accomplished" speech
due to a banner with that slogan in view overhead. At
the outset of the speech, President Bush stated: Major
combat operations in Iraq have ended. In the Battle of
Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed. And
now our coalition is engaged in securing and reconstructing that country. In this battle, we have fought for the
cause of liberty, and for the peace of the world.[16]
The initial success of U.S. operations had increased President Bushs popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces
faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups.
As the situation deteriorated, Bushs May 1, 2003
Mission Accomplished speech would be criticized as
premature.[17] The Bush Administration was also criticized in subsequent months following the report of the
Iraq Survey Group, which did not nd the large quantities of weapons that the regime was believed to possess.
On December 14, 2005, while discussing the WMD issue, Bush stated that It is true that much of the intelligence turned out to be wrong.[18] Bush nevertheless continued to assert the war had been worthwhile and conrmed he would have made the same decision if he had
known more.
The Plame aair concerned allegations that U.S. government ocials revealed classied employment information about Valerie E. Wilson (ne Valerie Elise Plame;
also known as "Valerie Plame") indicating that she was
a covert operative of the United States CIA investigating
the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Mrs.
Wilsons husband, former ambassador Joseph Wilson,
alleges that members of the George W. Bush adminis-
124
tration leaked his wifes covert identity to the press as
political retribution for his criticizing the administration in his New York Times Op-Ed piece published on
6 July 2003. Wilsons allegations have led to a federal
grand jury investigation and subsequent conviction on
perjury and obstruction of justice charges against I. Lewis
Scooter Libby, Jr., a civil suit by the Wilsons, and related controversy. The trial United States of America v.
I. Lewis Libby, also known as Scooter Libby began on
January 16, 2007. Pursuant to the grand jury leak investigation, Libby was convicted on March 6, 2007, on
four counts of perjury, obstruction of justice, and making false statements, and he was acquitted of one count
of making false statements. His lawyers have announced
that they will appeal his conviction.[19][20][21] Fitzgerald
said he didn't expect anyone else to be charged in the case.
We're all going back to our day jobs.[21]
President Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri alMaliki.
Iraqi elections and a referendum to approve a constitution

were held in January and December 2005. Initial media
reports of high voter turnout were overestimated,[22] and
were later estimated at less than 50%.[23] In 2004 through
2006 the situation in Iraq deteriorated, with some observers arguing that the country was on the brink of, if
not already engaged in, a full scale civil war.[24] Bushs
policies regarding global terrorism and the war in Iraq
met increasing criticism, with increasing demands within
the United States in 2006 to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. Sectarian violence and political deadlock in Iraq at the end of 2006 increased negative impressions of Bushs leadership and of the situation in Iraq. Several studies were done to ascertain
the exact cost of the war in human lives; while more
than 3,000 U.S. soldier deaths had been determined, the
amount of Iraqi fatalities was unclear. According to a
Lancet survey, the number of Iraqi deaths was estimated
at 654,965, in a range of 392,979 to 942,636.[25][26] In
October 2006 Bush commented on the survey saying,
six hundred thousand or whatever they guessed at is just,
its not credible. The Iraq Body Count project also disputed the Lancet survey[27] and gave their own estimate of
around 60,000.[28] Previously, in December 2005, Bush
estimated that 30,000 Iraqis had died in the war. Following the Lancet survey being published, when asked again,
Bush said: I stand by the gure, a lot of innocent people
have lost their life.[29]
In 2006 a National Intelligence Estimate (a consensus report of the heads of 16 U.S. intelligence agencies) asserted that the Iraq war had increased Islamic radicalism
and worsened the terror threat.[30] The report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group led by Republican James Baker
came out in late 2006, concluding that the situation in Iraq
was grave and deteriorating and recommending that
the then present military course of action be modied.
In particular, the ISG recommended that the Bush administration (1) launch a diplomatic oensive with Iraqs
neighbor states, particularly Iran, to help achieve stability,
and (2) redeploy U.S. forces to shift their focus from combat and security operations to that of supporting the Iraqi
army, with the expectation that U.S. combat forces not
necessary for force protection could be withdrawn from
Iraq by March 2008.[31] A recent report of Brookings Institution has found, however, that, in case of a pullout
of American forces from Iraq, terrorism groups will get
stronger.[32] President Bush admitted by the end of 2006
that there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the
stability of Iraq, he maintained he would not change the
overall Iraq strategy.[33][34] Bush and his aides continued
to stress his belief of the necessity to stay the course in
Iraq. They accused critics, mainly Democrats who have
called for a U.S. troop pullout or a timetable for withdrawal, of advocating a policy of cut-and-run.[35] On
November 28, 2006, facing mounting criticism for his
Iraq war policy, Bush told the NATO Summit 2006 in
Latvia that We'll continue to be exible, and we'll make
the changes necessary to succeed. But theres one thing
I'm not going to do: I'm not going to pull our troops o
the battleeld before the mission is complete.[36] On January 10, 2007 Bush addressed the U.S. about the situation
in Iraq. In his speech, he announced new initiatives, including most notably the surge of 21,500 more troops
for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and 1.2 billion dollars for these
programs.[37] The surge was opposed by many inuential politicians in Washington, including some Republicans, such as Senator Chuck Hagel and Senator Norm
Coleman.[38][39] On February 16, 2007, the House of
Representatives passed a nonbinding resolution opposing
the troop surge in Iraq by a vote of 246-182. On February 17, 2007, a similar resolution in the Senate failed to
obtain the 60 (libuster-proof) votes necessary to bring
the resolution to debate and vote, with 33 Republican
Senators and 1 Independent blocking the resolution.[40] In
early march he requested to Congress an additional 8,000
troops be added to this surge.
On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end
of July, American troop deaths had reached their lowest
numberthirteensince the war began in 2003.[41] Due
to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the with-
3.9. GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE IRAQ WAR

drawal of additional American forces.[41] This reected
an emerging consensus between the White House and the
Pentagon that the war had turned a corner.[41] He also
described what he saw as the success of the 2007 troop
surge.[41]
3.9.1
See also
Iraq War-specic topics:

Invasion of Iraq
Iraq Resolution
Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441
Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Financial cost of the Iraq War
General topics:
125
[9] Judis, John B. and Ackerman, Spencer, The Selling of

the Iraq War, The New Republic, June 2003; Hersh, Seymour M., The Stovepipe, The New Yorker, October 27,
2003
[10] Associated Press (2003-03-17). U.S. advises weapons
inspectors to leave Iraq. USA Today. Retrieved 200606-30.
[11] United Nations (2003-02-13). Enforcement Measures
under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. United
Nations Charter. United Nations. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[12] Jan Frel (2006-07-10). Could Bush Be Prosecuted for
War Crimes?". AlterNet. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
[13] Iraq war illegal, says Annan. BBC. 2004-09-16. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
[14] Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House
of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the
Senate (March 18, 2003).
[15] Schieres, Steve (2003-03-18). US names 'coalition of
the willing'". BBC. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
[16] President Declares End To Major Combat In Iraq
Commander-in-Chief
[17] Mission Not Accomplished Time Magazine
Command responsibility
[18] Times Online; agencies (2005-12-14). Bush: we went to

war on faulty intelligence. London: Times Online. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
United Nations Charter

Movement to impeach George W. Bush
Downing Street memo
3.9.2
References
[1] Franks, Tommy (2004). American Soldier General

Tommy Franks. Chapter 8: Regan Books. p. 315. ISBN
0-06-073158-3.
[19] Michael J. Snien and Matt Apuzzo,Libby Found Guilty

in CIA Leak Trial, Associated Press 6 March 2007, accessed 6 March 2007.
[20] Libby Found Guilty of Perjury, Obstruction, CNN 6
March 2007, accessed 6 March 2007.
[21] Libby Lawyer Demands New Trial After Conviction,
CNN 6 March 2007, accessed 6 March 2007.
[2] Franks,, Tommy. American General. chapter 8. p. 314.
[22] Chossudovsky, Michel (2005-01-31). Iraqi Elections:

Media Disinformation on Voter Turnout?". Centre for Research on Globalisation. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
[3] Berntsen, Gary (2005). Jawbreaker. chapter 19: Three

Rivers Press. pp. 289291 (paperback ed.). ISBN 0-30735106-8.
[23] Danner, Mark (2005-04-28). Iraq: The Real Election.

The New York Review. Archived from the original on July
12, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
[4] Franks, Tommy. American Soldier. Chapter 9. p. 346356.
[24] Colin Powell says Iraq in a 'civil war'". CNN. 2006-1129. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
[5] January 29, 2002 Presidential State of the Union

Address(http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html)
[6] Iraqs Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs. CIA.
October 2002.
[7] The National Security Archive at George Washington
University
[25] Study Claims Iraqs 'Excess Death Toll Has Reached

655,000. By David Brown. Washington Post. October
11, 2006.
[26] Dallas Commemorates Fallen 4000(and counting) U.S.
Soldiers And 650,000 Iraqi Deaths. 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
[27] Iraq Body Count Press Release 16 October 2006
[8] Jehl, Douglas, New York Times, Bush and C.I.A. Won't
Release Paper on Prewar Intelligence, July 14, 2004.
[28] Iraq Body Count. Background and overview.
126
[29] Critics say 600,000 Iraqi dead doesn't tally. But pollsters
defend methods used in Johns Hopkins study. By Anna
Badkhen. San Francisco Chronicle. October 12, 2006.
[30] Knowlton, Brian (2006-09-24). Report Stirs Debate on
Terror Fight. New York Times. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
[31] The Iraq Study Group Report full text (PDF);Executive
Summary
[32] Washington Times - Civil war and jihadists
[33] President George W. Bush speaks during a video teleconference with Vice President Dick Cheney, on screen, and
military commanders.. 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2006-1022.
President George W. Bush looks on as his nominee for Chief Justice, John G. Roberts, speaks.
[34] Bush Reviews Iraq War Strategy as Violence Mounts

(Update1)". Bloomberg. 2006-10-21. Retrieved 200610-22.
[35] Stay-the-course not U.S.'s only Iraq option: Baker.
2006-10-08. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
[36] President Bush Discusses NATO Alliance During Visit
to Latvia. The White House. November 28, 2006.
[37] Admitting strategy error, Bush adds Iraq troops.
MSNBC. January 11, 2007.
[38] Hagel Blasts Troop Surge Plan. Associated Press. January 11, 2007.
[39] From Senate oor, Coleman criticizes Bush plan for
Iraq. Associated Press. January 11, 2007.
[40] Senate Gridlocks on Iraq War Resolution.
MSNBC.com. February 17, 2007.; Some Democrats
Want to Modify 2002 Iraq War Authorization.
CNN.com. February 19, 2007.
[41] Myers, Steven Lee and Sabrina Tavernise (August 1,
2008). Citing Stability in Iraq, Bush Sees Troop Cuts.
The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
Samuel Alito was elevated by Bush to the Supreme Court from
the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
3.10 List of federal judges ap3.10.2 Courts of Appeals

pointed by George W. Bush
3.10.3 District courts
Following is a list of all United States federal judges

appointed by President George W. Bush during his
presidency.[1] In total Bush appointed two Justices to the 3.10.4 Specialty courts
Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief
Justice), 62 judges to the United States Courts of Ap- United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
peals, and 261 judges to the United States district courts.
United States Court of International Trade
3.10.1
United States Supreme Court Jus- 3.10.5 Notes

tices
Courts
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

[1] See List of United States district and territorial courts
3.10. LIST OF FEDERAL JUDGES APPOINTED BY GEORGE W. BUSH
127
[13] Originally nominated on May 9, 2001. Subsequently

renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and
February 14, 2005.
[14] Originally nominated on July 25, 2003. Subsequently
renominated on February 14, 2005.
[15] Originally nominated on November 8, 2001. Subsequently renominated on January 7, 2003 and February 14,
2005.
[16] Originally nominated on June 26, 2002. Subsequently
renominated on January 7, 2003 and February 14, 2005.
renominated on February 14, 2005 and January 25, 2006.
[19] Originally nominated on December 16, 2005. Subsequently renominated on September 5, 2006, November
15, 2006, and January 9, 2007. Withdrawn and nominated to a dierent seat on the same court on January 16,
2007.
Roger Gregory, previously unsuccessfully nominated to the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit by Bill Clinton, became Bushs rst nominee to a U.S. Court of Appeals.
Renominations
renominated on September 4, 2001.
[5] Originally nominated on August 2, 2001. Subsequently
renominated on January 7, 2003.
renominated on September 4, 2001 and January 7, 2003.
renominated on September 4, 2001 and January 7, 2003.
renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and
February 6, 2004.
[12] Originally nominated on April 9, 2003. Subsequently
renominated on March 12, 2004 and February 14, 2005.
[20] Originally nominated on September 13, 2006. Subsequently renominated on January 9, 2007.
[22] Originally nominated on June 6, 2006 to the Southern District of Mississippi. The nomination was returned on December 9, 2006. Subsequently nominated to the Fifth Circuit on January 9, 2007.
renominated on March 19, 2007.
[28] Originally nominated on October 10, 2002. Subsequently
[32] Originally nominated on September 7, 2004.
quently renominated on February 14, 2005.
Subse-
[33] Originally nominated on September 15, 2004. Subsequently renominated on February 14, 2005.
128

renominated on January 7, 2003 and February 14, 2005.
[36] Originally nominated on November 5, 2003.
quently renominated on February 14, 2005.
Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress.
CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
Specic
Subse-
[37] Originally nominated on September 10, 2004. Subsequently renominated on February 14, 2005.
[1] All information on the names, terms of service, and details of appointment of federal judges is derived from
the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publicdomain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
[38] Originally nominated on September 12, 2002. Subsequently renominated on January 7, 2003 and February 14,
2005.
[2] Recess appointment by Bill Clinton; subsequently nominated by George W. Bush, conrmed by the Senate, and
received commission on July 25, 2001.

[3] Elevated to the United States Supreme Court.

[4] Recess appointment; retired when appointment ended on

December 8, 2004.
[5] Recess appointment; after Senate conrmation, received
commission on June 10, 2005.
3.10.7 Source
Federal Judicial Center
3.11 List of people pardoned by

George W. Bush

[46] Originally nominated on September 5, 2006.
quently renominated on January 9, 2007.
Subse-
[47] Originally nominated on January 25, 2006. Subsequently

[48] Originally nominated on December 5, 2006.
quently renominated on January 9, 2007.
Subse-
[49] Originally nominated on November 15, 2006. Subsequently renominated on January 9, 2007.
3.10.6
References
General
Judges of the United States Courts. Biographical
Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush
President George W. Bush During the 107th-109th
Congresses. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved A pardon means an executive order vacating a conviction.
2013-02-17.
The following is a complete list of persons pardoned
3.11. LIST OF PEOPLE PARDONED BY GEORGE W. BUSH

and a complete list of persons granted clemency by
George W. Bush. President Bush was regarded by many
as being one of the most cautious presidents in modern
U.S. history when granting pardons or commutations.[1]
President Bush granted presidential pardons to 189 persons who served their entire sentence and commuted in
addition the sentences of 11 persons.[2]
3.11.1
Denitions
A commutation means a mitigation of the sentence of

someone currently serving a sentence for a crime pursuant
to a conviction, without vacating the conviction itself.
3.11.2
Pardons and commutations
129
8. James Russell Harris, November 24, 2008 (convicted in 1993 of cocaine conspiracy, money laundering and bribery)[23]
9. Reed Raymond Prior of Des Moines, Iowa, December 23, 2008 (possession of methamphetamine with
intent to distribute)[19]
10. Ignacio Ramos, January 19, 2009 (2006 Shooting
and wounding admitted and later convicted drug
smuggler Osvaldo Aldrete Dvila and trying to cover
up the incident)[24]
11. Jose Compean, January 19, 2009 (2006 Shooting
and wounding admitted and later convicted drug
smuggler Osvaldo Aldrete Dvila and trying to cover
up the incident)[24]
This is the list of people pardoned or clemenced by a 3.11.3 See also

United States president, ordered by date of pardon or
List of people pardoned or clemenced by a United
commutation.
States president
Pardons
[1] Issac Robert Toussie (False statements to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, mail fraud)
George W. Bush revoked his pardon after discovering Issac Robert Toussies father donated USD $28,500 to the
Republican Party in April.
Commutations
1. Bobby Mac Berry, May 20, 2004 (Conspiracy to
manufacture and possess with intent to manufacture
marijuana, money laundering)[21]
2. Geraldine Gordon, May 20, 2004 (Conspiracy to distribute phencyclidine, distribution of
phencyclidine)[21]
3. Phillip Anthony Emmert, December 21, 2006
(Conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine)[21]
4. Lewis Libby, July 2, 2007 in connect to the Valerie
Plame aair (one count of obstruction of justice;
two counts of perjury; and one count of making false
statements to federal investigators)
5. Michael Dwayne Short, December 10, 2007 (Aiding
and abetting the distribution of cocaine base)[21]
6. Patricia Beckford, March 24, 2008 (Conspiracy and
attempt to distribute in excess of 50 grams of crack
cocaine)[21]
7. John Fort, November 24, 2008 (possession with
intent to distribute cocaine and conspiracy to
distribute)[22]
List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton

List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush
List of people pardoned by Barack Obama
3.11.4 Sources
[1] Berger, Judson (December 26, 2008). Clemency Requests Pile Up as Bush Prepares to Leave Oce. Fox
News. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
[2] Dan Eggen and Carrie Johnson (January 20, 2009). Bush
Commutes Sentences of Ex-Agents. Washington Post.
[3] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/November/03_opa_
607.htm Department of Justice Press Release 11/6/03
Archived May 30, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
[4] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/February/04_opa_
[5] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/May/04_opa_353.
htm Department of Justice Press Release 5/21/04
[6] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/July/04_opa_468.
htm Department of Justice Press Release 7/7/04 Archived
May 30, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
[7] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/November/04_opa_
[8] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2006/August/06_opa_544.
html Department of Justice Press Release 12/21/04
130
[9] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2005/March/05_opa_
[10] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2005/June/05_opa_311.
htm Department of Justice Press Release 6/8/05 Archived
May 30, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
[11] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2005/September/05_opa_
509.html Department of Justice Press Release 9/29/05
[12] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2005/December/05_opa_
[13] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2006/August/06_opa_
[14] http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071212/ap_on_go_pr_
wh/presidential_pardons_glance Archived December 16,
2007 at the Wayback Machine
[15] Bush Pardons Do Not Include Scooter Libby CNN, (December 11, 2007) Archived May 12, 2008 at the Wayback
Machine
[16] Bush Pardons 15 And Commutes Another Associated
Pres, (March 25, 2007)
[17] Bush Pardons 19, Commutes 1 Sentence. KCCI. KCCI.
December 23, 2008. Archived from the original on 201202-13. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
President Grants Pardons To 11, Washington Post,

(December 24, 2005)
Hot Springs Woman Pardoned By President Bush
Associated Press, (April 19, 2006)
Massachusetts man among eleven pardoned by Bush
Eyewitness News, (April 19, 2006)
Washington: Bush Pardons 11 New York Times,
(April 19, 2006)
President Pardons 17 Petty Criminals Washington
Post, (August 17, 2006)
Pardon More Than the Turkey San Francisco Chronicle, (November 23, 2006)
President Bush Gives Out 16 Pardons, 1 Commutation WCBS Newsradio 880, (December 22, 2006)

Constitutional Law of Pardons: Scope and Limits
of Presidents Power by Samuel T. Morison.
Begging Bushs Pardon by George Lardner, Jr.,
opinion in the New York Times, February 4, 2008
Begging Bushs pardon by Margaret Colgate Love,
opinion in the Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2006
[18] Rutenberg, Jim (November 30, 2008). Grass-Roots Effort Paves Path to a Pardon. The New York Times.
Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved
May 8, 2010.
Presidents Statement Upon Libby Commutation
[19] http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/December/
08-crm-1148.html Department of Justice Press Release 12/23/08 Archived December 26, 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
3.12 George W. Bush Presidential

Center
Text of Libby Clemency Grant
[20] Bush Revokes Pardon Issued Tuesday. Archived from

the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
This article is about the library of the 43rd President

(20012009). For the library of the 41st President
[21] USDOJ: Oce of the Pardon Attorney - Commutations (19891993), see George Bush Presidential Library.
The George W. Bush Presidential Center, which
Granted by President Bush Archived July 25, 2009 at the
Wayback Machine
[22] Bush pardons 14 individuals.
Associated Press.
November 24, 2008. Archived from the original on 201210-25. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
[23] Free Press sta and wire reports (November 25, 2008).
Detroiters sentence commuted by Bush. Detroit Free
Press. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
[24] Mike Levin and Associated Press (January 19, 2009).
Bush Commutes Sentences for Two Former Border Patrol Agents. Fox News. Archived from the original on
2014-03-19. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
United States Department of Justice, Oce of the George W. Bush Institute at

Pardon Attorney Pardons Granted by President Bush George W. Bush Presidential Center
3.12. GEORGE W. BUSH PRESIDENTIAL CENTER

opened on April 25, 2013,[1] is a complex that includes
former President George W. Bush's presidential library
and museum, the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and
the oces of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is located on the campus of Southern Methodist University
(SMU) in Dallas, Texas.
3.12.1
History
Site selection process

Early bidders Before George W. Bush even became
President, ocials at Baylor University in Waco, Texas
started to work on a bid for the library. They believed
that their proximity to his ranch in Crawford and their location within 100 miles (160 km) of Austin, Dallas and
the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area gave them a
good shot at winning such a project. Not long after Bush
became President, ocials at Southern Methodist University began working on their bid for the library.
The White House refused to discuss the issue until after
the President had won a second term. In the latter part
of 2005, the White House asked a total of 6 colleges and
one city to submit bids for the library. The 6 were Baylor,
SMU, the University of Texas System, Texas Tech University, the University of Dallas, and Midland College.
The city of Arlington, Texas also submitted a bid. A
few weeks later, Midland College announced they were
merging their bid with Texas Tech to form a West Texas
Coalition to win the library and museum. Part of their
proposal was to create a Laura Bush reading center at
Midland College while the main presidential library and
museum would be housed on the Lubbock campus of
Texas Tech.
Details of potential sites Each of the groups had different pros and cons to their bids. Arlington had land
to oer near the stadiums for the Dallas Cowboys and
Texas Rangers. It was in the middle of an area that already draws a large number of tourists every year. The
lack of school involvement was a large drawback to the
proposal, even though the University of Texas at Arlington assisted the city in making the bid.
Baylor University had substantial land to oer on the
banks of the Brazos River in Waco. The downside was
the fact that Baylor is not in a major metropolitan area
and would probably not attract nearly as many visitors annually as the library would if it were built somewhere in
the Dallas area. Many Baylor students and faculty were
supportive of the bid.
The same could not be said of the UT System bid. Many
on the campus opposed the schools bid for the library,
with The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the UT
systems agship university, the University of Texas at
Austin, printing an editorial against the project.[2] On the
plus side, UT Austin was already home to the Lyndon
131
Baines Johnson Library and Museum and had experience
in managing such a project. The drawback was the proposal to split the library up over several UT campuses
around the state. This decentralized approach was sold
as a way to create a virtual library that would benet
far more people.
The UT system also submitted with its bid a downtown
property under its ownership as well as oering the UT
Dallas campus. The Downtown Dallas property was located close to the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza,
which attracts a large number of tourists already and was
located far away from residential areas, which would prevent complaints about congestion. It would also help rejuvenate the central Downtown area, which had been facing a ight of businesses and development towards the
uptown areas. However, the idea of the UT system running the museum itself was found unfavorable. UT Dallas in Richardson, traditionally considered an engineering school and the one of the youngest universities in the
UT System, was having large developments to its campus
and a growing Governmental studies and Business program whose faculty was supportive of the bid. It was also
located north of Dallas near the fast developing communities of Frisco and Plano. However, the UT Dallas administration was uninterested in being in the business of
running a museum and conicts as to where the museum
would be located (The UT System wanted to use land that
the UT Dallas administration had set aside for the future
construction of residential halls and a research building)
lead to the UT System withdrawing its proposal.
Texas Tech also had a substantial amount of land to oer
and a supportive faculty and student body. The drawback
to Texas Techs bid was the fact the school is located in
Lubbock, again outside a major metro area.
The bid by the University of Dallas was a surprise to
many. The private Catholic school in the Dallas suburb of
Irving, Texas is not that well known outside of the Dallas
metropolitan area. The big advantage for the University
of Dallas was the fact that the school owned hundreds of
acres of undeveloped land next to its campus that lies between several major highways and a future light rail station. Their plans were apparently big enough to include a
proposal to use some land from the City of Dallas, a fact
that led then Dallas Mayor Laura Miller to endorse this
plan over SMUs bid.
SMUs bid was mired in mystery from the start, especially
with regard to where SMU would come up with the land
to build the facility. Over the course of planning, SMU
bought dozens of homes and businesses next to or near
the school. SMU also acquired the University Gardens
condos, only to get sued by one of the condo owners over
the way the school made the acquisition. SMU insisted
the land for the condos may or may not be needed for the
library, yet space was still an issue. Many in University
Park, an upscale enclave next to the campus, were also
displeased with the prospect of thousands of people and
132
tour buses going through their neighborhood to visit the An article in The Guardian noted that a petition oplibrary. Despite that, the University Park town council posing the construction of the library gathered 12,500
agreed to put up for a vote a plan to sell parkland to SMU signatures.[10]
for the library.
Fundraising
Final stages of selection In late 2005, the White
House announced that SMU, Baylor, UD and Texas Tech
had been selected as nalists to make their pitch to the
library committee in Washington headed by the Presidents long time friend and former Commerce Secretary,
Donald Evans. A few weeks after the presentations had
been made, the committee announced that Texas Tech
had been dropped from consideration, leaving only SMU,
Baylor and The University of Dallas in contention.
The nonprot George W. Bush Foundation in early 2009

had a goal to raise $300 million for construction and endowment of the library, according to its president Mark
Langdale.[11]
Construction
The architect Robert A.M. Stern, dean of the architecat Yale University, was picked to design the
On December 20, 2006, a judge ruled in favor of SMU on ture school
[12]
library.
the land dispute over the University Gardens condos. The
next day, ocials at Southern Methodist University and Groundbreaking took place on November 16,
library selection committee members announced that the 2010.[13][14] In tandem with the publication of his
university had entered the next phase of deliberations memoir Decision Points, President Bush hosted a
towards nal site selection for the library.[3]
November 16, 2010 groundbreaking ceremony for the
[15]
At the event, Cheney commented that this
On January 22, 2007, the University of Dallas withdrew center.
may
be
the
only shovel-ready project in America, using a
its bid for the library due to the negotiations with SMU.
term
prominently
and ultimately ruefully associated with
UD revealed the ambitious plans it had for the library and
President
Obama's
2009 scal stimulus package.[14][16]
museum that included a large park, jogging trails, waterThe construction company chosen was Manhattan
falls, and easy access to a light-rail station.
Construction Company, which had also built the George
Baylor published sections of their proposal on their Bush Presidential Library.
website,[4] but no new information was revealed, and Bayof the center has been projected to cost
lor announced that it would not publish the complete pro- The construction
[17]
$250
million.
In April 2013, the building earned a
posal until after the nal site selection was announced.
platinum certication as a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design green building.[18]
Selection of SMU On February 22, 2008, ocials at
Southern Methodist University reported that the nal details of the agreement between the university and the
Bush Foundation would be nalized, clearing the way for
an ocial announcement that the George W. Bush Library would be built at SMU.[5] The university soon ocially conrmed the signed agreement.[6]
Some segments of the SMU community had voiced opposition to the project during the selection phase. In December 2006, a letter from several members of the Perkins
School of Theology to R. Gerald Turner, president of the
Board of Trustees, criticized Bushs policies as ethically
egregious and expressed concern that the library would
serve as a conservative think tank and policy institute
that engages in legacy polishing and grooms young conservatives for public oce.[7] Another group of faculty
complained about the lack of consultation in the decision
to house the library on campus.[8] According to SMU ofcials, opposition among faculty members has not been
widespread.[8]
Completion and dedication ceremony

The completion and dedication of the facility took place
on April 25, 2013. All living former U.S. presidents and
the incumbent U.S. president, Barack Obama, were in attendance. The last meeting of President Obama, former
President Bush, former President Clinton, former President George H.W. Bush and former President Carter took
place in the White House in 2009, just ahead of President
Obamas rst inauguration.[19]
3.12.2 Presidential library

At a planned 207,000 square feet (19,200 m2 ), on completion it will become the second-largest presidential library, behind only the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.[11]
A group of Methodists launched a petition opposing plans 3.12.3 Policy Institute

to build the library and museum at SMU, calling it inappropriate to link Bushs presidency to a university bearing Ambassador James K. Glassman, a former State Department ocial, was selected in September 2009 to serve
the Methodist name.[9]
133
as founding executive director of the Centers George W. 3.12.5 References

Bush Institute, which will function as an action-oriented
[1] Camia, Catalina (January 16, 2013). George W. Bush
think tank independent of SMU.[20]
The institute is planned to advance four causes he
adopted as his own while in oce: human freedom,
global health, economic growth and education reform.
He has also started a womens initiative led by his wife,
Laura Bush. At the November, 2010, groundbreaking,
the former president said to attendees, The decisions
of governing are on another presidents desk, and he deserves to make them without criticism from me. But staying out of current aairs and politics does not mean staying out of policy.[14] Laura Bush addressed the crowd
to promote the importance of ghting for womens rights
In 2012, it published, The 4% Solution: Unleashing
the Economic Growth America Needs (Crown Business, 2012), a collection of essays by Brendan Minister, W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, Robert Lucas,
Jr., Edward C. Prescott, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon
L. Smith, Kevin Hassett, David Malpass, Myron Scholes, Peter G. Klein, Robert Litan, Nick Schulz,
Maria Minniti, Carlos Guttierez, Steven F. Hayward
and Kenneth P. Green, Charles Blahous and Jason T.
Fichtner, Eric Hanushek, Gary Becker, Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny, E. Floyd Kvamme, Amity
Shlaes, and Michael Novak, including ve Nobel Prize
winners.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] The book contains a foreword by George W. Bush and an introduction by James K. Glassman.[21][22][28][30] The book covers such varied topics as immigration, Social Security and
the policies of President Calvin Coolidge.[28][30] It suggests policies for the US gross domestic product to reach
4%, thus focusing on growth contrary to Mitt Romney
and Rick Perry's stated goals to cut the decit during the
2012 presidential campaign.[28]
Golf tournament
The Warrior Open is a 36-hole golf tournament with
members of the United States Army.[31][32] It is sponsored by Highland Capital Management, Sammons Enterprises, United Service Organizations, American Airlines, Air Compassion for Veterans, La Quinta Inns &
Suites, Mercedes-Benz of Plano, Texas, TaylorMadeAdidas, Adidas, Ashworth, 7-Eleven, Premier Transportation, the United States Golf Association, PGA Tour,
the Texas Golf Association and the Womens Texas Golf
Association.[33] It is hosted at the ClubCorp-owned Las
Colinas Country Club in the Las Colinas suburb of
Dallas.[31][33]
3.12.4
See also
Stephen Payne (lobbyist)
library set for May 1 opening. USA Today. Retrieved

16 January 2013.
[2] VIEWPOINT: Don't waste funds on Ws library - Opinion
[3] Statement by Donald L. Events on Bush Presidential Library. George W. Bush Presidential Library Site Selection Committee. December 21, 2006. Retrieved 200612-21.
[4] Baylor University || Bush Library Proposal
[5] SMU Plans Vote on Bush Library Friday
[6] Press Release: SMU Chosen As Site Of Bush Presidential
Library
[7] http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6408409.html
[8] Blumenthal, Ralph (January 10, 2007). S.M.U. Faculty
Complains About Bush. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
[9] Brown, Angela K. (January 18, 2007). Methodists: No
Bush Library at SMU. Washington Post.
[10] Jacobsen, Kurt (August 26, 2008). Milton Friedman
gives Chicago a headache. The Guardian (London). Retrieved August 26, 2012.
[11] Isensee, Laura (February 17, 2009). Details emerge
about Bush library, policy center. Dallas Morning News.
[12] Norris, Mark (August 29, 2007). Architect selected for
Bush library project. 'The Daily Campus.
[13] George W. Bush Center News Release, November 16,
2010
[14] Hennessey, Kathleen (November 16, 2010). George W.
Bush breaks ground on presidential center. Los Angeles
Times. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
[15] Baker, Peter, Now Appearing: George W. Bush,
November 6, 2010 (November 7, 2010 p. WK1 NY ed.).
[16] Baker, Peter, Bush and Cheney Reunite at Library
Groundbreaking, The New York Times Caucus blog,
November 16, 2010, 2:12 pm. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
[17] Meinhard B (November 19, 2009). Plans for the Green
George W. Bush Presidential Center Released.. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
[18] Bush Presidential Center Achieves LEED Platinum Certication. Clean Energy in My State. United States Department of Energy. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June
2013.
Russell, Margaret (2013). EDITORS PAGE. Architectural Digest (COND NAST). Retrieved 2 June 2013.
[19]
134
[20] dead link] Former Think Tank Scholar and State Department Ocial James K. Glassman Named to Head Bush
Institute. GeorgeWBushLibrary.com. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
[21] The Bush Center: The 4% Solution
[22] Random House: The 4% Solution
[23] CSpain discussion: The 4% Solution
[24] Book TV: The 4% Solution
[25] George W. Bush promotes economic ideas in new book,
WFAA, July 15, 2012
[26] , Hispanic American Center for Economic Research, August 15, 2012
[27] The Blaze: The 4% Solution
[28] Tom Benning, George W. Bush unveils his think tanks
rst book, The Dallas Morning News, July 17, 2012
[29] Mercatus Center: The 4% Solution
[30] Enlisting Economists, Bush Adds Book to Fiscal Debate,
The New York Times, July 14, 2012
[31] [http://www.privateclubs.com/article.php?name=
bushcenterwarrioropen Private Clubs: Bush Center
Warrior Open]
[32] The Bush Center: Warrior Open
[33] Warrior Open Sponsors
3.12.6
External links
George W. Bush Presidential Center

George W. Bush Presidential Library of the
National Archives and Records Administration.
Southern Methodist University website for the Bush
Library
An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman,
Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush
Institute. at Free Market Mojo
Coordinates: 325027N 964641W / 32.8409N
96.7781W
Chapter 4
Image
4.1 Public image of George W. 4.1.1 Background
Bush
At the beginning of his rst term, Bushs reputation suffered due to his narrow victory in Florida and the attendant controversy surrounding his electoral college victory, which included accusations of vote suppression and
tampering. While routinely criticized by Democrats,
Bush also was sometimes criticized by Republicans. A
number of American celebrities and sports and media
personalities engaged in heated criticism of Bush.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Bush was also subject to criticism in the international

community for his foreign policy. He was, at times, targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns. Street protests sometimes occurred during Bushs
Public opinion polling data from Gallup/ USA Today from diplomatic visits to other countries. His policies were
February 2001 to December 2007. Blue denotes approve, red the subject of heated criticism in the 2002 elections in
disapprove, and green unsure. Spikes in approval followed Germany[8] and the 2006 elections in Canada.[9]
20
10
Jul 08
Jan 09
Oct 08
Jan 08
Apr 08
Jul 07
Oct 07
Apr 07
Jul 06
Jan 07
Oct 06
Apr 06
Jul 05
Jan 06
Oct 05
Apr 05
Jul 04
Jan 05
Oct 04
Apr 04
Jul 03
Jan 04
Oct 03
Apr 03
Jul 02
Jan 03
Oct 02
Apr 02
Jul 01
Jan 02
Oct 01
Apr 01
the September 11 attacks, the beginning of the 2003 Iraq War,

and the capture of Saddam Hussein.
4.1.2 Support among conservatives

George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United
States, has elicited a variety of public perceptions regarding his policies, personality, and performance as a head
of state. In the U.S. and elsewhere, journalists, polling
organizations, and others have documented the expression of an evolving array of opinions of President Bush.
Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of
the Year for 2000[1] and 2004,[2] citing him as the most
inuential person during these two years.
The approval ratings of George W. Bush have ranged
from a record high to a record low. Bush began his presidency with ratings near 50%.[3] In the time of national crisis following the September 11 attacks, polls showed approval ratings of greater than 85%, peaking in at 92%,[3]
and a steady 8090% approval for about four months after the attacks.[4] Afterward, his ratings steadily declined
as the economy suered and the Iraq War initiated by his
administration continued. By early 2006, his average rating was near 40%, and in July 2008, a poll indicated a
low of 22%.[3][5][6]
Bush has enjoyed strong support among Republicans and

Americans holding conservative views, and for the 2004
election, 9598% of the Republican electorate approved
of and voted for Bush, a gure exceeding the approval
of Ronald Reagan. This support waned, however, due
mostly to Republicans growing frustration with Bush on
the issues of spending and illegal immigration. Some Republicans even began criticizing Bush on his policies in
Iraq, Iran, and the Palestinian territories.[10]
4.1.3 Personal image

Country image
Raised in West Texas, Bushs accent, vacations on his

Texas ranch, and penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.[11][12] I
think people look at him and think John Wayne, says
Piers Morgan, editor of the British Daily Mirror.[13] It
In an August 2008 Rasmussen poll, likely voters were has been suggested that Bushs accent was a deliberate
asked the question Will history rate George W. Bush as and active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself from
the worst President ever?" 50% responded no, 41% his familys traditionally wealthy, intellectual, Northeastern image, and anchoring himself to his Texas roots.[14]
said yes and 9% were unsure.[7]
135
136
Both supporters and detractors have pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.[12]
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
100
September 11th, 2001 Attacks
90
80
Invasion of Iraq
70
Intellectual capacity
50
40
Jan 06
Jul 05
Oct 05
Jan 05
Apr 05
Jul 04
Oct 04
Jan 04
Apr 04
Jul 03
Oct 03
Jan 03
Apr 03
Jul 02
Oct 02
Jan 02
Apr 02
Jul 01
0
Oct 01
In contrast to his father, George H.W. Bush, who was

perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying
theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a
man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.[15]
Capture of Saddam Hussein

60
Apr 01
Vision
Bush approval rating from 2001 to 2006. Notable spikes in his

approval rating followed the September 11 attacks, the beginning
of the 2003 Iraq conict, and the capture of Saddam Hussein.
Bushs intellectual capacities were questioned by the

media[16] and politicians[17] who speculated about his IQ.
A hoax report claiming Bush had the lowest IQ of any eorts to do so, President Bush and his Administration
American President of the last 50 years circulated in were unable to rally public support for the last three years,
2001.[18][19]
with each year seeing a steady decline in the AdministraThough no ocial IQ test score for Bush has been tions support level to the point of Bush eventually dropfound, the score he received on his SAT during his - ping to a 19% approval rating and 77% disapproval rating,
[29]
nal year of prep school at the exclusive Phillips Academy both records for a sitting president.
in Andover, Massachusetts is known. He scored 1206, In 2002, Bush had the highest approval rating of any
which has been correlated to an IQ of 120. The score president during a midterm congressional election since
that Bush received on his qualifying test for the military Dwight D. Eisenhower. In an unusual deviation from
suggests that his IQ was in the mid 120s, placing him in the historical trend of midterm elections, the Republithe 95th percentile of the population for intelligence.[20] can Party regained control of the Senate and added to its
An article published in the journal Political Psychology, majority in the House of Representatives. Typically, the
estimated Bushs IQ at 125.[21] The same study estimated Presidents party loses congressional seats in the midterm
the IQ of Bushs predecessor Bill Clinton at 149.[18] The elections; 2002 marked only the third midterm election
studys director noted that Bush may be 'much smarter' since the Civil War that the party in control of the White
than the ndings imply. A lecturer in American politics House gained seats in both houses of Congress (others
at Warwick University said: A major part of [Bushs] were 1902 and 1934).
public persona, to some extent, I think deliberately, is
that he is not an intellectual. But he went to Yale, he In 2003, Bushs approval spiked upward at the time of
has had an exclusive upbringing and he is by no means a the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in February. The
upward trend continued through the invasion of Iraq in
dimwit.[19][22][23]
March. By late 2003, when presidential opponents began
Bushs detractors tended to focus on various linguistic their campaigns in earnest, his approval numbers were
errors made by him during his public speeches, (collo- in the low to middle 50s. Most polls tied the decline to
quially known as Bushisms).[24] His mispronunciation of growing concern over the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq and
certain words was ridiculed in the media and in popu- a slow recovery from the 2001 recession. Polls of May
lar culture. Even as early as the 2000 presidential de- 2004 showed anywhere from a 53%[30] to a 46% approval
bates, it was the subject of a Saturday Night Live sketch rating.[31]
(see Strategery).[25] Perhaps his most famous nonstandard
pronunciation is that of nucular" instead of nuclear", In April 2006, the presidents approval continued to dealthough he is not the only American president to have cline. Four states continue to maintain a positive apdone this. Merriam-Webster lists nucular" as a variant proval rating: Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nebraska. His
disapproval rating in traditionally red states had risen,
but nonstandard pronunciation of nuclear.[26][27]
with higher than 60% of voters disapproving in Ohio,
Florida, Arkansas, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Virginia, Missouri, and Iowa. Even in his conservative-spun
4.1.4 Domestic perception of Bush
homestate of Texas, disapproval reached 51 percent. His
Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near disapproval rating in several American states had reached
50%.[28] Following the September 11 attacks, Bush held an all time high, with more than 70% disapproving in
approval ratings of greater than 85%, among the highest Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Delaware, Vermont, and
at 55% in
for any President. Since then, his approval ratings and New York. His highest approval rating stood
[32]
Utah,
and
his
lowest,
24%,
in
Rhode
Island.
approval of his handling of domestic, economic, and foreign policy issues steadily declined, and despite consistent In polls conducted between August 7 and 16, 2006,
4.1. PUBLIC IMAGE OF GEORGE W. BUSH
137
Bushs average approval rating was 37.0%, and his av- sion later released a summary of Bushs closed-door teserage disapproval rating was 57.3%.[33]
timony, which stated that Bushs instinct was to project
A poll taken in mid September 2006 indicated that 48 calm, not to have the country see an excited reaction at a
percent of Americans believed the war with Iraq has moment of crisis. It went on to say The President felt
until he could better
made the U.S. less safe, while 41 percent believed the war he should project strength and calm
[42]
understand
what
was
happening.
This situation was
[34]
has made the U.S. safer from terrorism. Another poll
featured
prominently
in
Michael
Moore's
2004 documenshows that a majority of Americans, by a margin of 61 to
Fahrenheit
9/11.
tary
35 percent, believe that the United States is not better o
because of Bushs policies.[35]
Bush twice, in late 2001 and early 2002, stated that before entering the classroom he had seen on a television
set the rst plane hit the World Trade Center, and that he
had assumed it was an accident.[44][45] This was impossible, as no televised footage of the rst plane crashing into
the tower was broadcast until the afternoon of that day.
The White House explained his remarks as a mistaken
recollection.[46]
At the conclusion of 2006, an AP-AOL News telephone

poll of 1,004 adults found President George W. Bush to
be both the top villain and top hero of the year.[36]
Bush was followed in the villain poll by Osama bin
Laden, who took in 8 percent to Bushs 25 percent;
Saddam Hussein (6 percent); and Irans Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (5 percent). In the hero poll, Bushs 13 percent was followed by: Soldiers/troops in Iraq (6 percent),
Jesus Christ (3 percent), Barack Obama (3 percent), and
Domestic policy
Oprah Winfrey (3 percent).[37]
Polls conducted after Bushs troop surge strategy was an- Domestic criticism of Bush has waxed and waned
nounced in January 2007 showed his approval rating had throughout his administration. Before 9/11, Bush was redropped to approximately 32%.
viled by the bulk of the American left, mostly for his role
and for his No Child
On February 13, 2008, an average of major polls indi- in the controversial 2000 election,
[47]
Left
Behind
education
program.
The next major do[33]
cated that Bushs approval rating stood at 33.3%. The
mestic
item
which
Bush
faced
signicant
opposition to
same average showed, for polls issued during the period
was
his
program
of
tax
cuts,
codied
in
the
Economic
from September 5 to 16, 2008, that Bushs approval ratGrowth
and
Tax
Relief
Reconciliation
Act
of
2001 and
[33]
ing was 31.9%, and his disapproval rating was 64.8%.
the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of
A poll by Rasmussen Reports on December 10, 2005 2003. Both acts ultimately passed, but calls for their reasked, Should President Bush be impeached and repeal lasted until the end of the 2004 campaign. Demomoved from oce?" 32% said yes, and 58% said cratic candidate Howard Dean in particular called for
no.[38] Earlier polls asked conditional versions of the a repeal of the part of the tax cuts which aected the
impeachment question. For example, Zogby Interna- wealthiest Americans in order to fund public health care
tional on November 2, 2005 asked whether respondents programs and reduce the federal decit.[48]
agreed with the statement, If President Bush did not
tell the truth about his reasons for going to war with After Bush was re-elected, he made Social Security reIraq, Congress should consider holding him accountable form a top priority. He proposed options to permit
through impeachment. Americans agreed with this, 53% Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax
to 42%.[39] A poll by Newsweek on October 19, 2006 (FICA) into secured investments, creating a nest egg
revealed that 51% of respondents believed that the im- that he claimed would enjoy steady growth. This led
peachment of George W. Bush should be a priority.[40] Democrats to label the program a "privatization" of SoAn August 2008 poll found that 41% of Americans cial Security. Bush embarked on a 60-day tour to shore
thought that George W. Bush is the worst President in up public support for the plan, attacking the political reaction against reforms. Ultimately, Congressional RepubUnited States history, while 50% disagreed.[7]
licans could not reach a consensus on the plan, and the
Bushs critics have questioned his leadership skills re- Democrats were unanimously opposed.[49] Bush was left
garding some events. One occasion was on the moment without any political will to pass his reforms. The issue
of the September 11 World Trade Center attacks: af- was dropped, and the status quo maintained.[50]
ter being told by Chief of Sta Andrew Card that the
U.S. was under attack, Bush continued with a read- Bush has been increasingly forced to defend his actions on
to generate widespread
ing lesson with elementary school children for seven many fronts and has been unable
[51]
After the Democratic
support
in
the
nation
as
a
whole.
[41][42]
Democratic 2004 presidential candidate
minutes.
Party
regained
control
of
both
houses
of Congress in the
John Kerry cited Bushs lack of swift action, calling into
2006
midterm
elections,
MSNBC
reported
that The war
question the incumbents leadership capabilities, and conin
Iraq,
scandals
in
Congress
and
declining
support for
cluding: Americans want to know that the person they
Bush
and
Republicans
on
Capitol
Hill
dened
the battle
choose as president has all the skills and ability, all of
[52]
for
House
and
Senate
control.
the mental toughness, all of the gut instinct necessary to
be a strong commander in chief.[43] The 9/11 Commis- Calling Bush The Mother of All Big Spenders, the
138
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
libertarian think-tank Cato Institute writes that Sadly,

the Bush administration has consistently sacriced sound
policy to the god of political expediency.[53] Catos Chris
Edwards said, When he gives speeches now, you hear
him bashing the Democrats on overspending. It sounds
ridiculous, because we know hes a big spender.[54] After running up $3 trillion in new debt including more
than half a trillion dollars for what some have called his
awed Iraq policy some people nd it astounding that
the president is once again lecturing Congress about scal
responsibility and scal priorities, stated Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev).[55]
In fact, according to the former World Bank vicepresident, Joseph Stiglitz, when factors like medical and
welfare costs of US military servicemen are added in, the
cost to date is closer to $3.3 trillion.[60] However, continues Stiglitz, Three trillion is a very conservative number,
the true costs are likely to be much larger than that... The
money being spent on the war each week would be enough
to wipe out illiteracy around the world ... Just a few days
funding would be enough to provide health insurance for
US children who were not covered, he said.
Greenspan, again promoting his book, also says I am

saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows: the Iraq war is largely about
oil[56] and getting Saddam out of there was very important, but had nothing to do with weapons of mass destruction, it had to do with oil.[57][58] With regards to the costs
of the war in Iraq, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget
Oce estimates that it will come to between one and one
and a half trillion dollars by 2010.
nomic choices, from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

to the collapse of the nancial system, soaring debt and
new commitments to interest payments and Medicare, all
add up to over $10 trillion.[63][64][65] See also National
Debt Graph: Bush Sets 50-Year Record. The National
debt from George Washington to the beginning of Ronald
Reagans term totaled about one trillion dollars.
The relaxed regulation under the Bush presidency are regarded to have been a major contributing factor to the
Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal Reserve for 18 subprime mortgage crisis, and there are fears that the
years, serving under six Presidents and who describes United States and the world economy could slide into anhimself as a lifelong Libertarian Republican, writes other Great Depression.[61][62]
in his book The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a A Harpers magazine column by Linda Bilmes, a lecturer
New World that Bush and the congressional Republicans in Public Finance at Harvards Kennedy School of Govswapped principle for power. Little value was placed ernment, and Joseph Stiglitz titled The $10 trillion hangon rigorous economic policy debate or the weighing of over: Paying the price for eight years of Bush, estimate
long-term consequences.
that the cost of undoing the Bush administrations eco-
Those costs both to sustain the current

mission in Iraq and to pay longer-term 'hidden'
expenses like troop healthcare and replacement
equipment are far more than US ocials advertised when Congress gave President Bush
the authority to launch the invasion in March
2003. At the time, the White House and thendefense secretary Donald Rumsfeld predicted
a quick, decisive victory and counted on Iraqi
oil revenues to pay for the war. And when
Lawrence Lindsey, one of Bushs top budget
advisers, estimated in 2003 that the entire undertaking could cost as much as $200 billion,
he was red ... McGovern said he is worried about the long-term nancial impact of the
war, adding that his primary concern is that
the United States is borrowing money to pay
for it. Some leading economists have predicted
that, depending on how long troops remain in
Iraq, the endeavor could reach several trillion
dollars as a result of more 'hidden' costs
including recruiting expenses to replenish the
ranks and the lifelong benets the government
pays to veterans. 'It is being paid for on the
national credit card,' McGovern said. 'It is being put on the backs of our kids and grandkids.
That is indefensible.[59]
The controversial dismissal of seven U.S. attorneys by

the Bush administrations Department of Justice (DOJ)
in 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees,
led critics to argue that the administration had undermined both the integrity of the Department of Justice and
the non-partisan tradition of U.S. Attorneys.[66][67][68][69]
Others likened the event to Watergate, referring to it as
Gonzales-gate,[70] and members of Congress from both
parties called for the resignation of Attorney General
Alberto Gonzales.[71]
Response to Hurricane Katrina Main article:
Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina
Bush came under more criticism when Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf Coast region during the early
hours of August 29, 2005. In the wake of the hurricane,
two levees protecting New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain collapsed, leading to widespread ooding. In the
aftermath of this disaster, thousands of city residents, unable to evacuate prior to the hurricane, became stranded
with little or no relief for several days, resulting in lawless and unsanitary conditions in some areas. Blame for
inadequate disaster response was partially attributed to
state and local authorities, but public outcry in the disasters early hours was largely directed at the Bush administration, mainly the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)[72] and the Department of Homeland
Security[73] alleging weak crisis management and coor-
139
dination. In fact, a Canadian search-and-rescue team ac- George W. Bush has also been criticized by the Union
tually made it to a New Orleans suburb ve days before of Concerned Scientists, representing over 20 Nobel
U.S. aid arrived.[74]
Laureates, who accuse him of failing to acknowledge
Others have identied political conservatism as the over- basic science on environmental issues. The group
riding cause of problems in the way the disaster was says that the Bush administration has engaged in intenand distortion of facts regarding the
handled.[75] These critics argue that the alleged unreadi- tional suppression
[84][85]
environment.
ness of the United States National Guard, negligence of
federal authorities, and haplessness of ocials such as In the waning days of his administration, Bush sought rule
Michael Brown did not represent incompetence on the changes which would negatively impact a wide range of
part of the federal authorities, but were instead natural environmental issues.[86]
and deliberate consequences of the conservative philosophy embraced by the Bush administration, especially
George Bush is behaving like a furious
sink or swim policies to force reductions in government
defaulter whose home is about to be reposexpenditure and privatize key government responsibilisessed. Smashing the porcelain, ripping the
ties such as disaster preparedness,[76] [77] both of which
doors o their hinges, he is determined that
resulted in the systematic dismantling of FEMA by the
there will be nothing worth owning by the time
U.S. Department of Homeland Security.[78]
the bastards kick him out. His midnight regulaCriticism led to the resignation of FEMA director
tions, opening Americas wilderness to logging
Michael Brown, and eventually, Bush himself accepted
and mining, trashing pollution controls, tearing
personal responsibility for what he deemed serious probup conservation laws, will do almost as much
lems in the federal governments response in a Septemdamage in the last 60 days of his presidency as
ber 15, 2005 press conference. Several politicians called
he achieved in the foregoing 3,000. His backfor either congressional or independent investigations,
ers among them the nastiest pollutocrats in
claiming that the Executive Branch cannot satisfactorily
America are calling in their favours. But this
investigate itself.[79][80][81]
last binge of vandalism is also the Bush presidency reduced to its essentials. Destruction is
not an accidental product of its ideology. DeEnvironment Bush has been criticized by national and
struction is the ideology. Neoconservatism is
international environmental groups for his administrapower expressed by showing that you can retions rollbacks of environmental protections going back
duce any part of the world to rubble.[87]
more than three decades. These are in areas ranging from
the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Air and Clean
Water Acts to climate change. According to MSNBC:
Economic policies Moral and ethical questions have
After four years in oce, the George W.
Bush administration has compiled an environmental record that is taking our nation in a new
and dangerous direction. Last year alone, Bush
administration agencies made more than 150
actions that weakened our environmental laws.
Over the course of the rst term, this administration led the most thorough and destructive campaign against Americas environmental safeguards in the past 40 years.[82]
In Texas Chainsaw Management (2007) Robert F.
Kennedy, Jr. argues that The verdict on George W.
Bush as the nations environmental steward has already
been written in stone. No president has mounted a more
sustained and deliberate assault on the nations environment. No president has acted with more solicitude toward
polluting industries. Assaulting the environment across a
broad front, the Bush administration has promoted and
implemented more than 400 measures that eviscerate 30
years of environmental policy.[83] Kennedy has also written a book Crimes Against Nature: How George W. Bush
and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and
Hijacking Our Democracy.
been raised over the billions of dollars Bush has requested

for the Iraq war,[88] which Senate Majority Leader Harry
Reid (D-Nevada) has said ensures that less money is made
available to help children and the poor in the United
States.[89] Critics have accused him of stinginess toward
poor children with regards to health care in a time when
it is increasingly unaordable.[89][90] Another example is
Bushs eort to cut food stamps for the poor. In 2005,
Bush called for billions of dollars in cuts that will touch
people on food stamps and farmers on price supports,
children under Medicaid and adults in public housing.[91]
While passed by the Republican Congress, initially the
White House proposed the restriction.[92]
Foreign policy and national security
War on Terror Bush received criticism for publicly using phrases like bring it on and wanted dead or alive,
both regarding terrorists.[94] Sen. Frank Lautenberg, DN.J., called Bushs language irresponsible and inciteful.
I am shaking my head in disbelief, Lautenberg said.
When I served in the Army in Europe during World
War II, I never heard any military commander let alone
the commander in chief invite enemies to attack U.S.
140
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
troops.[95] The Iraqi Resistance group known as the Islamic Jihad Army put out a video that stated George W.
Bush, you have asked us to 'bring it on.' And so help me,
[we will] like you never expected. Do you have another
challenge?"[96][97] Bush apologized for these comments
in 2006.[98]
Iraq Main article: Opposition to the Iraq War
where we send somebody to, not to torture, as

well. But you bet, when we nd somebody who
might do harm to the American people, we will
detain them and ask others from their country
of origin to detain them. It makes sense. The
American people expect us to do that.
A Pentagon memo lists many interrogation techniques
which were requested and approved during Bushs presidency on the basis that The current guidelines for interrogation procedures at GTMO limit the ability of interrogators to counter advanced resistance.[118] The Bush
administrations connection to these controversial interrogation techniques has been one of the main considerations in the movement to impeach George W. Bush.
Bush has taken a signicant amount of criticism for his

decision to invade Iraq in March 2003 and his handling
of the situation afterwards. As Bush organized the effort, made the case, and ordered the invasion himself, he
has borne the brunt of the criticism for the undeclared
war.[99] A Newsweek poll taken in June 2007 showed a
record 73% of respondents disapproving of Bushs han- These controversial enhanced interrogation techniques
have in several cases become military policy[118][119] and
dling of the war in Iraq.[100]
in response to Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse controversy
Germany had looked into seeking to charge Rumsfeld and
Enhanced interrogation techniques controversy two others with warcrimes.[120]
Main articles: Guantnamo Bay detainment camp and
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
Another point of discussion has been whether the enhanced interrogation techniques in the Abu Ghraib prison
and the Guantnamo Bay detainment camp constitutes
torture or not. Although a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll
found that sizable majorities of Americans disagree with
tactics ranging from leaving prisoners naked and chained
in uncomfortable positions for hours, to trying to make a
prisoner think he was being drowned.[101]
Bush has stated that We do not torture.[102] Yet,
many people and governments[103][104][105] and nongovernmental organizations disagree and have staged several protests.[106][107][108][109] These sentiments are partly
a result of the Pentagon's suggestion that the president can
decide whether normal strictures on torture still apply if it
outweighs the security of the nation,[110] and because the
Bush administration has repeatedly acted against attempts
to restrict controversial interrogation techniques,[111] including signing statements by Bush to exclude himself
from the laws created by the Detainee Treatment Act of
2005 as well as vetoing legislation that would have made
waterboarding and other coercive interrogation methods
illegal.[112] Furthermore, some[113][114][115] are concerned
by the Bush Administrations use of Extraordinary rendition, where individuals are sent to other countries where
torture can easily occur without any form of oversight.
Bush defends this practice on the basis that:[116][117]
[...] the United States government has an
obligation to protect the American people. Its
in our countrys interests to nd those who
would do harm to us and get them out of harms
way. And we will do so within the law, and we
will do so in honoring our commitment not to
torture people. And we expect the countries
Foreign aid Under the Bush administration, more aid

has been given to Africa than under any other US president or world leader in history, with a total of $15 billion spent to ght AIDS and poverty as well as diplomatic
assistance between warring peoples and other humanitarian eorts.Yet, it has to be noted that this was in nominal
terms. In real terms, he actually lowered the percent of
G.D.P given as aid to foreign countries.[121][122]
4.1.5 Bush Derangement Syndrome neologism

American
conservative
pundit
and
former
psychiatrist[123] Charles Krauthammer, noting the
reaction of liberals to George W. Bush and his policies,
in a 2003 column coined the term Bush Derangement
Syndrome to describe the acute onset of paranoia
in otherwise normal people in reaction to the policies,
the presidencynaythe very existence of George
W. Bush".[123][124] While Krauthammers column was
somewhat tongue-in-cheek (e.g., What is worrying
epidemiologists about the Dean incident, however, is
that heretofore no case had been reported in Vermont,
or any other dairy state), the term indicates a belief that some extreme criticisms of President Bush
are of emotional origin rather than based in fact or
logic. The term has been adopted by writers across
the political spectrum[125][126][127] and is most closely
associated with liberal reaction to Bush policies past
and present.[124][126][127][128] The term has been used
in newspaper columns and editorials, on talk radio, by
commentators in the mainstream press, including The
Washington Post, The New York Times, and Fox News
Channel, and in the blogosphere.
141
Examples of usage
Investors Business Daily: And yet, you'd think
those who suer what Charles Krauthammer has
described as Bush Derangement Syndrome would
at least recognize the terrorist threat we live
under.[129]
Jed Babbin: Bush Derangement Syndrome manifests itself dierently among its suerers. In the
New York Timess case, it erupts consistently in its
eagerness to toss its long-time pals over the side
for any measure of deviation from the nutroots
fringe.[130]
Sean Hannity: It seems, you know, Bush de- Americas Greatest Failure, a mural of President Bush in West
rangement syndrome, I-hate-George-Bush fanati- Belfast, Northern Ireland, in April 2006;
photo by Patrick McAleer.
cism now rules the day.[131]
Paul Krugman: People who worried that the administration was living in a fantasy world used to
be dismissed as victims of Bush derangement syndrome, liberals driven mad by Mr. Bushs success.
Now, however, its a syndrome that has spread even
to former loyal Bushies.[132]
Andrew C. McCarthy: Bush Derangement Syndrome is such that many peopleincluding the
newspaper of recorddont want to have a serious
conversation about the proper balance between privacy and security. They prefer to misrepresent laws
and proposals while hinting at dark conspiracies. It
would be nice if theyd notice that the Bush administration, for all intents and purposes, is over.[133]
Bush Go Home in Vienna, 2007
Howard Kurtz: Now Joe Klein prides himself
quite often, in printon being dierent from nutty,
hysterical,
suering-from-Bush-derangementsyndrome left-wing bloggers. But here he is
exhibiting nutty, hysterical, Bush derangement
syndrome himself.[134]
Eugene Robinson: Its ocial: Bush Derangement
Syndrome is now a full-blown epidemic. George W.
Bush apparently has reduced more of his fellow citizens to frustrated, sputtering rage than any president since opinion polling began, with the possible
exception of Richard Nixon.[135]
In 18 of the 21 countries surveyed, a majority of respondents held an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents
indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.[137][138]
In specic countries
The United Kingdoms Daily Mirror newspaper ran the

following headline the day of Bushs reelection: How
Can 59,054,087 People Be So Dumb?, underlining
Bushs unpopularity in some sections of the British press.
Among the population of Britain, two-thirds of the popu Michelle Malkin article title: Bush Derangement lation holds a dim view of Bush, a gure that is duplicated
Syndrome alert: Cover art of the week[136]
in Canada.
4.1.6
Foreign perception of Bush
Opinions of Bush from outside the U.S. are less than favorable. For example, a global sampling in 2005 of 21
nations found that 58% of those sampled believed that
the presidents reelection would have a negative impact
on their peace and security; only 26% believed it would
have a positive one.[137]
After his reelection in 2004, Bush was viewed favorably

by 38% and unfavorably by 53% in Italy, but much worse
in other countries: Three-quarters of those in Spain and
more than 80% in France and Germany had a negative
view of President Bushs role in world aairs.[139][138] In
Turkey, 72% of those polled said that Bushs reelection
made them feel worse about Americans.[137] In November 2006, a survey taken in Great Britain, Mexico, and
Canada showed that they believe Bush is more danger-
142
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
ous than North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and Iranian the past few years. These are the experts that teach colPresident Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[140]
lege students today and will write the history of this era
tomorrow.[143]
Islamic Countries
In Islamic countries, opinion of Bush was even less favorable. In Islamic countries, Bushs unfavorable ratings were particularly high, often over 90%.[141] In Jordan, for example, Bushs favorable rating was only nine
percent.[142]
In 2008, the History News Network conducted an unscientic poll among 109 professional historians. That poll
found that, among those professional historians, 98% believe that the George W. Bush presidency is a failure, and
that 61% believe it to be the worst in history.[144] Another
poll done in 2009 by C-SPAN among 65 professional historians ranks Bush 36 of 42 former presidents.[145]
A 2010 Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars

found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor
Favorable opinion
ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and
Bush enjoyed somewhat more favorable views among the intelligence.[146]
populations of some allied states. In one multi-nation poll
after Bushs 2004 reelection, the only three countries (out
of 21 polled) in which a majority or plurality saw Bushs 4.1.8 Notable critical works about Bush
return to oce as positive for peace and security in the
world are the Philippines (63%), India (62%), and Poland Fahrenheit 9/11
(44%). [137] In one poll of 10 countries, Israel was the
only country where the population had a net favorable In 2004, Michael Moore released his documentary
opinion, with 62 percent favoring Bush.[142]
Fahrenheit 9/11, which went on to become the highestgrossing political documentary of all time.[147] The lm
is critical of Bush and the War on Terrorism. Christopher
4.1.7 Surveys of historians
Hitchens and Ed Koch have criticized Fahrenheit 9/11 as
dishonest and inaccurate.[148][149]
Main article: Historical rankings of United States
Presidents
W.
Since 2006, surveys of professional historians have given In 2008, director Oliver Stone, a noted liberal and Demothe Bush presidency low marks. A 2006 Siena College crat who is known as a critic of Republican policymakers
poll of 744 professors reported the following results:[143] including Bush, directed a biographical lm about Bush
entitled W., featuring Josh Brolin in the title role.[150]
George W. Bush has just nished ve years as Pres- W. was appraised as a surprisingly even-handed and reident. If today were the last day of his presidency, strained treatment of Bush and his policies, given Bushs
how would you rank him? The responses were: incredibly low popularity around the time of the lms
Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below release.[151][152]
Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.
In your judgment, do you think he has a realistic 4.1.9 Post-presidential image
chance of improving his rating? Two-thirds (67%)
responded no; less than a quarter (23%) responded Miss Me Yet? billboard
yes; and 10% chose no opinion or not applicable.
In February 2010 a roadside billboard appeared featuring
Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies an image of George W. Bush and a caption with the words
at Siena College, said: President Bush would seem to MISS ME YET?". The billboard initially was spotted
other
have small hope for high marks from the current gener- on Interstate 35 in Wyoming, Minnesota but soon
[153][154]
billboards
like
it
popped
up
around
the
country.
ation of practicing historians and political scientists. In
hoax, but has
this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut It was rst considered to be an internet [155]
been
conrmed
as
a
real
advertisement.
The Billthe President more slack than the experts do. Dr. Douboard
has
led
to
other
Bush-themed
merchandise
with
glas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and
catchphrase
Miss
Me
Yet?"
from
agencies
such
as
the
director of the Siena Research Institute, stated: In our
[156]
CafePress,
and
the
image
plus
the
related
caption
has
2002 presidential rating, with a group of experts comparable to this current poll, President Bush ranked 23rd of become an internet meme.
42 presidents. That was shortly after 9/11. Clearly, the The billboard was mentioned on Rush Limbaughs talk
professors do not think things have gone well for him in radio show as some callers mentioned the billboard did
143
exist.[157] It was later discovered to have been created and [8] M. Overhaus, S. Schieder (2002). Die auenpolitischen
Positionen der Parteien im Bundestagswahlkampf 2002
sponsored by an anonymous source who wanted to remain
(PDF). Politik im Netz 3.
that way as per the billboard owner Schubert & Hoey Out[155]
According to the billboard owner,
door Advertising.
[9] CBC News (December 14, 2005). Was the American
the sign was purchased by a group of small business ownambassador meddling in a Canadian election?". CBC.ca
ers located in the seven-county metropolitan area.[158]
Reality Check Team. Archived from the original on OcLater, Mike Rivard, one of the six business owners from
tober 13, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
Minnesota, came forward and told Fox News that one
of the reasons why they did it was they thought it was [10] Associated Press (February 15, 2006). Republicans criticize Rice over Bush Mideast policy. USA Today. Rea hilarious message, and the image they used was found
[159]
online.
[11] The History Boys. Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 28,
2009.
Eect of Decision Points memoir
[12] Westcott, Kathryn (June 6, 2003). Bush revels in cowboy
Journalists from several media sources opined that the

speak. BBC News. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
publication of Bushs memoir Decision Points in November 2010 was intended to or would have the eect of im- [13] "'John Wayne' president has critics. Cable News Network LP. January 30, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
proving his post presidential image.[160]
Ranking of George W. Bush as US President
After he left oce, George W. Bush has been ranked between 31st (by USPC) and 39th (by Siena College) out of
44 presidents in the history of the US.[161]
4.1.10
See also
Bushism
Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush
[14] Drawl or Nothin'". MACNEIL/LEHRER PRODUCTIONS. Retrieved January 29, 2009.

[15] Bumiller, Elisabeth (January 12, 2004). Bush Gets Vision Thing and Embraces Big Risks. New York Times.
[16] Baker, Peter (August 20, 2006). Pundits Renounce The
President. Washington Post. Retrieved September 11,
2006.
[17] Walters, Simon (August 19, 2006). Blair 'feels betrayed
by Bush on Lebanon'". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved
September 11, 2006.
Historical rankings of United States Presidents
[18] snopes.com: Presidential IQ Hoax
Opinions and ideas of Charles Krauthammer
[19] Immelman, Aubrey (January 14, 2001). Bush gets bad

rap on intelligence. St. Cloud Times Online. Archived
2013.
4.1.11
References
[1] And the Winner Finally Is... George W. Bush. TIME

Magazine. December 17, 2000. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
[2] Person of the Year President George W. Bush
American Revolutionary. TIME Magazine. December
19, 2004. Archived from the original on January 1, 2005.
[3] Roper Center (2009). Job Performance Ratings for President Bush. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
[4] USA Today (May 20, 2005).
DAY/GALLUP Poll.
CNN/USA TO-
[5] PollingReport.com. PRESIDENT BUSH Overall Job

Rating in national polls.
[6] The National Economy. americanresearchgroup.com.
February 19, 2009.
[7] Rasmussen Reports (August 12, 2008). 41% Say Bush
Worst President Ever; 50% Disagree. (subscription required)
[20] Tierney, John (October 24, 2004). Secret Weapon for

Bush?". Political Points. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
[21] Dean Keith Simonton (August 2006). Presidential IQ,
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[23] Who is smarter, Kerry or Bush?". USA Today. June 10,
[24] Jacob Weisberg (November 4, 2000). Bush, in his own
words. The Guardian (London). Retrieved October 9,
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[25] Dana Milbank (April 22, 2001). Serious 'Strategery' As
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[26] Merriam Webster. Nuclear. Encyclopedia Britannica

Company. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
[27] Merriam Webster. Mispronunciations That May Be
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Center.
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
[49] Bushs rst defeat. By Jacob Weisberg Slate Magazine

[50] Allan Sloan (February 8, 2006). Bushs Social Security
Sleight of Hand. Washington Post. Retrieved November
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[52] Democrats win control of Senate. MSNBC. November

[30] President Bush Job Approval. Rasmussen Reports.
[53] CATO Institute article
[31] Race too close to call. USA Today. September 22, 2004.
[54] IHT.com article
[32] 50 State POTUS 04/06 Sort By State. SurveyUSA.
[56] Yahoo News article
[33] Average of major polls. Real Clear Politics.
[57] Wall Street Journal Blogs
[34] Iraq. pollingreport.com. September 2006. Retrieved

September 24, 2006.
[58] TheAge.com
[55] The Bulletin
[59] Boston.com article

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[60] TheAustralian.news.com article
[36] Poll: President Bush Top Villain Of 2006. Associated

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[37] Lori McNelly (December 29, 2006). Hero or villain?

Depends on your point of view. Chillicothe Gazette.
[61] Intelligencer.ca article
[63]
[64]
[38] 32% Favor Bush Impeachment. Rasmussen Reports.
[65] Eight years in oce, a $10.6 trillion debt
[39] 53% of Americans Support Impeachment. ImpeachPAC.
[66] Ari Shapiro (May 3, 2007). Ex-U.S. Ocial: Fired

Prosecutors Were 'Smeared'". National Public Radio. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
[40] NEWSWEEK Poll: GOP Losing Its Base Newsweek

Politics MSNBC.com
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drama in Sarasota. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved June
15, 2007.
[42] Achenbach, Joel (June 19, 2004). On 9/11, a Telling
Seven-Minute Silence. The Washington Post. Retrieved
August 11, 2007.
[43] Healy, Patrick (August 6, 2004). Kerry questions Bushs
wartime leadership. Boston Globe.
[44] President Meets with Displaced Workers in Town Hall
Meeting December 4, 2001
[45] President Holds Town Hall Forum on Economy in California January 5, 2002
[46] Paltrow, S. (2004) Day of Crisis: Detailed Picture of
U.S. Actions on Sept. 11 Remains Elusive. Wall Street
Journal March 22
[67] Rebecca Carr (May 8, 2007). Former Justice Ocial:

Fired U.S. Attorneys Among the Best. Cox Newspapers.
Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
[68] Taylor, Marisa; Margaret Talev (May 16, 2007). U.S.
Attorneys: 2 additional prosecutors were considered
for ouster. McClatchy Washington Bureau (McClatchy
Newspapers). Retrieved June 20, 2007.
[69] Patrick Leahy (March 19, 2007). Statement of Sen.
Patrick Leahy: On S. 214, Preserving United States Attorney Independence Act Of 2007. Senator Patrick Leahy.
May 29, 2007.
[70] Gareld, Bob (June 15, 2007). Gonzales-gate. On the
Media (National Public Radio NPR). Retrieved June 15,
2007.
[71] See references on Alberto Gonzales#Calls for resignation.2C ring.2C and no-condence resolution
[47] Bush stumps for 'No Child Left Behind'". CNN. January
6, 2004. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008.
[72] Ahlers, Mike M. (April 14, 2006). Report: Criticism

of FEMAs Katrina response deserved. CNN. Retrieved
November 1, 2006.
[48] Bruce Bartlett (January 6, 2004). Tax Reform. TrendMacrolytics. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
[73] Cherto: Katrina scenario did not exist. CNN. September 5, 2005. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
[74] CommonDreams.org article

[75] Lako, George; Halpin, John (October 7, 2005).
Framing Katrina. The American Prospect. Retrieved
July 1, 2007.
[76] Scahill, Jeremy (June 5, 2006). In the Black(Water)".
The Nation. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
[77] Halliburton gets another $33 Million for Hurricane Katrina clean-up. Halliburton Watch. October 12, 2005.
145
for children in low-income families, is making it more difcult for families to sign up ... 'The ultimate eect of this
new policy is that tens of thousands of children who have
health insurance will eectively lose that insurance,' said
Rachel Klein, deputy director of health policy for Families
USA, a Washington-based consumer group.
[91] Joel Havemann and Mary Curtius (February 6, 2005).
Bush to Propose Billions in Cuts. Los Angeles Times.
[92] AP (October 29, 2005). US poor set to lose food
stamps. Sydney Morning Herald.
[78] Holdeman, Eric (August 30, 2005). Destroying FEMA.

Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
[93] Faludi, Susan. The Terror Dream: Fear and Fantasy in

Post-9/11 America, 2007. p. 3
[79] Hsu, Spencer S. (September 9, 2005). Leaders Lacking

Disaster Experience. The Washington Post. Retrieved
November 1, 2006.
[94] Bush regrets Mission Accomplished, dead or alive"".

Denver Post. November 12, 2008.
[80] Pearson, Diana (September 25, 2005). CRONYISM in

the Bush Administration. Time magazine. Retrieved
November 1, 2006.
[96] ABC News
[81] Tumulty, Karen; Thompson, Mark (September 25, 2005).

How Many More Mike Browns Are Out There?". Time
magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
[98] Leslie Savan (June 2, 2006). Regrets? Confessions?

Bring 'em on!". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 11,
2007.
[82] NRDC.org
[99] John Hickman (September 6, 2006). Bush, Not Iraq War

Critics, Could Not Be More Wrong"". Baltimore Chronicle. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
[83] "Texas Chainsaw Management" (2007) Robert F.

Kennedy, Jr.
[95] USA Today, July 2, 2003
[97] video
[100] How Low Can Bush Go?". Newsweek. June 21, 2007.
[84] Scientists: Bush Distorts Science. Wired. February 18,
June 22, 2007.
2004. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
Webex- [101] Locy, Toni (January 13, 2005). Poll: Most object to extreme interrogation tactics. USA Today. Retrieved January 20, 2007. sizable majorities of Americans disagree
with tactics
[86] Bush takes aim at the environment with late rule changes
environment 21 November 2008 New Scientist
[102] Bush: We do not torture terror suspects. MSNBC.com.
Associated Press. November 7, 2005. Retrieved January
[87] Monbiot, George (November 25, 2008). The planet is
11, 2007.
now so vandalised that only total energy renewal can save
[85] Bushs Misuse of Science : Introduction.
hibits.org. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
us. The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[103] Carlson, Darren K. (November 29, 2005). Public Believes U.S. Government Has Tortured Prisoners (fee re[88] Jonathan Weisman and Shailagh Murray (March 9, 2007).
quired). The Gallup Poll (The Gallup Organization). ReBush Threatens to Veto Democrats Iraq Plan. Washingtrieved January 20, 2007. [...]denying his agency tortures
ton Post. p. A01.
prisoners. But most Americans think otherwise.
[89] Online NewsHour (December 21, 2007). Senate Ma[104] Carlson, Darren K. (March 8, 2005). Americans Frown
jority Leader Reid Weighs Partisan Divides, Security in
on Interrogation Techniques (fee required). The Gallup
Iraq. PBS. Retrieved February 13, 2008. Senator Harry
Poll (The Gallup Organization). Retrieved January 20,
Reid (D NV): The Leave No Child Behind Act is leav2007. a majority of Americans think its wrong for the
ing children behind. We need money to take care of that;
government to use any of these methods
there isn't enough money because of the war in Iraq. and
How much longer are we going to be asked to spend $12 [105] Cody, Edward (March 4, 2005). China, Others Criticize
billion a month on this war, when we don't have money for
U.S. Report on Rights. The Washington Post (The Washhealth care? We tried to get 10,000 poor children health
ington Post Company). Retrieved January 20, 2007. No
insurance. The president said theres not enough money
country should exclude itself from the international huto do that.
man rights development process
[90] Catherine Larkin and Edwin Chen (August 21, 2007). [106] Guantanamo protest at US embassy. UK BBC NEWS
Bush Adds Restrictions to U.S. Childrens Health Plan
(British Broadcasting Corporation). January 11, 2007.
(Update3)". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Retrieved January 20, 2007. More than 300 protesters
The Bush administration, ghting eorts by states and
gathered outside the US embassy for the hour-long
Congress to expand a popular health insurance program
demonstration.
146
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
[107] Sun, Lena H. (June 27, 2005). As Torture Survivors Watch, Activists Stage Arrests Near White House.
Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved January 20, 2007. The men and women who survived imprisonment, beatings and rapes knew ahead of
time that yesterdays arrest of a group of their supporters
in front of the White House was a symbolic protest to spotlight the continuing use of torture by governments around
the world, including the United States.
[121] Frist, Bill. Commentary: Bush saved 10 million lives,

2009. p. 1,2
[122] Moody, Barry. Unpopular at home, Bush basks in
African praise, 2008. p. 1,2
[123] Charles Krauthammer Biography. The Washington
Post. February 24, 1998. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
[124] Krauthammer, Charles (December 5, 2003). The Delusional Dean. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-10[108] Israel, Esteban (January 11, 2007). Guantanamo prison
11.
draws protests worldwide (Reprint). Washington Post
(Reuters). Retrieved January 20, 2007.
[125] Mosely, Brian (2005-12-31). Culture, Bush-bashing and
more. Shelbyville Times-Gazette. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
[109] Leonnig, Carol D. (January 12, 2007). 80 Arrested
Protesting Guantanamo Detentions. Washington Post [126] Gibson, John (2007-01-16). Bush Haters 'Derangement
(The Washington Post Company). Retrieved January 20,
Syndrome'". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
2007.
[127] FISA and Bush Derangement Syndrome. Washington
[110] US 'not bound by torture laws".
BBC News
Times. 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
(news.bbc.co.uk). June 7, 2004. Retrieved January
11, 2007.
[128] Mosely, Brian (2007-09-08). Putting the blame on
Bush. Shelbyville Times-Gazette. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
[111] Congress presses for torture ban.
BBC News
(news.bbc.co.uk). December 15, 2005. Retrieved Jan- [129] Dim Moral Clarity. Investors Business Daily. Septemuary 11, 2007.
ber 20, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
[112] Riechmann, Deb (March 8, 2008). Bush vetoes wa- [130] Babbin, Jed (October 30, 2006). Loose Canons: Preterboarding bill. Yahoo.com News. Associated Press.
Election SGO. The American Spectator.
[131] Hannity, Sean (May 3, 2007). Hannity & Colmes: Rage
April 20, 2013.
Against Bush. Fox News.
[113] Chandra Lekha Sriram (December 13, 2005). Exporting
Torture: US Rendition and European Outrage. JURIST. [132] Krugman, Paul (July 20, 2007). All the Presidents Enablers. The New York Times. p. A23.
[114] US Consuls gae provokes outrage in Scotland. SACC. [133] McCarthy, Andrew C. (August 21, 2007). More FISA
Fear-Mongering. National Review.
January 16, 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
[134] Kurtz, Howard (September 5, 2007). Falling for the
Spin. The Washington Post.
[115] Mary Crane (December 6, 2005). U.S. Treatment of
Terror Suspects and U.S.-EU Relations. Council on For[135] Robinson, Eugene (September 11, 2007). Rage of Reason
eign Relations. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
The Washington Post.
[116] George W. Bush (April 28, 2005). Press Conference of
[136] Malkin, Michelle (September 21, 2007). Bush Derangethe President. The White House. Retrieved January 11,
ment Syndrome alert: Cover art of the week.
2007.
[137] In 18 of 21 Countries Polled, Most See Bushs Reelection as Negative for World Security. BBC World Service
and Program on International Policy Attitudes. 2004. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
[118] William J. Haynes II, General Counsel (November 27,
2002). Counter-Resistance Techniques (PDF Reprint
[138] Holguin, Jaime (March 4, 2004). Polls: World Not
ACTION MEMO FOR SECRETARY OF DEFENSE).
Pleased With Bush. CBS News.
DEFENCE PENTAGON. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
[117] Dan Isaacs (June 14, 2005). US suspects 'face torture
overseas". BBC News. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
[139] Europeans take dim view of Bush re-election. NBC.

[119] R. Jerey Smith and Josh White (June 12, 2004).
AP. 13 December 2004. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
General Granted Latitude At Prison. The Washington
Post. Retrieved July 30, 2007. sadistic, blatant and wan- [140] Julian, Glover (November 3, 2006). British believe Bush
ton criminal abuse
is more dangerous than Kim Jong-il. The Guardian
(London).
[120] ADAM ZAGORIN (November 10, 2006). Exclusive:
Charges Sought Against Rumsfeld Over Prison Abuse. [141] Wright, Robert (August 2, 2004). What Would MachiTime. Retrieved July 30, 2007. The utter and complete
avelli Do?". The New York Times.
failure of U.S. authorities to take any action to investigate
high-level involvement in the torture program could not be [142] What the World Thinks of America Poll results prepared by ICM research for the BBC
clearer,[...]
4.2. LIST OF NICKNAMES USED BY GEORGE W. BUSH
[143] Experts: Bush Presidency Is A Failure; Little Chance To

Improve Ranking. Siena Research Institute. May 1, 2006
[144] McElvaine, Robert S. HNN Poll: 61% of Historians Rate
the Bush Presidency Worst. April 1, 2008. Available
online.
[145] Walsh, Kenneth T. (February 17, 2009). Historians Rank
George W. Bush Among Worst Presidents
[146] Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures
Washington, Jeerson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as
Top Presidents, Siena Research Institute, July 1, 2010
[147] Documentary Political Movies at the Box Oce Box
Oce Mojo
[148] Slate.com Unfairenheit 9/11 The lies of Michael Moore.
[149] WorldTribune.com: Koch: Moores propaganda lm
cheapens debate, polarizes nation
[150] Ebert, Roger (October 15, 2008). W.. Chicago SunTimes. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
147

Bush billboard in Minnesota: `Miss me yet?' Yahoo
News
Bush Miss Me Yet?" Billboard Appears Near Highway cbsnews.com
Left Coast Rebel
ABC News Video Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me
Yet?'
Pollingreport.com: a nonpartisan compilation of
published scientic polls
Miss Me Yet?, Snopes.com
The choice of anger, blog post at The American
Thinker, January 5, 2004
Bush-Hating Nation: Anatomy of an epithet,
Steve Rendall, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting,
May/June 2006
Bush Derangement Syndrome, Cheney Variant,
RealClearPolitics, March 16, 2007 Krauthammer
develops the BDS idea further
[151] McCarthy, Todd (October 7, 2008). W. Movie Review.

Variety.
[152] Poll: Bushs popularity hits new low. CNN. March 19,
2008. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
4.2 List of nicknames used by

George W. Bush
[153] Whos behind I-95 billboard featuring George Bush?".

Miami Herald. May 20, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Former American president George W. Bush (a.k.a.

Bushie) is widely known to use nicknames to refer to
journalists, fellow politicians, and members of his White
[154] Bush billboard causes stir. WSVN. May 21, 2010. Re- House sta. His penchant for bestowing nicknames may
trieved 2010-05-29.
come from his experiences with Skull and Bones, the Yale
University secret society that gives every member a nick[155] "Bush Billboard Poses $64,000 Question" aolnews.com.
name. His was reportedly Temporary, because he never
Retrieved February 14, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-02-14.
chose a permanent one.[1]
[156] ""Miss Me Yet?" Bush Merchandise a Hit Online. CBS
News. February 17, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
[157] "Mystery Surrounds Bush Billboard (with transcript)"
rushlimbaugh.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-02-15.
[158] "Mysterious Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me Yet?'"
WPTZ.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Retrieved on
2010-02-15.
[159] "Creator of Miss Me Yet Bush Billboard Is Known; His
Politics, Not So Much" aolnews.com. Retrieved June 10,
2010.
Bushs nicknaming proclivity is noted enough to have attracted a variety of satire, including a New York Times
humor piece and a Doonesbury strip where "Condi" is admonished with the phrase Careful, Brown Sugar.[2]
4.2.1 Family
Poppy, 41, Old Man George H. W. Bush[3]
Bushie Laura Bush (this is a mutual nickname)
4.2.2 Foreign leaders
[160] BBC See Also: Daily View: George W Bushs memoir
Dino (short for Dinosaur) Jean Chrtien, Prime

Minister of Canada[4]
[161] http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_
community/community_page/sri/independent_research/
Presidents%202010%20Rank%20by%20Category.pdf
Pootie-Poot, Ostrich Legs Vladimir Putin,

President[5][6][7] and former Prime Minister of Russia
148
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
Bandar Bush Bandar bin Sultan, ambassador to the

United States from Saudi Arabia[8]
La Margarita Secretary of Education Margaret

Spellings[21]
Landslide Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of

the United Kingdom[9]
Tangent Man White House Chief of Sta Andrew

Card
Man of Steel John Howard, Prime Minister of

Australia[10]
Tiny Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage[22]
Shoes Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister of

Italy
Light Bulb National Energy Policy Development

Group Executive Director Andrew D. Lundquist.
Bullets Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman[23]
4.2.3
Sta
Big Time, Vice Dick Cheney, Vice President of

the United States of America[6]
Rummy Donald Rumsfeld,
Defense[7]
Secretary of
Izzy, Altoid Boy Special Assistant Israel Hernandez (for his role as provider of breath mints to the
President on the campaign trail)[11]
Boy Genius, Turd Blossom, the Architect Senior
Advisor Karl Rove[6][12]
Condy, Guru Secretary of State Condoleezza
Rice[6]
The Worlds Greatest Hero Secretary of State
Colin Powell[13]
Big O (current), Pablo (former) Secretary of the
Treasury Paul O'Neill
M&M assistant to Vice President Cheney Mary

Matalin[24]
4.2.4 Politicians
Bama, Rock Barack Obama, former Democratic
Senator, Illinois, Bushs successor as President of the
United States[25]
Boner John Boehner, former Republican Majority
Leader, current Speaker of the House [26]
Big Boy Chris Christie, former United States
Attorney for the District of New Jersey, current
Governor of New Jersey [27]
Pablo Paul Wellstone, Democratic Senator,
Minnesota[28]
Pedro Peter King, Republican Congressman from
New York[9]
Fredo Attorney General Alberto Gonzales
Hogan[29] John McCain, Republican Senator,

Arizona[9]
Danny Boy, Dan the Man Deputy Chief of Sta

Dan Bartlett
Big George George Miller, Democratic Congressman, California[3]
Ari-Bob White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer[15]
Freddy Boy, Freddo Fred Upton, Republican Congressman from Michigan[3]
High Prophet, Hurricane Karen Karen Hughes,

Special Advisor; Director of Communications under Texas Governor George W. Bush[16]
Congressman Kickass John Sweeney, Republican

Congressman, New York[30]
[6][14]
The Blade, My Man Mitch Oce of Management

and Budget Director Mitch Daniels[17]
Big Country Federal Emergency Management
Agency Director Joe Allbaugh[18]
Brownie Federal Emergency Management Agency
Director Michael D. Brown[19]
Nellie (former), Benney (former), Benator (current)

Ben Nelson, Democratic Senator, Nebraska(Daily
Show, 02/28/05)
Ellis Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer, Democratic
Senator, New York[31]
Ali Barbara Boxer,
California[9]
Democratic Senator,
Brother George CIA Director George Tenet
Frazier Dianne Feinstein, Democratic Senator,

California[9]
Sit Room Guy White House Situation Room Director James P. Wisecup
Sabertooth Barney Frank, Democratic Congressman, Massachusetts[32]
Tree Man Bushs unnamed Forest Services ocial
Red Adam Putnam, Republican Congressman,

Florida[33]
[20]
4.2. LIST OF NICKNAMES USED BY GEORGE W. BUSH
4.2.5
Journalists
[8] Prole: Prince Bandar. BBC News. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
The Cobra Maureen Dowd[34]

Stretch/Little
NBC[35][36][37]
Stretch
David
Gregory,
Stretch Dick Kyle, Bloomberg News[37]

Super Stretch Bill Sammon, then of The Washington Times, now of The Washington Examiner[37]
Mikey Mike Emanuel, Fox News[38]
Shades Peter Wallsten, blind reporter for the Los
Angeles Times[39]
Panchito Frank Bruni, reporter who covered Bush
campaign in 2000 for the New York Times[40]
4.2.6
Others
[10] AM Bush anoints Rudd as the new 'man of steel'".

Abc.net.au. 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[11] Names & Faces. The Washington Post. 26 June 2005.
Retrieved 8 May 2010.
[12] Borger, Julian (2 October 2003). Boy Genius or Turd
Blossom?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 May
2010.
[13] Hasan, Mehdi (2002-01-02). NS Prole - Colin Powell.
New Statesman. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[15] JewishJournal.com.
2011-10-02.
Kenny Boy Kenneth Lay
Weadie, Weadnik author Doug Wead [42]

The Englishman Peter McMahon, husband of
Dana Perino [43]
Flies on the Eyeballs Guy Director of the CIA
Counterterrorist Center Cofer Black [44]
Rosey appointee Jack Rosen
[45]
See also
List of nicknames of United States presidents

Lists of nicknames nickname list articles on
Wikipedia
4.2.8
[9] Published May 21, 2005 (2005-05-21). George W.

Bushs Nicknames for His Friends and Enemies. Nymag.com. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[14] Elliott, Justin. A Gonzales resignation is not enough.

Salon. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[41]
4.2.7
149
References
[1] "'Bonesmen' for president - Countdown with Keith Olbermann - MSNBC.com. MSNBC. 2004-10-03. Retrieved
2011-10-02.
[2] Doonesbury Comic Strip, 7 April 2004
JewishJournal.com.
Retrieved
[16] "'Hurricane Karen' blows hot for Bush. The Age (Melbourne). 31 March 2004.
[17] Slevin, Peter (4 October 2004). In Indiana Race, Bushs
Budget Blade Becomes 'My Man Mitch'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
[18] Stevens, Dana (2011-09-28). Who Is Joe Allbaugh?".
Slate. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[19] Top Worldwide. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2011-1002.
[20] Borger, Julian (20 May 2002). Bushs love of PootiePoot Putin. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 May
2010.
[21] Margaret Spellings: Media Star. Newsmax.com. 200610-03. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[22] FRONTLINE: bushs war. PBS. 2008-03-24. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[23]
[24] "Political Consultant Mary Matalin Plays Not My Job",
Wait Wait....Don't Tell Me!, 2014-01-11
[3] Trudeau, Garry (31 January 2001). On being dubbed by

Dubya. CNN. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
[25] The Blue State: Video: Obama displays personal appeal

on Conan. Thebluestate.typepad.com. 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[4] CBC News Indepth: Canada U.S. relations. CBC

News.
[26] The Crying Shame of John Boehner. Rolling Stone.

January 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[5] Reynolds, Paul (23 May 2002). Analysis: Bush and Putin
on nickname terms. BBC News. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
[27]
[6] Parade, Bye-Bye Landslide & Fredo, 30 September

2007, p. 19
[28] Bas, Dana (2 February 2001). Senate Democrats welcome Bush appearance at retreat. CNN. Retrieved 8 May
2010.
[7] George W. Bushs Nicknames. About.com. Retrieved

2012-08-18.
[29] Adams, Cindy (8 August 2008). Get A Handle On Exiting Prez. New York Post.
150
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
[30] Mahoney, Joe (11 November 2007). Former Rep. John

Sweeney charged with aggravated DWI. Daily News
(New York).
[31] Chuck Schumers Political Future.
metro.com. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
Newyork-
[32] Press, Associated (2008-11-09). Barney Frank zings

Bill O'Reilly, GOP foes. BostonHerald.com. Retrieved
2011-10-02.
4.3.1 By Bush
George W. Bush, A Charge to Keep (1999), ISBN
0-688-17441-8
George W. Bush, We will prevail: President George
W. Bush on war, terrorism, and freedom (2003),
ISBN 0-8264-1552-0
[33] October
22,
2008,
7:17PM
(2008-10-22).
hungrycoyotes Blog | Talking Points Memo |
Putnam, Tudor Clash in Forum (FL-12)".
Tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
George W. Bush, George W. Bush on God and on

Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith,
Principle, and Patriotism (2004), ISBN 1-59160918-6
[34] Editorial: Publishing world / Maureen Dowd oers reheated morsels. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 16 August
2004.
George W. Bush, Decision Points (2010), ISBN 9780-307-59061-9
[35] Urban Legends Reference Pages: Bush on Ribs.

Snopes.com. August 19, 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
[36] campaigndesk.org
[37] Born, Matt (31 May 2002). Bush snarls as White House
pack closes in. The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved
8 May 2010.
[38] ""Mikey Emanuels Embarrassing Moment. Retrieved
2008-06-01.
[39] Cornwell, Rupert (16 June 2006). Bush shows his sensitive side, telling blind journalist: 'I'm interested in the
shade look'". The Independent (London). Retrieved 8
May 2010.
[40] The Nation: Frank Bruni, the Plutocrats Pundit. Eric Alterman, September 18, 2013.
4.3.2 Pro-Bush
David Aikman, A Man of Faith : The Spiritual Journey of George W. Bush (2004), ISBN 0-8499-18111
David Frum, The Right Man : An Inside Account of
the Bush White House (2003), ISBN 0-375-50903-8
ISBN 0-8129-6695-3
Ronald Kessler, A Matter Of Character: Inside The
White House Of George W. Bush (2004), ISBN 159523-000-9
Stephen Manseld, The Faith of George W. Bush
(2003), ISBN 1-58542-309-2
[41] The Smoking Gun: Archive

[42] The New York Times > Washington > In Secretly Taped
Conversations, Glimpses of the Future President
Richard Miniter, Shadow War: The Untold Story

of How Bush Is Winning the War on Terror (2004),
ISBN 0-89526-052-2
[43] Baxter, Sarah (9 December 2007). Bushs cool blonde is

a northern gran. The Times (London). Retrieved 8 May
2010.
B. Minutaglio, First Son: George W. Bush and the

Bush Family Dynasty (1999), ISBN 0-609-80867-2
[44] [Woodward, Bush at War, pp.53.]

[45] Jack Rosen, by Aly David, www.lifestylesmagazine.com,
c2007
4.2.9
External links
Nicknames used by George W. Bush at NNDB
4.3 List of books and lms about

George W. Bush
This is a list of books and lms about George W. Bush.
Peggy Noonan, We Will Prevail: President George

W. Bush on War, Terrorism and Freedom (2004),
ISBN 0-8499-1811-1
John Podhoretz, Bush Country: How Dubya Became a Great President While Driving Liberals Insane (2004), ISBN 0-312-32472-3
Bill Sammon, Fighting Back: The War on Terrorism
from Inside the Bush White House (2002), ISBN 089526-149-9
Bill Sammon, Misunderestimated: The President
Battles Terrorism, John Kerry, and the Bush Haters
(2004), ISBN 0-06-072383-1
4.3. LIST OF BOOKS AND FILMS ABOUT GEORGE W. BUSH
4.3.3
Anti-Bush
Eric Alterman and Mark J. Green, The Book on

Bush: How George W. (Mis)leads America (2004),
ISBN 0-670-03273-5
Ken Auletta (January 19, 2004). Fortress Bush: How
the White House Keeps the Press Under Control, The
New Yorker, LXXIX, 53
Bruce Bartlett, Imposter: How George W. Bush
Legacy (2006), ISBN 0-385-51827-7
W. (2008), a biographical lm about George W.
Bush. It was produced and directed by Oliver Stone.
Paul Begala, Is Our Children Learning?: The Case
Against George W. Bush (2000), ISBN 0-74321478-1
151
Dr. Justin A. Frank, Bush On The Couch: Inside the

Mind of the President (2004), Regan Books. ISBN
0-06-073670-4
Al Franken, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them:
A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right (2003), ISBN
0-525-94764-7
Jacob Weisberg, Still More George W. Bushisms:
Neither in French nor in English nor in Mexican
(2003), ISBN 0-7432-5100-8
Ben Fritz, Bryan Keefer & Brendan Nyhan, All the
Presidents Spin: George W. Bush, the Media, and the
Truth (2004), ISBN 0-7432-6251-4
James Hateld, Fortunate Son: George W. Bush and
the Making of an American President (1999), ISBN
1-887128-84-0
Paul Begala, Its Still the Economy, Stupid: George W.

Bush, The GOPs CEO (2002), ISBN 0-7432-4647-0
Jack Huberman, The Bush - Haters Handbook: A

Guide to the Most Appalling Presidency of the Past
100 Years (2003), ISBN 1-56025-569-2
John Bonifaz, Warrior King: The Case for Impeaching George Bush (2003), ISBN 1-56025-606-0
Molly Ivins, Bushwhacked : Life in George W. Bushs

America (2003), ISBN 0-375-50752-3
James Bovard, The Bush Betrayal (2004), ISBN 14039-6727-X
Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub: The Short

but Happy Political Life of George W. Bush (2000),
ISBN 0-375-50399-4
Russell S. Bowen, The Immaculate Deception: The

Bush Crime Family Exposed (1991), ISBN 0922356-80-7
Patrick S. Johnston, Mission Accomplished (2006),

ISBN 1-59858-244-5
Robert Bryce, Cronies: Oil, The Bushes, and the

Rise of Texas, Americas Superstate (2004), ISBN 158648-188-6
Vincent Bugliosi, The Prosecution of George W.
Bush for Murder (2008), ISBN 978-1-59315-4813
Robert C. Byrd, Losing America: Confronting a
Reckless and Arrogant Presidency (2004), ISBN 0393-05942-1
Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside Americas War on Terror (2004), ISBN 0-7432-6045-7
David Corn, The Lies of George W. Bush: Mastering the Politics of Deception (2003), ISBN 1-40005066-9
John W. Dean, Worse Than Watergate: The Secret
Presidency of George W. Bush (2004), ISBN 0-31600023-X
William Karel, The World According to Bush (2004)

documentary
Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Crimes Against Nature: How
George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy
(2004), ISBN 0-06-074687-4
Brad Koplowitz, Our Brave New World (2010),
ISBN 978-0-557-33697-5
Anthony Marchionda, Jr., George W. Bush
UNBOUND [Kindle Edition] (2012), ASIN
B0072YTXC8
Mark Crispin Miller, The Bush Dyslexicon: Observations on a National Disorder (2002), ISBN 0-39332296-3
Mark Crispin Miller, Cruel and Unusual:
Bush/Cheneys New World Order (2004), ISBN
0-393-05917-0
Robert S. Devine, Bush Versus the Environment

(2004), ISBN 1-4000-7521-1
Mcclellan Scott, What Happened: Inside the Bush

White House and Washingtons Culture of Deception
(2009), ISBN 1-58648-556-3
Maureen Dowd, Bushworld: Enter at Your Own Risk

(2004), ISBN 0-399-15258-X
Michael Moore, Dude, Wheres My Country?

(2004), ISBN 0-446-69379-0
152
CHAPTER 4. IMAGE
Michael Moore, Stupid White Men (2004), ISBN 006-098726-X

Michael Moore, Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) motion picture
Jack Nargundkar, The Bush Diaries: A Citizens Review of the First Term (2005), ISBN 0-595-35898-5
Kevin Phillips, American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush
(2004), ISBN 0-670-03264-6
Carl Pope, Strategic Ignorance : Why the Bush
Administration Is Recklessly Destroying a Century
of Environmental Progress (2004), ISBN 1-57805109-6
Gabriel Range, Death of a President (2006) motion
picture
Webster Grin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin, George
Bush: The Unauthorized Biography (
Michael Scheuer (orig. pub. under Anonymous),
Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on
Terror (2004), ISBN 1-57488-849-8
Glenn W Smith, Unt Commander: Texans for
Truth Take on George W. Bush (2004), ISBN 0-06079245-0
Ron Suskind, The Way of the World (2008).
Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The
Secret Relationship Between the Worlds Two Most
Powerful Dynasties (2004), ISBN 0-7432-5337-X
Paul Waldman, Fraud: The Strategy Behind the Bush
Lies and Why the Media Didn't Tell You (2004),
ISBN 1-4022-0252-0
Ian Williams, Deserter: George Bushs War on Military Families, Veterans, and His Past (2004), ISBN
1-56025-627-3
Clint Willis, The I Hate George W. Bush Reader:
Why Dubya Is Wrong About Absolutely Everything
(2004), ISBN 1-56025-589-7
Bob Woodward, State of Denial (2006)
John Jiambalvo, Smirk: A Novel (2011)
4.3.4
Mostly neutral
Elizabeth Mitchell, W: Revenge of the Bush Dynasty

(2000), ISBN 0-7868-6630-6
Bob Woodward, Bush At War (2002), ISBN 0-74324461-3
Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (2004), ISBN 07432-5547-X
Robert Draper, Dead Certain: The Presidency of
George W. Bush (2007), ISBN 0-7432-7728-7
4.3.5 Books about the 2000 and 2004 elections

Vincent Bugliosi, The Betrayal of America: How
the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and
Chose Our President (2001), ISBN 1-56025-355-X
Alan M. Dershowitz, Supreme Injustice: How the
High Court Hijacked Election 2000 (2001), ISBN 019-514827-4
Bob Fitrakis, Did George W. Bush Steal Americas
2004 Election? (2005), ISBN 0-9710438-9-2
Steve Freeman and Joel Bleifuss, Was the 2004 Presidential Election Stolen?: Exit Polls, Election Fraud,
and the Ocial Count (2005), ISBN 1-58322-687-7
H. Gillman, The Votes That Counted: How the Court
Decided the 2000 Presidential Election (2001), ISBN
0-226-29408-0
Anita Miller, What Went Wrong In Ohio: The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election (2005),
ISBN 0-89733-535-X
Mark Crispin Miller, Fooled Again (2005), ISBN 0465-04579-0
Ellen Nakashima, Washington Post, et al., Deadlock: The Inside Story of Americas Closest Election
(2001), ISBN 1-58648-080-4
New York Times, 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle
of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis (2001), ISBN
0-8050-6850-3
David North, The Crisis of American Democracy:
The Presidential Elections of 2000 and 2004 (2004),
ISBN 1-875639-36-5
Richard A. Posner, Breaking the Deadlock: The
2000 Election, the Constitution, and the Courts
(2001), ISBN 0-691-09073-4
Jack N. Rakove (ed.), The Unnished Election of
2000 (2002), ISBN 0-465-06838-3
Larry J. Sabato, Overtime! The Election 2000
Thriller (2001), ISBN 0-321-10028-X
Jake Tapper, Down and Dirty: The Plot to Steal the
Presidency (2001), ISBN 0-316-83264-2
Jerey Toobin, Too Close to Call: The Thirty-SixDay Battle to Decide the 2000 Election (2002), ISBN
0-375-76107-1
4.4. MISS ME YET?
4.3.6
153
Unsorted
Minnesota but soon many more billboards like it popped

up around the country.[1][2] It was rst thought to be
Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, America an internet hoax, but has since been veried as a real
Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy billboard ad.[3] The billboard, which rapidly became an
(2003), ISBN 0-8157-1688-5
Internet meme, has also inspired a series of Miss Me
Yet?"-themed merchandise from online agencies such as
Dennis Loy Johnson and Valerie Merians (eds),
CafePress.[4]
What We Do Now (2004), ISBN 0-9761407-6-4
Kitty Kelley, The Family: The Real Story of the Bush
4.4.1
Dynasty (2004), ISBN 0-385-50324-5
Ownership
Michael Lind, Made In Texas: George W. Bush and The billboard was mentioned on Rush Limbaughs talk
the Southern Takeover of American Politics (2002), radio show as some callers mentioned the billboard did
ISBN 0-465-04121-3
exist.[5] The billboard was later discovered to have been
created by an anonymous source who wanted to remain
Alexander Moens, The Foreign Policy of George W.
that way as per billboard owner Schubert & Hoey OutBush: Values, Strategy And Loyalty (2004), ISBN
door Advertising.[3] According to the billboard owner, the
0-7546-4274-7
sign was purchased by a group of small business owners
[6]
James C. Moore and Wayne Slater, Bushs Brain: located in the seven-county metro area. Mike Rivard,
How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential one of the six business owners from Minnesota, came forward and explained on Fox News that one of the reasons
(2003), ISBN 0-471-47140-2
why they did it was that it was a hilarious message, and
Colonel B. Wayne Quist and Dr. David F. Drake, the image they used was found online.[7]
Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American
Values (2005), ISBN 0-595-35776-8
Peter Singer, The President of Good and Evil: The
Ethics of George W. Bush (2004), ISBN 0-52594813-9
Gene Stone, The Bush Survival Bible: 250 Ways to
Make it Through the Next Four Years Without Misunderestimating the Dangers Ahead, and Other Subliminable Stategeries [sic] (2004), ISBN 0-8129-7476X
Jacob Weisberg, George W. Bushisms: The Slate
Book of The Accidental Wit and Wisdom of our 43rd
President (2001), ISBN 0-7432-2222-9
Jacob Weisberg, More George W. Bushisms: More
of Slates Accidental Wit and Wisdom of Our 43rd
President (2002), ISBN 0-7432-2519-8
Jacob Weisberg, The Deluxe Election Edition
Bushisms: The First Term, in His Own Special Words
(2004), ISBN 0-7432-6252-2
Jacob Weisberg, The Bush Tragedy (2008), ISBN
978-0-8129-7835-3
4.4.2 References
[1] Whos behind I-95 billboard featuring George Bush?".
Miami Herald. 2010-05-20. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
[2] Bush billboard causes stir. WSVN. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
[3] "Bush Billboard Poses $64,000 Question" aolnews.com.
Accessed February 14, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-02-14.
[4] ""Miss Me Yet?" Bush Merchandise a Hit Online. CBS
News. February 17, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
[5] "Mystery Surrounds Bush Billboard (with transcript)"
rushlimbaugh.com. Accessed February 15, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-02-15.
[6] "Mysterious Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me Yet?'"
WPTZ.com. Accessed February 15, 2010. Retrieved on
2010-02-15.
[7] "Creator of Miss Me Yet Bush Billboard Is Known; His
Politics, Not So Much" aolnews.com. Accessed June 10,
2010. Retrieved on 2010-06-10.
4.4 Miss Me Yet?
Bush billboard in Minnesota: `Miss me yet?' Yahoo

News
Miss Me Yet? refers to a series of roadside advertisements that rst appeared in February 2010. It featured
former U.S. President George W. Bush's image waving
and smiling from a billboard over the words MISS ME
YET?", presumably as a critique of Presidential successor Barack Obamas performance in oce. The billboard initially was spotted on Interstate 35 in Wyoming,
Bush Miss Me Yet?" Billboard Appears Near Highway cbsnews.com

Left Coast Rebel
ABC News Video - Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me
Yet?'
Chapter 5
Books
5.1 A Charge to Keep
A Charge to Keep is a 1999 book written by thenGovernor of Texas George W. Bush, with a foreword by
Karen Hughes. Later editions have the sub-title My Journey To The White House.
5.1.1
Overview
The book contains a brief overview of Bushs life and

political philosophy. It is not an autobiography in the
strict sense, but rather a collection of non-chronological
sketches and anecdotes about his years at Yale and
Harvard, business career, and time as governor of Texas.
He intersperses these with brief explanations of his polit- A Charge to Keep (W.H.D. Koerner)
ical philosophy, including his belief in small government,
capitalism, and a strong national defense.
horseman charging up a rugged mountain trail, followed
More specic parts of his program, which he enumerates by others. In the book, Bush says this scene epitomizes
in the last pages, include creating a free market alliance our mission":
with Canada and Latin America, modernizing Social Se- The painting hung on the west wall of the Oval Oce durcurity, and rmness with non-aligned regimes, particu- ing Bushs presidency.[5] He has explained to journalists
larly Iraq and North Korea (pp. 2389).[1][2][3] The book that its title is based upon a religious hymn. The hymn
has been described as containing only few revelations, talks about serving God.[6] The phrase A Charge to
among them Bushs account of his decision not to grant Keep was attached to the painting because it was used to
a stay of execution for Karla Faye Tucker, which he de- illustrate a short story of this title by Ben Ames Williams
scribed as aecting him emotionally, contrary to media published in 1918 by Country Gentleman magazine.[7]
criticism at the time.[3]
According to Jacob Weisberg, Bush came to believe
Ghostwriter Michael Herskowitz was hired in 1999 to
draft the book, but he was dismissed and Hughes took
over after the early chapters Herskowitz submitted were
judged to overemphasize W.'s early diculties, describing him, for instance, as having been unsuccessful in the
oil business.[4]
The proceeds of the book were donated to charity.[3]
that the picture depicted the circuit-riders who spread

Methodism across the Alleghenies in the nineteenth century. In other words, the cowboy who looked like Bush
was a missionary of his own denomination.[5]
5.1.3 Contents
Foreword
5.1.2
Origin of the title
Reections by Karen Hughes
The title of the book comes from the hymn, A Charge

to Keep I Have (1762) by Charles Wesley. Wesleys title
is a paraphrase of Leviticus 8:35: keep the charge of the
LORD, so that you may not die.
A painting by W.H.D. Koerner, lent to Bush, shows a
154
1. A Charge to Keep
2. Midland Values
3. What Texans Can Dream, Texans Can Do
5.2. DECISION POINTS

4. Yale and the National Guard
155
5.2.1 Content
5. Harvard and Moving Home

6. Reading: The New Civil Right
7. The Best Decision I Ever Made
8. Naming the Team
9. Working Together
10. The Big 4-0
11. Karla Faye Tucker and Henry Lee Lucas
12. Tides
13. The Veto
14. Baseball
15. A Time to Build
16. A Compassionate Conservative
Bushs 481-page memoir is broken up into 14 chapters.

The rst two chapters are about his life before the presidency. The rst chapter is about notable events in his earlier life such as his decision to quit drinking in 1986. The
second chapter is about his decision to run for Governor
of Texas, and then President of the United States. The
remaining twelve chapters are about events during his
presidency: the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the
wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, aid to developing countries, the surge (a decision to deploy more U.S. troops to
Iraq in 2007), domestic issues (including Medicare Part
D, Social Security reform, No Child Left Behind, and
Immigration reform), the federal response to Hurricane
Katrina, embryonic stem-cell research, and the nancial
crisis of 2008. He wrote with the research assistance of
former White House Deputy Director of Speechwriting
Christopher Michel.[1][4][5]
In the book, Bush described his moral dilemma over

stem-cell research. He extensively consulted members of
5.1.4 See also
his administration about the pros and cons of the issue,
learning about the benets of stem-cell research while
Decision Points
trying to nd ways to avoid encouraging abortions. He
likened his concern of the wrong application of the policy to the Aldous Huxley novel Brave New World. His
5.1.5 References
opposition of abortion was inspired by him seeing (and
[1] Bush, George W.; Karen Hughes (1999-11-17). A Charge holding) a jar of his mothers miscarried fetus during his
to Keep (1st ed.). William Morrow. p. 256. ISBN 0-688- childhood.
17441-8.
[2] Harper, Jennifer (1999-11-17). Bushs biography paints
contender as a straight arrow. The Washington Times
(The Washington Times LLC). p. A6.
Bush writes that his decision to only use existing lines has
been vindicated by recent successful research undertaken
with non-embryonic stem cells.[6]
Bush also discusses his decision to send troops to Iraq,

initially and again 2007, arguing that Saddam Hussein's
refusal to comply with the United Nations needed to end,
as well as arguing that failure to send more troops to Iraq
[4] Jacob Weisberg: The Bush Tragedy. Excerpt, The New in 2007 could have resulted in a situation similar to the
Vietnam War. In Afghanistan, he noted the diculties
York Times, published February 1, 2008
of capturing former Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden.
[5] Scott Horton (2008-01-24). The Illustrated President.
He states that a few months before the end of his term his
Harpers Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
administration planned a strategy of sending more troops
[6] The Oval Oce: Interview of the President by Kai Diek- to Afghanistan and increasing drone strikes on Pakistan.
mann of BILD. May 5, 2006
He felt it was best to wait until his successor took oce
for the U.S. military to employ this strategy.
[7] "Horseshit! Bush and the Christian Cowboy"
Bush explains how he had to have long conversations with
some Republican members of Congress, during the nancial crisis of 2008, who were reluctant to support the
5.2 Decision Points
bailout. Bush expressed to them his anger that the govDecision Points is a memoir by former U.S. President ernment had to take such a drastic measure but reminded
George W. Bush.[1] It was released on November 9, 2010, them that he is supporting the bailout because he felt a
and the release was accompanied by national television risk of an economic depression was not worth taking.
[3] Bruni, Frank (1999-11-15). Book Lets Bush Explain His
Life and His Politics. The New York Times (The New
York Times Company). p. A22. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
appearances and a national tour. The book surpassed

sales of two million copies less than two months after its
release,[2] breaking the record previously held by former
President Bill Clintons memoir My Life. Decision Points
also opened at #1 on the New York Times bestseller list.[3]
Bush expressed his views of the 2008 election. He

stated that he was disappointed that 2008 U.S. Republican presidential candidate John McCain was reluctant
to accept his endorsement and he believed that he could
have helped McCains campaign. He referenced Barack
156
CHAPTER 5. BOOKS
Obama several times, but positively and without criti- something to be desired, his story-telling is good. To ilcism.
lustrate the last point, Dowd recounted the story in which
He wrote about his backward-looking last days in oce, Vladimir Putin had bragged that his black Labrador,
Koni, was "[b]igger, stronger, and faster than Barney.
Stephen Harper later drolly noted [to Bush], 'Youre
I reected on everything we were facing.
lucky he only showed you his dog.'"[13]
Over the past few weeks we had seen the failJournalist Tim Rutten wrote for the Los Angeles Times
ure of Americas two largest mortgage entities,
recommending the book, which he found unexpectedly
the bankruptcy of a major investment bank,
engrossing and better than many of his detractors exthe sale of another, the nationalization of the
pected. Rutten particularly highlighted Bushs expressed
worlds largest insurance company, and now
concerns about faulty intelligence on Saddam Husseins
the most drastic intervention in the free marpursuit of weapons of mass destruction as well as Bushs
ket since the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.
regrets about the Hurricane Katrina. Seeing a disAt the same time, Russia had invaded and ocarming candor combined with an almost alarming ocupied Georgia, Hurricane Ike had hit Texas,
handedness about the implications of whats being said,
and America was ghting a two-front war in
Rutten compared Bushs attitudes to the characters in
Iraq and Afghanistan. This was one ugly way
[7]
Shakespeare's Macbeth.[7]
to end the presidency.
Former Chancellor of Germany, Gerhard Schroeder,
stated, The former American president is not telling
5.2.2 Advance and publicity campaign
the truth. He was referring to Bushs allegation that
Schroeder had promised to support the 2003 invasion of
Bush has stated that he began writing the book the day Iraq. Schroeder responded that he had promised only that
after he left oce.[8] He was paid $7 million for the rst he would support action against Iraq if Iraq were found
1.5 million copies.[9]
to have been involved in the September 11 attacks. This
In tandem with book-publication appearances, Bush connection, however, as it became clear during 2002, was
hosted a November 16 groundbreaking ceremony for false and constructed.[14]
the George W. Bush Presidential Center at Southern The Daily Telegraph ran a negative review by journalist
Methodist University in Dallas.[10] The event gathered Mick Brown. Brown remarked that Bush is no great litsome 2,500 guests, including hundreds of former admin- erary stylist and that the writing seldom rises above the
istration ocials. Former Vice President Dick Cheney workmanlike while some language is distinctly odd.
said at the event, When times have been tough or the Brown stated that Bush comes across as likeable, but
critics have been loud, youve always said you had faith Brown concluded that conspicuously absent from this
in historys judgment, and history is beginning to come book is any acknowledgement, or even honest appraisal,
around. In turn, Bush said of the recently hospitalized of the larger failings of his presidency.[8]
Cheney, He was a great vice president of the United
Journalist Michael Barone wrote for National Review
States, and Im proud to call him friend.[11]
praising Bush for admitting to serious errors up front.
Barone cited Bushs statement that he should have stayed
in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and deployed active-duty
5.2.3 Reactions
troops quickly in order to assist Hurricane Katrina vicThe New York Times ' Peter Baker, who was given an ad- tims as well as Bushs admission that he failed to see the
vance copy of the book, assessed Bushs political standing house of cards in Americas nancial sector.[6]
as the book release rolled out in appearances with Oprah
Winfrey, Matt Lauer, and Candy Crowley.
Kanye West, as one who had criticized Bush publicly during the Hurricane Katrina aftermath for not caring about
black people was reported to have said I really connect more with [Bush] just on a humanitarian level after
learning more of Bushs post-Katrina feelings from the
book release.[10] Bush, however, in an interview termed
the original West comment one of the most disgusting
moments of his presidency and West was dissatised in
his rst eorts to respond further.[12]
At the same time as Baker, on the Times opinion pages
columnist Maureen Dowd focused unfavorably on repeated instances in the book of Bush feeling blindsided
but concluded that while his decision-making leaves
5.2.4 See also
List of United States Presidential autobiographies

A Journey by Tony Blair
Spoken from the Heart by Laura Bush
Known and Unknown: A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld
At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA by
George Tenet
In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir by
Dick Cheney
5.2. DECISION POINTS
5.2.5
References
[1] "'Decision Points: George Bushs Memoir Coming

Soon. Hungton Post. 2010-04-25. Retrieved 201004-26. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[2] Associated Press (2010-12-23). Chart-topping George
W. Bush memoir 'Decision Points sells 2 million copies.
The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
[3] Halper, Daniel (December 27, 2010). Media Ignores
Bush Success With Decision Points. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
[4] Christopher Michel President Bush Memoirs Collaborator and Speechwriter. OneDublin.org. 07-08-2010.
Check date values in: |date= (help)
[5] Curtis, Bryan, Bushs Ghostwriter, The Daily Beast,
March 9, 2010 1:13 am. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
[6] Michael Barone (November 15, 2010). Bushs Decision
Points. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
[7] Book review: 'Decision Points by George W. Bush. Los
Angeles Times. November 10, 2010.
[8] Mick Brown (12 November 2010). Decision Points by
George Bush: review. London: The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved 31 December 2011.
[9] Simon, Mann (2010-11-11). "'Man of Steel' barely rates a
mention in Bush memoirs. The Sydney Morning Herald.
[10] Baker, Peter, Now Appearing: George W. Bush, The
New York Times, November 6, 2010 (November 7, 2010
p. WK1 NY ed.). Retrieved 2010-11-07.
[12] Itzko, Dave, UPDATED: Kanye West Criticizes Today Show for Brutal Interview, The New York Times
Arts Beat blog, November 10, 2010, 2:25 pm. Retrieved
2010-11-10.
[13] Dowd, Maureen, "Blindsided: A Presidents Story,
[14] Ex-Chancellor Schrder Says Bush 'Is Not Telling the
Truth'". Spiegel Online. November 9, 2010. Retrieved
2010-11-11.
5.2.6
External links
Publishers Decision Points website

C-SPAN Q&A interview with Bush about Decision
Points, January 30, 2011
Amazon.coms book reviews and description
Barnes & Nobles editorial reviews and overview
OnTheIssues.orgs book review and excerpts
157
Chapter 6
Elections
6.1 Electoral history of George W.
Bush
Jim Reese - 5,395 (44.23%)

Texass 19th congressional district, 1978:[3]
Kent Hance (D) - 54,729 (53.24%)
George W. Bush (R) - 48,070 (46.76%)
Republican Texas gubernatorial primary, 1994:[4]
George W. Bush 520,130 (93.32%)
Ray Hollis 37,210 (6.68%)
Texas gubernatorial election, 1994:[5]
George W. Bush (R) 2,350,994 (53.48%)
Ann Richards (D) (inc.) 2,016,928 (45.88%)
Keary Ehlers (Lib.) 28,320 (0.64%)
Republican Texas gubernatorial primary, 1998:[6]
George W. Bush (inc.) 576,528 (96.60%)
R.C. Crawford 20,311 (3.40%)
President George W. Bush
Texas gubernatorial election, 1998:[7]
George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States

(20012009); 46th Governor of Texas (19952000).
George W. Bush (R) (inc.) 2,550,821 (68.24%)

Garry Mauro (D) 1,165,592 (31.18%)
Texass 19th congressional district, 1978 (Republican

primary):[1]
Lester Turlington (Lib.) 20,711 (0.55%)

Susan Lee Solar (write-in) 954 (0.03%)
George W. Bush - 6,296 (47.52%)

Jim Reese - 5,498 (41.50%)
United States presidential election, 2000 (Republican

primaries):[8]
Joe Hickox - 1,455 (10.98%)

Texass 19th congressional district, 1978 (Republican
primary runo):[2]
George W. Bush - 6,802 (55.77%)
George W. Bush 12,034,676 (62.00%)

John McCain 6,061,332 (31.23%)
Alan Keyes 985,819 (5.08%)
158
6.2. TEXAS GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION, 1994

Steve Forbes 171,860 (0.89%)
159
[5] Our Campaigns - TX Governor Race - Nov 08, 1994
Unpledged 61,246 (0.32%)

Gary Bauer 60,709 (0.31%)
[6] Our Campaigns - TX Governor - R Primary Race - Mar

10, 1998
Orrin Hatch 15,958 (0.08%)

Al Gore (write-in) 1,155 (0.01%)
[7] Our Campaigns - TX Governor Race - Nov 03, 1998
Bill Bradley (write-in) 1,025 (0.01%)

United States presidential election, 2000:
[8] Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb

01, 2000
George W. Bush/Dick Cheney (R) 50,460,110

(47.9%) and 271 electoral votes (30 states carried)
Al Gore/Joe Lieberman (D) 51,003,926 (48.4%)
and 266 electoral votes (20 states and D.C. carried)
Abstaining 1 electoral vote (faithless elector from
D.C.)
6.2 Texas gubernatorial election,

1994
The 1994 Texas gubernatorial election was held on

November 8, 1994 to select the governor of the state of
Texas. The election was won by George W. Bush, candidate of the Republican Party. He defeated incumbent
Pat Buchanan/Ezola B. Foster (Reform) 449,225 Governor Ann Richards of the Democratic Party and Lib(0.4%)
ertarian Keary Ehlers, and took oce as the states 46th
Harry Browne/Art Olivier (Libertarian) 384,516 chief executive on January 17, 1995.
(0.4%)
In the 1994 gubernatorial election, Bush carried 188
out of 254 counties, while Richards carried 66 counties.
Howard Phillips/Curtis Frazier (Constitution)
Exit polling showed Bush won overwhelmingly with An98,022 (0.1%)
glo voters (69% to 31%) while Richards performed well
John Hagelin/Nat Goldhaber (Natural Law) with African American voters (83% to 15%) and Latinos
(75% to 25%)
83,702 (0.1%)
Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke (Green) 2,883,105

(2.7%)
Among those who were elected on down-ballot oces,

incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison was easily re-elected to a full six-year term; while
George W. Bush/Dick Cheney (R) (inc.)
on the Democratic side, incumbents Lieutenant Governor
62,040,610 (50.7%) and 286 electoral votes (31 Bob Bullock, Attorney General Dan Morales, Land Commissioner Garry Mauro, Comptroller John Sharp, State
states carried)
Treasurer Martha Whitehead were re-elected to their re John Kerry/John Edwards (D) 59,028,111 spective posts (the Texas State Treasurers oce was
(48.3%) and 251 electoral votes (19 states and D.C. later abolished in 1996). On the Judicial statewide ofcarried)
ces, other Democratic incumbents re-elected included
Texas Supreme Court Justice Raul A. Gonzalez and Pre John Edwards (D) 1 electoral vote (faithless elector siding Judge of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
from Minnesota)
Mike McCormick. 1994 also marked the last time Texas
Democrats won statewide oces, as four years later, they
would be swept out in a massive Republican landslide due
6.1.1 Footnotes
to the coattails of Governor Bushs landslide re-election.
United States presidential election, 2004:
[1] TX District 19 - R Primary - May 6, 1978. Our Campaigns.

[2] TX District 19 - R Runo - June 3, 1978. Our Campaigns.
[3] TX District 19 - November 7, 1978. Our Campaigns.
[4] TX Governor - R Primary Race - Mar 08, 1994. Our
Campaigns.
6.2.1 Primaries
The Republican and Democratic Party primaries were
held on March 8, 1994 with the winner of each requiring a majority vote.
160
6.2.2
CHAPTER 6. ELECTIONS
Polling
Republican
Incumbent Governor George W. Bush was challenged for

the Republican nomination by R. C. Crawford. In the
primary election held on March 10, 1998, Bush defeated
6.3 Texas gubernatorial election, Crawford in a landslide, with the candidates receiving
576,528 votes (96.9%) and 20,311 votes (3.4%), respec1998
tively. Winning a majority of the votes, Bush became
The 1998 Texas gubernatorial election was held on the Republican nominee for[5]Governor of Texas in 1998,
November 3, 1998 to select the governor of the state of avoiding a run-o election.
Texas. Incumbent George W. Bush ran for re-election
and easily received the Republican Party nomination. Other parties
The Democratic Party unanimously nominated Garry
Mauro the Commissioner of the General Land Oce In addition to Democrat Garry Mauro and Republican
since 1983 for Governor of Texas in 1998. Polls con- George W. Bush, two other candidates advanced to the
sistently showed that Bush had very high approval ratings general election. Libertarian candidate Lester Les
and led Mauro in every poll by large margins. Bush won Turlington, Jr. unanimously received his partys nominain a landslide, carrying 240 out of 254 counties and gar- tion for Governor of Texas in 1998. Independent Susan
nering 27% of the African American vote which was Lee Solar would also qualify for write-in candidacy on
the highest percentage for any Republican statewide can- the general election ballot.[6]
didate and 40% of the Latino vote. Bush was inaugurated for a second term as Governor of Texas on January
19, 1999.
6.3.3 Results
6.2.3
Results
6.3.1
Background
George W. Bush, the son of former President of the

United States George H. W. Bush, won the Texas gubernatorial election in 1994 by a relatively small margin
against incumbent Ann Richards.[1] Upon taking oce on
January 17, 1995, Bush had a low approval rating of 37%.
Early in his rst term, Bushs approval rating increased
signicantly, reaching 70% by February 1996.[2] In the
spring of 1997, Bush signed into law signicant property
tax cuts. Additionally, Bush had followed through on his
campaign promises in 1994, which were reforms to education, the juvenile justice system, and welfare. He also
reduced business liability in lawsuits. As a result of these
accomplishments, Bush entered the 1998 Texas gubernatorial election with a high approval rating of 76%.[3]
6.3.2
Primaries
Throughout the entire campaign, George W. Bush led in

the polls by wide margins. After Garry Mauro declared
his candidacy in November 1997, a Scripps Howard
Texas Poll of 793 registered voters showed George
W. Bush leading by 68%16%, with 14% undecided.
George Bush spokeswoman Karen Hughes said, The
philosophical dierences between Gov. Bush and Garry
Mauro are clear and stark. Gov. Bush is a conservative,
as most Texans are, and Garry Mauro is a liberal.[7] In
mid-June 1998, a Scripps Howard Texas Poll was conducted with George W. Bush versus Garry Mauro. The
poll showed 70% likely voters support Bush, 17% favored
Mauro, 11% were undecided, and 2% would vote for neither. Bushs approval rating was also virtually unchanged
polling at 75%. In response to the poll, government professor at the University of Texas in Austin said, Gov.
Bush looks to be unbeatable, but theres enough time for
anything to happen. There is a slim chance for Mauro but
still a real chance for him to reach voters with ad dollars
and issue choices. Its just too early to call the November
election in June.[8]
The primary elections to determine the Republican and

Democratic nominees for Governor of Texas were both On June 22, 1998, Mauro called Bush out of touch sayheld on March 10, 1998, with the winner of each requiring, Governor Bush is out of touch with the concerns of
ing a majority vote.
ordinary citizens and in bed with the giant HMOs. This
was because in 1995, Bush vetoed the Patient Protection
Act, which would have forced state-regulated healthcare
Democratic
organizations to allow their customers to choose their own
Garry Mauro, who served as the Commissioner of the doctor. The Patient Protection Act would have also manGeneral Land Oce since 1983, entered the Democratic dated that insurance companies to cover cancer treatment
primary for Governor of Texas. With no other candi- received[9]at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
dates, Mauro became the Democratic Party nominee for Center.
Governor of Texas by default and received 492,419 votes Another Scripps Howard Texas Poll was conducted from
August 12 to August 27, 1998. It indicated that 77%
during the primary on March 10, 1998.[4]
6.3. TEXAS GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION, 1998

of likely voters support Bush, 20% favored Mauro, and
1% supported Libertarian candidate Lester Turlington
Jr. About 10% were undecided and 2% didn't answer.
Again, Bushs approval rating barely fell and was 74% of
Texans remarked that he was doing a good to excellent
job as governor. Allan Saxe, an assistant political science professor at the University of Texas said, Now hes
ahead [Bush] by an awfully huge margin. If Garry Mauro
can close that to a 10 to 15 percent dierence by election
day, it will be a symbolic victory. But it will be hard to
do a 50-point dierence is a big one. Among Hispanics, Bush led Mauro 51%31%, down from 67%20%
in June.[10]
161
again. Eventually, he opened a private law practice in
his hometown of Austin.[17]
George W. Bush was inaugurated for his second term

as Governor of Texas on January 19, 1999. With his
brother sworn-in as Governor of Florida earlier that
month, George and Jeb Bush became the rst two brothers to simultaneously serve as governors since Nelson
and Winthrop Rockefeller from 1967 to 1971.[14] Five
months later, in June 1999, Bush announced his candidacy for President of the United States in 2000.[18] At the
2000 Republican National Convention, Bush was nominated for President of the United States and narrowly won
the election against Al Gore. On December 21, 2000, less
George W. Bush and Garry Mauro met for the sole gu- than 2 years into his second term, George W. Bush rebernatorial election debate in El Paso on October 16, signed as Governor of Texas and was succeeded by Rick
1998. Initially, Bush seemed rather nervous and defen- Perry.[19] [3]
sive. Mauro attacked Bush for his position on teachers
salaries and support for a nuclear waste dump in Sierra
Blanca. However, Bush was well prepared and attacked 6.3.5 References
Mauros tax and spending proposals, describing them as
overambitious.[11] The results of the debate would have [1] TX Governor (1994) (Report). Our Campaigns. May 10,
2010. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?
little impact on the general election in November.[6]
Lieutenant Governor of Texas Bob Bullock, a Democrat, supported George W. Bushs re-election bid in 1998.
Bullock explained, It didn't make good sense to try
to remove a successful governor from oce.[3] Incumbent Governor George W. Bush defeated Garry Mauro
in a landslide. Bush received 2,550,821 votes (68.24%)
against Mauros 1,165,592 votes (31.18%).[6] Because
the length of gubernatorial terms were switched to four
years starting in 1974,[12] Bush became the rst Governor
of Texas to win two consecutive four-year terms.[13] Bush
carried 240 out of 254 counties in Texas and received an
impressive 27% of the African American vote and 40%
of the Latino vote.[14] Republican and Commissioner of
the Department of Agriculture Rick Perry won the election for Lieutenant Governor of Texas against Democrat
and Comptroller John Sharp by a narrow margin.[15] Libertarian Lester Turlington, Jr. and independent Susan
Lee Solar also appeared on the ballot, though they only
received 20,711 votes (0.55%) and 954 votes (00.3%),
respectively.[6] In his victory speech, Bush congratulated
his brother Jeb, who had just won the gubernatorial election in Florida. Also in his victory speech, George Bush
described himself as a compassionate conservative, believing it was possible to be scally conservative, yet still
help the needy.[3]
6.3.4
Aftermath
RaceID=7777. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[2] Steve Ray (November 16, 1997). Governor has highest

rating in more than a decade. Abilene Reporter-News.
[3] Beatrice Gormley. Making The Big Run. President
George W. Bush. New York City, New York: Aladdin
Paperbacks. pp. 108109. ISBN 0-689-84410-7. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[4] TX Governor D Primary (1998) (Report). Our Campaigns. June 26, 2006. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/
RaceDetail.html?RaceID=293223. Retrieved May 10,
2013.
[5] TX Governor R Primary (1998) (Report). Our Campaigns. April 21, 2005. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/
2013.
[6] TX Governor (1998) (Report). Our Campaigns. May 19,
2010. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?
RaceID=234. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[7] Mauro Hits Trail To Challenge Bush. The Victoria Advocate (Austin, Texas). Associated Press. November 17,
1997. p. 2. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
[8] Anna M. Tinsley (June 18, 1998). Poll shows Bush
in a clear lead over Mauro in governors race. Abilene
Reporter-News. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Following his defeat, Garry Mauro was succeeded by [9] Brian Carlson (June 23, 1998). Texan Mauro Tries
Democrats Health Care Election Theme in Snipe At
David Dewhurst as the Commissioner of the General
Bush. The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). Re[16]
Land Oce in early 1999. Mauro would later serve as
the Texas State Chairman for various Democratic presidential candidates, including for Al Gore in 2000, Dick [10] Anna M. Tinsley (September 1, 1998). Poll shows Bush
Gephardt in 2004, and Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2008.
would take easy win over Mauro. Abilene Reporter-News.
However, Mauro himself never sought political oce
162
[11] Dave McNeely (October 22, 1998). After the debate.

The Victoria Advocate. p. 5. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[12] The Texas Constitution Article 4. Executive Department. Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved June
10, 2013.
[13] George Bush. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original
on October 31, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
[14] Associated Press (November 3, 1998). Texas Gov.
George W. Bush wins in landslide. CNN. Archived from
the original on August 23, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
[15] 1992 Current Election History (Report). Austin, Texas:
Oce of the Secretary of State. http://elections.sos.state.
tx.us/elchist.exe. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[16] TX Land Commissioner (1998) (Report). Our Campaigns. June 7, 2004. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/
2013.
[17] Where Are They Now? Garry Mauro. Houston Chronicle. March 18, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[18]
The President & Family George W. Bush (Report). Dallas, Texas: George W. Bush Presidential Center. http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/
The-President-and-Family/George-W-Bush.aspx. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
[19] Modern Texas Part 3, 1991present (Report). Austin,

Texas: Texas State Library and Archives Commission. September 20, 2011. https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/
governors/modern/page3.html. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
6.4 George W. Bush presidential

campaign, 2000
This article is about the 2000 presidential campaign of
George W. Bush, winner of the 2000 presidential election and re-elected in the 2004 election.
See George W. Bush for a detailed biography and information about his presidency, and George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2004 for a description of his second
presidential campaign.
6.4.1
Campaign
Platform
Bushs original platform, before the September 11, 2001
Terrorist Attacks and the War on Terrorism (though domestic policy has not changed signicantly):
Compassionate Conservatism: The Bush campaign
made extensive use of the "Compassionate conservatism" concept, based in large part on a book by
Marvin Olasky of the same name, with a Foreword
by then-governor Bush.
Foreign Aairs: Bush promised a humble foreign

policy with no nation building. He had criticized
the Clinton-Gore Administration for being too interventionist: If we don't stop extending our troops all
around the world in nation-building missions, then
we're going to have a serious problem coming down
the road. And I'm going to prevent that.[1]
Economy: Bush promised tax breaks for all,[2]
sometimes using the slogan Whoever pays taxes
gets a tax break. The rich pay the most taxes, and
the current system weighs the income tax against the
upper income brackets. Bush also supported raising
the Earned Income Tax Credit, which would primarily benet the lower brackets of income-tax-aected
citizens.
His 2003 tax proposal oers a sweeping package of tax cuts and incentives that would eliminate all federal taxes on stock dividends, quick
tax relief for married couples and a $400 per
child increase in the tax credit for families
with children. Economists are divided on the
eectiveness of Bushs proposals for helping
the economy. John Leonard, the chief of
North American equities for UBS Global Asset
Management, said eliminating the dividends
tax would spur the economy by sending more
money into the economy; on the other hand,
other economists, including Allen Sinai of Decision Economics and Andrew F. Brimmer, a
former Federal Reserve Board member who
heads a consulting rm, argued that the dividends tax cut would be largely ineective.[3]
The administrations proposal would also lower
taxes for small business owners by expanding the amount of equipment purchases they
can write o as deductions from the current
$25,000 to $75,000. Opponents argue that this
tax proposal would primarily benet the rich.
According to a New York Times analysis published on January 21, 2003, $364 billion out
of the $674 billion economic stimulus plan
is devoted towards eliminating the tax on dividends; however, the poorest fth of Americans
have an average of $25 in dividend income,
while the richest fth have $1,188. The Urban Institute-Brookings Institution Tax Policy
Center produced the following table describing
the impact of Bushs plan on average taxpayers:
Debate : Will Bushs stimulus proposal work? - News Hour with Jim
Lehrer (PBS)
Education: policy named No Child Left Behind, includes mandatory national testing and some support
for school vouchers.
6.5. GEORGE W. BUSH PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2004

The No Child Left Behind Act provides increased funding for schools, while requiring
greater accountability for results. It gives parents the option to transfer their children to another school, if the current school is failing. It
requires teachers to have a degree specic to
the subject they are teaching, which had not
been federally required in the past. It also
makes high school academic records available
to military recruiters.
Energy: The Bush campaign supports a comprehensive energy reform bill which includes initiatives for
energy conserving technologies as well as decreasing the foreign dependence on oil through increased
domestic production and the use of non-fossil fuel
based energy production methods.
Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR) and other domestic elds would decrease dependence on oil imports, particularly
from the Middle East. However, many environmentalists hold that it will produce such
small amounts of petroleum as to be eectively
useless and will needlessly harm the environment.
Opponents of such drilling recommend alternate courses of action such as to complete research on and implement as a matter of urgency alternative, safe and renewable sources
of energy such as solar, wind and tidal power
- but not nuclear. Although perhaps requiring greater initial investment, in the long run
these are now accepted by many informed environmentalists and scientists as being the most
viable alternative to what they see as the vigorously anti-environmental approaches of the
Bush administration.
Supporters of drilling in ANWR argue that the
Administration has agreed to a number of measures to minimize the impact of drilling on the
Arctic environment. For example, roadways
would be constructed of ice that would melt in
the spring, when activity on the roads would
cease. Also, supporters say that the total surface disturbance due to drilling would be limited to not more than 2,000 acres (8 km).
163
$284,000 a year as part of a $1.1 million payout for his

client base. As deputy secretary of the Interior, Griles
was charged with overseeing and revamping environmental regulations that aect the prots of his former clients
and NESs current clients.
Redesign of military with emphasis on supermodern hardware, exible tactics, speed, less international deployment, fewer troops. This includes developing a system to defend against ballistic missile attacks, despite strong objections both domestically and internationally.[2] Many commentators
were critical of Bush when, in his very rst policy statement after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Bush reiterated his intent to place missile attack intervention highest on his list of priorities (despite the fact that no such system could
have prevented the type of sneak attack the country had really, not theoretically, experienced). However, other commentators have endorsed Bushs position, noting, for example, the continuing development of long-range missile technology by North Korea, along with that countrys threats to resume its
nuclear weapons program.
6.4.2 References
[1] Bush Sought Way To Invade Iraq?, O'Neill Tells '60 Minutes Iraq Was 'Topic A' 8 Months Before 9-11, CBS News
[2] Governor George W
[3] http://msnbc.com/news/855356.asp?0bl=$-$0&cp1=1
6.5 George W. Bush presidential

campaign, 2004
This article is about the presidential campaign of
George W. Bush, the former President of the United
States and winner of the 2004 Presidential Election.
See George W. Bush for a detailed biography and
information about his full presidency, and George W.
Bush presidential campaign, 2000 for a description
of his rst presidential campaign. See United States
presidential election, 2004 for general information on
the 2004 election.
George W. Bush had one major opponent, U.S. Sen. John
F. Kerry (D-Mass.), whose primary campaign was successful in securing the majority of Democratic delegate
votes. For his presidential campaign, see John Kerry
presidential campaign, 2004.
Because of the Bush Administrations close connections

with numerous energy companies, many of Bushs Cabinet members have come under immense scrutiny from
environmental groups, in particular J. Steven Griles,
the deputy secretary of the Department of the Interior. George W. Bushs chief political strategist was Karl Rove,
National Environmental Strategies (NES), the oil and who had the title Senior Advisor to the President Mark
gas lobbying rm Griles worked for, was paying him McKinnon was the chief communications strategist. He
164
was later joined in August 2004 by Karen Hughes, a for- Environment

mer Bush advisor who returned after some time away.
His campaign manager was Ken Mehlman.
Bushs Clear Skies Act repealed or reduced air pollution controls, including environmental protections of the
Clean Air Act. His FY 2005 budget provided $4.4 billion
for conservation programs. He signed legislation pushing
6.5.1 Issue stances
for the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites (also known
as brownelds) and keeping forest res at bay. He fell
Abortion
under criticism for rejecting the Kyoto Protocol which
would commit the United States to reducing greenhouse
Bush expressed opinions in agreement with the pro-life gas emissions which are believed by much of the relevant
movement.
science community to cause global warming. The Bush
administration stated that this would cost the economy up
to ?.
Community aid
Bush established the White House Oce of Faith Based
and Community Initiatives, which allowed the federal
government to fund community aid programs that were
provided by a religious institution. He proposed a youth
mentoring program for disadvantaged students and children of prisoners.
Homeland security
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Bush signed
the USA PATRIOT Act and created the Department of
Homeland Security. He also created the Terrorist Threat
Integration Center (TTIC) and the Terrorist Screening
Center (TSC). He then promoted the idea of an independent Czar of Intelligence outside of the White House in
response to the 9/11 Commission's ndings.
Economy
Bush supported making the tax cuts passed during his rst Same-sex marriage and gay rights
term permanent; he maintained that the tax cuts made
the recent recession shallower and shorter than it would Bush has expressed support for protecting the sanctity
of marriage. He endorsed the Federal Marriage Amendotherwise have been.
ment, a proposed constitutional amendment that would
He supported job creation, by tax loopholes to invest in dene marriage for all of the states as strictly heterosexmore higher job creation to state and local control than ual. Late in the 2004 campaign, however, he said that the
the federal government.
states should be allowed to enable people to you know,
be able to have rights, like others, though marriage would
not be among them.[6] Activists on both sides of the issue
took this comment as endorsing civil unions.[7]
Health care
Bushs proposals for expanding health care coverage
were more modest than those advanced by Senator National security and foreign policy
Kerry.[1][2][3] Several estimates were made comparing the
cost and impact of the Bush and Kerry proposals. While President Bush submitted his National Security Strategy
the estimates varied, they all indicated that the increase in of the United States; the three pillars of this are to:
coverage and the funding requirements of the Bush plan
would both be lower than those of the more comprehen Defend the peace by working against terrorists and
sive Kerry plan.[4][5]
terrorist-tolerating regimes.
Education
Preserve the peace by maintaining relations with

allies and reaching out to nations to combat terrorism.
Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, which requires

Extend the peace by spreading democracy and humandatory standardized testing, forces schools that do not
man rights across the globe.
meet standards to provide alternate options for students,
and stated the aim of closing the race and gender gap in
schools. His FY 2005 budget proposed a 1%increase in Afghanistan Supported continued American involveelementary and secondary education compared to the FY ment in Afghanistan. Believed President Hamid Karzai
to be benecial to Afghanistans progress.
2001 budget.
6.5. GEORGE W. BUSH PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2004
165
Libya In a series of negotiations which involved Libya, Some families of 9/11 victims accused the Bush camBritain, and the United States, Libya turned over materi- paign of being insensitive to the memory of those who
als relevant to the production of nuclear weapons.
died and of exploiting the tragedy for his personal political gain. Bush campaign advisor Karen Hughes defended
the ads as very tasteful and noted that 9/11 was a denIraq Supported the continuation of American military ing event for Bushs presidency.
presence in Iraq. Promoted the goal of democratic elections by January 2005 as integral to the nations demo- The main topic of this heated discussion is the use of actual images of the attack. The use of images from the atcratic reform.
tack, said Governor of Pennsylvania Ed Rendell, a Democrat, on Face the Nation, implies support from New York
Saudi Arabia Bush advocated pressure on the Saudi reghters. Rendell claims that a New York reghters
Royal Family to more directly combat terrorism and to union head supports Kerry for President. But although
seize the assets of terrorists operating within their bor- the International Association of Fireghters was the rst
ders.
union to support Kerry, the Uniformed Fireghters Association of Greater New York endorsed the President for
re-election in August 2004.
6.5.2
Campaign controversies
Defenders of the Bush messages liken his messages to

those of Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election campaign,
Military service controversy
which used images of the December 7 attack by Japan
Main article: George W. Bush military service contro- on the United States and advised Americans to Remember Pearl Harbor.
versy
In previous campaigns, Bush had been criticized for his
military service record. He skipped over a long waiting
list to receive a spot in the Air National Guard; once he
was in the Guard, it has been alleged he did not complete
all his required duties. These long-standing charges were
given more attention in the 2004 campaign because of
the contrast with Kerrys record as a decorated combat
veteran of the Vietnam War.
A group of Bush supporters countered with an advertising campaign arguing that some of Kerrys medals had
been undeserved (see John Kerry military service controversy). The subject was further highlighted when CBS
News released memos purportedly from Bushs commanding ocer in the Guard. The memos added some
unattering details about Bushs Guard service. Almost
immediately, however, widespread doubts were raised
about their authenticity. CBS News eventually concluded
that it could not validate them and that it should not have
used them. The incident may have ended up helping Bush
by creating doubts about the legitimacy of his detractors.
Television advertising: 9/11
Bushs campaign launched its rst major set of television commercials on March 3, 2004. Although these four
spots (three in English and one in Spanish) contained no
reference to Senator Kerry, two (one in English and the
one in Spanish, both titled, Safer, Stronger) generated
controversy for their inclusion of four seconds of images
drawn from the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, including the wreckage of the World Trade Center site, images of New York reghters (the New York
reghters union supported Kerry), and the image of a
ag-draped con being carried out of the attack site.[8]
6.5.3 Endorsements
George Bush received endorsements from many
Republicans, Democratic Senator Zell Miller of Georgia
and former 12-year mayor of New York City Ed Koch.
The Uniformed Fireghters Association of Greater New
York, representing 20,000 active and retired reghters,
endorsed the President on August 31, 2004.
6.5.4 Slogan
Bushs campaign never ocially announced a campaign
slogan. However, Bushs campaign made several bus
tours bearing de facto slogans. These include the Yes,
America Can Bus Tour[9] and the Heart and Soul Bus
Tour,[10] which used the slogan Moving America Forward. The 2004 Republican National Convention in
New York City featured the slogan A Safer World and
More Hopeful America.
6.5.5 Vice Presidential choices

George W. Bush kept Dick Cheney as his running mate,
but there was continuing speculation during the summer
of 2004 that he might have been replaced; notably, former New York Sen. Al D'Amato publicly stated that Bush
should replace Cheney. Speculation about vice presidential possibilities (besides Cheney) included:
Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York
Bill Owens, Governor of Colorado
166
Condoleezza Rice, Assistant to the President for Na- debate suggests that a majority of undecided voters betional Security Aairs
lieve that, while neither candidate committed any serious
gaes, Kerry fared better than Bush did.
Bill Frist, Senate Majority Leader
A second debate, in town hall format, was held on
Colin Powell, Secretary of State
October 8 at Washington University in St. Louis with
Charles Gibson moderating. Bush later attempted to de John McCain, U.S. Senator from Arizona
ect criticism of what was described as his scowling demeanor during the rst debate, joking at one point about
Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah
one of Kerrys remarks, That answer made me want to
scowl.[12]
6.5.6
Convention and nomination
The nal debate occurred on October 13 at Arizona State

University and was moderated by Bob Schieer of CBS
Bush gave many promises during his acceptance speech News.
to the 2004 Republican National Convention. At the end
of his speech, he encouraged listeners to view his website The only vice presidential debate between Vice President
in order to learn more about his agenda if he wins his next Dick Cheney and Senator John Edwards happened on Ocpresidential term.[11] His speech promises include the fol- tober 5 at Case Western Reserve University. It was modlowing which his campaign is called A Plan for A Safer erated by Gwen Ill of the Public Broadcasting Service.
World & More Hopeful America":
Rewrite and simplication of Tax Code
Creation of Opportunity zones to encourage com- 6.5.8 Features of the campaign
panies to move into areas where companies closed
The foundation of Bushs campaign for re-election was
Allowing and encouraging small businesses to join
ideological conservatism. Members of the campaign
together to negotiate for health care
team believe there are clear ideological dierences be Establishment of health centers in every poor or ru- tween George W. Bush and John Kerry, and believe
this contrasts with the 2000 Presidential election, in
ral county in the country that does not have one
which both candidates attempted to portray themselves as
Promoting exible schedules to make companies "centrists".[13] Critics have argued that the crux of Bushs
family friendly
campaign was the suggestion that John Kerry would be
soft on terrorism in comparison to George Bush, and to
More funding for local and community colleges
present Bush as a war President. They also claim that
personali Creating personal social security account options to the Bush campaign is concerned mainly with
[14]
ties
rather
than
tackling
ideological
issues.
allow social security to be self managed for younger
workers
Much of the opposition to the Bush campaign (and visa-vis support to the Kerry campaign) took the form of
As a result of Bushs speech in NYC, the incumbent Pres- "Anybody but Bush" - voters who would vote for anyone
ident was able to do something his opponent John Kerry instead of George W. Bush.
was unable to do much of... get a signicant bounce in the
polls. The day after the convention was nished, the polls
showed a double-digit lead over Kerry, although when the
poll asked about the economy both candidates were still
6.5.9 Campaign visits
in a dead heat.
6.5.7
Debates
On September 20, the Bush campaign and the Kerry campaign jointly released a memorandum of understanding
between the two campaigns. The 32-page MOU covered
in minute detail many aspects of the staging and format
for the presidential and vice-presidential debates.
On September 30, Bush debated Kerry at University of
Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in the rst of three scheduled debates. Polls conducted immediately following the
Not since the 1972 presidential election had Minnesota

been an important Battleground Swing State as it was in
2004. As a result President George W. Bush made 8 unprecedented campaign visits to Minnesota. On April 26,
2004 he made a rst time presidential campaign visit to
Edina, Minnesota during which Congressmen Jim Ramstad presented The President with the book Lest We
Forget by John C. Martin, a U.S. Civil War veteran
and Department Commander of the G.A.R. The National
Daughters of the Grand Army rst presented the book to
President Coolidge on August 3, 1928.
6.6. JOHN MCCAIN PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2008
167
6.5.12 References
[1] ROBIN TONER , THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: POLITICAL MEMO; Biggest Divide? Maybe Its Health Care,
The New York Times, Tuesday, December 18, 2007
[2] CAMPAIGN 2004: THE BIG ISSUES - Kerry vs. Bush
on Health Care, The New York Times, October 3, 2004
[3] Ceci Connolly, Bush Health Care Plan Seems to Fall
Short, The Washington Post, August 22, 2004
President George W. Bush dances with First Lady Laura Bush

during the celebrations of winning re-election. This event
was in Washington, D.C. and the theme centered around the
Commander-In-Chief.
6.5.10
Election and victory
[4] John Sheils, Lewin Presents an Independent Comparison of the Bush and Kerry Health Proposals, The Lewin
Group, September 21, 2004
[5] Joseph Antos, Roland (Guy) King, Donald Muse, Tom
Wildsmith and Judy Xwhta , Analyzing the Kerry and
Bush Health Proposals: Estimates of Cost and Impact,
The American Enterprise Institute, September 13, 2004
[6] http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=193746&
page=1
[7] http://www.civilmarriage.org/article.php?story=
20041026134115870
The election took place on November 2, 2004 and ended
with Bush gaining 286 electoral votes and Kerry gar[8] http://www.georgewbush.com/tvads
nering 251 electoral votes. Ironically, one vote went
to Kerrys running mate and former presidential candi- [9] http://www.georgewbush.com/Compassion/
PhotoAlbum.aspx?gallery=38
date, John Edwards, when one of the electors (pledged
to Kerry) voted for John Edwards by mistake. This was
[10] http://www.georgewbush.com/News/photoalbum.aspx?
the rst time in U.S. history that an elector had voted the
gallery=131
same person for president and vice-president. As President Bushs running mate, Vice President Dick Cheney [11] http://www.georgewbush.com/agenda/
received 286 votes and John Edwards received 252.
[12] http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-deb09.
html
The key state that both candidates needed was Ohio.
Ohio has 20 electoral votes, enough for both candidates to
[13] http://washingtontimes.com/national/
surpass the necessary 270. Ohio was reporting its results,
20040601-122125-2987r.htm
but had not counted provisional ballots. In Ohio, Kerry
trailed by 136,000 votes (not including provisional bal- [14] http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5625195/site/newsweek/
lots). The chances of Kerry gaining the necessary votes
[15] Presidential Election of 2004, Electoral and Popular Vote
through provisional ballots was slim.
Summary
Around 2:00 p.m. EST on November 3, 2004, John

Kerry made a speech at Faneuil Hall, Boston. In this
speech, he announced that he cannot win this election. 6.6 John McCain presidential camOne hour later, George W. Bush declared that America
paign, 2008
has spoken and they had made a historic victory. He
said to Kerry supporters, To make this nation stronger
and better, I will need your support, and I will work to The John McCain presidential campaign of 2008 beearn it.
gan when John McCain, the senior United States SenaWith 286 electoral votes, President George W. Bush won tor from Arizona, launched his second candidacy for the
the 2004 Presidential Election. Bush received over 62 presidency of the United States in an unsuccessful bid to
win the 2008 presidential election. His candidacy, in the
million popular votes.[15]
works for a number of years, was informally announced
on February 28, 2007 during a live taping of the Late
Show with David Letterman, and formally announced on
April 25, 2007. His running mate for vice president was
Sarah Palin, the Governor of Alaska, announced on Au6.5.11 See also
gust 29, 2008.
Julie Finley, national nance co-chair
If McCain had won the election in 2008, he would

have been the oldest person to assume the Presidency
168
in history upon initial ascension to oce at age 72,
and the second-oldest president to be inaugurated.[4] He
addressed concerns about his age and past health concerns (melanoma in 2000), stating in 2005 that his health
was excellent.[5][6] Had he been victorious in 2008, he
would also have become the rst President of the United
States not to be born in the current 50 states (he was born
in Panama within the Panama Canal Zone which was under American control), and the rst sitting U.S. Senator
since John F. Kennedy to win the presidency. He would
also have been the rst president from Arizona. His running mate, Palin, was the rst Alaskan on a nominated
major-party presidential ticket, and the rst woman to
represent the Republican Party on a nominated presidential ticket.
McCain began the campaign as the apparent frontrunner
among Republicans, with a strategy of appearing as the
establishment, inevitable candidate; his campaign website featured an Associated Press article describing him
as "[a] political celebrity.[7] He made substantial overtures towards elements of the Republican base that had
resisted his 2000 insurgency campaign.[8] However, he
soon fell behind in polls and fundraising; by July 2007
his campaign was forced to restructure its size and operations. The tide of Republican sentiment against immigration reform legislation he sponsored also led to the
erosion of his lead.[8]
Towards the end of 2007, McCain began a resurgence,
which was capped by his January 2008 wins in the New
Hampshire, South Carolina, and Florida primaries. This
made him the front-runner for the Republican nomination. On Super Tuesday, McCain won both the majority
of states and delegates in the Republican primaries, giving
him a commanding lead toward the Republican nomination. McCain clinched a majority of the delegates and
became the presumptive Republican nominee with wins
in several more primaries on March 4.[9] The following
day, President George W. Bush endorsed McCain at the
White House.
6.6.1 Leading up to the announcement

McCains oft-cited strengths[10] as a potential presidential
candidate in 2008 included national name recognition,
sponsorship of major lobbying and campaign nance reform initiatives and leadership in exposing the Abramo
scandal.[11][12]
He was well known for his military service (including
years as a tortured POW) and competing in the 2000
presidential campaign, in which he won the New Hampshire primary before eventually losing the nomination to
George W. Bush. McCain also impressed many Republicans with his strong support for President Bushs reelection campaign in 2004, and his role in the conrmation of many of Bushs judicial nominees.[10] Since 1993,
he also has served as chairman of the International Republican Institute, a U.S. government-funded organization involved in supporting political democracy around
the world.
A Time magazine poll dated January 2007 showed McCain deadlocked with possible Democratic opponent
Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton at 46%; in the same
poll McCain trailed Democratic Senator Barack Obama
41% to 48%.[13] An earlier Time poll indicated that
more Americans were familiar with McCain than any
of the other frontrunners, including Obama and Republican candidate and former Mayor of New York Rudy
Giuliani.[14] During the 2006 election cycle, McCain attended 346 events and raised more than $10.5 million on
behalf of Republican candidates. He also donated nearly
$1.5 million to federal, state and county parties.[15]
In May 2006, McCain gave the commencement address
at Jerry Falwell's Liberty University. During his 2000
presidential bid, McCain had called Falwell an agent
of intolerance. With signicant coverage during the
campaign, McCain said that he would never back down
from his earlier statement. His later appearance at Liberty University prompted questions about the McCainFalwell relationship and a possible presidential run in
2008. McCain backtracked and stated that Falwell is
no longer as divisive and the two have discussed their
shared values.[16] McCain delivered a similar address at
The New School commencement in Madison Square Garden. McCain was booed, and several students and professors turned their backs or waved iers reading McCain
does not speak for me.[17] McCains speech mentioned
his unwavering support for the Iraq War and focused on
hearing opposing viewpoints, listening to each other, and
the relevance of opposition in a democracy.[18]
In the general election against Democratic nominee

Barack Obama, McCain trailed most of the time, only
gaining a lead in national polls for a period after the
Palin announcement and the 2008 Republican National
Convention. The dominant issue of the campaign became the nancial crisis of 2008. Unable to gain traction
against Obama in presidential debates, the nal stages of
the campaign saw McCain criticizing Obama for being a
redistributionist and adopting symbols such as Joe the
Plumber. On November 4, 2008, Obama defeated McCain in the presidential election, winning with a 365173
electoral college vote margin and a 53%46% percent
6.6.2
popular vote edge.
Announcement
McCain informally announced his candidacy on the

Wednesday, February 28, 2007 telecast of the Late Show
with David Letterman.[19]
He then announced his formal candidacy for the pres-
169
Obama.[25] Jill Hazelbaker was the campaigns chief
spokeswoman.[3] McCains press secretary was Melissa
Shueld.[26]
Neoconservative pundit Bill Kristol served as a foreign policy advisor.[27][28] Randy Scheunemann, a board
member of the Project for the New American Century,
was hired in January 2007 as McCains foreign-policy
aide.[29] He was the top advisor for security and international issues. Douglas Holtz-Eakin was a senior policy adviser and Nicolle Wallace was senior adviser on
message.[30]
6.6.4 Political positions

John McCain ocially announcing his 2008 run for President in
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, April 25, 2007.
Main articles: Political positions of John McCain and

Comparison of United States presidential candidates,
2008
idency of the United States and in turn, his intention

to seek the nomination of the Republican Party for the
2008 presidential election, shortly after noon in Prescott
Park on the waterfront of Portsmouth, New Hampshire 6.6.5 Campaign developments 2007
on Wednesday, April 25, 2007. In his announcement,
McCain emphasized that America should never under- Initial stages
take a war unless we are prepared to do everything necessary to succeed, and he also stated that, I'm not running for President to be somebody, but to do something; to do the hard but necessary things not the easy
and needless things.[20][21] The audience was somewhat
listless.[22] He then visited Saint Anselm College and several other spots around Manchester, New Hampshire on
a cold rainy day,[22] before starting a planned three-day
campaign rally in South Carolina, Iowa, Nevada, and
Arizona.
6.6.3
Campaign sta and policy team
Main article: List of John McCain presidential campaign

sta members, 2008
On July 2, 2008, Steve Schmidt was given full operational control of McCains campaign.[1] Schmidt had
managed Arnold Schwarzenegger's 2006 re-election and
was a top Dick Cheney aide.[1] Rick Davis was the previous campaign manager. He was previously the campaigns chief executive and changed position when John
Weaver, McCains chief aide, and Terry Nelson, his campaign manager, resigned on July 11, 2007.[23] Davis was
campaign manager during McCains 2000 presidential
campaign, when Weaver had been McCains chief campaign strategist.[24]
Other top staers included McCains former chief of
sta Mark Salter and long-time political strategist Charlie
Black who worked for Reagan, both Bushes and South
Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham. Former Bush advisor Mark McKinnon also worked for the campaign before leaving in May 2008 to avoid working against Barack
Senator John McCain interviewed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas

prior to the ribbon cutting ceremony of The Center for the Intrepid, a $50 million physical rehabilitation facility designed
for servicemembers wounded in Operations Iraqi Freedom and
Enduring Freedom. January 29, 2007.
By a few weeks prior to making his announcement on

Letterman, McCain was already beginning to trail behind
former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani in the
polls, a situation attributed to his steadfast support for the
Iraq War troop surge of 2007.[31]
In March 2007, with considerable press attention and in
hopes of reigniting his eorts, McCain brought back the
Straight Talk Express campaign bus that he had used to
much positive eect in his outsider run in 2000.[32] Like
many candidates, McCain took to the internet in order to
help boost his campaign; appealing to younger audiences
by creating Facebook and MySpace pages, along with an
account on YouTube.
170
Claims about Iraq safety
McCain supported the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 proposed by President George W. Bush.[33] On March 28,
2007, McCain said that, "General Petraeus goes out [in
Baghdad] almost every day in an unarmed humvee.[34]
On March 29, CNNs John Roberts reported, I checked
with General Petraeuss people overnight and they said
he never goes out in anything less than an up-armored
humvee.[35] On the same day, McCain also said that,
There are neighborhoods in Baghdad where you and I
could walk through those neighborhoods, today... The
US is beginning to succeed in Iraq.[36] On the same day,
retired U.S. Army General Barry McCarey issued a report saying, "... no Iraqi government ocial, coalition
soldier, diplomat, reporter could walk the streets of Baghdad without heavily armed protection.[35]
are suicidal maniacs and want to kill countless innocent
men, women and children around the world. We're sitting here now with essentially open borders.[44] McCain
responded,"I travel around the country extensively and
thats certainly not the impression I have. I have not detected a nation full of suicidal maniacs.[44] A Thompson
spokesman said he was not calling immigrants suicidal
maniacs but rather saying that terrorists could inltrate
the borders.[44]
Iowa Straw Poll
In June 2007, McCain drew some criticism for dropping
out of the August Iowa Straw Poll.[45] Some Republican
ocials felt the move could be seen as dissing Iowa.[45]
In response, a man in a chicken suit, known as the Iowa
Chicken, began demonstrating at McCains appearances
in Iowa and carrying a sign reading you balked at the
straw poll.[46][47] Despite this, McCain maintained that
he was still planning on competing in the Iowa Caucus.[48]
Some political observers have opined that the Straw Poll
results are bought by campaigns.[45]
On April 1, 2007, McCain and other lawmakers visited a

Baghdad market and claimed that things are better and
there are encouraging signs.[37] The visit was accompanied by enormous security measures, as McCain himself
wore a bullet-proof vest, and was surrounded by more
than 100 troops and escorted by attack helicopters.[38]
The day after McCains visit, 21 workers and children However, polls taken in June showed that McCains Iowa
support had dropped to the single digits, from the mid-20s
from the market were killed in a suicide bombing.[39]
to 6%.[49]
Missed votes in Senate
Campaign downsizing and restructuring
In May 2007, it was reported that McCain had missed
42 consecutive votes (ve straight weeks) in the Senate
while he was conducting his presidential campaign. From
March to May, McCain only attended three-oor votes
in the Senate, though none of McCains missed votes altered a bills fate.[40] According to Washington Post statistics, McCain missed more votes than any Senator including Tim Johnson, who missed many votes after suering
a brain hemorrhage in December 2006. As of August
2008, McCain had missed 63.8% of votes in the 110th
Congress during his campaign.[41] Because of their majority status, Senate Democrats could sometimes delay
votes in order to accommodate the schedules of Democratic presidential candidates.[42]
McCains second quarter 2007 fundraising results and

campaign nancials were poor. Both McCain supporters and political observers pointed to McCains support
for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007,
very unpopular among the Republican base electorate, as
a primary cause of his fundraising problems.[50][51]
Large-scale campaign sta downsizing took place in early
July, with 50 to 100 staers let go and others taking pay
cuts or switching to no pay. McCains aides said the
campaign was considering taking public matching funds,
and would focus its eorts on the early primary and caucus states. McCain however said he was not considering
dropping out of the race.[50][51]
Fellow Senator, but Immigration Reform Act opponent,

Tom Coburn wrote a piece for National Review praising
McCain for showing great political courage in sticking
As early as 2005, McCain conducted bipartisan eorts behind the Act even though it was damaging his presiwith fellow Senator Ted Kennedy to create a bill the dential hopes.[52]
Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act that Campaign shakeups reached the top level on July 10,
would have changed Americas immigration policy and 2007, when campaign manager Terry Nelson and camprovide a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants al- paign chief strategist John Weaver both departed. Anready in the country.[43] Later McCain championed the other senior aide and co-author of McCains books, Mark
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007.
Salter, reduced his role in the campaign as well (he
Immigration bill
In an interview in June 2007, potential candidate Fred

Thompson criticized Reagans immigration policy of
1986, saying: Twelve million illegal immigrants later,
we are now living in a nation that is beset by people who
would later return to a full role).[53] McCains co-chair

for his Florida campaign, State Rep Bob Allen, was arrested on July 11, 2007, on charges of sexual solicitation (prostitution).[54] In addition, on July 16, 2007, nine
171
members of McCains sta, including Brian Jones, Mc- much of their early eorts into Iowa, making the cauCains communications director, and two deputies, Matt cus particularly crucial for each of them.[60] Giulianis
David and Danny Diaz, announced their resignations.[55] campaign was suering from conicts regarding strategy, damaging revelations about his personal life and the
federal indictment of longtime ally and friend Bernard
Living o the Land
Kerik.[61][62] Thompsons campaign had not gained momentum after his late entry to the race and had been deFollowing the upheaval, the new McCain campaign put
scribed as lackluster.[63] Through November, McCain
out a plan for how to continue on. Entitled Living O had put little eort into Iowa,[57] instead focusing on New
the Land: A Plan for Financial Viability, it called for exHampshire, where he had staged a big win in his 2000
penses to be greatly cut and for McCain to take advantage campaign. By mid-December McCain had climbed back
of free media such as debates and sponsored events.[56]
to second place in some New Hampshire polls, and also
McCain would focus on the early caucus and primary hoped to benet from independents, who are able to vote
states, instead of trying to run a nationally-scoped eort, in the New Hampshire Republican primary.[64] Political
would try to win debates and outperform other candiobservers also saw McCain as the second choice of
dates, and thereby regain momentum and recapture the many voters, one who could benet from the troubles of
faith of potential donors.[56]
Romney and Giuliani in particular.
McCains strategy was hampered by several other events McCains candidacy in New Hampshire was bolstered
within the Republicans dominating the political discusby a December 2 endorsement from the often-inuential
sion in the ensuing months: Fred Thompson's entry into New Hampshire Union Leader.[65] This was followed by
the race in early September; the focus in debates over
an endorsement from The Boston Globe, which is circubattles between Rudy Giuliani and Mitt Romney;[57] and lated within New Hampshire, on December 15.[66] He
the discussion over the impact of Romneys religion.[57]
was endorsed by the smaller Portsmouth Herald on DeMike Huckabee's sudden surge from the second tier into cember 16,[67] and by the Boston Herald on December
near-frontrunner status dominated much of the news in
20.[68] The Boston Herald endorsement prompted McNovember and December 2007.[57] Nevertheless, Mc- Cain to state in an ad that Romneys hometown newsCain persevered, riding his Straight Talk Express bus
paper says the choice is clear: John McCain.[69] These
through New Hampshire and, as in the past, granting re- coincided with an unusual national candidate-level, crossporters and bloggers far more direct access than would
party endorsement of McCain by 2000 Democratic viceother campaigns.[58]
presidential nominee Joe Lieberman on December 16;[70]
December 2007: Comeback
John McCain campaigning in Merrimack, New Hampshire on

December 29, 2007. Mac is back!" became a familiar chant
in his appearances once his campaign fortunes improved.[59]
In the nal months before the caucuses and primaries

began, McCain had still not nearly reclaimed his previous front-runner status. However, the Republican race
was quite unsettled, with none of the top-tier candidates
dominating the race and all of them possessing major
vulnerabilities. Huckabees ascendence was damaging
to Romney, as they traded shots during the days leading up to the Iowa caucuses. Romney and Huckabee put
the McCain camp hoped that this would help him appeal
to independent voters in New Hampshire.[67] McCain
also won the endorsement of the inuential Des Moines
Register in Iowa,[71] which surprised even McCain because he had not focused many resources on the state, and
because of his opposition to federal subsidies for ethanol a favorite issue of Iowan farmers.[67] By a few days before
Christmas, there were multiple press reports of a McCain surge, with poll numbers improving both in early
states including Iowa and nationwide.[72][73][74] The
New Hampshire resurgence was further conrmed by
Romney now changing the focus of his criticisms from
Giuliani to McCain.[75] By the time the Concord Monitor
endorsed him on December 29, over twenty New Hampshire papers, large and small, had given him their nods.[76]
Some political analysts cautioned that even if the McCain
campaign staged some surprise early showings or victories, it was still short on the money and ground organization necessary to exploit a breakthrough.[73] Conservative columnist Robert Novak, though, predicted on December 27 that if McCain could win New Hampshire, he
would be the favorite to sweep through subsequent primaries despite meager nances and organization. Novak
also stated that McCain is seen by Republican insiders as
the best bet to win the nomination and the candidate
most likely to defeat a Democrat in the November general election.[77]
172
When the close proximity of the rst contests to the holidays prompted many candidates to release Christmas
videos allowing them to continue presenting their messages, but in more seasonal settings[78] McCain chose
one which told his Good Samaritan story of a POW camp
guard in North Vietnam who undid his torture ropes for
a night and then later drew a cross in the dirt for him on
Christmas Day.[78][79]
The December 27 assassination of former Pakistani
prime minister Benazir Bhutto drew responses from all
of the major candidates.[80] McCain, a longtime member
of the Senate Armed Services Committee, called attention to his foreign policy experience, as well as his personal interaction with Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf. He also drew a contrast with his main Republican rivals, who did not have experience in foreign policy
matters.[81][82] Many observers saw McCain as the candidate most likely to benet from a heightened focus on
international events.[83][84][85]
6.6.6
Caucuses and primaries 2008
Iowa
cost, and event mailers were only a quarter of what he was

able to send out in his 2000 campaign.[96]
A strong performance in the ABC, Facebook Debates at
Saint Anselm College, combined with months of hard
work from his dedicated sta resulted in McCain winning
the New Hampshire primary,[98] gaining about 37 percent
of the vote to Mitt Romney's 32 percent.[98] Amid chants
of Mac is back!", McCain made his victory remarks.
When the pundits declared us nished, I told them, 'I'm
going to New Hampshire where the voters don't let you
make their decisions for them... I'm going to New Hampshire, and I'm going to tell people the truth.'"[98]
Michigan
With dierent winners in Iowa and New Hampshire - and
Mitt Romney taking the lower-prole Wyoming caucus the January 15 Michigan primary loomed as an important
battle, despite the states delegation size being cut in half
for holding the primary too early. Polls after New Hampshire showed a tight race between McCain and Romney,
with Huckabee a close third.[99][100] Many saw Michigan
as Romneys last chance for a campaign-saving win after disappointments in the rst two races.[101][102] Others
said that a win in Michigan could cement McCains status
as the front-runner for the nomination.[103] McCains
campaign garnered about $1 million in newly contributed
funds immediately after the New Hampshire win,[104] but
still had $3.5 million in bank debt.[105] He was not alone
in feeling a nancial pinch; the entire Republican eld
suered from a lack of enthusiasm and lower donations
than the Democratic candidates were receiving.[104]
The rst vote of the 2008 election season took place in

the Iowa caucuses on January 3, 2008. McCain came
in fourth place, with 13.1% of the vote. Mike Huckabee was the winner with 34%.[86][87] Because McCain,
unlike Romney and Huckabee, had not focused on Iowa
early, his campaign ocials said they were satised with
his placement.[86] Many political observers considered
Huckabees easy win a blow to Romney, McCains main
rival in New Hampshire. Romney spent about ve times
Nevertheless, some polls showed McCain getting a signifas much as Huckabee on advertising in Iowa.[88][89]
icant national bounce from his New Hampshire win; the
January 11 CNN nationwide poll had him leading with
34 percent support, a 21-point increase from where he
New Hampshire
had been just a month before.[106] As the Michigan race
The New Hampshire primaries came only ve days after entered its nal days, McCain gained some notoriety by
Iowa. McCains rising New Hampshire poll numbers in- sending out mailers there and in South Carolina attackdicated that he could benet from Romneys poor Iowa ing Romneys tax record and touting his own. A Romshowing.[90][91] McCain participated in a January 5 de- ney campaign spokesman called the ad as sloppy as it is
bate along with Romney, Giuliani, Huckabee, Thomp- factually incorrect, and FactCheck.org called the piece
son and Paul. The debate particularly highlighted dier- misleading. McCain responded by saying, Its not negits what his record is. Its a
ences between McCain and Romney, as the two traded ative campaigning. I think[107][108][109]
tough
business,
he
added.
[92]
shots on the immigration issue. Polls in the days leading up to the vote showed McCain leading Romney in a
tight race, and all candidates campaigned in the state in
the days following the Iowa vote.[93][94][95] McCain held
over 100 of his signature town hall-style meetings in the
state, in many cases repeating visits that he had made
during his successful 2000 primary there.[96] A pivotal
moment for the campaign came a month before the primary, when the New Hampshire Union Leader endorsed
McCain.[97] Despite McCains resurgence, his campaign
was still strapped for funds: top-level sta was working
without paychecks, commercials were being prepared at
The dominant issue in Michigan was the state of the

economy. Michigan had by far the nations largest unemployment rate, at 7.4 percent, and was continuing to
lose jobs from its historical manufacturing base.[110] McCain oered a bit of his straight talk strategy, saying that There are some jobs that aren't coming back
to Michigan, and proposing federal job training plans
and other remedies to compensate.[110] Romney seized on
McCains statement as overly pessimistic and promoted
instead his family heritage "[I've] got the automobile
industry in my blood veins as well as his being a
173
Washington outsider who would go there and turn Wash- in the GOP nomination ght.[120]
ington inside out.[110]
The Nevada caucus the same day drew less attention from
In the end, McCain nished second in the primary behind Republican candidates, although the state had 31 deleRomney, gaining 30 percent of the vote to Romneys 39 gates at stake compared to South Carolinas 24.[121][122]
percent.[111]
McCain did not seriously compete in Nevada,[123] and
nished third with 13% of the vote, nishing behind both
Romney and Ron Paul.[124]
South Carolina and Nevada
The campaign then moved towards the January 19 South
Carolina primary, the state which eectively ended McCains 2000 campaign for President. Unlike 2000, McCain had the support of much of the state Republican
establishment, both in terms of endorsements and campaign sta support.[112] Nevertheless a bit of 2000 surfaced when a group of unknown size called "Vietnam Veterans Against John McCain" set up a website and began
sending crude mailers to media members alleging that
McCain passed military information to the North Vietnamese during his time as a POW.[113] McCain set up
a Truth Squad to combat such attacks and emphasized
that he was supported by 75 former POWs.[113] Orson
Swindle, who was a POW with McCain, called the ier
a vicious fraud. Nothing could be further from the
truth, Swindle said. I know because I was there. The
truth is, the North Vietnamese oered John McCain early
release, and he refused.[114] After that, however, there
was little in the way of dirty tricks during the rest of the
campaign.[115]
McCain won the South Carolina primary on January 19,
gaining 33% of the vote compared to second-place nisher Mike Huckabees 30%,[116] winning groups he usually did well with, such as veterans and seniors, and doing
well enough with other groups, such as evangelicals.[112]
In his victory remarks to supporters that evening, he
said, It took us awhile, but whats eight years among
friends?, noting the reversal of fortune from his 2000
defeat there.[117] Indeed, The New York Times described
McCains win as exorcising the ghosts of the attack-lled
primary here that derailed his presidential hopes eight
years ago.[117] Pundits credited third-place nisher Fred
Thompson with drawing votes from Huckabee in South
Carolina, thereby giving a narrow victory to McCain.[118]
There had been a steady barrage of apocalyptic statements and predictions in the days before the South Carolina vote from movement conservative icons:[119] Rush
Limbaugh said that if Huckabee or McCain won the nomination, it would destroy the Republican Party... be the
end of it,[119] while Tom DeLay said McCain has done
more to hurt the Republican Party than any elected ocial I know of.[119] Other talk radio hosts also subjected
McCain to criticism for being insuciently conservative.
Prominent conservative radio host Michael Medved said
after McCains win that talk radio was the big loser of
the primary, adding that the medium has unmistakably
collapsed in terms of impact, inuence and credibility because of its hysterical and one-dimensional involvement
Florida
The race then moved to the January 29 Florida primary.
This would be a test for McCain among core Republican
voters, as unlike New Hampshire and South Carolina, independents and Democrats would not be able to vote in
the Republican primary.[125] McCain, Giuliani and Romney were closely matched in pre-election polls, and the
contest was seen as important to each campaign, as it
was the last primary before Super Tuesday, when 41%
of the total delegates were up for grabs. It was also the
rst time that Rudy Giuliani would seriously compete
for delegates since a partial eort in New Hampshire,
and the rst primary after Fred Thompson withdrew his
candidacy.[126][127]
A January 24 debate at Florida Atlantic University was
sedate, with none of the candidates attacking each other
and economics the predominant theme.[128] By the next
day, however, McCain and Romney were going at each
other, with McCain accusing Romney of having once advocated timetables for withdrawal from Iraq, and Romney saying that was untrue an assessment shared by
news organizations, which labeled McCains charge as
misleading[129] and demanding an apology. Certain
statements dogged McCain. NBC News' Tim Russert
during a debate raised a McCain quote in which McCain said, I know a lot less about economics than I do
about military and foreign policy issues. I still need to be
educated.[130][131]
Romney seized on these and declared that he, not McCain, was the right choice to lead the country during times
of economic uncertainty. On the day before the vote, McCain slammed Romney for ip-opping, while Romney
released a top ten list of times McCain had attacked fellow Republicans.[132] Both candidates used the ultimate
Republican insult, calling each other a liberal.[133] Overall, McCain was outspent by Romney on Florida television ads by a 3-to-1 margin.[134] Conservative talk radio
continued to hammer McCain, with Laura Ingraham saying she was concerned about the mental stability of the
McCain campaign and Mark Levin continuing his practice of calling him John McLame.[135]
As the election neared, Giuliani slumped to a battle for
third place with Huckabee, while McCain and Romney each had polls showing them in the lead. McCain garnered the late endorsements of Florida Senator and former Chairman of the Republican National
Committee Mel Martinez[136] and the highly popular
174
Governor of Florida, Charlie Crist;[136] Crist had reportedly pledged his support to Giuliani, and the Giuliani
campaign was described as visibly upset by the McCain
endorsement.[137]
threw his support behind McCain as well.[142] Meanwhile, Romney, still burning about McCains misleading
Iraq withdrawal timetable charge, compared McCain to
disgraced former President Richard Nixon, saying that
On January 29, 2008, McCain won the Florida primary McCains claim was reminiscent of the Nixon era and
to see our party go back to that
and the states 57 delegates, taking 36% of the total vote. that I don't think I want
[129]
kind
of
campaigning.
Romney was second with 31% and Giuliani was third at
15%.[138]
McCain won his home state of Arizona, taking all 53 of
the states delegates, and won too the largest of the Super Tuesday prizes, garnering nearly all of Californias
Super Tuesday
173 delegates. McCain also scored wins in Connecticut,
Delaware, Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, New York and
After Florida, the campaigns focused their attention on Oklahoma.[143]
the 21 states voting on February 5, known as Super Tuesday. McCain was seen as the front-runner for the nomination heading in to this most important of primary dates. Romney ends campaign
He had the lead in delegates to the national convention,
and on January 30 he was ocially endorsed by the with- Both McCain and Romney addressed the Conservative
drawing Giuliani.[139] The candidates sparred at a debate Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Washington, DC
at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, on February 7. Romney used his speech to announce the
California on January 30, with former First Lady Nancy end of his campaign, solidifying McCains status as the
Reagan present in the front row.[140] The most heated ex- likely Republican nominee. McCain spoke about an hour
change came as Romney accused McCain of dirty tricks later, again appealing to conservative uncertainty about
in his misleading[129] Florida statements about Romney his ideology. He focused on his opposition to abortion
having proposed an Iraq withdrawal timetable.[140]
and gun control, as well as his support for lower taxes
and free-market health care solutions.[144][145] He told the
CPAC audience that he arrived in Washington as a foot
soldier in the Reagan Revolution", and addressed the issue of illegal immigration - one of the major issues where
conservatives have attacked McCain. He said that it
would be among my highest priorities to secure our borders rst, before addressing other immigration laws.[146]
More February contests
February 9 saw voting in Louisiana, Kansas and
Washington state. Huckabee won an easy victory in
Kansas, claiming all 36 of the states delegates to the
national convention. Only 14,016 votes were cast, and
the McCain campaign expressed no concern over the
lightly attended caucus. However, social conservatives
had a strong presence in the Kansas Republican party, and
the results served to highlight conservative dissatisfaction
with the Senator.[147][148][149] Louisiana was much closer,
but Huckabee won there as well, beating McCain by less
than one percentage point.[150] McCain was declared the
winner of the Washington caucuses, where 18 delegates
were at stake. The February 19 primary would determine
McCain reacts to his Super Tuesday victories during a celebration
the other 19 delegates from the state. After the caucuses,
that night at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix
Huckabees campaign indicated that they would challenge
[151][152]
On January 31, McCain received the important the results.
endorsement of Governor of California Arnold Next up was the Potomac primary on February 12,
Schwarzenegger[139] and began campaigning with with voting in Virginia, Maryland and the District of
him;[129] Schwarzenegger had previously refrained from Columbia. McCain swept the three races and took all 113
endorsing either McCain or Giuliani because he counted delegates which were at stake.[153][154] The next day, the
both men as friends.[141][142] The same day, Governor McCain camp released a memo calling a Huckabee win
Rick Perry of Texas, formerly a supporter of Giuliani, mathematically impossible. McCain began to focus
175
on the Democrats, particularly leading candidate Barack In February, 2009, the lawsuit was settled and no money
Obama, in anticipation of the general election.[155]
exchanged hands. From the Times coverage of the setOn February 14, Mitt Romney ocially endorsed Mc- tlement: On Thursday, the two sides released a joint
Cain. Huckabee vowed to stay in the race, saying, I may statement saying: 'To resolve the lawsuit, Ms. Iseman
get beat, but I'm not going to quit.[156][157] A few days has accepted The Timess explanation, which will appear
later, McCain was endorsed by former President George in a Note to Readers to be published in the newspaper
H.W. Bush, in a move intended to shore up his support on Feb. 20, that the article did not state, and The Times
did not intend to conclude, that Ms. Iseman had engaged
among base party elements.[158]
in a romantic aair with Senator McCain or an unethical
On February 19, McCain continued his winning ways, relationship on behalf of her clients in breach of the pubpicking up wins over Huckabee in the Wisconsin pri- lic trust.' (and) a statement from Ms. Isemans lawyers.
mary and the Washington state primary.[159] McCain and They wrote, in part: 'Had this case proceeded to trial, the
Barack Obama engaged in a pointed exchange over Al- judicial determination of whether she is entitled to the
Qaeda in Iraq on February 27.[160]
protections aorded a private citizen would have been the
subject of a ferocious, pivotal battle, with Ms. Iseman insisting on her status as a private person and The New York
Times asserting that she had entered the public arena, and
New York Times article on lobbyist
was therefore fair game.'" [167]
Main article: John McCain lobbyist controversy
On February 20, 2008, The New York Times broke a story
involving an alleged romantic aair eight years earlier between McCain and lobbyist Vicki Iseman, both of whom
deny the allegations. The relationship allegedly existed
during McCains 2000 presidential campaign. In separate
interviews with The New York Times, two unnamed former associates of McCain said they became convinced
that a romantic relationship existed and warned him that
he was risking his campaign and his political career. Both
said McCain acknowledged behaving inappropriately and
that he pledged to keep his distance from Iseman. The associates said they had become disillusioned with the senator, spoke independently of each other and provided details that were corroborated by others.[161]
March contests - Wrapping up Republican nomination

John McCain ocially clinched the Republican presidential nomination on March 4, 2008, sweeping the primaries
in Ohio, Texas, Rhode Island, and Vermont.[9] That night,
Mike Huckabee withdrew from the race and endorsed
McCain.[9]
Delegate counts
6.6.7 General election campaign 2008
A McCain spokesperson characterized the story as a hit

and run smear campaign and gutter politics and went
on to say, It is a shame that the New York Times
has lowered its standards [...]"[162] Isemans employer,
Lowell Paxson, disputed McCains assertion that he had
never met with Paxson over a Federal Communications Commission matter mentioned in the original New
York Times article.[163] The article received widespread
criticism among both liberals and conservatives, McCain supporters and non-supporters as well as talk radio
personalities.[164] Former staer to President Bill Clinton
and current Hillary Clinton supporter Lanny Davis said
the article had no merit. Stating that he did not support
McCains bid for the White House, Davis, who had himPresident George W. Bush endorsing Senator McCain at the
self lobbied for the same cause Iseman lobbied McCain White House March 5, 2008, following McCains March 4 prifor, said that McCain only wrote a letter to the FCC to ask mary victory.
them to act soon and refused to write a letter that supported the sale of the television station the article talked
about.[165]
Main issues
In December 2008, Iseman led a $27 million defamation
lawsuit against The New York Times, alleging that the pa- The McCain campaign focused on many issues. These isper falsely communicated an illicit romantic relationship sues included national security, education reform, energy
independence, and tax cuts to stimulate the economy.[168]
between her and McCain.[166]
176
Eligibility
much-needed fundraising help heading in to the general

election. Democrats painted a dierent picture, hopMain articles: Citizenship requirements for President ing to capitalize on Bushs low approval ratings. The
of the United States Presidential candidates whose Democratic National Committee said that McCain would
eligibility was questioned and Presidential candidates oer a third term of George W. Bush.[182]
whose eligibility was questioned
Article Two of the Constitution sets one of the principal
qualications to be eligible for election of the oce of
President as being a natural born citizen of the United
States. Although McCain was not born within a state of
the United States, his status as a natural-born citizen (and
future eligibility to be elected to the presidency) may have
been assured at birth by either jus sanguinis, since his parents were U.S. citizens, or jus soli, as the Panama Canal
Zone was at that time (1936) a United States possession
(19031979), or both.[169][170][171] However, Internet talk
questioned whether McCain, who was born at Coco Solo
Naval Air Station[172][173][174] in Panama, qualied as a
natural-born citizen.[175][176] A bipartisan legal review by
Laurence Tribe and Theodore Olson, as well as a unanimous but nonbinding Senate resolution, indicate that McCain does indeed fulll the requirement.[169][177] However, University of Arizona constitutional law professor
Gabriel J. Chin argues both that the Tribe-Olson opinion is unsound under current law and that McCain was
actually granted citizenship by a law which was passed
eleven months after McCains birth, disqualifying him
under the Constitution from natural-born citizenship and
the Presidency.[178][179] Commenting on the Chin paper,
Temple University law and citizenship expert Peter Spiro
said, No court will get close to it, and everyone else is on
board, so theres a constitutional consensus, the merits of
arguments such as this one aside.[179] Catholic University law professor Sarah Duggan agreed that no legal challenge would prevail, but said only a constitutional amendment could fully resolve the question.[169]
Establishing himself
McCain turned his attention to the November general
election, while the Democratic primaries continued to be
a battle between Clinton and Obama. McCain faced the
challenge of staying in the news as the Democrats garnered headlines with their protracted nomination battle,
which showed no signs of ending before the Democratic
National Convention in late August. However, having the nomination locked up early also gave McCain
time to build a national organization and put his general election strategy into action for the six months leading up to the Republican National Convention. McCain planned to raise money and visit several sites in
the U.S. before embarking on a tour of Europe and the
Middle East as part of a congressional delegation. McCain did not immediately indicate when he would make
his choice for Vice President.[183][184] Even before his
March 4 primary wins, McCain indicated that he would
campaign everywhere in the general election - including traditionally Democratic states like California, New
Jersey and Connecticut.[185] A Wall Street Journal/NBC
News poll released March 12 showed McCain in a virtual tie with both Obama and Clinton in hypothetical
November matchups.[186] In an attempt to make up for
his fundraising disadvantage in relation to the Democratic candidates, the campaign merged its resources with
the Republican National Committee, and named former
Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina head of the Victory 2008 committee charged with fundraising and Get
Out The Vote eorts.[187] The campaign also announced
that it would use an unorthodox organizational structure,
opting to have several regional campaign directors rather
than one centralized sta.[188][189]
During the general election phase of the campaign, a lawsuit by an American Independent Party member challenging McCains eligibility was dismissed by a federal judge
in San Francisco in September 2008 due both to lack of
evidence and lack of standing; U.S. District Court Judge
William Haskell Alsup also issued an order stating that
it was highly probable that McCain was a natural born
citizen.[180]
McCain began his overseas trip on March 16, arriving in
The McCain campaign also looked into lawsuits claiming Baghdad to meet with U.S. military ocials as well as
that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen, but Iraqi political leaders. While the campaign was not involved in the trip, which was ocial Senate business, it
saw no evidence or chance of success behind them.[181]
served as a chance for McCain to highlight his credentials
in foreign aairs, seen to be the main strength of his candidacy. After Iraq, the group planned to travel to Israel,
Bush endorsement
London and Paris.[190][191]
On March 5, 2008 President Bush welcomed McCain
to the White House and ocially endorsed the man
who would be his partys standard-bearer in November. The endorsement was seen as helping McCain
rally conservatives, and brought with it the promise of
Polls released later in March showed McCain ahead of

both Clinton and Obama in hypothetical general election
matchups. Both leads were above the margin of error
in the polls by Zogby International and Rasmussen Reports.[192][193][194]

Nancy Reagan endorsement
A boost to McCains campaign came on March 25, when
former First Lady Nancy Reagan endorsed the Senator
at her home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California.[195][196]
Reagan released a statement, reading, John McCain
has been a good friend for over thirty years. My husband and I rst came to know him as a returning Vietnam War POW, and were impressed by the courage he
had shown through his terrible ordeal. I believe Johns
record and experience have prepared him well to be our
next president.[196] Standing with Reagan, McCain said,
This is an important, most important kind of expression
of condence in my ability to lead the party that I could
have.[196] McCains friendship with Nancy Reagan had
survived a period of coldness following his divorce from
his rst wife Carol, whom the Reagans were quite fond
of.[197]
Reiterating and elaborating positions
177
during the latters testimony before the Senate Armed
Services Committee.[201] McCain told the committee that
a promise of withdrawal would be reckless and a failure of moral and political leadership. While McCain was
supportive of Petraeus, he questioned the general on recent outbreaks of violence and some failures among the
Iraqi military.[202]
Despite the earlier opposition from conservatives, in
April 2008, there were signs that the Republican Party
base was coalescing behind McCains candidacy. A CBS
News/New York Times poll showed that McCain was
viewed favorably by 78 percent of conservatives, and unfavorably by only 18 percent. This was the same percentage who had an unfavorable opinion of George W. Bush at
the same time in 2000.[203] On May 5, 2008 the McCain
Campaign announced the launch of a Spanish language
site call Bienvenidos McCain or McCain Welcomes. It
presents the candidates positions and appeals in Spanish.
During a May 15 speech in Columbus, Ohio, McCain
laid out his vision for January 2013, which would be
the end of his rst term granted he won the presidency.
He predicted that the Iraq War would be won by that
time, and that most American troops would be out of the
country.[204] He pledged a bipartisan approach to governing a robust economy as well, and the implementation of
a at tax rate.[205]
On March 26, McCain gave his rst major speech on foreign policy since securing the nomination. While McCain warned that national security could not be achieved
through passive measures, he sounded a conciliatory
tone in regards to foreign policy in general. Speaking to
the World Aairs Council in Los Angeles, he stressed the
need for more cooperation with allies, called for nuclear
disarmament and said that he detest[s]" war. He stated Campaign sta departures due to new lobbyist rules
that Americas power does not mean we can do whatever
we want, whenever we want.[198]
On March 31, McCain began a biographical tour, visiting several places that were key to his early life and military career.[199]
In early April, McCain said he had compiled a list of
roughly 20 potential running mates, and that he hoped to
have selected a Vice President well before the Republican
Convention in September.[200]
McCain at a campaign rally in Kenner, Louisiana in June 2008
During much of 2008, McCain faced criticism that signicant numbers of lobbyists were top members of his
campaign sta;[206][207] the associations made his reputation as a Washington reformer who fought lobbyists and special interests open to attack from political opponents.[206][207] In May 2008, the campaign issued new rules regarding possible lobbying or other
Waiting to make nuclear policy proposals in May 27, 2008 speech conict-of-interest entanglements, which required campaign workers to either cut ties to lobbying groups or
at Denver, Colorado.
outside political groups that did political advertising, or
Foreign policy and the Iraq War were again in the cam- leave the campaign.[208] The rules also looked forward,
paign spotlight on April 8, 2008. McCain questioned and stated that anyone serving in a McCain administraGeneral David Petraeus, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, tion must commit not to lobby the administration during
178
his presidency.[208]
After the new rules were issued, two campaign staers,
regional campaign manager Doug Davenport and Republican National Convention chief Doug Goodyear, both
of whom had represented the Burmese military government, departed.[206] So too did Eric Burgeson, who had
lobbied the U.S. government on energy issues.[206] Republican political consultant Craig Shirley left the campaign due to ties with anti-Hillary Clinton group Stop
Her Now.[206] National nance co-chair Tom Loeer
left the campaign due to his lobbying groups work for
Saudi Arabia and other foreign countries.[206] Other top
campaign sta such as campaign manager Rick Davis
(who devised the new rules), strategist Charles Black,
and foreign policy advisor Randy Scheunemann, had
already stopped such activities and remained with the
campaign.[206][207] McCain was criticized by Campaign
Money Watch and MoveOn.org for retaining Black,[206]
but Public Citizen came to McCains defense, saying that
Regardless of how many lobbyists are working on his
campaign or raising money for him, John McCain has
fought for 14 long, hard years for reforms that seriously
limit lobbyists power.[209] Some other lobbyists and academics said that despite highly publicized abuses, lobbyists were an important part of the governmental process, and that the campaign-time criticisms and reactions
were grandstanding.[209] Meanwhile, outside Republicans
feared the lobbying rules activities were hampering the
McCain campaign, which was lagging in organizational
and fundraising progress.[210]
Following Obamas victory over Hillary Clinton, and taking advantage of a divide within the Democratic Party,
McCain encouraged Clinton supporters to abandon their
party and vote for him in November.[218] The McCain
campaign viewed the Democratic divide as an opportunity to court the "Reagan Democrats" who supported
Clinton, and began sending high-prole female supporters to states that Clinton won in an eort to garner their
votes.[218]
Gramm departs
Former Senator Phil Gramm was a co-chairman of the

McCain campaign, and McCains chief economic adviser. He stepped down from the campaign on July
18, 2008, about a week after he made remarks to The
Washington Times about the nations economic conditions. Gramm had said, You've heard of mental depression; this is a mental recession, and We have sort of
become a nation of whiners. You just hear this constant
whining.[219] McCain had quickly repudiated Gramms
remarks, saying Phil Gramm doesn't speak for me, I
speak for me. I strongly disagree.[220] When asked if
Gramm was still in contention for the U.S. Treasury Secretary position as previously speculated, McCain had
said, I think Senator Gramm would be in serious consideration for ambassador of Belarus, though I'm not sure
[220]
Gramm
As of May 19, 2008, McCain had at least 134 lob- the citizens of Minsk would welcome that.
said
upon
leaving
that
he
had
become
a
distraction
to the
byists involved with his campaign, either directly or as
[219]
campaign.
[211]
fundraisers.
Barack Obama the presumptive Democratic nominee
Barack Obama became the Democratic presumptive
nominee on June 3. McCain immediately proposed
a series of ten joint town hall meetings with him,
at which the two could engage each other, beginning the next week.[212] Obama rst agreed in principle to the notion,[213] but later rejected McCains
proposal, oering instead one town-hall event on the
Independence Day holiday and four traditional debatestyle joint appearances.[214] McCain, in turn, rejected
that proposal saying that Americans would pay less attention to the town-hall appearance due to the holiday.[214]
He was quoted as having said, I want the American people to have the exposure to a number of town hall meetings, not just one.[214] Following the exchange, former
rst lady Nancy Reagan as well as Luci Baines Johnson and Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, daughters of former President Lyndon B. Johnson, invited both McCain and Obama to town-hall appearances at the Reagan
and Johnson presidential libraries.[215] McCain accepted
the invitation,[216] though the candidates never reached
agreement on the event formats.[217]
Obama-as-celebrity TV advertisement
A McCain campaign ad crafted by Fred Davis[221] compared Barack Obama to known celebrities such as Britney
Spears and Paris Hilton, and questioned his readiness to
lead while criticizing his energy policy.[222] The ads resulted in a tightening of Obamas lead in polls. After the
election, Obama deputy campaign manager Steve Hildebrand said: It was the rst time during the general election where I started to freak out... I thought if they can
brand him as a celebrity rather than as a serious leader
we're going to be in serious trouble.[223]
Saddleback Civil Forum on The Presidency

Main article: Civil Forum on The Presidency

Running mate selection
179
too strong,[230] and a Lieberman pick might cause a oor
ght at the upcoming convention.[231] McCain wanted
someone who would shake up the race and reinforce his
image as a maverick, so he decided against more conventional choices on his short list including Romney and
Governor Tim Pawlenty.[230]
According to the book Game Change, on the weekend before John McCain made his vice-presidential pick, McCains advisor Arthur Culvahouse asked attorney Ted
Frank to prepare a written vetting report on Sarah
Palin:[232]
Presidential nominee
John McCain
Arizona
On August 29, at the Nutter Center of Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, McCains running mate was
revealed in a surprise pick as Alaska Governor Sarah
Palin.[233] McCain had only talked to her a few times,
and the campaigns vetting operation had mostly relied
on Internet searches to check her background.[234] Palins
career in Alaska had shown maverick tendencies similar to McCains,[234] and McCain hoped that Palins
youth, reformist record, appeal to social conservatives,
and appeal to disaected Hillary Clinton voters would
outweigh her lack of national and international visibility and experience.[230] One of McCains aides privately
remarked via an American football metaphor during the
announcement: We just threw long.[234]
Convention
Vice presidential nominee

Sarah Palin
Alaska
See also: United States Republican vice presidential
candidates, 2008 and Sarah Palin
McCain began a search for a running mate to join the
Republican ticket after clinching the Republican nomination. Former candidates Mitt Romney and Mike
Huckabee were mentioned as possibilities, as were many
other leaders in the Republican Party and the business
world.[224][225][226][227][228] Over Memorial Day weekend,
McCain invited Romney, Florida Governor Charlie Crist,
and Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal to his Sedona,
Arizona ranch for informal get-togethers intended to
assess personal chemistry for possible running mate
selection.[229]
The McCains campaign on September 15, 2008, following the

Republican National Convention
At the 2008 Republican National Convention, McCain

was formally nominated by roll call on the night of
September 3, following Palins vice-presidential acceptance speech.[235] McCain himself appeared onstage at
the convention for the rst time following her speech,
telling the cheering delegates, Don't you think we made
the right choice for the next vice president of the United
States?"[236] McCain accepted his partys nomination the
following night.[237]
McCain then announced plans to reveal his running mate

the day following the conclusion of the Democratic National Convention, and just a few days before the start
of the Republican National Convention. During the running mate deliberations, McCain had favored Joe Lieberman,[230] who shared his romantic sense of righteousness According to Nielsen Media Research, almost 39 miland honor.[231] But the opposition from social conserva- lion Americans watched McCain deliver his acceptives, who objected to Liebermans pro-choice views, was tance speech, while 37 million watched Palin the night
180
before.[238] Television viewership was unusually high for suggested opponents should not underestimate her.[243]
both parties conventions, indicating that the election sea- Independent-Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman stated
son was producing compelling drama.[238]
that McCain made a bold choice in picking a maverick who has done exactly the same thing at the state
level that hes done at the federal level.[244] However,
Sarah Palins Vice Presidential candidacy
some Republicans did not receive the choice favorably.
Charles Krauthammer of the Washington Post wrote,
Main article: Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin The Palin selection completely undercuts the argument
about Obamas inexperience and readiness to lead.... To
gratuitously undercut the remarkably successful 'Is he
[245]
Initial reaction After announcing Palin as the pre- ready to lead' line of attack seems near suicidal.
sumptive vice-presidential nominee, the McCain cam- David Frum of National Review wrote: The longer I
paign received US$7 million in contributions in a single think about it, the less well this selection sits with me.... If
day.[239] According to a Washington Post/ABC News sur- it were your decision, and you were putting your country
vey published on September 9, 2008, John McCain had rst, would you put an untested small-town mayor [sic] a
[246]
Following an
gained huge support among white women voters since the heartbeat away from the presidency?".
[240]
announcement;
he had not only surpassed Obama in NBC interview, Peggy Noonan commented, Its over...
[247]
white women voters, but also amassed a lead of ve per- the most qualied? No.
centage points in the Gallup polls. John Zogby found that Republicans in Palins home state, Alaska, had mixed
the eects of Palins selection were helping the McCain reactions to the news. Alaskan Attorney General Talis
ticket since She has high favorability numbers, and has Colberg, a Palin appointee, remarked that, Its wonunied the Republican Party.
derful. It was an emotional thing to see the governor
walk out with her family and I say, wow, I work for
her.[248] Alaskan State Senate President Lyda Green, a
Republican who had repeatedly sparred with Palin after she became governor,[249] remarked, Shes not prepared to be governor. How can she be prepared to be
vice president or president?"[248] Larry Persily, a Palin
staer, and Jim Whitaker, the Republican mayor of
Fairbanks, indicated their support of Palin as Governor,
but questioned whether she was ready to serve as vice
president.[250] Other Alaskan politicians, such as Republican Gail Phillips, expressed surprise.
Kari Sleight, publisher of the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman, which covered much of Palins life in Wasilla, endorsed Palin for Vice-President. While some question
Palins experience, they cannot question her leadership.
A person is either a good leader or not, and Palin has exhibited great leadership skills in all positions shes held.
There is an argument to be made that leadership, and the
qualities that dene a good leader, are inherently more
important than experience.[251]
Sarah Palin at campaign rally in Carson City, Nevada, September

13, 2008
The choice received generally positive reactions from

Republicans and conservatives. Victor Davis Hanson
stated the timing and choice were inspired,[241] and
Mark Steyn stated he was happy over the choice.[242]
Connecticut Governor M. Jodi Rell said of Palin, She
is strong. She is capable. She is articulate, and
Palins positions and policies became the focus of intense media attention[252] and scrutiny[253] following
her selection. Expectations from her speech at the Republican National Convention was heavily covered by the
media.[254] Some Republicans argued that Palin was subjected to unreasonable media coverage,[255] and a Rasmussen survey showed that slightly more than half of
Americans believed that the press was trying to hurt
Palin with negative coverage,[256] a sentiment referenced
by Palin in her acceptance speech. A poll taken just after
the speech found that Palin was then slightly more popular than either Obama or McCain with a 58% favorabilty
rating.[257] Palin was also a draw with Catholic voters; the
poll found that 54% favor Palin and 42% nd her unfavorable, a 12% dierence, while Joe Biden was viewed
181
favorable by 49% to 47% unfavorable.[258]

Palin also became a ubiquitous presence on newsstands, appearing on the cover of both Newsweek and
Time, among others.[259] The appearance on the cover of
Time was particularly notable as Jay Carney, the newsmagazines Washington bureau chief, has been vocally
critical on what he has said is a lack of media access to
Palin,[260] concerns which were dismissed by the McCain
campaign.[259]
Sarah Palin at a campaign rally in Des Moines, Iowa
In what respect, Charlie?" After asking Palin for her definition, Gibson dened the concept to be for the United
States to have the right of anticipatory self-defense.
Gibson also asked Palin about a prayer she had oered
with regard to soldiers in Iraq. Commentators reactions
varied. Those generally critical of Palins candidacy apThe Palins and McCains campaigning in Fairfax, Virginia,
plauded Gibsons penetrating questions and thought asSeptember 10, 2008, following the Republican National Convenpects of Palins responses showed that she was not ready
tion
to serve as Vice President, whereas those generally supcandidacy took a more positive view of her
Former New York City mayor Giuliani said that Palin was portive of her[267]
performance.
more qualied to be president than Democratic presidential nominee Obama, citing Palins executive experience, During the campaign, some pointed out alleged diersaying of her, Shes vetoed legislation, shes taken on ences between Palins positions as a gubernatorial cancorruption, and in her party, and won. She took on the oil didate and her position as a vice-presidential candidate.
companies and won. She administered a budget success- While campaigning for vice-president, Palin touted her
fully, and of Obama, Hes never run a city, hes never stance on the bridge to nowhere as an example of
run a state, hes never run a business, hes never admin- her opposition to pork barrel spending.[268] In her nomistered a payroll, hes never led people in crisis.[261] He ination acceptance speech and on the campaign trail,
also stated, if Sarah Palin had been president when the Palin often said, I told the Congress 'thanks, but no
U.S. came under attack on Sept. 11, 2001, hes condent thanks,' on that Bridge to Nowhere.[269] Although Palin
she would have been able to handle the crisis.[262]
was originally a main proponent of the Gravina Island
asserted
According to the Washington Times, Palins faith has Bridge, McCain-Palin television advertisements
[270]
that
Palin
stopped
the
Bridge
to
Nowhere.
These
made her a favorite with the staunchly pro-Israel
statements
have
been
widely
questioned
or
described
as
neoconservative elements in the Republican Party.
[271]
misleading
or
exaggerations
by
many
media
groups
Palin displays an Israeli ag in her governors oce in
[272]
Newsweek remarked, Now she talks as if
Juneau. Palin has received a strong endorsement from in the U.S.
she
always
opposed
the funding.[273]
[263]
and has been dethe Republican Jewish Coalition,
scribed as a direct aront to all Jewish Americans by
Democratic Congressman Robert Wexler of Florida, and
as being totally out of step with Jewish public opinion
by the National Jewish Democratic Council.[264]
Obama commented on Palin in an interview with 60 Minutes:
VP campaign developments As of September, Governor Palin had submitted to two media interviews, the
rst with ABCs Charles Gibson, and the second with Fox
Newss Sean Hannity.[266] Gibson asked Palin, Do you
agree with the Bush doctrine?, to which Palin responded,
After McCain announced Palin as his running mate,

Newsweek and Time put Palin on their magazine
covers,[274] as some of the media alleged that McCains
campaign was restricting press access to Palin by allowing only three one-on-one interviews and no press conferences with her.[275] Among the reasons that the news
organizations criticized the restrictions was Palins rst
major interview, with Charles Gibson of ABC News, met
with mixed reviews.[276] Her interview ve days later with
Fox News's Sean Hannity focuses on many of the same
questions from Gibsons interview.[277] However, Palins
performance in her third interview, with Katie Couric
of CBS News, was widely criticized. Palins responses
182
to several of Courics questions were considered embarrassing, most notably failing to name any newspapers
she read.[278] The fallout from the interview prompted
a decline in her poll numbers, concern among Republicans that she was becoming a political liability, and calls
from some conservative commentators for Palin to resign from the Presidential ticket.[277][279] Other conservatives remain ardent in their support for Palin, accusing the
columnists of elitism.[280] Following this interview, some
Republicans, including Mitt Romney and Bill Kristol,
questioned the McCain campaigns strategy of sheltering
Palin from unscripted encounters with the press.[281]
Palin was reported to have prepared intensively for
the October 2 vice-presidential debate with Democratic
Vice-Presidential nominee Joe Biden at Washington University in St. Louis. Some Republicans suggested that
Palins performance in the interviews would improve public perceptions of her debate performance by lowering
expectations.[277][282][283] Polling from CNN, Fox and
CBS found that while Palin exceeded most voters expectations, they felt that Biden had won the debate.[284][285]
Palin signing an autograph at a campaign rally in O'Fallon, Missouri
Upon returning to the campaign trail after her debate

preparation, Palin stepped up her attacks on the Democratic candidate for President, Senator Barack Obama.
At a fundraising event, Palin explained her new aggressiveness, saying, There does come a time when you have
to take the gloves o and that time is right now.[286]
In a campaign appearance on October 4, Palin accused
Obama of regarding America as so imperfect that hes
palling around with terrorists who would target their own
country. The accusation referred to Obamas contacts
with Bill Ayers, a founder of the 1960s radical group
called the Weathermen, and a New York Times article describing such contacts.[287] The Obama campaign called
the allegation a smear,[288] citing newspaper commentaries critical of Palins attack. Obama has condemned
the Weathermens violent actions.[289] The criticism of
Obama based on his purported relationship with Ayers
was subsequently carried on by McCain himself.[290]
other voters concerned about her qualications.[291] Republican and former US Secretary of State Gen. Colin
Powell endorsed Obama on October 19 and said of
Palin Now that we have had a chance to watch her
for some seven weeks, I don't believe shes ready to be
president of the United States, which is the job of the
vice president.[292] A McCain aide said Palin had gone
rogue, placing her own future political interests ahead
of the McCain/Palin ticket, directly contradicting her
running mates positions and disobeying directions from
campaign managers.[293][294] (A year after the election,
Palin would title her memoir after this accusation.)
RNC campaign expenditures The Republican National Committees monthly nancial disclosure report
for September 2008 showed that US$150,000 had been
spent on Palins wardrobe, hair and makeup as well
as clothing and accessories for her family.[295] Campaign nance experts expressed concern about the legality of the spending and the tax implications to
Palin.[296][297] A campaign spokesperson responded saying that the clothing will be donated to charity following the election.[298][299] By January 2009, it was reported
that the clothing was stored in garbage bags at the Republican National Convention headquarters.[300] In March
2009, a spokesperson for Palin stated that the clothes had
been donated to charities [301] The spending was later reviewed and approved by the U.S. Federal Elections Commission by a 5-0 vote.[302]
Another controversy erupted when it was revealed that
her campaign paid makeup artist, Amy Strozzi, a sum of
$22,800, making her the highest paid staer on the McCain campaign.[303][304] This prompted calls from Republican donors to return the money.[305][306]
Post-convention poll surge and retreat

After the Republican National Convention, McCain saw
his poll numbers increase nationwide, traced in part to
movement among previously undecided voters.[307] In the
rst half of September, McCain appointed William Timmons (a former senior adviser to Vice President George
H.W. Bush in 1988, an advisor to Senator Bob Dole in
1996,[308] the founder and chairman emeritus of lobbying
rm Timmons and Company,[309] and a former lobbyist
for Freddie Mac[310][311][312] ) as his transition chief.[313]
From mid-September to mid-October, however, the trend

lines were all in Obamas direction. For example, the
RealClearPolitics electoral map went from an Obama
228-163 electoral vote lead on August 20 to a 227-207
By late October, voter reactions to Palin had grown in- McCain lead on September 17 and then back to a 306creasingly negative, especially among independents and 157 Obama lead on October 24.[314]
183
Two days later, McCain announced that he would resume
his campaign, and he went ahead with the debate.[323]
Some commentators questioned whether the campaign
had ever in fact been suspended, as McCain ads continued to play, McCain spokesmen continued giving statements criticizing Obama, and McCain campaign oces
remained open, while McCain himself continued to make
speeches and give interviews.[324][325]
McCain (far left) participates in a bipartisan meeting with President Bush and members of Congress, including Barack Obama,
regarding the proposed bailout of U.S. nancial system, September 25, 2008
The revised plan, the $700 billion Emergency Economic

Stabilization Act of 2008, failed a House vote on September 29, with large-scale opposition from House Republicans. On October 1, a similar bill, HR1424, passed the
Senate 7425 with McCain voting in favor.[326]
Symbols
U.S. nancial crisis
Joe the Plumber Main article: Joe the Plumber
See also: Economic crisis of 2008 Market crash of "Joe the Plumber", making reference to Samuel Joseph
September 2008
Wurzelbacher, was used as an example of middle
class Americans during the 2008 U.S. presidential elecIn September 2008, the subprime mortgage crisis wors- tion season. Wurzelbacher was videotaped questioning
ened and precipitated a liquidity crisis; the federal Democratic candidate Barack Obama about his small
takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was quickly business tax policy during a campaign stop in Ohio. He
followed by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, sale of received prominence when he was mentioned frequently
Merrill Lynch, and government bailout of American In- as Joe the Plumber in exchanges between Republican
ternational Group. At rst McCain emphasized that the candidate John McCain and Obama during the third presfundamentals of our economy are strong,[315] but when idential debate on October 15, 2008. After that Joe
questioned on that statement he claried that the funda- the Plumber was often used by the John McCain presiand the media as a metaphor for
mentals refer to the American workforce.[316] He then dential campaign, 2008 [327]
middle
class
Americans
and to refer to Wurzelbacher
recast his message into emphasizing that the countrys
[328]
himself.
economy was in a total crisis, condemning greed, and
proposing that a national commission be set up to study
the situation, akin to the 9/11 Commission.[315] He later
commented on the Federal Reserve loan of $85 billion
to AIG by saying, I didn't want to do that...and I don't
think anybody I know wanted to do that.[317] McCain
then said that government regulators had been asleep
at the switch and said if he were president he would
re U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chairman
Christopher Cox.[318]
On September 24, McCain announced that he would
suspend his campaign and seek to delay a debate with
Barack Obama scheduled for September 26 so that he
could work with Congress toward a reworking of and
agreement on the Paulson nancial rescue plan. McCain urged Obama to do the same.[319] McCains intervention helped dissatised House Republicans forestall a
bailout plan that was otherwise close to agreement between the White House, Senate Republicans, and Congressional Democrats.[320][321] At a bipartisan meeting at
the White House on September 25 (pictured) McCain
came across as unconstructive and ineectual to Bush,
who felt that McCain had forced him to hold a pointless
meeting and then had said nothing at it.[322]
Tito the Builder Tito Muoz, also known as Tito the

Builder, received substantial media attention for various campaign activities. Muoz publicly defended Joe
Wurzelbacher in front of the media. Muoz has also campaigned with Sarah Palin.[329] Consequently, Tito Muoz
has received substantial media attention.[330] Muoz, a
Colombian immigrant, is presently a small construction
company owner[331] and a United States citizen.[332] He
became known for wearing a yellow hard hat with a
McCain-Palin bumper sticker[333] and an orange reector jacket, as well as appearing on television wearing
sunglasses[334] when he attended a campaign rally for
John McCain in Leesburg, Virginia.[335] At the rally, he
introduced Sarah Palin. He also had a confrontation
with reporters.[336] Will Rabbe, of the Independent Film
Channel, has posted a video about Muoz and his interaction with reporters.[337] Five days before the election,
Muoz appeared on Fox News' Hannity & Colmes.[338]
Muoz told Alan Colmes that he became involved in the
2008 presidential election by giving newspapers hiding
the truth about Obama a piece of his mind.[339]
184
Debates and nal stretch
After Obama declined McCains suspension suggestion,
McCain went ahead with the debate on September 26
as scheduled in Oxford, Mississippi, and as moderated
by Jim Lehrer.[340] On October 1, McCain voted in favor of a revised $700 billion rescue plan.[341] Another
debate was held on October 7; like the rst one, polls
afterward suggested that Obama had won it.[342] A nal presidential debate occurred on October 15.[343] During and after it, McCain compared Obamas proposed
policies to socialism, specically making reference to
the term "redistributionist", and often invoked Joe the
Plumber as a symbol of American small business dreams
that would be thwarted by an Obama presidency.[344][345]
McCain barred using the Jeremiah Wright controversy in
ads against Obama,[346] but the campaign did frequently
criticize Obama regarding his purported relationship with
Bill Ayers.[347]
On October 10, 2008, a female McCain supporter said
she did not trust Barack Obama because hes an Arab.
McCains rallies had become increasingly vitriolic, with
hecklers denigrating Obama and with rallygoers displaying a growing anti-Arab, anti-Muslim, and anti-AfricanAmerican sentiment. McCain replied to the woman,
No ma'am. Hes a decent family man, citizen, that I
just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues.[348] McCains response was considered one of
the ner moments of the campaign and was still being
viewed several years later as marker for civility in American politics.[349][350]
Down the stretch, McCain was outspent by Obama by a
four-to-one margin.[351]
Results
The election took place on November 4, and Barack
Obama was projected the winner at about 11:00 pm
Eastern Standard Time (EST). McCain delivered his
concession speech at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in
Phoenix, Arizona at about 11:20 pm EST.[352] In the
end, McCain won 173 electoral college votes to Obamas
365,[353] reecting McCains failure to win the key battleground states of Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and the
Democratic Partys upset victories in traditional Republican strongholds such as Virginia, North Carolina, and
Indiana.[354] McCain gained 46 percent of the nationwide
popular vote, compared to Obamas 53 percent.[355]
McCains concession speech that night congratulated
Obama on his victory and said, We have come to an end
of a long journey. The American people have spoken,
and they have spoken clearly.[356] He said:
Commentators praised the speech, using terms such as
gracious and eloquent.[357] McCain and his sta did not
permit Palin to deliver her prepared speech, as there was
no formal tradition of running mates making speeches on
election night, and this proved an enduring source of bitterness to Palin.[358]
Aftermath
In the wake of the election results, anonymous members
of McCains sta reportedly criticized Palin and her campaign stas conduct of the campaign.[359] Some of the
criticisms were later attributed erroneously to sta at a
non-existent think-tank as part of the Martin Eisenstadt
hoax.[360]
By a month later, McCain demurred from putting too
much stress on the eect the economic crisis had had on
his chance to win the presidency: That would sound like
I am detracting from President-elect Obamas campaign.
I don't want to do that... Nobody likes a sore loser.[361]
McCain said, I spent a period of time feeling sorry for
myself. Its wonderful. Its one of the most enjoyable experiences that you can have. But the point is: You've got
to move on ... I'm still a senator from the state of Arizona. I still have the privilege and honor of serving this
country, which I've done all my life, and its a great honor
to do so.[361]
In campaign post-mortems, top McCain staers conceded that the Palin rollout to the national media had not
gone well.[362] But they generally defended the decision
to pick Palin, because the other game changing choice
of Joe Lieberman would have been politically unacceptable to conservative Republicans at the convention[362]
and because there were not many good alternatives
available.[363] Regarding McCain having barred using the
Jeremiah Wright controversy in ads against Obama, McCains pollsters said it was the right decision both on the
merits and on the politics.[364] McCain himself also defended both the Palin pick and the decision not to attack
on the Wright controversy.[365] The staers agreed that
McCains remark that the fundamentals of our economy
are strong at the beginning of the nancial crisis had
been a blunder, and said that the subsequent suspension of
the campaign was an attempt to recover from the remark
but had led to charges that McCain was erratic.[362][363]
Overall, a deputy campaign manager said, We could
spend [a long time] talking about the strategy of the McCain campaign because we had so many of them.[362]
When the campaigns chief pollster was asked if they
could have pulled out the election if they had only had
some more time, he responded Nowe lost. We were
happy it was over.[363]
A year after the election, there was still ongoing feuding
between the McCain and Palin camps over the conduct
of the campaign, culminating with the November 2009
publication of Palins memoir Going Rogue: An American Life.[366] Palin criticized McCain campaign manager
Steve Schmidt heavily, and contended that the McCain
campaign had mismanaged her media appearances.[366]
Schmidt replied that Palins telling was all ction, and
185
prior McCain strategist John Weaver denounced Palin for Electoral College projections
petty and pathetic attempts to get even.[366] McCain
himself simply said that he had read the book, was still
very good friends with Palin, and stated: Look, I'm just
moving on. I'm just moving on, and I've got too many
other things to worry about except to say that I'm proud
of my campaign.[366] McCain told his sta repeatedly,
Don't look back in anger.[367]
6.6.8
Campaign opinion and projections
Opinion polling
Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential
election up to November 3, 2008.[370]
Further information: Nationwide opinion polling for the

United States presidential election, 2008 and Statewide
opinion polling for the United States presidential elec- Further information: United States presidential election,
tion, 2008
2008
An average of fteen national polls taken between October 29 and November 3 showed an average 7.6% lead for
McCains opponent Barack Obama before election day.
The poll average was o by 0.3%, with Obama instead
gaining only 7.3% more of the popular vote than McCain.
The poll average projected McCain would receive 44.5%
of the popular vote. He bested this by 1.1%, actually garnering 45.6% of the popular vote.[368]
Leading up to the day before the general election, the

RealClearPolitics electoral map, an average of statewide
opinion polls, projected 132 electoral votes for McCain/Palin and an electoral majority of 278 votes for opponents Obama/Biden. 128 electoral votes were considered toss ups.[371] With toss up votes attributed to poll
leaders, McCain/Palin were projected to received 200
electoral votes, trailing 338 votes for Obama/Biden.[372]
Poll numbers varied greatly the day before the election

and through the election season. This can be attributed
to varying polling methods, demographics, and sample
sizes between pollsters, amongst other things. Final polls
ranged from an 11% advantage for Obama to only a 2%
advantage. The most accurate nal poll numbers were
from Fox News, Ipsos/McClatchy, and CNN/Opinion
Research which predicted a 7% advantage for Obama.
Rasmussen Reports and Pew Research predicted a 6%
advantage.[368]
McCain received 173 electoral votes, trailing Obamas

365. By November 19, 2008, all states had decided their
electoral votes. The last state to decide was Missouri,
where McCain held a lead of less than 0.1% of the popular vote.[373] With the election already decided, the close
results in Missouri were not contested, and Missouri was
called for McCain.
Gallup conducted weekly polls of registered voters to

measure support among the candidates by political ideology. The last poll conducted before election day, taken
between October 27 and November 2, showed 32% of
pure Independents supporting McCain, leading Obamas
24% support. McCains Independent support peaked at
38% the week of September 1521.[369]
and 41.5% unfavorable opinion of John McCain before

election day. Favorable and unfavorable opinions of John
McCain varied during the election season, but his favorable opinion remained higher than his unfavorable opinion throughout the duration of the election season according to poll averages. McCains highest ratings was 57.6%
favorable and 35.2% unfavorable on July 13.[374]
McCain ultimately underperformed his projected electoral vote count. Toss-ups such as North Carolina, Indiana, and Nebraskas 2nd congressional district went for
During the election season, McCains highest support Obama. Opinion poll averages prior to the election proamong an average of national polls was 2.9% on Septem- jected these votes for McCain.
ber 8, four days after the end of the 2008 Republican National Convention. Amongst individual polls, before the primary season McCains highest support was
recorded in a Fox News poll conducted between Decem- Favorability
ber 5 and December 6 showing a 19% lead. After the
primaries, McCains highest support was recorded in a An average of four national polls measuring favorUSA Today/Gallup poll conducted between September 5 able/unfavorable opinions taken between October 31 and
and September 7 showing a 10% lead.[368]
November 2 showed an average 52.3% favorable opinion
186
World opinion
6.6.10 Music use
Main article: International opinion polling for the United

States presidential election, 2008
Opinions of the 2008 U.S. presidential election and the
candidates varied around the world. Those who expressed an opinion favored McCains opponent. According to Gallup polls conducted worldwide from May to
October 2008, 7% of the people in the 73 countries
polled supported McCain, compared to 24% who supported Obama. Most (about 70% of those polled) either
had no opinion or oered no opinion at all.[375]
6.6.9
Media coverage
An October 29, 2007, study by the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Joan Shorenstein Center on
the Press, Politics and Public Policy found that through
the rst ve months of 2007, McCain had received the
most unfavorable media coverage of any of the major
2008 presidential candidates, with 12 percent of the stories having a favorable tone towards him, 48 percent having an unfavorable tone, and with the balance neutral.[376]
In terms of amount of coverage, McCain was the subject
of 7 percent of all stories, second-most among Republicans and fourth-most overall.[376] McCains negative coverage mostly included pessimistic "horse race" stories that
focused on his campaigns slippage in national polls and
fundraising diculty;[377] it also included his support for
the then-unpopular Iraq troop surge.[377] McCains campaign went through its near-total collapse soon after the
window of this study; the press subsequently focused on
a McCain is dead story line through the summer, which
it was slow to change away from.[378]
By the time the 2008 primary season began, McCains
media coverage had shifted and he was now viewed as
a comeback story. In addition, McCain returned to
his long-standing practice of granting almost unlimited
media access to him on this bus;[379] this as well as the
notion that he engages in straight talk free of political
calculation[378] gave him a positive personal sentiment in
the press.[378] Reecting this feeling, MSNBC's Joe Scarborough joked of the media, I think every last one of
them would move to Massachusetts and marry John McCain if they could.[380] Measurements by the University
of Navarra indicated that throughout January 2008, McCains global media attention surged from being a distant
third among Republican candidates to being the equal of
Romney and Huckabee.[381]
In July 2008, the McCain campaign shifted to a much
more restrictive attitude toward the press, virtually ending
the former time for open-ended questions.[382] McCains
press conferences became infrequent and, as one reporter
stated, He no longer ventures to the press section of his
campaign plane to talk to reporters.[383]
John Rich performing his song Raisin' McCain at a campaign

rally in O'Fallon, Missouri, August 31, 2008
The campaign was criticized and in one case a lawsuit

led for its use of music during campaign events and in
advertising. Pioneering rock-n-roll artist Chuck Berry
publicly snubbed McCains use of his song "Johnny B.
Goode" on the campaign, which had been selected by
McCain mainly because it has the chorus Go Johnny
Go Go Go in it. When Berry publicly stated his support for Obama in June, the McCain campaign began using Abba's "Take a Chance on Me" instead.[384] In August 2008, singer Jackson Browne led suit against the
McCain Campaign, The Republican National Committee and the Ohio Republican Party for use of "Running on
Empty" in a commercial stating that the use violates the
Lanham Act by implying an endorsement by Browne.[385]
In October, the Foo Fighters asked the campaign to stop
using "My Hero", stating that this use of the song tarnished the original intent.[386] The campaign also drew
criticism from Heart for its use of "Barracuda" to accompany Sarah Palins appearance at the Republican National Convention, with the group saying Sarah Palins
views and values in no way represent us as American
women.[387] Members of Van Halen objected to use of
"Right Now",[388] although former lead singer and cowriter of the song Sammy Hagar said he had no problem with the use: Whether it was McCain who used
the song or if Obama had chosen to use the song, with
187
the current political climate, the lyrics still have the same come from business groups, 1% from labor groups, and
meaning.[389]
the nal 29% from ideological organizations. So far
his nances have been disclosed, while 4.4%
A McCain-Palin spokesperson responded saying that the 95.6% of
[401]
has
not.
campaign had properly licensed these songs giving them
to permission to play them.[390] The music has reportedly
been used under blanket licensing, which does not require
the artists permission but still follows proper legal channels and includes royalty payments.[388]
McCain was the rst candidate to accept nancing from

the presidential election campaign fund checko.[402][403]
During the campaigns summer 2007 nancial woes, it
used a list of donors as collateral in order to get approval
on a bank loan.[404] This raised the question of whether
the campaigns privacy policy[405] was violated by such a
use.[404] A McCain spokesperson said it did not, since all
of the campaigns assets were pledged as collateral at the
time, not just the donor list.[404]
McCain had better success in country music, where

award-winning[391] and popular[392] songwriter John Rich
wrote the campaign song Raisin' McCain in August
2008.[393] Rich had a penchant for producing songs with
political overtones, although The New York Times called
this a far less imaginative slice of propaganda than some By December 2007, McCain was using 32 lobbyists as
of his other eorts.[394] He performed it at the closing fundraisers, more than any other candidate.[406]
ceremony of the Republican National Convention and at
Although McCain accepted public nancing for the gencampaign rallies.[395][396]
eral election campaign, and the restrictions that go with
In February 2009, a judge rejected motions made by the
it, his opponent did not, and McCain criticized Obama
legal team for McCain and the Republican National Com- for becoming the rst major party candidate in history to
mittee to dismiss the Browne lawsuit which charged posopt out of public nancing.[407][408]
sible copyright infringement, false endorsement and violation of Brownes right of publicity. The case was settled The McCain campaign received US$7 million in contriout of court for an undisclosed sum in July 2009, with butions in a single day after announcing Palin as the pre[239]
the McCain campaign, the Ohio Republican Party, and sumptive vice-presidential nominee.
the Republican National Committee issuing a joint apol- Nevertheless, down the stretch run of the general election
ogy for using the song.[397] Their statement declared that campaign, McCain was outspent by Obama by a fourMcCain himself had been unaware of the use and did not to-one margin.[351] In the end, from September 1 to the
condone it.[397]
end of the campaign, McCain spent directly the $84 million allotted to him by the public nancing rules, while
Obama, having opted out of that system, spent $315 million directly during the same period.[409]
6.6.11 Fundraising and nances
After rst-quarter fundraising totals were released in
early April, totals showed McCains $13.6 million lagging behind rivals in the race. He spent more than $8
million in campaign funds during the rst quarter, leaving him with $5.2 million in the bank and $1.8 million
in debts.[398] McCain exceeded 51,000 individual donors,
more than rivals Giuliani, with 28,356, and Romney, with
36,538.[398] However, McCain was worried at the high
burn rate of money used during the rst quarter and
retooled his entire nancial operations after the reports
came back.[399]
McCains second-quarter fundraising totals were worse,
with intake falling to $11.2 million and expenses continuing such that only $2 million cash was on hand. McCains aides said the campaign was considering taking
public matching funds[50] There are some indications that
although the campaign has $2 million cash on hand at the
end of Q2, a 7-gure debt will make the monetary situation even more dire.[400]
6.6.12 Endorsements
Main article: List of John McCain presidential campaign
endorsements
McCain gained the endorsements of many high prole
Republican gures and organizations, including President
George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, former
President George H. W. Bush, former First Lady Nancy
Reagan, and the National Rie Association.[410]
An endorsement by Texas pastor John Hagee stirred controversy due to past remarks, which some alleged to be
anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish.[411][412][413][414] McCain
initially sought and accepted Hagees endorsement, but
on April 20, 2008 he described accepting the endorsement as a mistake.[414] He formally rejected the endorsement on May 22, 2008, following news reports of a sermon Hagee gave in the 1990s alleging that Adolf Hitler
driving the Jewish people from Europe was Gods will
as it was part of a divine plan to gather Jews in the Holy
Land. McCain condemned Hagees sermon as crazy and
unacceptable.[415]
As of September 30, 2007, John McCain had raised

$32,124,785 for his campaign for presidency. Private
donors have given $30,183,761 toward his campaign,
PACs have given $458,307, and $1,482,717 has come
from other sources. 70% of the PAC contributions have McCain also received the support of Independent Demo-
188
crat Joe Lieberman, who said, I happen to think (McCain) is the best of all candidates to unite our country
across political lines so we can begin to solve some of the
problems people have.[416]
[2] Pugmire, Tim (January 9, 2008). Presidential campaigns

raise volume in Minnesota. Minnesota Public Radio.
6.6.13
[4] Presidential Inaugural Facts, The Miami Herald (January 20, 1985). Excerpt via Google News. Retrieved
March 30, 2008. Ronald Reagan was 73 years and 350
days old at his second inauguration.
See also
McCain Democrat and Obama Republican

Iowa Electronic Market 2008 US Presidential Election Markets graphs
Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
6.6.14
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[377] A First Look at Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Campaign: The Candidates. Project for Excellence in Jour[395] Calvin Gilbert (September 5, 2008). GOPs Song Selecnalism. October 29, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
tions Please John Rich, Anger Heart. CMT News. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
[378] John F. Harris, Jim VandeHei (January 9, 2008). Why
[379]
[380]
[381]
[382]
[383]
[384]
reporters get it wrong. The Politico. Retrieved January

[396] Margaret Nelson (September 2, 2008). John Rich Sings
11, 2008.
Political Anthem for John McCain. People. Retrieved
August 3, 2009.
Jason Zengerle (January 7, 2008). Why Does the Media
Love McCain?". The New Republic. Archived from the
[397] Gra, Gary (July 21, 2009). Jackson Browne, Repuboriginal on January 10, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
licans Settle Copyright Case. Billboard. Retrieved July
21, 2009.
Scarborough: The press 'would love to marry' McCain.
ThinkProgress. January 7, 2008. Retrieved January 11,
[398] Campaign Financial Reports Show McCain Lagging Ri2008.
vals Washington Post. April 15, 2007. Retrieved June 21,
2007.
Facultad de Ciencias Econmicas y Empresariales (January 29, 2008). Republican Candidates Media Attention. University of Navarra. Retrieved January 29, 2008. [399] McCain Retools Money Team, Delays Entry Politico.
April 3, 2007 Retrieved June 23, 2007
McCains Prickly TIME Interview. Time. August 28,
[400] Marc Ambinder (July 12, 2007). McCains Campaign
2008.
To Report Debt On July 15. The Atlantic. Retrieved
Claiborne, Ron (September 23, 2008). Frustrated by
July 12, 2007.
Limited Access, McCain Press Acts Out. ABC News.
[401] John McCain Presidential Finance Report. Retrieved
October 18, 2006.
MacInnes, Paul (June 11, 2008). US elections 2008:
Chuck Berry snubs John McCain over use of Johnny B [402] McCain First Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible
for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race (Press reGoode | Music | guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian. Release). Federal Election Commission. March 28, 2007.
[385] Granberry, Michael (August 14, 2008). Jackson Browne [403] Candidate Submissions: John McCain 2008, Inc.. 2008
Matching Fund Submissions. Federal Election Commisles suit against John McCain and Republican National
sion. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
Committee. Dallas Morning News.
[386] Itzko, Dave (October 8, 2008). Rock Band Protests [404] Kenneth Vogel (January 10, 2007). McCain loan could
violate donor privacy. The Politico. Retrieved January
McCains Use of Its Song. New York Times.
10, 2007.
[387] Goldstein, Patrick (October 9, 2008). Maybe John McCain will bring back Bomb, Bomb, Bomb Iran"". Los [405] Privacy Policy. John McCain 2008. Retrieved January
Angeles Times.
10, 2008.
[406] Jerey H. Birnbaum, John Solomon (December 31,

2007). McCains Unlikely Ties to K Street. Washington
Post. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
[407] Wayne, Leslie. McCain Raised $27 Million in July, The
New York Times (August 15, 2008).. Retrieved August 16,
2008.
[408] Barr, Andy. Obama passes 2 million donors, The Hill
(August 14, 2008).. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
[409] Obama raised $104 million as campaign ended,
MSNBC, December 4, 2008.
[410] Sharon Theimer, AP (October 9, 2008). NRA endorses
McCain.
[411] Catholic Online. Catholic League: Hagee goes o
the Rails, McCain must Act. Catholic.org. Retrieved
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[412] George Interviews John McCain This Week with George
Stephanopoulos, April 20, 2008, video
[413] Transcript of McCain on ABCs This Week, time.com,
April 20, 2008
[414] McCain Admits Hagee Endorsement Was A Mistake,
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[415] McCain drops backer over sermon. BBC. May 23,
[416] McCain wins Lieberman endorsement | U.S. | Reuters.
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2009.
6.6.16
External links
Presidential Campaign Website

John McCain presidential campaign, 2008 at
DMOZ
Academics and Hillary Clinton aides counterreactions
Report on Abuse of Power by Sarah Palin With Support Documents, October 10, 2008
Nieman Foundation-Harvard University on McCains Fundraisers
199
Chapter 7
Family
7.1 Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946)
is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States,
George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from 2001 to
2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelors degree in education and
soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining
her masters degree in Library Science at the University
of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She
met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married
later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bushs political involvement began during her marriage.
She campaigned with her husband during his unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his
successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady
of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on
health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her
husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number
of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the
2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her
national attention. She became rst lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election.
1995) and Jenna Louise Hawkins Welch (born 1919).[4]

She is of English ancestry.[5] Her father was a home
builder and later successful real estate developer[6] while
her mother worked as the bookkeeper for her fathers
business.[4] Early on, her parents encouraged her to read,
leading to what would become her love of reading.[4] She
said, I learned [how important reading is] at home from
my mother. When I was a little girl, my mother would
read stories to me. I have loved books and going to the
library ever since. In the summer, I liked to spend afternoons reading in the library. I enjoyed the Little House on
the Prairie books and Little Women, and many others...
Reading gives you enjoyment throughout your life.[7]
Bush has also credited her second grade teacher, Charlene Gnagy, for inspiring her interest in education.[8]
She attended James Bowie Elementary School, San Jacinto Junior High School, and Robert E. Lee High School
in Midland.[9] She graduated from Lee in 1964[10] and
went on to attend Southern Methodist University in Dallas
where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta.[11] She
graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in
education.
On the night of November 6, 1963, Laura Welch ran a
stop sign and struck another car, resulting in the death
of its driver.[12][13] The victim was her close friend and
classmate Michael Dutton Douglas. By some accounts,
Douglas had been Welchs boyfriend at one time.[14]
Welch and her passenger, both 17, were treated for
minor injuries.[15] According to the accident report released by the city of Midland in 2000, in response to
an open-records request, she was not charged in the
incident.[15][16] Bushs spokesman said, It was a very
tragic accident that deeply aected the families and was
very painful for all involved, including the community at
large.[15] In her book Spoken from the Heart, she says
that the accident caused her to lose her faith for many,
many years.[17]
Polled by Gallup as one of the most popular First

Ladies,[1] Laura Bush was involved in both national and
global concerns during her tenure. She continued to advance her trademark interests of education and literacy
by establishing the semi-annual National Book Festival
in 2001 and encouraged education on a worldwide scale.
She also advanced womens causes through The Heart
Truth and Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She represented the United States during her foreign trips, which
tended to focus on HIV/AIDS and malaria awareness. In
May 2010, Bush released her memoir, Spoken from the
Heart, in conjunction with a national tour.[2] Bush is on
the Board of Selectors of Jeerson Awards for Public Service.[3]
After graduating from SMU, she began her career as
a second grade school teacher at Longfellow Elementary School in the Dallas Independent School District.[11]
7.1.1 Early life and career
She then taught for three years at John F. Kennedy Elementary School, a Houston Independent School District
Laura Lane Welch was born on November 4, 1946, in school in Houston, until 1972.
Midland, Texas, the only child of Harold Welch (1912
200
7.1. LAURA BUSH

In 1973, Welch attained a Master of Science degree
in Library Science from the University of Texas at
Austin.[11] She was soon employed as a librarian at the
Kashmere Gardens Branch at the Houston Public Library. The following year, she moved back to Austin
and took another job as a librarian in the Austin Independent School District school Dawson Elementary until
1977. She reected on her employment experiences to a
group of children in 2003, saying, I worked as a teacher
and librarian and I learned how important reading is in
school and in life.[7]
7.1.2
Marriage and family
201
Austin, respectively, in 2004. To date, Bush is the only
First Lady to have given birth to twins.
George W. Bush credited his wife with his decision to
stop drinking in 1986.[11][24] She is also credited with
having a stabilizing eect on his private life.[19] According to People magazine reporter Jane Simms Podesta,
She is the steel in his back. She is a civilizing inuence on him. I think she built him, in many ways, into
the person he is today.[19]
Several times a year, Bush and her husband travel to
their sprawling family estate, the Bush compound, better known as Walkers Point. Located in Kennebunkport,
Maine, the compound is where Bush family gatherings
have been held for nearly 100 years.
She met George W. Bush in July 1977 when mutual

friends Joe and Jan O'Neill invited her and Bush to a
backyard barbecue at their home. He proposed to her at 7.1.3
the end of September and they were married on November 5 of that year[18][19] at the First United Methodist
Church in Midland, the same church in which she had
been baptized.[20] Laura bought a tan, two-toned dress o
the rack for the wedding.[21] The couple honeymooned in
Cozumel, Mexico.[18]
First Lady of Texas
Laura Bush with husband Governor George W. (right) and

father-in-law George H. W. (left) at the dedication of the George
Bush Presidential Library, 1997
Bush became the First Lady of Texas when her husband

was elected as the Governor of Texas and served as rst
lady of that state from January 17, 1995, to December
Laura and George W. Bush with their daughters Jenna and
21, 2000.[25] When asked about her interest in politics,
Barbara Bush, Kennebunkport, 1990
she responded, It doesn't drive me.[26]
The year after their marriage, the couple began campaigning for George W. Bushs 1978 Congressional candidacy. According to George Bush, when he asked her to
marry him, she had said, Yes. But only if you promise
me that I'll never have to make a campaign speech.[22]
She soon relented, and gave her rst stump speech for him
in 1978 on the courthouse steps in Muleshoe, Texas.[23]
After narrowly winning the primary, he lost the general
election.[19]
Though during her years in the Governors Mansion, she

did not hold a single formal event,[27] Laura worked for
womens and childrens causes including health, education, and literacy.[25] She implemented four major initiatives: Take Time For Kids, an awareness campaign to
educate parents and caregivers on parenting; family literacy, through cooperation with the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, she urged Texas communities to
establish family literacy programs; Reach Out and Read,
Ready to Read, an early
The Bushes had tried to conceive for three years, but a pediatric reading program; and[25]
childhood
educational
program.
pregnancy did not happen easily. On November 25,
1981, Laura Bush gave birth to fraternal twin daughters, She raised money for public libraries through her estabBarbara and Jenna.[20] The twins were born ve weeks lishment of the Texas Book Festival,[25] and established
early by an emergency Caesarean section, as Laura had the First Ladys Family Literacy Initiative, which encourdeveloped life-threatening pre-eclampsia (toxemia).[19] aged families to read together.[28] Bush further estabThe twins graduated from high school in 2000 and at- lished Rainbow Rooms across the state, in an eort
tended Yale University and the University of Texas at to provide emergency services for neglected or abused
202
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
children.[25] Through this, she promoted the Adopt- Education and children
a-Caseworker Program to provide support for Child
Protective Services.[25] She used her position to advocate Alzheimers disease and breast cancer awareness as
well.[25]
Her husband announced his campaign for President of the
United States in mid-1999, something that she agreed to.
She did say, however, that she had never dreamed that he
would run for oce.[26] In July, she delivered a keynote
address to the delegates at the 2000 Republican National
Convention, which put her on the national stage.[22][29]
In December 2000, her husband resigned as Governor of
Texas to prepare for his inauguration as President of the
United States in January 2001.
Romanian children greet President and Mrs. Bush upon their
landing in Bucharest, 2002
7.1.4
First Lady of the United States
The First Lady shares a laugh with fth graders in Des Moines,
Iowa, 2005
Early into the administration, Bush made it known that

she would focus much of her attention on education. This
included recruiting highly qualied teachers to ensure
that young children would be taught well.[31] She also focused on early child development.[31] In 2001, to promote
reading and education, she partnered with the Library of
Congress to launch the annual National Book Festival.
In January 2002, Bush testied before the Senate Committee on Education, asking for higher teachers salaries
and better training for Head Start programs. She is also
credited with creating a national initiative called Ready
to Read, Ready to Learn, which promotes reading at a
young age. To promote American patriotic heritage in
schools, she helped launch the National Anthem Project.
In 2006, Bush and media executives worked together to
provide a $500,000 grant for school libraries along the
Gulf Coast which had been devastated by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.[8]
Ocial portrait of Laura Bush
As First Lady, Bush was involved in issues of concern to children and women, both nationally and
internationally.[30] Her major initiatives included education and womens health.[30]
Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks,

Bush spoke regarding Americas children:
[W]e need to reassure our children that
they are safe in their homes and schools. We
need to reassure them that many people love
7.1. LAURA BUSH

them and care for them, and that while there
are some bad people in the world, there are
many more good people.[32]
203
Womens health
Another of her signature issues were those relating to the

health and well being of women. She established the
Womens Health and Wellness Initiative and became inThe following day, she composed open letters to Amer- volved with two major campaigns.
icas families, focusing on elementary and middle school Bush rst became involved with The Heart Truth awarestudents, which she distributed through state education ness campaign in 2003.[45] It is an organization estabocials.[33][34] She took an interest in mitigating the emo- lished by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to
tional eects of the attacks on children, particularly the raise awareness about heart disease in women, and how to
disturbing images repeatedly replayed on television.[35] prevent the condition.[46] She serves in the honorary posiOn the one-year anniversary, she encouraged parents to tion of ambassador for the program[45] leading the federal
instead read to their children, and perhaps light a can- governments eort to give women a wake up call about
dle in memoriam, saying, Don't let your children see the the risk of heart disease.[45] She commented on the disimages, especially on September 11, when you know it'll ease: Like many women, I assumed heart disease was
probably be on television again and again the plane hit- a mans disease and cancer was what we would fear the
ting the building or the buildings falling.[35]
most. Yet heart disease kills more women in our counLater in her tenure, she was honored by the United Na- try than all forms of cancer combined. When it comes
prevention, and even a little
tions, as the body named her honorary ambassador for the to heart disease, education,
[45]
red
dress
can
save
lives.
She has undertaken a signaUnited Nations Decade of Literacy. In this position, she
ture
personal
element
of
traveling
around the country and
announced that she would host a Conference on Global
talking
to
women
at
hospital
and
community
events fea[36]
Literacy. The conference, held in September 2006, enturing
the
experiences
of
women
who
live,
or
had lived,
couraged a constant eort to promote literacy and high[45]
with
the
condition.
This
outreach
was
credited
with
[37]
lighted many successful literacy programs.
She coorsaving
the
life
of
one
woman
who
went
to
the
hospital
dinated this as a result of her many trips abroad where
[45]
she witnessed how literacy beneted children in poorer after experiencing symptoms of a heart attack.
nations.[37]
Bush co-authored a childrens book with her daughter,
Jenna, called Read All About It!. It was published on April
23, 2008.[38]
On July 28, 2008 she had visited Carl Sandburg Home
National Historic Site in Flat Rock, North Carolina where
she met with superintendent Connie Backlund and the
Friends of Carl Sandburg Homes President Linda Holt
as well as various students from Boys and Girls Club of
Henderson County, North Carolina.[39]
On October 3, 2008 she visited Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home and Museum where she praised her works
such as Farmer Boy, These Happy Golden Years and The
Little House on the Prairie, the last of which she had felt
an association with as a child. During the same Laura Ingalls Wilders estate visit, she said that she read her books
to her daughters and gave the writer Save Americas Treasures grant.[40]
On July 25, 2012 she spoke at the Luisa Hunnewell's estate where she praised Edith Wharton's works, in particular Ethan Frome on her 150th anniversary.[41] She
also said that prior to this speech she also visited houses
of Mark Twain[42] at his 166th anniversary on November 29, 2001 and was a guest of the show Mark Twain
Tonight.[43] Ten years prior to the Luisa Hunnewells estate visit she also visited Louisa May Alcott's Orchard
House in Concord, Massachusetts at which she met
with the National Trust for Historic Preservation's President and listened to Concord-Carlisle High School's
chorus.[44]
Bush meets with women in the Pink Majilis in Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates to discuss cures for breast cancer in the Middle
East, October 22, 2007
With her predecessor, former First Lady Nancy Reagan, Bush dedicated the First Ladies Red Dress Collection at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing
Arts in May 2005. It is an exhibit containing red suits
worn by former First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Betty
Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush,
Hillary Clinton, and Laura Bush meant to raise awareness
by highlighting Americas rst ladies.[47] She has participated in fashion shows displaying red dresses worn on
celebrities as well.[48]
Bushs mother, Jenna Welch, was diagnosed with breast
cancer at the age of 78. She endured surgery and currently has no further signs of cancer. Laura Bush has become a breast cancer activist on her mothers behalf[49]
204
through her involvement in the Susan G. Komen for the
Cure. She applauded the foundations eorts in eliminating cancer and said, A few short years ago, a diagnosis
of breast cancer left little hope of recovery. But thanks to
the work of the Komen Foundation... more women and
men are beating breast cancer and beating the odds.[49]
She used her position to gain international support for
the foundation through the Partnership for Breast Cancer
Awareness and Research of the Americas, an initiative
that unites experts from the United States, Brazil, Costa
Rica and Mexico.[50]
In November 2001, she became the rst person other
than a president to deliver the weekly presidential radio
address. She used the opportunity to discuss the plight
of women in Afghanistan during the U.S. invasion of
Afghanistan, saying, The brutal oppression of women is
a central goal of the terrorists.[51] In May 2002, she made
a speech to the people of Afghanistan through Radio Liberty, a radio station in Prague, Czech Republic.
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Laura Bushs approval ratings have consistently ranked
very high.[54] In January 2006, a USA Today/CBS/Gallup
poll recorded her approval rating at 82 percent and disapproval at 13 percent.[1][55][56] That places Bush as one
of the most popular rst ladies.[1] Former White House
Press Secretary Ari Fleischer said, She is more popular, and more welcome, in many parts of the country than
the president... In races where the moderates are in the
most trouble, Laura Bush is the one who can do the most
good.[55]
She disagreed with Fox News' Chris Wallace in 2006
when Wallace asked why the American people were beginning to lose condence in President Bush, saying,
Well, I don't think they are. And I don't really believe
those polls. I travel around the country, I see people, I
see their response to my husband, I see their response to
me. There are a lot of dicult challenges right now in the
United States... All of those decisions that the President
has to make surrounding each one of these very dicult
challenges are hard. They're hard decisions to make. And
of course some people are unhappy about what some of
those decisions are. But I think people know that he is
doing what he thinks is right for the United States, that
hes doing what he especially in the war on terror, what
he thinks he is obligated to do for the people in the United
States, and that is to protect them... When his polls were
really high they weren't on the front page.[57]
Laura W. Bush Institute for Womens Health In

August 2007, the Laura W. Bush Institute for Womens
Health (LWBIWH) was founded at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. This institute aims to integrate research, education and community outreach in
a multidisciplinary approach to womens health and has
begun eorts to establish a multi-campus womens health During the January 2005 second inauguration ceremonies
institute in Amarillo, El Paso, Lubbock and the Permian for her husband, Laura Bush was looked highly upon
Basin.[52]
by People magazine, The Washington Post, and others
for
her elegance and fashion sense.[58] At the inauguraA subsidiary of the center, the Jenna Welch Womens
Center, opened in Midland, Texas, on August 10, 2010, tion she wore a winter white cashmere dress and match[59]
Following
to deliver expert medical care to women and their fami- ing coat designed by Oscar de la Renta.
lies. Operating in partnership with the Laura Bush Insti- the inauguration were the inaugural galas, to which Bush
tute, the Jenna Welch Center, named for Bushs mother, wore a pale, aqua lace gown, sprinkled with crystals,
[59]
strives for excellence in research, education and commu- with long sleeves in a silver blue mist. The tulle gown
was also designed for her by de la Renta. According to
nity outreach.[53]
The Washington Post, "[I]t made her look radiant and
glamorous.[59]
Popularity and style
Foreign trips
During her husbands second term, Bush was more involved in foreign matters. She traveled to numerous countries as a representative of the United States.
Lauras husband, President George W. Bush, is sworn into a second term on January 20, 2005 by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, as Laura Bush and daughters Barbara and Jenna look on.
As First Lady, she took ve goodwill trips to Africa.[60]

The purpose of these has mostly been to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and malaria, but Bush has also
stressed the need for education and greater opportunities for women.[61] She has taken many other trips to
other countries to promote and gain support for President
Bushs Emergency Plan for AIDS relief;[62] these countries include Zambia (2007),[63] Mozambique (2007),[64]
Mali (2007),[65] Senegal (2007),[66] and Haiti (2008).[62]
In mid-2007, she took a trip to Burma where she spoke
out in support of the pro-democracy movement, and
7.1. LAURA BUSH
205
Bush responded to a question during a 2006 interview
concerning the Federal Marriage Amendment by calling
for elected leaders not to politicize same-sex marriage, I
don't think it should be used as a campaign tool, obviously. It requires a lot of sensitivity to just talk about the
issue... a lot of sensitivity.[70]
Laura Bush talks with Raphael Lungo of Zambia as a part of

her 2007 African trip
Laura Bush with her husband and several other dignitaries from
around the world at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
urged Burmese soldiers and militias to refrain from

violence.[67] Later that October, she ventured to the Middle East. Bush said she was in the region in an attempt
to improve Americas image by highlighting concern for
womens health, specically promoting her breast cancer
awareness work with the US-Middle East Partnership for
Breast Cancer Awareness and Research.[67][68] She dened the trip as successful, saying that stereotypes were
broken on both sides.[67]
On July 12, 2005, while in South Africa, Bush suggested her husband replace retiring Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor with another woman. On October 2, during a private dinner at the White House with
his wife, President Bush nominated Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor.[71] Later that month, after Miers had
faced intense criticism, Laura Bush questioned whether
the charges were sexist in nature.[72]
On May 11, 2010, during an interview on Larry King
Live, Bush was asked about same-sex marriage. She said
she views it as a generational issue and said she believes
it will be made legal in the future. Bush oered support
for the issue by saying, "...when couples are committed
to each other and love each other...they ought to have the
same sort of rights that everyone has. Bush referred to
her 2000 interview, rearming her support for Roe v.
Wade, I think its important that [abortion] remain legal.
Because I think its important for people that for medical reasons and, and other reasons.[73] On February 22,
2013, without her consent, she was included in a pro-gay
advertisement from the Respect of Marriage Coalition. A
statement from Bushs spokesperson states that Bush did
not approve of her inclusion in this advertisement nor is
she associated with the group that made the ad in any way.
When she became aware of the advertisement last night,
we requested that the group remove her from it.[74]
On April 18, 2014 Laura Bush spoke to The Inquisitr
regarding income inequality where she said next regarding Michelle Obama's income: I want to make sure that
when shes working shes getting paid the same as men. I
gotta say that First Ladies right now dont [get paid], even
though thats a tough job!"[75]
On April 26, 2014 she gave a speech at the Ericsson Center in Plano, Texas where she spoke on behalf of the companys mentoring program for girls.[76]
On May 9, 2014 she is scheduled to speak at the Boston

Convention and Exhibition Center at the anniversary of
the Boston Marathon bombings. She will arrive there
Bush is a Republican and has identied herself with the with her daughter Barbara Pierce Bush, her husband,
George W. Bush and Soledad OBrien, a journalist.[77]
GOP since her marriage.
Views on policy
When asked about abortion in 2000, Bush said she did

not believe Roe v. Wade should be overturned. She
did not comment on whether women had the right to an
abortion.[69] She did say, however, that the country should
do what we can to limit the number of abortions, to
try to reduce the number of abortions in a lot of ways,
and that is, by talking about responsibility with girls and
boys, by teaching abstinence, having abstinence classes
everywhere in schools and in churches and in Sunday
school".[69]
7.1.5 Libraries
Bush created the Laura Bush Foundation for Americas
Libraries to support the education of our nations children by providing funds to update, extend, and diversify the book and print collections of Americas school
libraries.[78] Every year, the Laura Bush Foundations
grants awards more than $1,000,000 to US schools. The
206
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
dren around the world, from the Kuwait-American Foundation in March 2006.[83] She accepted The NicholsChancellors Medal on behalf of disaster relief workers
around the world in May 2006 from Vanderbilt University.
Laura Bush and Barbara Bush at the LBJ Presidential Library

in 2012
Four learning facilities have been named for her: the

Laura Welch Bush Elementary School in Houston,
Texas,[84] the Laura W. Bush Elementary School in the
Leander ISD just outside Austin, Texas,[85] and the Laura
Bush Education Center at Camp Bondsteel, a U.S. military base in Kosovo and the Laura Bush Middle School in
Lubbock, Texas.[86] She was awarded the 2008 Christian
Freedom International Freedom Award.[87]
In 2012, Bushalong with Hector Ruiz, Charles
Matthews, Melinda Perrin, Julius Glickman and Admiral William H. McRaven, the Navy Seal who oversaw
the raid that killed Osama bin Ladenwas named a
Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Texas at
Austin.[88][89]
Laura Bush 21st Century Library Program grant, oered

by the Institute of Museum and Library Services, provides funding for the recruitment and education of library students and continuing education for those already
in the profession, as well as the development of new pro- She is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Oliver Stone's lm
grams and curricula.[79]
W.[90]
7.1.6
Awards and honors
Curtis Sittenfeld's bestseller novel American Wife is based

on much of Laura Bushs life.[91]
7.1.7 References
[1] Jones, Jeery M (February 9, 2006). Laura Bush Approval Ratings Among Best for First Ladies. Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
[2] Kakutani, Michiko (April 28, 2010). Laura Bush, a
Lonely Texas Girl Far From Home. The New York Times.
[3] Jeerson Awards
Bush is awarded the Living Legend Medallion from James H.
Billington, the Librarian of Congress, for her work in support of
the National Book Festival, September 2008.
During her tenure as the First Lady, Laura Bush received a number of awards and honors. In October 2002,
the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity honored her
in recognition of her eorts on behalf of education[80]
and the American Library Association honored her for
her years of support to Americas libraries and librarians in April 2005.[81] The Progressive Librarians Guild
opposed her being honored, because of her support of
the USA PATRIOT Act, her cancellation of a poetry forum due to concern that some of the poets would express
opposition to the war in Iraq, and the Guilds opposition to policies and spending priorities of her husbands
administration.[82]
She received an award in honor of her dedication to
help improve the living conditions and education of chil-
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7.1. LAURA BUSH
[73] Laura Bush For Gay Marriage & Pro-Choice!

YouTube
209
on
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[90] W. (2008) IMDb
[91] Curtis Sittenfelds American Wife Provides Fictionalized
Portrait of Laura Bush. The Hungton Post. July 7,
2008. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
7.1.8 Further reading

Felix, Antonia. Laura: Americas First Lady, First
Mother. The rst biography on Laura Bush. ISBN
1-58062-659-9
Gerhart, Ann. The Perfect Wife: The Life and
Choices of Laura Bush. A biography. ISBN 0-74324383-8
Gormley, Beatrice. Laura Bush: Americas First
Lady. A biography. ISBN 0-689-85366-1
[79] Institute of Museum and Library Services. Archived

from the original on March 14, 2014.
Kelley, Kitty. The Family: The Real Story of the

Bush Dynasty. ISBN 0-385-50324-5
[80] Laura Bush Honored at the Elie Wiesel Foundation for

Humanity Award Dinner. The Elie Wiesel Foundation
for Humanity. October 8, 2002. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
Kessler, Ronald. Laura Bush: An Intimate Portrait

of the First Lady. A biography. ISBN 0-385-516215
[81] Murphy, Bernadette (April 12, 2005). ALA honors Mrs.

Laura Bush for service to libraries. ALA Washington
Oce. Archived from the original on November 29,
Montgomery, Leslie. Were It Not For Grace: Stories

From Women After Gods Own Heart; Featuring
Condoleezza Rice, First Lady Laura Bush, Beth
Moore & Others. Laura Bush shares her story
about how God has had his hand on her life. ISBN
0-8054-3178-0
[82] Progressive Librarians Guild Opposes ALA Award to

Laura Bush. Progressive Librarians Guild. April 27,
2005. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013.
[83] Craighead, Shealah (March 8, 2005). News & Policies >
March 2006 Images. The White House. Archived from
the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved December 13,
2006.
[84] Laura Welch Bush Elementary. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
[85] Laura Welch Bush Elementary School. Archived from
the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved December
18, 2006.
[86] Camp Bondsteel. GlobalSecurity.com. October 20,
2006. Archived from the original on November 21, 2001.
[87] First Lady Laura Bush Receives the 2008 Christian Freedom International Freedom Award. Christian Freedom
International. Archived from the original on December 8,
[88] Ralph K.M. Haurwitz (May 8, 2012). Texas Exes name
6 distinguished alumni. Archived from the original on
November 1, 2013.

Laura Bush
First Lady biography at Whitehouse.gov
The book on Laura Bush by Dennis B. Roddy,
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
A Laura Bush we don't know by Eugene Robinson,
San Francisco Chronicle
Laura Bush at the Internet Movie Database
Appearances on C-SPAN
Laura Bush at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Inuence &
Image
Jessie Hawkins and Jenna Welch Grandmother and
Mother of Laura Bush Borderlands EPCC
210
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
7.2 Jenna Hager

Henry Hager redirects here. For the Pennsylvania state
senator, see Henry G. Hager.
Jenna Welch Bush Hager[1] (born Jenna Welch Bush,
November 25, 1981)[2] is the younger of the fraternal
twin daughters of the 43rd U.S. President George W.
Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush, and a granddaughter of the 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush
and former First Lady Barbara Bush. She and her sister
Barbara were the rst twin children of a U.S. president.
Hager is an author, an editor-at-large for Southern Living Jenna Bush (second from right) witnesses her father taking the
magazine, a special correspondent for NBC's Today Show oath on Inauguration Day on January 20, 2005
and a contributor to NBC Nightly News.[3]
7.2.1
Early life and education
7.2.2 2004 U.S. presidential election
She had asked her father not to run for president in 2000:
Oh, I just wish you wouldn't run. Its going to change our
life. Her father told her that he and her mother needed
to live their lives.[10] In the winter of 2003, however, she
decided to become involved in the 2004 campaign.[10] In
response to this decision, she made media appearances
during the summer of 2004 prior to the election. She
and her sister made several joint public appearances, including giving a speech to the Republican Convention on
August 31, 2004.[11] She made headlines when she was
found sticking her tongue out to media photographers at
a campaign stop in St. Louis.[12] Hager and Barbara took
turns traveling to swing states with their father and also
gave a seven-page interview and photo shoot in Vogue.[4]
Jenna and Barbara Bush with their parents
The media also extensively covered the campaigning of
John Kerry's daughters Vanessa and Alexandra, making
Hager was named after her maternal grandmother, Jenna the battle of the daughters a human interest element of
Hawkins Welch.[4] She was educated at several primary the campaign.
and secondary schools. In Dallas, Texas, she and her
sister attended Preston Hollow Elementary School and
then The Hockaday School. In 1994, after her father
was elected Governor of Texas and the family moved
to Austin, Texas, Bush was a student at St. Andrews 7.2.3 Career
Episcopal School, and attended Austin High School from
1996 until her graduation in 2000.[5]
Teaching
She attended the University of Texas at Austin and took
summer classes at New York University. She was a
legacy member of Kappa Alpha Theta, her mothers
sorority. While there, Jenna and her sister Barbara
made national headlines when they were both arrested
for alcohol-related charges twice within 5 weeks: on
April 29, 2001, Jenna was charged with a misdemeanor
for possession of alcohol under the age 21 in Austin.
On May 29, 2001, Jenna was charged with another
misdemeanorattempting to use a fake ID (with the
name Barbara Pierce, her paternal grandmothers maiden
name) to purchase alcohol. She pleaded no contest to
both charges.[6][7][8][9] Jenna Bush graduated from UT
Austin with a degree in English in 2004.
Before leaving Washington, D.C. in Summer 2006, Hager

worked at Elsie Whitlow Stokes Community Freedom
Public Charter School for a year and a half as a teachers
aide.[13] She took a leave of absence from the Charter
School teaching position to work at a shelter as part of an
internship for UNICEF's Educational Policy Department
in Latin America, specically in Panama.[14][15] After her
internship for UNICEF, Hager returned to her position at
the charter school in Washington, D.C.[16] She currently
works as a part-time reading coordinator at the SEED
Public Charter School in Baltimore, Maryland, and contributes a monthly news story about education for the
Today show.[17]
7.2. JENNA HAGER
Jenna Hager (left), with her mother, her twin sister, and Elmo,
at the Sesame Workshop Fifth Annual Benet Dinner
211
Barbara Bush (left), Laura Bush, newlyweds Henry and Jenna

Hager, and George W. Bush shortly after the wedding ceremony
on May 10, 2008, at the Prairie Chapel Ranch near Crawford,
Texas.
Writing
7.2.4 Personal life

In 2007, Hager began marketing a book proposal with
the assistance of Robert B. Barnett, a Washington
attorney.[18] The title of the book is Anas Story: A Journey of Hope and it chronicles her experiences working with UNICEF sponsored charities in Latin America, including visits to drought stricken Paraguay in 2006,
while working as an intern for United Nations Childrens
Fund.[14][19][20][21] HarperCollins announced in March
2007 it would publish the book and it was released
September 28, 2007, with an initial printing of 500,000
copies.[22] Her share of the prots will go to UNICEF;
the remainder will go to the woman whose life is the
basis of the book, assisting in the young womans continuing education.[23] During the book tour, Hager appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show; during the interview Hager telephoned her parents.[24][25] Hager wrote a
second book, in conjunction with her mother, which is
designed to encourage children to read.[26] The book, entitled Read All About It!, was published on April 22, 2008,
also by HarperCollins.[26]
After meeting during her fathers 2004 presidential campaign, Bush and Henry Hager became engaged in August
2007. Before proposing, Hager asked President Bush for
permission to marry his daughter.[29][30][31][32][33] Their
relationship became public when the two appeared together at a White House dinner for The Prince of Wales
and The Duchess of Cornwall in November 2005. Henry
Hager attended St. Christophers School in Richmond,
Virginia, and holds an MBA from the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University
of Virginia. He worked as a U.S. Department of Commerce aide for Carlos Gutierrez and as a White House
aide for Karl Rove.[34] He is the son of former Virginia
Republican Party Chairman John H. Hager, who previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and as
the U.S. Department of Education Assistant Secretary
under George W. Bush.[35] The wedding took place during a private ceremony on May 10, 2008, at her parents
Prairie Chapel Ranch near Crawford, Texas.
On December 12, 2012, Henry and Jenna Hager anOn November 26, 2012, Hager was named editor-at-large
nounced on the The Today Show that they were expecting
[27]
of Southern Living magazine.
their rst child.[36][37][38] Their daughter, Margaret Laura
Mila Hager, was born on April 13, 2013, in New York
City. Mila is named after her grandmothers.[39]
NBC News correspondent
Hager also serves on the board of the Greenwich International Film Festival.[40]
In August 2009, NBC hired Hager as a new correspon7.2.5 Ancestry

dent for the morning television show Today. Her role is
to contribute stories about once a month on issues such as
education.[3] On April 19, 2010, Hager interviewed for- 7.2.6 References
mer President Bill Clinton and discussed Haiti and his
daughter Chelsea's upcoming marriage.[28] She also helps Notes
out with NBC News's Education Nation segments on all
platforms of NBC and lls-in as co-anchor and Orange [1] Jenna Bush Hager. Today. August 31, 2010. Archived
Room anchor on Today. She is also a contributor and a
from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
substitute anchor on NBC Nightly News.
212
[2] Whiteld JM, Charsha DS (July 2004). Neonatal care

at Baylor University Medical Center: you've come a long
way, baby!". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 17 (3): 2514.
PMC 1200659. PMID 16200107.
[3] Bauder, David (August 30, 2009). Former rst daughter
Jenna Bush joins `Today'". Victoria Advocate. Associated
Press. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013.
[4] Wehrman, Jessica (August 30, 2004). Jenna, Barbara to
be seen and heard. Scripps Howard News Service (Seattle
Post-Intelligencer). Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
[5] Schumer, Fran (August 3, 2003). BLACKBOARD:
SCHOOL CHOICE; Where They Send Their Own. The
New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
[6] Bush daughters in Texas. USA Today. May 31, 2001.
[7] Sentence for Bush daughter. BBC News. June 8, 2001.
May 2, 2010.
[8] Walsh, Joan (May 31, 2001). The rst familys alcohol troubles. Salon.com. San Francisco: Salon Media
Group. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
[9] Jenna Bush: Didn't Learn Her Lesson?". The Smoking
Gun. Turner Sports & Entertainment Digital Network.
2001. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010.
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
[17] Harris, Rachel Lee (August 30, 2009). Familiar Face

on Today". The New York Times. Archived from the
original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
[18] Paul Bedard (January 19, 2007). Washington Whispers.
U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on
[19] Maul, Kimberly (September 30, 2007). First Daughter
Jenna Bush Promotes New Book. Fox News. Associated
Press. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
[20] Kelly, Keith (January 20, 2007). 1st Book For First
Daughter. New York Post. Archived from the original
on December 22, 2008.
[21] Johnson, M.L. (September 11, 2007). Jenna Bush Does
Well With Kid Book. Associated Press. Archived from
the original on January 21, 2008. Retrieved September
12, 2007.
[22] Minzesheimer, Bob (March 6, 2007). Jenna Bush embarks on book 'Journey'". USA Today.
[23] Thompson, Bob (September 30, 2007). Jenna Bush
talks about book, rumors Interview covers war, wedding.
Washington Post.
[24] Jenna Bush Rings Up Dad on Ellen Talk Show. Breitbart TV. December 5, 2007. Archived from the original
on May 13, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
[25] Ellen has guest Jenna Bush call dad. United Press International. December 5, 2007. Archived from the original
on December 28, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
[10] All In The Family. Newsweek. November 15, 2004.

Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved
August 30, 2009.
[26] Jenna Bush dishes on her May 10 wedding--She tells

Vogue magazine about her gown, the location. MSNBC.
April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on April 19,
[11] Remarks by Barbara Bush & Jenna Bush to the 2004

Republican National Convention. The Washington Post.
August 31, 2004. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
[27] Puente, Maria (November 26, 2012). Jenna Bush Hager

gets 'Southern Living' job. USA Today. Retrieved
November 27, 2012.
[12] Alberts, Sheldon (August 16, 2007). Hard-partying presidential daughter Jenna on the bridal path. Canada.com.
August 18, 2007.
[28] Jenna Bush Hager Takes On Bill Clinton. Real Clear

Politics. April 19, 2010. Archived from the original on
[13] Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (July 3, 2006).

First Twin Jenna Bush may leave D.C. social scene. The
Washington Post. Archived from the original on October
12, 2012.
[14] Getlin, Josh (March 6, 2007). Jenna Bush to pen book
on single mother with HIV. Los Angeles Times. Archived
from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved March 7,
2007.
[15] Brunskill, Mary K. (March 6, 2007). HarperCollins Announces Publication Of Jenna Bushs Book For Teens.
All Headline News. Archived from the original on
September 11, 2012.
[16] Hollandsworth, Skip (November 1, 2007). Girl Gone
Mild. Texas Monthly.
[29] Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (August 17, 2007).

Jenna and Henry: Now They're Really, Really Ocial.
Washington Post. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
[30] Bazinet, Kenneth (August 17, 2007). Jenna gonna wed
ex-Rove intern. New York Daily News. Archived from
the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved August 17,
2007.
[31] White House Wedding in the Works?". ABC News. August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
[32] First Daughter, Fiance Look To Wed May 10. KXAN.
[33] Jenna Bush is engaged to be married. The Washington
Post (The Kansas City Star). August 16, 2007. Archived
from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August
17, 2007.
7.3. BARBARA PIERCE BUSH
[34] MCT (August 20, 2007). First daughter Jenna Bush

announces engagement to longtime boyfriend. The BG
News. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012.
213
7.3.1 Early life
[35] Jenna Bush engaged to be married. New York Daily

News. Associated Press. August 16, 2007. Archived
from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
[36] Duerson, Meena (December 12, 2012). Jenna Bush
Hager: 'I'm pregnant!'". The Today Show. Archived from
the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved December 12,
2012.
[37] Jenna Bush pregnant: conrmed on Today". New York
Post. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
[38] Nathan, Sara (December 12, 2012). My grandkid can
call me Sir! Former president George W Bush and his
wife Laura are thrilled as their little 'popsicle' Jenna Bush
Hager conrms shes pregnant. London Daily Mail.
Archived from the original on November 15, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
[39] AP (April 14, 2013). George W. Bush becomes a
grandpa. USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
[40] Heins, Barbara (20 April 2014). Actors Michael Imperioli, Deborah Royce Join Greenwich International Film
Festival Board. Greenwich Patch.
Bibliography
Jenna and Barbara Bush with their parents George W. Bush and
Laura Bush
Barbara Pierce Bush was born at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas.[1] When the family lived in
the Preston Hollow section of Dallas, she and her twin sister, Jenna, attended Preston Hollow Elementary School;
Laura Bush served on Preston Hollows Parent Teachers
Association at that time.[2] Later, Barbara and Jenna attended The Hockaday School in Dallas. When her father
became Governor of Texas in 1994, Barbara attended St.
Andrews Episcopal School in Austin, Texas. She began
attending Austin High School in 1996, graduating with
the class of 2000.[3]
Bush, Jenna (2007). Anas StoryA Journey of Hope.

Bush attended Yale University and lives in the Greenwich
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-137908-5
Village neighborhood of New York City.[4]
Bush, Laura, Jenna Bush, & Denise Brunkus (illustrator) (2008). Read All About It!. HarperCollins.
ISBN 0-06-156075-8
7.3.2
7.2.7
External links
Jenna Bush at the Internet Movie Database

The NOVO Project
TODAY Show Prole of Jenna Bush Hager
7.3 Barbara Pierce Bush
Career
She worked for the CooperHewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, a subsidiary of the Smithsonian Institution.[5][6] Previously, she had been working with AIDS
patients in Africa, in Tanzania, South Africa, and
Botswana, among other places, through a program sponsored by the Houston-based Baylor College of Medicine's
International Pediatrics AIDS Initiative[7][8][9][10]
Global Health Corps
This article is about the daughter of George W. Bush. She is the Co-founder and President of a public healthFor her namesake grandmother, mother of George W. focused non-prot, Global Health Corps.[11] Global
Bush and wife of George H.W. Bush, see Barbara Bush. Health Corps provides opportunities for young professionals from diverse backgrounds to work on the front
Barbara Pierce Bush (born November 25, 1981) is the lines of the ght for global health equity.[12] In 2009,
elder of the fraternal twin daughters (the other is Jenna Global Health Corps won a prestigious Draper Richards
Bush Hager) of the 43rd U.S. President George W. Bush Foundation Fellowship.[13] Bush was also chosen as one
and former First Lady Laura Bush. She is also a grand- of the 14 speakers selected from an applicant pool of
daughter of the 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush, 1,500 to speak at the TEDx Brooklyn event in Decemand his wife Barbara Bush, after whom she was named. ber 2010, where she spoke about Global Health Corps.
214
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
[4] Secure location. New York Post Online Edition. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on January 21,
[5] Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (July 3, 2006).
First Twin Jenna Bush may leave D.C. social scene. The
Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 5,
[6] Minzesheimer, Bob (March 6, 2007). Jenna Bush embarks on book 'Journey'". USA Today. Retrieved March
7, 2007.
Barbara Bush (second left) at the Vatican with Pope Benedict

XVI
7.3.3
Political activity
[7] Dana Milbank (May 24, 2004). Telephoto Finish: The

Bush Twins Graduate From College, and Private Life.
The Washington Post. p. C01. Retrieved January 24,
2007.
[8] Jennifer Loven (July 14, 2005). Bush twins not deterred
by shutterbugs. Independent Online (Pty) Ltd. IOL. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
In 2011, Bush released a video with the Human Rights

Campaign, the nations largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
[9] John Donnelly (July 6, 2005). Bush daughter is said to
transgender (LGBT) civil rights organization, calling on
volunteer in S. Africa. The Boston Globe. Archived from
New York State to legalize same-sex marriage.[14][15] "'I
the original on January 16, 2006. Retrieved January 24,
am Barbara Bush, and I am a New Yorker for mar2007.
riage equality,' she says in the brief message, sponsored
by an advocacy group. 'New York is about fairness [10] Bushs Daughter to Intern for Baylor College of
Medicines International Pediatric AIDS Initiative Clinics
and equality. And everyone should have the right to
[15]
in Africa. Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. May 25, 2004.
marry the person that they love.'"
Bush joined other
Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Rechildren of prominent Republican politiciansincluding
Meghan McCain and Mary Cheneyin endorsing gay
marriage.[15]
[11] In The Know. The Hill. November 27, 2013. Archived
from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved December
Barbaras graduation from Yale in May 2004 was given
4, 2013.
heavy media coverage. She and Jenna made several
media appearances that summer prior to the 2004 U.S.
[12] Mission & Vision. Global Health Corps. Archived from
Presidential election, including giving a speech to the
the original on December 2, 2012. Retrieved July 23,
Republican Convention on August 31.[16] The two took
2013.
turns traveling to swing states with their father and
also gave a seven-page interview and photo shoot in [13] "www.draperrichards.org". Draper Richards Kaplan
Foundation. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Vogue.[17][18] Barbara joined her mother on diplomatic
trips to Liberia in January 2006 to attend the inauguration of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf[19] and to Vatican [14] Barbara Bush for HRCs NYers for Marriage Equality,
HRCMedia on YouTube
City to meet with Pope Benedict XVI in February 2006.
7.3.4
Ancestry
7.3.5
References
Notes
[1] Whiteld, Jonathan M. (July 17, 2004). Neonatal care
at Baylor University Medical Center: You've come a long
way, baby!". Archived from the original on May 23, 2011.
[2] Pulle, Matt (January 11, 2007). Split Decision. Dallas
Observer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011.
[3] Bush used private school option. Associated Press.
April 4, 2000. Archived from the original on August 5,
[15] Barbaro, Michael (January 31, 2011). Bushs Daughter,

in a Break, Endorses Gay Marriage. New York Times.
February 1, 2011.
[16] Remarks by Barbara and Jenna Bush to the 2004 Republican National Convention. The Washington Post. August
[17] Julia Reed (August 2004). Jenna and Barbara Bush: Sister Act ( Scholar search ). Vogue.
[18] The Bush Twins Coming Out Party. CBS News. July
16, 2004. Archived from the original on July 19, 2004.
[19] Sandra Baker (December 9, 2011). Three companies
honored as top workplaces for women in Fort Worth.
Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on
May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
7.4. JEB BUSH
7.3.6
215
External links
as part of Phillips Academys student exchange program.

While in Mexico, he met his future wife, Columba Gar at Global Health Corps
nica Gallo.[15] Bush, who had largely avoided criticizing
or supporting the Vietnam War, registered for the draft
after his graduation from high school in 1971, but was
[14]
Barbara Pierce Bush at the Internet Movie Database not selected as the war winded down.
In 1973, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the
University of Texas at Austin with a B.A. in Latin American Studies. He completed his coursework in two and a
7.4 Jeb Bush
half years.[16] He is uent in Spanish.[17]
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) served
as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He
7.4.2 Early career
is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush
and former First Lady Barbara Bush, and is the younger
Business experience
brother of former President George W. Bush. Jeb Bush
is the only Republican to serve two full four-year terms
Bush went to work in an entry-level position in the interas Governor of Florida.
national division of Texas Commerce Bank, which was
Bush grew up in Houston, Texas. He graduated from founded by the family of James Baker.[18] In November
Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and then at- 1977, he was sent to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas
tended the University of Texas, where he earned a degree to open a new operation for the bank, where he served as
in Latin American aairs. Following his fathers success- branch manager and vice president.[19]
ful run for Vice President in 1980, he moved to Florida.
Bush returned to the United States to work without salary
In 1986, Bush was named Floridas Secretary of Comon his fathers campaign for the Republican presidential
merce, a position he held until resigning in 1988 to help
nomination in 1980, explaining:
his fathers successful campaign for the Presidency.
In 1994, Bush made his rst run for oce, narrowly losI wasn't motivated for politics, I wasn't moing the election for governor by less than two percentage
tivated because of ideology or anything. My
points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles. Bush ran again
dads the greatest man I've ever met or will
in 1998 and beat Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay
meet; I can predict that fairly condently. It
with 55 percent of the vote. He ran for reelection in
was payback time, simple as that.[20]
2002, and won with 56 percent, to become Floridas rst
two-term Republican Governor.[1] During his eight years
as governor, Bush was credited with initiating improve- Business and lobbying experience in Miami
ments in the environment, as well as reforming the education system.[2][3] He was also responsible for ending the Following the 1980 presidential election, Bush and his
Florida high speed rail initiative.[4]
family moved to Miami-Dade County, Florida. He took
Bush has frequently been mentioned as a possible can- a job in real estate with Armando Codina, a 32-year-old
didate for president in 2016.[5][6][7][8] On December 16, Cuban immigrant and self-made American millionaire.
2014, Bush announced his intention to explore the possi- Codina had made a fortune in a computer business, and
then formed a new company, The Codina Group, to purbility of running for President.[9]
sue opportunities in real estate.[21] During his time with
the company, Bush focused on nding tenants for commercial developments.[22] In 1983, Jeb Bush explained
7.4.1 Early years
his move from Houston to Miami: On the personal side,
Jeb Bush was born in Midland, Texas. When he was six my mother-in-law and sister-in-law were already living
years old, the family relocated to Houston, Texas.[10] The here, and on the professional side, I want to be very
origin of the name Jeb is his initials; Jeb is a direct pro- wealthy, and I'll be glad to tell you when I've accomnunciation of J.E.B. (John Ellis Bush).[11]
plished that goal.[23]
He initially attended Grady Elementary School in
Houston.[12] Following in the footsteps of his father
and older brother George, Jeb attended high school at
the Massachusetts boarding school Phillips Academy.[13]
Though he received poor grades at rst and occasionally
smoked marijuana, Bush made the honor roll by the end
of his senior year.[14] At the age of 17, he taught English as a second language in Len, Guanajuato, Mexico,
During Bushs years in Miami, he was involved in many

dierent entrepreneurial pursuits, including working for
a mobile phone company, serving on the board of a
Norwegian-owned company that sold re equipment to
the Alaska oil pipeline, becoming a minority owner of
the Jacksonville Jaguars, buying a shoe company that sold
footwear in Panama, and getting involved in a project selling water pumps in Nigeria.[24]
216
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Codina eventually made Bush his partner in a new development business, which quickly became one of South
Floridas leading real estate development rms. As a partner, Bush received 40% of the rms prots.[24]
In 1990, Bush interceded with his father, the president,
to pardon Orlando Bosch, a Cuban exile who had been
convicted of ring a rocket into a Polish ship which was
on passage to Cuba. Bosch was released from prison and
granted residency in the U.S.[25]
Miguel Recarey, who ran International Medical Centres
(IMC), employed Bush as a real estate consultant and paid
him a $75,000 fee for nding the company a new location,
although the move never took place. Bush did, however,
lobby the Reagan administration vigorously and successfully on behalf of Recarey and IMC.[25]
Early campaigns and Florida Secretary of Commerce
Bush got his start in Florida politics as the Chairman
of the Dade County Republican Party.[26] Dade County
played an important role in the 1986 election of Bob Martinez to the Governors oce. In return, Martinez appointed Bush as Floridas Secretary of Commerce.[26] He
served in that role in 1987 and 1988, before resigning
once again to work on his fathers presidential campaign.
In 1989, he served as the campaign manager of Ileana
Ros-Lehtinen, the rst Cuban-American to serve in
Congress.[27] He launched an unsuccessful bid for the
Governors oce in 1994 against incumbent Democratic
Governor Lawton Chiles.[27] Bush ran that year as a conservative, and a notable moment in this campaign was
when Bush was asked what he would do for African
Americans if he gets elected, responding: Its time to
strive for a society where theres equality of opportunity,
not equality of results. So Im going to answer your question by saying: probably nothing.[28][29] Bush lost the
election by only 63,940 votes out of 4,206,076 that were
cast for the major party candidates (2,135,008; 50.8% to
2,071,068; 49.2%). In the same election year, his older
brother, George, was elected Governor of Texas. Following his election loss, Bush joined the board of the
Heritage Foundation and continued to work with Codina
Partners.[22] Alongside T. William Fair, the president of
the Urban Leagues Miami aliate, Bush also helped to
establish Floridas rst charter school.[22]
7.4.3
Governor of Florida (1999-2007)
1998 gubernatorial election

Main article: Florida gubernatorial election, 1998
In 1998, Bush defeated his Democratic opponent, Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay, by over 418,000 votes
(2,191,105; 55.3% to 1,773,054; 44.7%) to become
Governor of Florida. He campaigned as a consensusbuilding pragmatist.[29] Simultaneously, his brother,
An earlier portrait of Governor Jeb Bush.
George W. Bush won a re-election victory for a second

term as Governor of Texas, and the Bush brothers became the rst siblings to govern two states at the same
time since Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller governed
New York and Arkansas from 1967 to 1971.[30]
In the 1998 election, Bush garnered 61 percent of the Hispanic vote and 14 percent of the African American vote,
a surprising showing for a Republican seeking statewide
oce.[31]
Education
Bushs administration was marked by a focus on public education reform. His A+ Plan established tough
standards, required testing of all students, and graded all
Florida schools. From 1998 to 2005, reading scores of
4th grade students in Florida on the National Assessment
of Educational Progress increased 11 points, compared
to 2.5 points nationally.[32]
Bush has been a proponent of school vouchers and charter
schools, especially in areas of the state with failing public
schools, although to date very few schools have received
failing grades from the state. He established the McKay
Scholarship Program which provides vouchers for students with learning disabilities to attend a school of their
choice. He also established the A+ Opportunity Scholarship Program which provided vouchers to students. This
7.4. JEB BUSH
217
program was struck down by the Florida Supreme Court

in 2006.[32]
Bush was responsible for creating the Corporate Income
Tax Credit Scholarship which provides corporations with
tax credits for donations to Scholarship Funding Organizations which must spend 100% of the donations on
scholarships for low income students.[32]
His policies were also driven by a rm refusal to raise
taxes for education, which led Bush to oppose a ballot initiative to amend the Florida Constitution to cap growing
school class sizes. Bush said he had a couple of devious
plans if this thing passes.[33][34] Despite his opposition,
the amendment passed.[35]
In higher education, Bush approved three new medical schools during his tenure and also put forth the
One Florida proposal, an initiative that eectively
ended armative action admissions programs at state
universities.[36] These moves were among the inuencing concerns that led to the faculty of the University Bush at Rookery Bay participating in Earth Day activities in 2004
of Florida to deny Bush an honorary degree, while the
University of Florida Alumni Association made him an
Bush also presided over switching from electric chair (the
honorary alumnus.[37]
only method of executions until 2000, now optional) to
lethal injection, after a botched electrocution of Allen
Lee Davis (rst inmate executed under his administraFiscal
tion and last, to date, electrocuted in Florida). After two
While Governor, Jeb Bush reduced taxes by $19 billion, previous botched executions (Jesse Tafero in 1990 and
reduced the size of state government by 6.6 percent, ve- Pedro Medina in 1997) Governors Martinez and Chiles
[44]
toed $2 billion in new spending, and presided over Florida along with legislature declined to change methods.
receiving the highest possible bond rating.[32]
In May 2006, as part of a $448.7-million line-item veto of
state funding, Bush cut a total of $5.8 million in grants to
public libraries, pilot projects for library homework help
and web-based high-school texts, and funding for a jointuse library in Tampa.[38]
While he is an advocate of capital punishment, Bush suspended all executions in Florida on December 15, 2006,
after the execution of ngel Nieves Daz was seemingly
botched. The execution took 37 minutes to complete, and
required a second injection of the lethal chemicals.[45]
Health policy issues
Environment
Bush signed legislation to restore the Everglades as part of
an $8 billion project in conjunction with the federal government. He also set aside over one million acres of land
for conservation as part of a land purchase program.[32]
Stand-your-ground law
In 2005, Bush signed into law Floridas stand-yourground law,[39][40] which was the rst such state law in
the United States.[41]
Capital punishment
As Governor, Bush proposed and passed into law major reform to the medical liability system. The Florida
Senate, a majority of which were Republican, sided with
the trial lawyers against caps on non-economic damages.
Bush insisted, and called the legislature into ve special
sessions. The contentious debate even included a senior
Bush staer calling for primary opposition to Republicans who disagreed with the Governor on the reforms.
Eventually, the legislature agreed to the caps and Bushs
reforms passed. Bush also passed a massive reform to
Floridas Medicaid system. At the time, this reform was
referred to as the most sweeping reform to Medicaid in
its 45 year history. Also, Florida was the rst state in
the nation to publish hospital outcomes on the Internet,
including cost and information on quality, infections and
complications.[46]
Bush oversaw 21 executions as Governor[42] (more than Bush was involved in the Terri Schiavo case, involving a
Graham, Martinez and Chiles while they were in oce). woman with massive brain damage, who was on a feedBush never agreed to commute any sentence.[43]
ing tube for over 15 years, and whose husband and legal
218
guardian, Michael Schiavo, wished to remove the tube.
This move was opposed by Terri Schiavos parents in
the courts. Bush signed "Terris Law", legislation passed
by the Florida legislature that authorized him, as Governor, to keep Schiavo on life support.[47][48] The law was
ruled unconstitutional by the Florida Supreme Court on
September 23, 2004. That decision was appealed to the
federal courts. On January 24, 2005, the U.S. Supreme
Court declined to hear the case, thus allowing the Florida
courts ruling to stand.[49]
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
the project and the board, and led a high-prole campaign
to repeal the constitutional requirement that mandated the
construction of the high-speed system.[4][53] Voters repealed the constitutional amendment. Many who voted
believed they were supporting the train, though in fact a
yes vote was to approve the repeal.[4]
FDOT spokesperson Nazih Haddah commented that the

rhetoric was inammatory and misleading. It was really
exaggerating tactics that were used to defeat this. The
nancing and the project were sound. It really squandered
Choose Life, a pro-life advocacy group based in Ocala, a great opportunity for this state.[4]
Florida, submitted a specialty license plate application
previously vetoed by Governor Lawton Chiles which
passed both houses and was signed into law by Bush on Parenting Coordinators Bush vetoed a 2004 bill
about court-appointed parenting coordinators because of
June 8, 1999.[50][51]
his concern that the bill would not adequately protect families as they try to resolve their conicts.[54]
International trade
Bush said one of the most important goals of his nal two 2000 Presidential Election recount in Florida
years as Governor was to secure the Free Trade Area of
Bush was governor when his brother George W. Bush won
the Americas (FTAA) Secretariat for Miami.[52]
an intensely fought election recount in Florida to become
President. Jeb Bush recused himself from any ocial role
Vetoes
in the recount.[55]
Florida High Speed Rail In 1995, the Florida state
legislature created the High Speed Rail Authority
(HSRA) and came up with a public-private partnership
model. Government would build the system leveraging
state dollars with federal funds and tax-free bonding. The
private sector was to invest money in the project, help
design and build the network, and be given the franchise
to operate the trainsknown as Design-Build-MaintainOperate (DBOM). Trains would be privately owned, similar to how the airline industry operates in a publicly nanced airport.[53]
The rail system and its planning was estimated to cost $7
$8 billion. The Florida HSRA and the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) reached an agreement
with a consortium that included the Fluor Corporation
and Bombardier Transportation. The consortium agreed
to invest $300 million and utilize the DBOM functionality. The state of Florida would oat state bonds, and
FDOT would commit $70 million annually (increasing
three percent yearly to account for ination) to service the
bonds for the next thirty years. Federal monies would pay
for the interest on the bonds, and the state monies would
satisfy the principal. When the high-speed railroad was
running, operating surpluses would also be applied to the
debt.[4]
2002 gubernatorial election

Main article: Florida gubernatorial election, 2002
Bush defeated Democratic challenger Bill McBride in
2002 with 56% to 43%, a greater margin of victory than
the 1998.
As a supporter of Israel,[56] he won 44 percent of the
states Jewish vote in the 2002 race.[57] Bush also won
the white female vote in the swing-voting battleground
of Central Floridas I-4 corridor.[58] However, he was not
able to replicate the same success with African American voters (like he had earlier in 1998), winning only 8
percent of the African American vote.
7.4.4 Post-governorship
Impact on political party
Nationwide, American conservatives appeared to be positive about Bush, seeing him as committed to upholding core conservative principles.[59] Outside of Florida,
fellow Republican leaders throughout the country have
sought Bushs aid both on and o the campaign trail.
Bushs out-of-state campaign visits include Kentucky,
where Republican challenger Ernie Fletcher appeared
with Bush and won that states governorship in 2003,[60]
ending a 32-year streak of Democratic governors.
The high-speed rail project nearly came to fruition until

Bush became governor in 1999 and ended the project his
second day in oce.[4] State legislators reacted by adding
the project on the 2000 ballot as a constitutional amendment which was ultimately passed by voters. The amendment directed Bush and legislature to start building the Bush has been criticized by some in the Tea Party as not
railroad system by 2003. Bush vetoed funding for both being suciently conservative, as he supports positions on
7.4. JEB BUSH
219
As of 2014, Bush had received more than $2 million
from his work for Tenet, a company that expected to receive $100 million in new earnings in 2014 because of
the Patient Protection and Aordable Care Act (ACA)
and that aggressively encouraged Americans to sign up
for insurance under the program....[68] Bush has reportedly objected to the ACA at company meetings, but has
kept his personal views separate from what is best for
Tenet.[68]
In response to the congressional gridlock that had stalled
the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013, Bush called for passage of immigration reform.[69]
In April 2013, Bush authored a cover story for Newsmax
magazine, arguing that Americas entitlement system
risked collapse unless there was a course correction in
U.S. public policy. Bush touted a six-point plan to restore growth to the economy, including a key plank calling for more legal immigration. A growth agenda is inextricably linked with a welcoming immigration policy,
he wrote.[70]
In April 2014, Bush called illegal immigration an an act
of love, an act of commitment to your family.[71]
Bush in 2013
Bush as NFL commissioner

immigration and Common Core that are unpopular with
In May 2006, Bush was privately approached to besome conservatives.[61]
come the next commissioner of the National Football
Bush publicly criticized the national Republican party for League.[72] This is said to be an interest of his, but it was
its adherence to ideology and partisanship on June 11, unknown whether he would take the position. The for2012. In provocative comments shared with Bloomberg mer commissioner, Paul Tagliabue, announced that his
View, Bush suggested that former Republican Presidents tenure would soon be over and he was searching for reRonald Reagan and George H. W. Bush would have placements. I'm attered, Jeb Bush said May 24, 2006,
had a hard time nding support in the contemporary of the NFLs interest, but I'm Governor of the state
GOP.[62]
of Florida and I intend to be Governor until I leave
which is January 2007. And I'm not going to consider any
other options other than being Governor until I nish.[73]
Roger Goodell eventually became the new NFL commisPolitical interests and business activities
sioner.
From 2004 to 2007, Bush served as a Board Member for
the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB).[63]
Created by Congress, the boards purpose is to estab- Contemplated run for U.S. Senate, 2010
lish policy on reports examining K-12 students academic
progress in Americas public and private schools. Since In 2008, Bush indicated that he was considering running
then Bushs education foundation has advocated for the in the 2010 U.S. Senate race for the seat being vacated
announced that he would retire at
Common Core State Standards Initiative.[64] In October by Mel Martinez, who
[74][75][76][77][78]
But in January 2009,
the
end
of
his
term.
2013, referring to opponents of the standards, Bush said
he
announced
that
he
would
not
run
for the Senate.[79]
that while criticisms and conspiracy theories are easy attention grabbers, he instead wanted to hear their solu- Instead, he supported Marco Rubio for the position.
tions to the problems in American education.[65]
In April 2007, Bush joined Tenet Healthcare's board of
directors.[66] The following August, Bush joined investment bank, Lehman Brothers, as an adviser in its private
equity group.[67] Bush has also served on the board of
InnoVida, Swisher Hygiene, and Rayonier and has served
as an adviser to Barclays.[68]
2012 presidential election

Throughout 2009 and 2010, rumors abounded that Bush
would attempt to win the Republican nomination for the
2012 presidential election; rumors that he strongly denied
from the beginning.[80] In February 2011, after renewed
220
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
calls were made for him to run for president,[81] Bush

was asked whether the door remained closed on a Presidential run. Yes, was his reply.[82] In July 2011, he
reiterated his position that he was not running, although
he was heavily critical of the Obama administration.[83]
That month his son George urged him to join the 2012
primary.[84]
ami), works for a Miami, Florida commercial real estate

rm. In October 2007, the younger son endorsed Rudy
Giuliani for the 2008 Republican Presidential nomination, and supported the eort as chairman of Florida
Young Professionals for Rudy.[96]
In addition to his three children, Jeb Bush has three
grandchildren; one through his eldest son, and two
through his youngest.[97]
2016 presidential election

Bush has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the
2016 presidential election.[85] When publicly asked at the
Marin Speaker Series on February 7, 2013, Bush replied,
We'll make the decision at the proper time at least a
year from now.
At an April 16, 2013, press conference at Blueeld College, Bush said he is not considering a run now, and that
he had not yet started a decision making process.[86] On
October 2, 2014, George W. Bush said he thinks his
brother Jeb wants to be President.[87]
On December 16, 2014, Bush announced on Facebook
that he would be actively exploring[9] a 2016 run to become President of the United States, and at the end of the
year quit several corporate boards.[88]
7.4.5
Family
7.4.6 Religious aliation

In 1995, Bush converted from Episcopalianism to
Catholicism.[98] For many years, he and his wife have
attended the Church of the Epiphany, a Catholic parish
located in Miami. Bush is a Third Degree Knight of
Columbus according to an August 3, 2004, speech his
brother, George W. Bush, made at the 122nd Knights of
Columbus Convention in Dallas, Texas: I'm proud to say
that my family has contributed to your ranks. A few years
ago, Governor Jeb became a Knight. And heyesand
he recently took his Third Degree. I'll see him this weekend. His son is getting married. I'll pass on the word, aim
for the Fourth.[99] In 2004, Jeb Bush (while still governor) was inducted into the Fourth Degree by Gary L.
McLain at a ceremony held Nov. 1. Bush, a member of
Father Hugon Council 3521 in Tallahassee, joined Father
Hugon Assembly.[100]
Bush has said that, during his tenure as Florida governor,

In 1971 in Len, Mexico, where he was teaching although there were some instances of controversy, he
English as part of a foreign exchange program, Bush met tried to act on my faith as best as I could.[101]
Columba Garnica Gallo. They were married on February
23, 1974, in Austin, Texas.[89][90]
They have three children:
George Prescott Bush (born April 24, 1976, in Texas),
went to Gulliver Preparatory School, studied at Rice
University, and earned a Juris Doctor degree from the
University of Texas School of Law. In the 2014 election,
he was elected Commissioner of the Texas General Land
Oce.[91]
Noelle Lucila Bush (born July 26, 1977, in Texas) graduated from Tallahassee Community College in 2000 and
enrolled in Florida State University in 2001. In the
early morning hours of January 29, 2002, Noelle Bush
was arrested for alleged prescription fraud for attempting to obtain Xanax at a Tallahassee pharmacy.[92] On
July 15, 2002, Noelle was arrested at her court-appointed
drug rehab facility, the Center for Drug Free Living, in
Orlando, Florida, after workers found a white, rocklike
substance they said they found in Noelle Bushs shoes.
The substance later tested positive for cocaine, possession
of which, in any amount, is a felony.[93] In 2003 Noelle
undertook a court-ordered drug treatment program,[94]
motivating her mother to be active in substance abuse
programs.[95]
7.4.7 Civic and charitable activities
After losing a 1994 election for Governor of Florida

against Lawton Chiles, Bush pursued policy and charitable interests. He also volunteered time to assist the Miami Childrens Hospital, the United Way of Dade County
and the Dade County Homeless Trust.[102]
Bush currently serves as co-chair of the Barbara Bush
Foundation for Family Literacy.[103] He has also worked
with The James Madison Institute, a free market public policy think tank based in Tallahassee, Florida. He
helped the institute in numerous ways and still has his
think tank working in conjunction with it. In June 2008,
Bushs Foundation for Excellence in Education partnered
with JMI to hold a summit called Excellence in Action:
A National Summit on Education Reform.[104]
In 1996, The Foundation For Floridas Future published

a book that Bush had co-written, Proles in Character (ISBN 0-9650912-0-1), a clear parallel to John F.
Kennedy's 1955 book Proles in Courage. The foundation also published and distributed policy papers, such
as A New Lease on Learning: Floridas First Charter
School, which Bush co-wrote.[105] Bush subsequently
John Ellis Bush, Jr. (born December 13, 1983, in Mi- wrote the foreword to another book, published by the
7.4. JEB BUSH
221
conservative Heritage Foundation and written by Nina [9] A Note from Jeb Bush
Shokraii Rees, School Choice 2000: Whats Happening
[10] Florida Governor Jeb Bush. National Governors Assoin the States (ISBN 0-89195-089-3).
ciation. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Bush co-founded the rst charter school in the State of

Florida: Liberty City Charter School, a grades K-6 el- [11] http://www.biography.com/people/jeb-bush-201294
ementary school.[106] in a Miami neighborhood that, in
1980, was the site of the rst major race riot since the [12] "Long-held values shape Public Life of Jeb Bush. The
Miami Herald. September 22, 2002. Retrieved on OctoCivil Rights era.[107] The schools co-founder, working
ber 15, 2012. Bush attended public Grady Elementary
alongside Bush, was T. Willard Fair, a local black activist
School in Houston for several years[...]"
and head of the Greater Miami Urban League. The Liberty City Charter School was closed in 2008 after falling [13] Jeb Bush gives Andover kids Republic insight.
more than $1 million in debt.[108]
Boston.com. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
In 2000, Bush established the Points of Light program [14] Kranish, Michael (1 February 2015). Jeb Bush shaped
to recognize an exemplary volunteer, organization, or
by troubled Phillips Academy years. Boston Globe. Reperson.[109]
trieved 31 January 2015.
7.4.8
Electoral history
7.4.9
Bibliography
Bush, Jeb; Yablonski, Brian (1996). Proles in

Character. Foundation for Floridas Future. ISBN
978-0965091206.
Bolick, Clint, Bush, Jeb. Immigration Wars: Forging
an American Solution. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2013.
7.4.10
References
[1] February 11, 2009, 8:57 PM (2009-02-11). Jeb Bush

Makes History In Florida. CBS News. Retrieved 201305-29.
[2] Associated, The (2006-12-14). Gov. Jeb Bushs environmental legacy during eight years in oce. Jacksonville.com. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
[15] "http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/
hispanic-consciousness-lends-weight-to-jeb-bush-as-gop-eyes-2016-preside
2013/04/24/ed830402-aa9a-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_
story.html". Style Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
[16] Kelley, Kitty. The Family: The Real Story of the Bush
Dynasty, p. 404 (Doubleday, 2004).
[17] Bush, Jeb (Aug 30, 2012). Entrevista a Jeb Bush. Interview with Jorge Ramos. Noticiero Univision. Noticias
Univision.
[18] Jeb Bush followed the family game plan: Earn your fortune, then run for public oce. A vast network of deals
made it possible.. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 5
May 2014.
[19] Manuel-Roig Franzia (2013-04-24). Hispanic consciousness lends weight to Jeb Bush. The Washington
Post.
[20] Kyle Pendergast (2008-11-19). Where are they now?
Jeb Bush. Houston Chronicle.
[3] Jeb Bush | StateImpact Florida. Stateimpact.npr.org.

[21] Zweigenhaft, Richard and Domho, G. William.

Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, Why it
Matters, p. 149 (Rowman & Littleeld 2006).
[4] McCommons, James (2009). Waiting on a Train. White

River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing
Company. pp. 258259. ISBN 978-1-60358-064-9.
[22] MacGillis, Alec (26 January 2015). Testing Time: Jeb

Bushs Educational Experiment. New Yorker. Retrieved
1 February 2015.
[5] Davis, Lanny. "Two reasons why Democrats should fear

a Jeb Bush 2016 presidential run. FoxNews.com. 201406-20. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
[23] Morley, Jeerson. Dirty Money, Miami New Times

(February 27, 1991).
[6] Blumenthal, Paul. "George W. Bush Says Jeb Bush 2016

Presidential Run Is 'A Toss-Up'. The Hungton Post.
2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
[7] Thomas, Ken. "George P. Bush Says Father Jeb 'Still Assessing' Presidential Bid. Associated Press (via The Huington Post). 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
[8] Robertson, Gary D. "Jeb Bush stumping for Republicans,
weighing run for president. Associated Press (via Portland Press-Herald). 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
[24] Swasy, Alecia and Trigaux, Robert. Make the Money

and Run, St. Petersburg Times (September 20, 1998).
[25] Campbell, Duncan The Bush dynasty and the Cuban
criminals. The Guardian (December 2, 2002). Retrieved
September 9, 2010.
[26] Date, S.V. Jeb, p. 223 (Penguin, 2007).
[27] Adams, David and Simon, Stephanie. Jeb Bush: Party
elder statesman or 2016 candidate?, Reuters (June 25,
2012).
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CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
[28] Aberbach, Joel and Peele, Gillian. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush, p. 189 (Oxford
University Press, 2011).
[29] Listening Jeb Bush. The Economist. 1998-10-15. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
[30] Richard L. Berke (1998-11-19). Bush Brothers Provide
Light to Republicans After a Dreary Election. The New
York Times. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
[31] Nia-Malika Henderson (2014-12-15). Jeb Bush did really well with Latinos in Florida. The Washington Post.
[32] http://www.washingtonpolicy.org/sites/default/files/
PN2007-15.pdf
[33] Bush would seek to kill class-size amendment at the
Wayback Machine (archived October 8, 2002)
[34] Audio File at the Wayback Machine (archived October 8,
2002)
[35] Statutes & Constitution :Constitution : Online Sunshine.
Leg.state..us. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[36] James, Joni. Jeb Bush on One Florida, St. Petersburg
Times, March 18, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
[37] Jeb Bush denied one honor, wins another - Politics MSNBC.com. MSNBC. 2007-03-24. Retrieved 200904-03.
[38] American Libraries - Gov. Jeb Bush Vetoes Florida
Library Appropriations. ALA. 2006-05-26. Retrieved
2009-04-03.
[39] Jeers, Jr., Groomer (24 March 2012). In Arlington, Jeb
Bush says stand your ground invalid in Trayvon Martin
case. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 31 January
2015.
[40] Meckler, Laura (16 December 2014). What Kind of Republican is Bush? His Time as Governor Oers Clues.
Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
[41] States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws. FindLaw.
Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
[42] Execution List - Florida Department of Corrections.
Dc.state..us. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[43] Clemency - Death Penalty Information Center.
[44] Freedberg, Sydney P. The story of Old Sparky, St. Petersburg Times, September 25, 1999. Retrieved June 14,
2008.
[45] Botched execution likely painful, doctors say, Associated
Press, updated 12/16/2006
[46]
[48] Eventually, Jeb Bush Will Need to Claim Hes the Conservative Candidate National Review Online Jim Geraghty December 3, 2014
[49] Justices Decline Schiavo Case March 25, 2005, Washington Post
[50] Florida approves 'Choose Life' license plate) Milwaukee
Journal Sentinel, November 24, 1999
[51] Olszonowicz, Deborah: Motor Vehicle Registration and
License Plates x, September 1999
[52] GAO Free Trade of the Americas. Free Trade Area of
the Americas: Negotiations Process. May 08, 2003
[53] Florida High Speed Rail - Overview.
Train.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-09.
Florida Bullet
[54] Bush veto.

[55] Getter, Lisa. "Jeb Bushs Recount Role Examined. Los
Angeles Times. 2001-07-14. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
[56] Associated Press. State: Gov. Bush declares support for
Israels ght, St. Petersburg Times, April 27, 2004. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
[57] Stewart, Russ. Will Iraqi Victory convert Jews to GOP?,
Russ Stewart, April 16, 2003. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
[58] The (Finally) Emerging Republican Majority. Weeklystandard.com. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[59] Fiscal Policy Report Card on Americas Governors:
2002. Cato.org. 2002-09-20. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[60] Wolfe, Charles. As Ky. governor, Fletcher vows to 'clean
up mess, The Enquirer, November 5, 2003. Retrieved
June 14, 2008.
[61] Collinson, Stephen and Reston, Maeve (January 28, 2015)
- Jeb Bushs Conservative Evolution. CNN. Retrieved
January 28, 2015.
[62] Rutenberg, Jim (June 11, 2012). Jeb Bush Takes Aim at
Fellow Republicans. The New York Times.
[63] Who We Are Board Members. National Assessment
Governing Board. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
[64] Caputo, Marc A. (September 23, 2013). Read Rick
Scotts Common Core letters, order. A Jeb Bush dis? Not
quite. Will Legislature abide? Yes. The Miami Herald.
[65] Leary, Alex (October 17, 2013). Jeb Bush to Common
Core opponents: 'conspiracy theories are easy attention
grabbers". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved October 17,
2013.
STATE LEGISLATION & INITIATIVES ON

HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED
INFECTIONS,
Updated October 2011
[66] Koenig, David. Jeb Bush joins Tenet Healthcares board,

USA Today, May 10, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
[47] Florida Governor Jeb Bush intervenes in right-to-die

case: A cruel pandering to the religious right, 31 October
2003, Joseph Kay
[67] Wilchins, Dan (August 30, 2007). Lehman hires Jeb

Bush as private equity advisor. Reuters. Retrieved April
3, 2009.
7.4. JEB BUSH
[68] Barbaro, Michael (April 21, 2014). Jeb Bushs Rush to

Make Money May Be Hurdle. The New York Times. pp.
A1. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
[69] Kopan, Tal (October 17, 2013). Jeb Bush says GOP
needs 'agenda'". Politico. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
[70] Bush, Jeb (April 2013). We Can Be Great Again. Newsmax. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
[71] Jeb Bush to decide on Republican presidential run by
end of year. www.theguardian.com. Guardian News and
Media Limited. 6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
223
[88] Roberts, Dan (1 January 2015). Jeb Bush sheds corporate commitments to help 2016 presidential run. www.
theguardian.com (Guardian News & Media Limited). Retrieved 1 January 2015.
[89] Gedda, George (2001-02-14). Bush has hemisphere on
brain. Laredo Morning Times. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
[90] http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2013-06-13/
jeb-bushs-latin-lover-r-rated/
[91] Associated Press. George P. Bush starts small, shuns
idea his name, Hispanic heritage can save GOP in Texas,
Washington Post, July 20, 2013.
[72] Governor Jeb Bush Conrms Discussing His Interest in

NFL Commissioner Job
[92] http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,
198189,00.html
[73] Jeb Bush quashes NFL speculation. Usatoday.Com.

2006-05-25. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[93] http://www.cbsnews.com/news/
more-drug-problems-for-noelle-bush/
[74] Jeb: I am considering Senate run - Carol E. Lee and

Jonathan Martin. Politico.com. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[94] http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/
A41678-2003Feb21_4.html
[75] Jeb Bushs Prospects in a Florida Senate Race |

Newsweek Politics. Newsweek.com. Retrieved 200904-03.
[95] http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-10-20/news/
0210200128_1_noelle-bush-drug-abuse-columba-bush
[76] Jeb Bush bid for Senate could clear GOP eld at the
Wayback Machine (archived December 7, 2008)
[77] Florida: Jeb Bush Shows Interest In Senate Seat. The
New York Times. December 4, 2008. Retrieved April 2,
2010.
[78] Jeb Bush Ponders Florida Senate Run - Marc Ambinder.
Marcambinder.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[96] Giuliani Picks Up (Jeb) Bush (Jr.) Endorsement, Wall

Street Journal Washington Wire, October 18, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
[97] Jeb Bush welcomes third grandchild
[98] Jeb Bush, Catholic Convert. Will His Brother Convert?".
Catholic.org. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
[99] President Discusses Compassionate Conservative
Agenda in Dallas. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
[100] Knights of Columbus, Accessed Jan 8, 2014
[79] CNN.com: Jeb Bush not running for Senate. Polit- [101] http://www.catholic.org/news/national/story.php?id=
icalticker.blogs.cnn.com. January 6, 2009. Retrieved
34357
2009-04-03.
[102] Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy.
[80] Wallsten, Peter (July 27, 2010). Jeb Bush Says No to
Archived from the original on 2009-03-12.
2012 Run. The Wall Street Journal.
[103] http://www.barbarabushfoundation.com/site/c.
[81] Lowry, Rich (February 7, 2011). Bush 2012. The NajhLSK2PALmF/b.4344531/k.BD31/Home.htm
tional Review.
[104] Cato on Excellence in Action: A National Summit on
Education Reform"". Foundation for Excellence in Educa[82] Martin, Jonathan (February 8, 2011). Jeb emails: Nation. Foundation for Excellence in Education. Retrieved
tional Review or not, its still no. The Politico.
2008-08-23.
[83] Jeb Bush gives Obama 'F' grade on economy, FOX
[105] A New Lease on Learning:Florida{}s First Charter
Tampa Bay. July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011
School (PDF) at the Wayback Machine (archived August
24, 2000)
[84] George P Bush wants father Jeb in the White House...
by 2013, Daily Mail. July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 7,
[106] Liberty City Charter School at the Wayback Machine
2011
(archived April 4, 2006)
[85] Rutenberg, Jim; Je Zeleny (November 22, 2012). Jeb [107] African American Registry: Riot erupts in Liberty
Bush in 2016? Not Too Early for Chatter. The New York
City!". Aaregistry.com. Archived from the original on
Times. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
[86] Bush: No decision yet on whether to run for president in [108] McGrory, Kathleen; Hiaasen, Scott (December 16,
2016. Blueeld Daily Telegraph (VA). April 16, 2013.
2011). Charter schools enrolling low number of poor
students. The Miami Herald. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
[87] Kendall Breitman, George W. Bush: I think Jeb wants it. [109] Berrios, Jerry (20 August 2003). Hero in the Spotlight.
Politico, 10/2/14.
The Miami Herald. pp. 1B.
224
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
7.4.11
Further reading
7.5.1 Early years
Barnes, Fred. Governor in Chief: Jeb Bushs re- Bush was born in Midland, Texas. He was named after a
markable eight years of achievement in Florida. good friend of the family, Henry Neil Mallon, chairman
of Dresser Industries, George H. W. Bush's employer. As
The Weekly Standard, June 12, 2006.
a child Bush spent some summers and holidays at his fam Freedberg, Sydney P. Jeb Bush: The Son Rises ilys estate in Maine, the Bush Compound.
Away from Dads Shadow. The Miami Herald, AuAt age 11, he entered the exclusive St. Albans School in
gust 15, 1994.
Washington, DC. He struggled through school; a coun Hungton, Arianna. The latest Bush hypocrisy. selor told his mother that it was doubtful the boy had the
potential to graduate. He was later diagnosed as having
Salon.com, September 16, 2002.
dyslexia, and his mother spent much time coaching him
through
his learning disability. Eventually his grades im Viglucci, Andres and Alfonso Chardy. Bush and
proved
and
he graduated from St. Albans in 1973.
business: Fast success, brushes with mystery. The
Miami Herald, October 5, 2002.
After St. Albans, Bush attended Tulane University, where

he earned an economics degree in 1977. He earned an
Yardley, William. Jeb Bush: His early values MBA in 1979.[1]
shape his politics. The Miami Herald, September
22, 2002.
7.4.12
External links
Ocial Governors portrait and biography at the

Museum of Florida History
Jeb Bush on Facebook
Jeb Bush at Biography.com
Prole at Project Vote Smart
Neil Mallon Bush is the leftmost person in the front row in this
photograph of the Bush family taken in the early 1960s.
Jeb Bush, On the Issues

Jeb Bushs le at PolitiFact.com
7.5.2 Philanthropist and charity involvement

Jeb Bush collected news and commentary at the
Tampa Bay Times
Jeb Bush collected news and commentary at The
New York Times
7.5 Neil Bush

Neil Mallon Pierce Bush (born January 22, 1955) is an
American businessman and investor. He is the fourth of
six children of former President George H. W. Bush and
Barbara Bush (ne Pierce). His ve siblings are George
W. Bush, the former President of the United States; Jeb
Bush, the former governor of Florida; Robin Bush, who
died of leukemia in 1953 at the age of four; Marvin; and
Dorothy. Neil Bush is currently a businessman based in
Texas.
Neil Bush is the Chairman of Points of Light; an international nonprot that works to increase volunteerism in
the world.[2] Points of Light has approximately 250 aliates in 22 countries and partnerships with thousands of
nonprots and companies dedicated to volunteer service
around the world. In 2012, Points of Light mobilized 4
million volunteers in 30 million hours of service worth
$635 million.[3]
7.5.3 Silverado Savings & Loan

Neil Bush was a member of the board of directors of
Denver-based Silverado Savings and Loan during the
1980s larger savings and loan crisis. As his father,
George H.W. Bush, was Vice President of the United
States, his role in Silverados failure was a focal point of
7.5. NEIL BUSH
225
publicity. According to a piece in Salon, Silverados col- Russia and an applicant for asylum in the United Kinglapse cost taxpayers $1.3 billion.[4]
dom,[11] has been noted in the media. Berezovsky has
in Bushs Ignite! program since at
The US Oce of Thrift Supervision investigated Silver- been an investor
[12]
least
2003.
Bush
met with Berezovsky in Latvia. The
ados failure and determined that Bush had engaged in numeeting
caused
tension
between that country and Rusmerous breaches of his duciary duties involving multisia
due
to
Berezovskys
fugitive
status.[12] Bush was also
ple conicts of interest. Although Bush was not indicted
on criminal charges, a civil action was brought against seen in Berezovskys box[13]at an Arsenal's Emirates Stain 2006, which prompted some statehim and the other Silverado directors by the Federal dium for a game
side criticism.[14] There has also been speculation in the
Deposit Insurance Corporation; it was eventually settled
out of court, with Bush paying $50,000 as part of the English language Moscow Times that the relationship may
cause tension in U.S.-Russian bilateral relations, espesettlement.[5]
cially since Putin has taken pains to build a personal relaA friend who also donated funds to the Republican set up tionship with the U.S. president.[15]
a fund to help defer costs Neil incurred in his S&L legal
defense.[6]
7.5.5 Kopin stock trades

7.5.4
Ignite! Learning
Main article: Ignite!
In July 1999, Bush made at least $798,000 on three stock

trades in a single day of a company where he had been
employed as a consultant. The company, Kopin Corporation of Taunton, Massachusetts, announced on the same
day good news about a new Asian client that sent its stock
value soaring. Bush stated that he had no inside knowledge and that his nancial advisor had recommended the
trades. He said, any increase in the price of the stock on
that day was purely coincidental, meaning that I did not
have any improper information.[16]
In 1999, Bush co-founded Ignite! Learning, an educational software corporation. Bush has said he started
Austin-based Ignite! Learning because of his learning diculties in middle school and those of his son,
Pierce.[7] The software uses multiple intelligence methods to provide varying types of content to appeal to multiple learning styles.
When asked in January 2004 about the stock trades,
To fund Ignite!, Bush raised $23 million from U.S. Bush contrasted the capital gains he reported in 1999 and
investors, including his parents, as well as business- 2000 with the capital losses on Kopin stock he reported
men from Taiwan, Japan, Kuwait, the British Virgin Is- ($287,722 in all) in 2001. In 2001 Kopin joined a broad
[17]
lands and the United Arab Emirates, according to doc- decline in high-tech stock valuations.
uments led with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Documented investors include Russian billionaire
expatriate Boris Berezovsky, Berezovskys partner Badri 7.5.6 Foundation for Interreligious and
Patarkatsishvili, Kuwaiti company head Mohammed Al
Intercultural Research and Dialogue
Saddah, and Chinese computer executive Winston Wong.
In 2002, Neil Bush commended his brother, George, for Bush was a founding director, along with Cardinal
his eorts on education as President, but he questioned Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI), of the
the emphasis on constant testing to keep federal aid com- Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research
ing to public schools: I share the concerns of many that and Dialogue (FIIRD). The foundation promotes ecuif our system is driven around assessments, pencil-and- menical understanding and publishes religious texts and
1999. Bush is no longer on the board of
paper tests that test a kids ability to memorize stu, I was founded in[18]
the
foundation.
would say that reliance threatens to institutionalize bad
teaching practices.[8]
As of October 2006, over 13 U.S. school districts (out
of over 14,000 school districts nation-wide[9] ) have used
federal funds made available through the No Child Left
Behind Act of 2001 in order to buy Ignites products at
$3,800 apiece.[10]
7.5.7 Other business engagements
In 2002, Bush signed a consulting contract that paid

$2 million in stock over ve years to work for Grace
Semiconductor Manufacturing Corp., a rm backed by
A December 2003 Style section article in the Washington Jiang Mianheng, the son of former Chinese President
Post reported that Bushs salary from Ignite! was Jiang Zemin, plus $10,000 for every board meeting he
$180,000 per year.[5]
attends.[19]
Bushs relationship with the controversial oligarch Boris Bush serves as co-chairman of a company called Crest
Berezovsky, a political enemy of Russian President Investment. Crest pays him $60,000 a year to provide
Vladimir Putin currently under indictment for fraud in miscellaneous consulting services.[18][20]
226
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Bush frequently travels to the Middle East, Europe and

Asia to negotiate deals and raise capital for various businesses. According to court lings from his divorce, in
2000 he was paid $1.3 million for such work. This
includes $642,500 as a commission for introducing an
Asian investor to the owners of an American high-tech
company.[21]
In 2004, Bush remarried in Houston, Texas, to Mexicanborn Maria Andrews,[30] a volunteer at in the Houston literacy-foundation oce of Bushs mother, Barbara.
Robert Andrews, Andrews ex-husband, sued Sharon
Bush in September 2003 for defamation after she alleged
that Neil Bush was the father of Andrews two-year-old
son.[29]
7.5.8
7.5.10 Speaking engagements
Anti-Ritalin campaign
In 2002, Neil Bush told the New York Post that he endured his own Ritalin hell seven years ago when educators in a Houston private school diagnosed his son, Pierce,
(then) 16, with Attention Decit Disorder (ADD) and
pushed medication.
In a September 26, 2002, episode of CNN Interview,[22]
Bush told Connie Chung:
Bush has often been invited to speak to audiences overseas. Bush says he has courtesy visits with world leaders
but has no plans to wade into foreign policy. Oftentimes
because of my fathers goodwill, and because of the president being who he is, people might extend an invitation,
and its enjoyable for me, Bush said. Some of these
folks are family friends.[31]
Bush spent years researching the issue and found that the
educators were wrong about his son. There is a systemic problem in this country, where schools are often
forcing parents to turn to Ritalin, he said. Its obvious
to me that we have a crisis.
Speaking at a Saudi Arabian economic forum in January

2002, Bush referred to growing anti-American sentiment
in Arab countries and said the two peoples must communicate better. He said the Arab P.R. machine is not as
good as Israels.[32]
Also that year, Bush testied before a hearing of The Bush-era White House appeared unfazed by his
the United States Congress to speak out against over- world travel. The president knows his brother will always do the right thing, press secretary Ari Fleischer
medicating children for learning disorders.
said.[31]
He has suggested that many parents believe the ADD
and ADHD diagnoses and subsequent medicating of their In Asia, Bush accompanied Sun Myung Moon, the
of the Unication Church, on his world peace
children because it explains why they aren't doing well founder
[33]
tour.
In
2009 Bush congratulated Moon on the publiin school, saying its the system that is failing to engage
cation
of
his
autobiography at a Unication Church sponchildren in the classroom. My heart goes out to any parsored
event.
He was quoted as saying: Rev. Moon is
ents who are being led to believe their kids have a disorder
[23]
presenting
a
very
simple concept. We are all children of
or are disabled.
God. [34]
Neil Bush (along with lmmaker Michael Moore) is credited in the cast of a 2005 documentary called The Drugging of Our Children[24] directed by Gary Null. In the 7.5.11 See also
lms trailer[25] Bush says: Just because it is easy to drug
a kid and get them to be compliant doesn't make it right
List of notable U.S. presidential relatives
to do it.
7.5.9
Marriage, divorce, and remarriage
7.5.12 Notes
[1] Neil Bush
Bush and his former wife for 23 years, Sharon Smith,

are the parents of three children, who are Lauren Bush,
Ashley Bush, and Pierce Bush. The couple divorced in
April 2003. Bushs divorce deposition gained public attention when he admitted to several sexual encounters
in Thailand and Hong Kong.[21][26][27][28] Among other
divorce testimony aired in the press, Bushs friend John
Spalding announced that Sharon had extracted hair samples from her estranged husband in order to place a
voodoo curse on him. Sharon Bush later conrmed the
forcible hair removal, but she stated that she took the hair
to be tested for evidence of drug use.[29] At various times,
she publicly spoke of her fear of retribution by Bush, or
by the Bush family.
[2] Points of Light Institute,Points of Light Institute Board

of Directors
[3] Points of Light 2012 Year in Review. Points of Light.
[4] Joshua Micah Marshall, Presidential brother watch:
Globe-hopping Neil Bush has impressive new business
partners, but what are they buying?", Salon magazine,
April 12, 2002
[5] Peter Carlson, The Relatively Charmed Life Of Neil
Bush: Despite Silverado and Voodoo, Fortune Still Smiles
on the Presidents Brother, Washington Post, December
28, 2003
7.6. MARVIN P. BUSH
[6] The Austin Chronicle: News: O, Brother! Where Art

Thou?: Like Hugh Rodham, the Bush Bros. Have Capitalized on Family Ties
[7] Bush brother visits Alamo Jr. High
[8] Madison E-Zone News & Events
[9] Table 10. Number of School Districts and Distribution
of the School-Age Population by the Total School District
Population: 1990 and 2000
[10] http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/
politics/la-na-ignite22oct22,1,3219644.story?coll=
la-news-politics-national&track=crosspromo article
[11] http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/
la-na-ignite22oct22,0,4402778.story?page=2&coll=
la-story-footer
[12] Berezovsky, Neil Bush, Latvian businessmen meet
[13] Berezovsky and Bushs brother in the crowd at the Emirates | News | guardian.co.uk Football
[14] Neil Bush: Still Crooked After All These Years
[15] AR-100605-MoscowTimes
[16] Pete Yost (Associated Press) Neil Bush made 1-day stock
prot of $171,370, Houston Chronicle, 31 December
2003, accessed 21 November 2010.
227
[30] Vanity Fair: The Inconvenient Sharon Bush by Vicky

Ward April 2004
[31] USATODAY.com - Neil Bush enters educational software
business
[32] Neil Bush says Arab P.R. machine not as good as Israels
- Salon.com
[33] :: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online ::
[34] WTimes, Bushes Hail Rev. Moon, Robert Parry, 10-22009

Excerpt from George Bush--the unauthorized biography
The Relatively Charmed Life Of Neil Bush, Washington Post, December 28, 2003
Steven Wilmsen, Silverado: Neil Bush and the Savings and Loan Scandal National Press Books, August
1991, ISBN 0-915765-89-6
Ignite! Learning Webpage
Neil Bushs political donations
[17] CNN.com - Neil Bush makes one-day prot over

$170,000 - Jan. 2, 2004
[18] Knut Royce and Tom Brune, Neil Bush, Ratzinger cofounders: Presidents younger brother served with thencardinal on board of relatively unknown ecumenical foundation, Newsday, April 21, 2005
7.6 Marvin P. Bush
[19] Bushs younger brother quizzed over $2m deal - www.

smh.com.au
Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956) is the

youngest son of U.S. President George H. W. Bush and
Barbara Pierce, and brother of President George W.
Bush, John (Jeb), Neil and Dorothy.
[20] CNN.com - Bush brothers divorce reveals sex romps Nov. 25, 2003
7.6.1 Biography
[21] The Relatively Charmed Life Of Neil Bush (washingtonpost.com)

[22] CNN.com
[23] Ritalin Roundup Continues - September 2002 Education
Reporter
[24] The Drugging of Our Children (2005) (V)
[25] Film Detail
[26] CNN.com - Bush brothers divorce reveals sex romps Nov. 25, 2003
Early life
Marvin Pierce Bush was born on October 22, 1956. He
attended Woodberry Forest School. He obtained a B.S.
degree from the University of Virginia, where he became
a member of the Delta Phi Fraternity, or St. Elmo Hall.
He spent most summers and holidays at the Bush family
estate.
Career
He is a former director of HCC Insurance Holdings.[1]

HCC, formerly Houston Casualty Company, is a publicly
[28] Anthony Harwood, Bush Brothers Three Aairs, Mir- traded insurance company on the New York Stock Exror (UK), July 14, 2003
change. He appears in the 2008 award-winning docu[29] Peter Carlson, Washington Post, The Relatively Charmed mentary on Lee Atwater, Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater
[2]
Life Of Neil Bush, December 28, 2003. Retrieved Dec. Story. Marvin Bush also served as the Director for SE15, 2006.
CURACOM from 1996 to 2000.
[27] Taipei Times - archives
228
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Personal life
She was educated at Miss Porters School, a private allgirl college preparatory school in Farmington, ConnectiHe is married to Margaret Conway (ne Molster). They cut. She went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree in
have two children, who were adopted from the Gladney sociology from Boston College in 1982.
Center in Ft. Worth, Texas: a daughter, Marshall, and a
son, Walker.
Philanthropy
7.6.2
References
[1] HCC Insurance Holdings Inc. Bloomberg BusinessWeek.

Retrieved 8 September 2014.
[2] Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story
She serves as an event-organizer and fundraiser for charities and other non-prot organizations. She currently
serves as co-chair of the Barbara Bush Foundation for
Family Literacy along with her brother Jeb Bush. She
has also served as a pioneer fundraiser for her brothers
presidential campaigns.[2]
In 1975, during a visit to Beijing, she became the rst person publicly baptized in the Peoples Republic of China
since its government began discouraging foreign religious
7.7 Dorothy Bush Koch
practices in 1949.[3] She sponsored the commission of
Dorothy Walker Bush Koch, often called Doro, USS George H.W. Bush, her fathers namesake. On Jan(born August 18, 1959) is an American author and uary 10, 2009, she gave the[4]rst orders to the ships comphilanthropist.[1] She is the daughter of the 41st President pany at Norfolk, Virginia.
of the United States George H. W. Bush and former First She is the author of the book My Father, My President: A
Lady Barbara Bush, and the youngest sibling of George Personal Account of the Life of George H.W. Bush.
W. Bush, the 43rd President.
Personal life
7.7.1
Biography
Early life
In 1982, she married William LeBlond. They had two

children, Sam and Ellie, They divorced in 1990.
In June 1992, she remarried to Robert P. Koch. The wedding took place at Camp David. They have two children,
Robert and Gigi. Robert P. Koch was an aide to House
Democratic leader Richard Gephardt, and is a lobbyist
and president of the Wine Institute.[5] He has a substantial
equity interest in Central European Distribution Corp.,
the company that manufactures and distributes vodka in
Poland.[6]
She resides in Bethesda, Maryland with her family.
7.7.2 References
[1] Texas Births, 1926-1995 Family Tree Legends
Bush Family in the early 1960s. Dorothy on far left.
Dorothy Walker Bush Koch was born on August 18, 1959

in Harris County, Texas. Her father, George H. W. Bush,
served as the 41st President of the United States and her
mother, Barbara Bush, was the First Lady. Her brother,
George W. Bush, served as the 43rd President of the
United States. Her other four siblings are Jeb Bush, Neil
Bush, Marvin Bush, and Pauline Robinson Bush, who
died of leukemia in 1953. Since she was a child, she
has spent summers and holidays at the Bush compound,
a sprawling estate in Kennebunkport, Maine.
[2] Bush Donor Prole: Dorothy Bush Koch Texans For Public Justice
[3] Wead, Doug. All the Presidents Children. Atria (January
6, 2004), p291.
[4] Aircraft Carrier Named the USS George H.W. Bush
Commissioned. Fox News. January 10, 2009.
[5] Wine Institute of California announces Robert P. Koch as
President and Chief Executive Ocer PRNewswire, June
12, 2003
[6] Central European Distribution Corp. Company Prole.
US SEC. 2006-02-06. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
7.8. GEORGE H. W. BUSH
229
7.8 George H. W. Bush
ernor of Texas (19952000) and as the 43rd President

of the United States (20012009), becoming one of only
two presidentsthe other being John Quincy Adams
This article is about the 41st U.S. president. For the
to be the son of a former president. His second son,
ship named after him, see USS George H.W. Bush
Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida (1999
(CVN-77). For his son, the 43rd U.S. president, see
2007).
George W. Bush. For other persons of the same name,
see George Bush.
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) 7.8.1 Early years
is an American retired politician who served as the
41st President of the United States (19891993). A
See also: Bush family
Republican, he had previously served as the 43rd
George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams
Vice President of the United States (19811989), a
congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living former President and
Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II. Bush is often referred to as George H. W. Bush, Bush 41, Bush the
Elder, Bush I, or George Bush, Sr. to distinguish him
from his son, former President George W. Bush. Prior
to his sons presidency, he was known simply as George
Bush or President Bush.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator
Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the
attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed college, enlisted in the U.S. Navy on his 18th birthday,
and became the youngest aviator in the U.S. Navy at the
time.[1][2] He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved
his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his
own oil company, serving as a member of the House
of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence,
among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen by
party nominee Ronald Reagan to be his running mate, and
the two were elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and ghting the
"War on Drugs".
In 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed
Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent
Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency: military operations were conducted in Panama
and the Persian Gulf; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and
the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes
that Congress had passed. In the wake of a weak recovery from an economic recession, along with continuing
budget decits, he lost the 1992 presidential election to
Democrat Bill Clinton.
Bush left oce in 1993. His presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been activeoften alongside
Bill Clintonin various humanitarian activities. Bushs
eldest son, George W. Bush, later served as the 46th Gov-
Young George H. W. Bush taking his rst steps at his grandfathers house in Kennebunkport, Maine, c. 1925
Street in Milton, Massachusetts[3] on June 12, 1924 to

Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy (Walker) Bush. The
Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth.
Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Beginning in 1936, he
attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts,
where he held a number of leadership positions including president of the senior class, secretary of the student
council, president of the community fund-raising group,
a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer
teams.[4]
230
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
World War II
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941,

Bush decided to join the US. Navy,[1] so after graduating
from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18.[4] After completing the 10-month
course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the United
States Naval Reserve at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
on June 9, 1943, just three days before his 19th birthday,
which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.[1]
He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the
photographic ocer in September 1943.[1] The following year, his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto
as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique
earned him the nickname Skin.[5] During this time, the
task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles
of World War II: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[1]
After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant (junior grade) on
August 1, 1944, the San Jacinto commenced operations
against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. Bush piloted
one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51
that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima.[6]
His crew for the mission, which occurred on September 2, 1944, included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White.[1]
During their attack, the Avengers encountered intense
anti-aircraft re; Bushs aircraft was hit by ak and his engine caught on re. Despite his plane being on re, Bush
completed his attack and released bombs over his target,
scoring several damaging hits.[1] With his engine ablaze,
Bush ew several miles from the island, where he and one
other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of
the aircraft;[7] the other mans parachute did not open.[1]
Bush waited for four hours in an inated raft, while several ghters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine USS Finback.[1] For the
next month he remained on the Finback, and participated
in the rescue of other pilots. Several of those shot down
during the attack were executed and eaten by their captors. .
Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November
1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines until his squadron was replaced and sent home to the United
States. Through 1944, he ew 58 combat missions[7] for
which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three
Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded
to San Jacinto.[1]
Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was
reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training
wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a
naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153, based
at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan. Upon the
Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush was honorably discharged in September of that year.
George Bush in his TBM Avenger on the carrier USS San Jacinto
in 1944
Marriage and college years

George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945,
only weeks after his return from the Pacic. The couples rst residence was a small rented apartment in
Trenton, Michigan, near Bushs Navy assignment at NAS
Grosse Ile. Their marriage produced six children: George
Walker Bush (born 1946), Pauline Robinson Robin
Bush (19491953, died of leukemia), John Ellis Jeb
Bush (born 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), Marvin
Pierce Bush (born 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born
1959).[8]
Bush had been accepted to Yale University prior to his
enlistment in the military, and took up the oer after his
discharge and marriage.[9] While at Yale, he was enrolled
in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in
two and a half years, rather than four.[9] He was a member
of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected its
president.[10] He also captained the Yale baseball team,
and as a left-handed rst baseman, played in the rst two
College World Series.[9] As the team captain, Bush met
Babe Ruth before a game during his senior year. He was
also, like his father, a member of the Yale cheerleading
squad.[11] Late in his junior year he was, like his father
Prescott Bush (1917), initiated into the Skull and Bones
secret society. He graduated as a member of the Phi Beta
Kappa from Yale in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree
in economics.[12]
7.8.2
231
Business career
After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his young family to West Texas. His fathers business connections
proved useful as he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk with Dresser Industries, a subsidiary
of Brown Brothers Harriman (where Prescott Bush had
served on the board of directors for 22 years).[13] While
working for Dresser, Bush lived in various places with
his family: Odessa, Texas; Ventura, Bakerseld and
Compton, California; and Midland, Texas.[14] (According to eldest son George W. Bush, then age two, the
family lived in one of the few duplexes in Odessa with
an indoor bathroom, which they shared with a couple
of hookers.)[15] Bush started the Bush-Overbey Oil Development company in 1951 and in 1953 co-founded Bush with President Dwight D. Eisenhower
the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, an oil company that
drilled in the Permian Basin in Texas.[16] In 1954 he was
named president of the Zapata Oshore Company, a sub- district attorney of Harris County known for his law and
order credentials and a cousin of later Governor Dolph
sidiary which specialized in oshore drilling.
Briscoe.[20][21] Bush was the rst Republican to repreWhen the subsidiary became independent in 1958, Bush
sent Houston in the U.S. House.[13] Bushs representamoved the company from Midland to Houston. He
tive district included Tanglewood, the Houston neighborcontinued serving as president of the company until
hood that was his residence;[22] his family had moved
1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions
into Tanglewood in the 1960s.[23] His voting record in
turned political.[13] By that time, Bush had become a
the House was generally conservative: Bush voted for the
millionaire.[17]
Civil Rights Act of 1968, although it was generally unpopular in his district. He supported the Nixon administration's Vietnam policies, but broke with Republicans on
7.8.3 Political career (19641980)
the issue of birth control, which he supported.[13] Despite
being a rst-term congressman, Bush was appointed to
Congressional years
the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, where
[17]
Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for he voted to abolish the military draft. He was elected
[24]
Harris County, Texas, in 1964, but wanted to be more to a second term in 1968.
involved in policy making, so he set his sights high: In 1970 Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House
he aimed for a U.S. Senate seat from Texas.[13] After seat to run for the Senate against Ralph Yarborough, a
winning the Republican primary, Bush faced his oppo- erce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easnent, incumbent Democrat Ralph W. Yarborough, who ily defeated conservative Robert J. Morris, by a margin
attacked Bush as a right-wing extremist, and Bush lost the of 87.6% to 12.4%.[25] Nixon came to Texas to camgeneral election. The Republican candidate for governor, paign in Longview for Bush and gubernatorial candidate
Jack Crichton of Dallas, a Louisiana native who often Paul Eggers, a Dallas lawyer who was a close friend of
campaigned alongside Bush before the election, lost by U.S. Senator John G. Tower.[26] Former Congressman
a much wider margin to Governor John B. Connally, Lloyd Bentsen, a more moderate Democrat and native
Jr.[18] It was suggested in PBSs American Experience of Mission in south Texas, defeated Yarborough in the
episode about Bush that he and the Harris County Re- Democratic primary.[17] Yarborough endorsed Bentsen,
publicans played a role in the development of the New who defeated Bush, 53.4 to 46.6%.[27] As Bushs politiRepublican Party of the late 20th century. First, Bush cal career waned, he moved out of Houston and sold his
worked to absorb the John Birch Society members, who rst Tanglewood house, but for periods of time continued
were trying to take over the Republican Party and lead it to reside in Tanglewood.[23]
towards a more anti-Communist direction. Second, during and after the Civil Rights Movement, Democrats in
the South who were committed to segregation left their Ambassador to the United Nations
party, and although the country club Republicans had
diering ideological beliefs, they found common ground Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a promiin hoping to expel the Democrats from power.[19]
nent Republican businessman from the "Sun Belt", a
Bush was elected in 1966 to a House of Representatives group of states in the Southern part of the country.[17]
seat from the 7th District of Texas, defeating with 57 per- Nixon noticed and appreciated the sacrice Bush had
cent of the ballots cast the Democrat Frank Briscoe, the made of his Congressional position,[13] so he appointed
232
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Bush as ambassador to the United Nations, 1971
him Ambassador to the United Nations.[12] He was conrmed unanimously by the Senate, and served for two
years, beginning in 1971.[13]
Chairman of the Republican National Committee
Amidst the Watergate scandal, Nixon asked Bush to become chairman of the Republican National Committee
in 1973.[12] Bush accepted, and held this position when
the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party
plummeted.[28] He defended Nixon steadfastly, but later
as Nixons complicity became clear, Bush focused more
on defending the Republican Party, while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon. As chairman, Bush formally requested that Nixon eventually resign for the good of the
Republican party.[13] Nixon did this on August 9, 1974;
Bush noted in his diary that There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died.... The [resignation] speech was
vintage Nixona kick or two at the pressenormous
strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the
whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then
think of the shame.... [President Gerald Fords swearingin oered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift.[29]
Bush as United States Liaison to China, circa 1975
efeller and Bush. White House Chief of Sta Donald

Rumsfeld reportedly preferred Rockefeller over Bush.
Rockefeller was nally named and conrmed.[30]
Bush was again passed over for the vice presidency by
Ford when the president chose Bushs future presidential
rival, Senator Bob Dole, to replace Rockefeller on the
1976 presidential ticket.
Director of Central Intelligence
Envoy to China
Gerald Ford, Nixons successor, appointed Bush to be
Chief of the U.S. Liaison Oce in the Peoples Republic
of China. Since the United States at the time maintained
ocial relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan
and not the Peoples Republic of China, the Liaison Ofce did not have the ocial status of an embassy and
Bush did not formally hold the position of ambassador,
though he unocially acted as one. The 14 months that
he spent in China were largely seen as benecial for U.S.- Bush, as CIA Director, listens at a meeting following the assassinations in Beirut of Francis E. Meloy, Jr. and Robert O. Waring,
China relations.[13]
1976.
After Fords accession to the presidency, Bush was under

serious consideration for being nominated as Vice Pres- In 1976 Ford brought Bush back to Washington to beident. Ford eventually narrowed his list to Nelson Rock- come Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), replacing

William Colby.[31] He served in this role for 357 days,
from January 30, 1976, to January 20, 1977.[32] The
CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based on investigations by the Church Committee regarding illegal and unauthorized activities by the
CIA, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the
agencys morale.[33] In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave
national security briengs to Jimmy Carter both as a
Presidential candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in
a Carter administration,[34] but did not do so. He was
succeeded by Deputy Director of Central Intelligence E.
Henry Knoche, who served as acting Director of Central
Intelligence until Stanseld Turner was conrmed.[35]
Other positions
233
In the primary election, Bush focused almost entirely on
the Iowa caucuses, while Reagan ran a more traditional
campaign. Bush represented the centrist wing in the
GOP, whereas Reagan represented conservatives. Bush
famously labeled Reagans supply side-inuenced plans
for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics". His strategy
proved useful, to some degree, as he won in Iowa with
31.5% to Reagans 29.4%. After the win, Bush stated that
his campaign was full of momentum, or Big Mo. As
a result of the loss, Reagan replaced his campaign manager, reorganized his sta, and concentrated on the New
Hampshire primary. The two men agreed to a debate in
the state, organized by the Nashua Telegraph, but paid
for by the Reagan campaign. Reagan invited the other
four candidates as well, but Bush refused to debate them,
and eventually they left. The debate proved to be a pivotal moment in the campaign; when the moderator, John
Breen, ordered Reagans microphone turned o, his angry response, I am paying for this microphone, struck a
chord with the public. Bush ended up losing New Hampshires primary with 23% to Reagans 50%. Bush lost
most of the remaining primaries as well, and formally
dropped out of the race in May of that year.[30]
After a Democratic administration took power in 1977,

Bush became chairman on the Executive Committee of
the First International Bank in Houston.[36] He later spent
a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science
at Rice University's Jones School of Business beginning
in 1978, the year it opened; Bush said of his time there,
I loved my brief time in the world of academia.[37] Be- With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his
tween 1977 and 1979, he was a director of the Council house in Houston and bought his grandfathers estate in
Kennebunkport, Maine, known as Walkers Point.[39]
on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization.[38]
At the Republican Convention, Reagan selected Bush as
his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the win7.8.4 1980 presidential campaign
ning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.
See also: United States presidential election, 1980
Bush had decided in the late 1970s that he was going 7.8.5
Vice Presidency (19811989)
See also: Presidency of Ronald Reagan
First term (19811985)
Bush (far right) in the Nashua debate with Reagan (far left) and
the moderator
to run for president in 1980; in 1979, he attended 850

political events and traveled more than 250,000 miles
(400,000 km) to campaign for the nations highest oce.
In the contest for the Republican Party nomination, Bush
stressed his wide range of government experience, while
competing against rivals Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee, Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, Congressman John
Anderson of Illinois (who would later run as an independent), Congressman Phil Crane, also of Illinois, former
Governor John Connally of Texas, and the front-runner
Ronald Reagan, former actor, and Governor of California.[30]
As Vice President, Bush generally took on a low prole

while recognizing the constitutional limits of the oce;
he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any
way. As had become customary, he and his wife moved
into the Vice Presidents residence at Number One Observatory Circle, about two miles from the White House.
After selling the house in the Tanglewood, the Bushes
declared a room in The Houstonian Hotel in Houston
as their ocial voting address.[22] The Bushes attended
a large number of public and ceremonial events in their
positions, including many state funerals, which became a
common joke for comedians. Mrs. Bush found the funerals largely benecial, saying, George met with many
current or future heads of state at the funerals he attended,
enabling him to forge personal relationships that were important to President Reagan. As the President of the Senate, Bush stayed in contact with members of Congress,
and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.[30]
234
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Football. When Bushs plane landed, his aides advised
him to proceed directly to the White House by helicopter,
as an image of the government still functioning despite
the attack. Bush rejected the idea, responding, Only
the President lands on the South Lawn.[30] This made
a positive impression on Reagan,[30] who recovered and
returned to work within two weeks. From then on, the
two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the Oval
Oce.
In December 1983 Bush ew to El Salvador and warned
that countrys military leaders to end their death squads
and hold fully free elections or face the loss of U.S. aid.
Bushs aides feared for his safety and thought about calling the meeting o when they discovered apparent blood
stains on the oor of the presidential palace of lvaro
Magaa. Bush was never told of the aides concerns and
a tense meeting was held in which some of Magaas personnel brandished semiautomatic weapons and refused
requests to take them outside.[40]
Vice Presidential portrait.
Bush was assigned by Reagan to chair two special task

forces, on deregulation and international drug smuggling. The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of
rules, making specic recommendations on which ones to
amend or revise, in order to curb the size of the federal
government. The drug smuggling task force coordinated
federal eorts to reduce the quantity of drugs entering the
United States. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them
through his work.[30]
Second term (19851989)
Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The
Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by
choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared o
in a single televised Vice Presidential debate.[41] Serving
as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro
represented a "blue-collar" district in Queens, New York;
this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage. The Reagan-Bush ticket
won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket.
Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and
his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988.
By the end of 1985, a committee had been established
and over two million dollars raised for Bush.[30]
Bush became the rst Vice President to serve as Acting

President when, on July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent
surgery to remove polyps from his colon, making Bush
On March 30, 1981, early into the administration, acting president for approximately eight hours.
Reagan was shot and seriously wounded in Washington, The Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal in
D.C. Bush, second in command by the presidential line 1986, when it was revealed that administration ocials
of succession, was in Fort Worth, Texas, and ew back to had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran, and had
Washington immediately. Reagans cabinet convened in used the proceeds to fund the anticommunist Contras in
the White House Situation Room, where they discussed Nicaragua, a direct violation of the law. When the Iranvarious issues, including the availability of the Nuclear Contra Aair, as it became known, broke to the media,
Bush with President Ronald Reagan

Bush, like Reagan, stated that he had been out of the
loop and unaware of the diversion of funds,[42] although
this was later questioned.[43] His diaries from that time
stated I'm one of the few people that know fully the
details.[44] Ailes and others were concerned that Bush
was seen as a wimp, an image put to rest by his evident
fury in an interview with Dan Rather.[30]
As Vice President, Bush ocially opened the 1987 Pan
American Games in Indianapolis.
In 1988 the U.S. accidentally shot down Iran Air Flight
655 killing 290 passengers. Bush said that he would
never apologize for the United States of America. Ever.
I dont care what the facts are.[45]
1988 presidential campaign Main article: United

States presidential election, 1988
In the January 26, 1987, issue of Time magazine, in an
235
Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind winner Dole and runner-up Robertson.[48] Much like Reagan
did in 1980, Bush reorganized his sta and concentrated
on the New Hampshire primary.[30] With Dole ahead in
New Hampshire, Bush ran television commercials portraying the senator as a tax raiser;[49] he rebounded to
win the states primary. Following the primary, Bush and
Dole had a joint media appearance, when the interviewer
asked Dole if he had anything to say to Bush, Dole said,
in response to the ads, yeah, stop lying about my record
in an angry tone. This is thought to have hurt Doles
campaign to Bushs benet. Bush continued seeing victory, winning many Southern primaries as well.[13] Once
the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bushs organizational strength and fundraising lead
were impossible for the other candidates to match, and
the nomination was his.[17]
Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention,
there was much speculation as to Bushs choice of running mate. Bush chose little-known U.S. Senator Dan
Quayle of Indiana, favored by conservatives. Despite
Reagans popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee
Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in
most polls.[50]
Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence
when compared to Reagan, delivered a well-received
speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention.
Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, it described Bushs vision of America: he endorsed the Pledge
of Allegiance, prayer in schools, capital punishment, gun
rights, and opposed abortion.[50] The speech at the convention included Bushs famous pledge: "Read my lips:
no new taxes.[51]
Vice President Bush campaigns in St. Louis, Missouri with John

Ashcroft, 1988
10
4
7
NH 4
VT 3
10
4
11
MA 13
36
3
article entitled Where Is the Real George Bush?" jour3
20
RI 4
25
8
CT
8
5
4
nalist Robert Ajemian reported that a friend of Bushs had
NJ 16
24 12 23 5
5
8
DE
3
1 12
47
urged him to spend several days at Camp David think7
MD 10
11
9
DC 3
13
11
ing through his plans for his prospective presidency, to
8
7
8
5
6
which Bush is said to have responded in exasperation,
7 9 12
Dukakis
10
29
Bush
Oh, the vision thing.[46] This oft-cited quote became
Bentsen
3
21
a shorthand for the charge that Bush failed to contem4
plate or articulate important policy positions in a compelling and coherent manner. The phrase has since become a metonym for any politicians failure to incorporate The 1988 presidential electoral votes by state
a greater vision in a campaign, and has often been applied
in the media to other politicians or public gures.[47]
The general election campaign between the two men has
[51]
Bush had been planning a presidential run since as early as been described as one of the nastiest in modern times.
the Boston Harbor as
1985, and entered the Republican primary for President Bush blamed Dukakis for polluting
[13]
Massachusetts
governor.
Bush
also pointed out that
the
[30]
of the United States in October 1987. His challengers
Dukakis
was
opposed
to
the
law
that
would
require all stufor the Republican presidential nomination included U.S.
Pledge
of
Allegiance,
a
topic
well covered
dents
to
say
the
Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, U.S. Representative Jack
[50]
in
Bushs
nomination
acceptance
speech.
Kemp of New York, former Governor Pete DuPont of
Delaware, and conservative Christian televangelist Pat Dukakiss unconditional opposition to capital punishment
Robertson.
led to a pointed question being asked during the presiden-
236
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
tial debates. Moderator Bernard Shaw asked Dukakis if

to push on. There is new ground to be broken,
Dukakis would hypothetically support the death penalty if
and new action to be taken.[54]
[52]
his wife, Kitty, were raped and murdered.
Dukakiss
response of no, as well as a provocative ad about convicted felon Willie Horton, contributed toward Bushs Domestic policy
characterization of Dukakis as soft on crime.[13]
Economy Early in his term, Bush faced the problem of
Bush defeated Dukakis and his running mate, Lloyd what to do with leftover decits spawned by the Reagan
Bentsen, in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen years. At $220 billion in 1990, the decit had grown to
received one vote from a faithless elector).[51] In the na- three times its size since 1980. Bush was dedicated to
tionwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4% of the ballots curbing the decit, believing that America could not concast while Dukakis received 45.6%.[13] Bush became the tinue to be a leader in the world without doing so. He
rst serving Vice President to be elected President since began an eort to persuade the Democratic controlled
Martin Van Buren in 1836 as well as the rst person to Congress to act on the budget; with Republicans believsucceed someone from his own party to the Presidency ing that the best way was to cut government spending, and
via election to the oce in his own right since Herbert Democrats convinced that the only way would be to raise
Hoover in 1929.[30]
taxes, Bush faced problems when it came to consensus
building.[17]
7.8.6
Presidency (19891993)
In the wake of a struggle with Congress, Bush was forced

by the Democratic majority to raise tax revenues; as a result, many Republicans felt betrayed because Bush had
promised no new taxes in his 1988 campaign. Perceiving a means of revenge, Republican congressmen defeated Bushs proposal which would enact spending cuts
and tax increases that would reduce the decit by $500
billion over ve years. Scrambling, Bush accepted the
Democrats demands for higher taxes and more spending,
which alienated him from Republicans and gave way to a
sharp decrease in popularity. Bush would later say that he
wished he had never signed the bill.[17] Near the end of the
101st Congress, the president and congressional members
reached a compromise on a budget package that increased
the marginal tax rate and phased out exemptions for highChief Justice William Rehnquist administering the oath of of- income taxpayers. Although he originally demanded a rece to President Bush during Inaugural ceremonies at the United duction in the capital gains tax, Bush relented on this issue as well. This agreement with the Democratic leaderStates Capitol, January 20, 1989.
ship in Congress proved to be a turning point in the Bush
Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, succeeding presidency; his popularity among Republicans never fully
Ronald Reagan. He entered oce at a period of change recovered.[13]
in the world; the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of
Soviet Union came early in his presidency.[2] He ordered
military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf, and,
at one point, was recorded as having a record-high approval rating of 89%.[53] Economic recession and breaking his "no new taxes" pledge caused a sharp decline in
his approval rating, and Bush lost the 1992 election.[2]
In his Inaugural Address, Bush said:
I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We
live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can
make it better. For a new breeze is blowing,
and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in mans heart, if not in fact, the day of
the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an
ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing,
and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready
Bushs approval ratings (red) compared to his disapproval ratings

(blue) for his four-year presidency.
Coming at around the same time as the budget deal,

America entered into a mild recession, lasting for six
months. Many government programs, such as welfare,
increased.[17] As the unemployment rate edged upward in
1991, Bush signed a bill providing additional benets for
unemployed workers.[13] The year 1991 was marked by

many corporate reorganizations, which laid o a substantial number of workers. Many now unemployed were Republicans and independents, who had believed that their
jobs were secure.
237
1989, he placed a temporary ban on the import of certain
semiautomatic ries.[61] This action cost him endorsement from the NRA in 1992. Bush publicly resigned
his life membership in the organization after receiving a
form letter from NRA depicting agents of the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms as jack-booted thugs.
He called the NRA letter a vicious slander on good
people.[62]
By his second year in oce, Bush was told by his economic advisors to stop dealing with the economy, as they
believed that he had done everything necessary to ensure
his reelection. By 1992, interest and ination rates were
the lowest in years, but by midyear the unemployment
rate reached 7.8%, the highest since 1984. In September 1992, the Census Bureau reported that 14.2% of all Points of Light
Americans lived in poverty.[13] At a press conference in
1990, Bush told reporters that he found foreign policy Main article: Points of Light
more enjoyable.[17]
Major initiatives See also: Environmental policy of
the United States The George H. W. Bush Administration (19881992)
During a speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary
of the Apollo 11 moon landing, Bush announced a vision to complete Space Station Freedom, resume exploration of the Moon and begin exploration of Mars.[55] Although a space station was eventually constructedwork
on the International Space Station began in 1998other
work has been confounded by NASA budgetary issues.
In 1998, Bush received the Rotary National Award for
Space Achievements National Space Trophy for his pioneering leadership of the U.S. space program.
Bush signed a number of major laws in his presidency,
including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990;
this was one of the most pro-civil rights bills in decades.
He is also the only President to successfully veto a civil
rights act, having vetoed the job-discrimination protection Civil Rights Act of 1990.[56] Bush feared racial
quotas would be imposed, but later approved watereddown Civil Rights Act of 1991.[57] He worked to increase
federal spending for education, childcare, and advanced
technology research. He also signed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act which provides monetary compensation of people who were contracted cancer and a
number of other specied diseases disease as a direct
result of their exposure to atmospheric nuclear testing
undertaken by the United States during the Cold War,
or their exposure to high levels of radon while doing
uranium mining. In dealing with the environment, Bush
reauthorized the Clean Air Act, requiring cleaner burning fuels. He quarreled with Congress over an eventually signed bill to aid police in capturing criminals, and
signed into law a measure to improve the nations highway
system.[17] Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[58]
which led to a 40 percent increase in legal immigration to
the United States.[59]
President Bush devoted attention to voluntary service as a

means of solving some of Americas most serious social
problems. He often used the "thousand points of light"
theme to describe the power of citizens to solve community problems. In his 1989 inaugural address, President
Bush said, I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of
all the community organizations that are spread like stars
throughout the Nation, doing good.[63]
Four years later in his report to the nation on The Points
of Light Movement, President Bush said, Points of Light
are the soul of America. They are ordinary people who
reach beyond themselves to touch the lives of those in
need, bringing hope and opportunity, care and friendship.
By giving so generously of themselves, these remarkable
individuals show us not only what is best in our heritage
but what all of us are called to become.[63]
In 1990 the Points of Light Foundation was created as
a nonprot organization in Washington to promote this
spirit of volunteerism.[64] In 2007, the Points of Light
Foundation merged with the Hands On Network with
the goal of strengthening volunteerism, streamlining costs
and services and deepening impact.[65] Points of Light,
the organization created through this merger, has approximately 250 aliates in 22 countries and partnerships
with thousands of nonprots and companies dedicated to
volunteer service around the world. In 2012, Points of
Light mobilized 4 million volunteers in 30 million hours
of service worth $635 million.[66]
On October 16, 2009, President Barack Obama held a
Presidential Forum on Service hosted by former President
George H. W. Bush and Points of Light at the George
Bush Presidential Library Center on the campus of Texas
A&M University. The event celebrated the contributions
of more than 4,500 Daily Point of Light award winners
and honored President Bushs legacy of service and civic
engagement.[67]
In 2011 Points of Light paid tribute to President George

H. W. Bush and volunteer service at Washington, D.C.'s
Kennedy Center. President Bush was joined by PresiBush became a life member of the National Rie Associ- dents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush
ation early in 1988 and had campaigned as a pro-gun to highlight the role volunteer service plays in peoples
candidate with the NRAs endorsement.[60] In March lives.[68]
238
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Daily Point of Light Award

President Bush created the Daily Point of Light Award
in 1989 to recognize ordinary Americans from all walks
of life taking direct and consequential voluntary action in
their communities to solve serious social problems. The
President focused great attention on these individuals and
organizations, both to honor them for their tremendous
work and to call the nation to join them and multiply
their eorts. By the end of his administration, President Bush had recognized 1,020 Daily Points of Light
representing all 50 states and addressing issues ranging
from care for infants and teenagers with AIDS to adult
Bush speaks on the telephone regarding Operation Just Cause
illiteracy and from gang violence to job training for the with General Brent Scowcroft and Chief of Sta John H. Sununu,
homeless.[63] The Daily Point of Light continues to be 1989
awarded by Points of Light and President Bush continues
to sign all of the awards.[69]
On July 15, 2013, President Barack Obama welcomed
President Bush to the White House to celebrate the
5,000th Daily Point of Light Award.[70] They bestowed
the award on Floyd Hammer and Kathy Hamilton of
Union, Iowa, for their work founding Outreach, a nonprot that delivers free meals to hungry children in 15
countries.[71]
In the 1980s, Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, a once

U.S.-supportive leader who was later accused of spying
for Fidel Castro and using Panama to trac drugs into the
United States, was one of the most recognizable names
in America and was constantly in the press. The struggle to remove him from power began in the Reagan administration, when economic sanctions were imposed on
the country; this included prohibiting American companies and government from making payments to Panama
Judicial appointments
and freezing $56 million in Panamanian funds in American banks. Reagan sent more than 2,000 American
Supreme Court Main article: George H. W. Bush
troops to Panama as well.[74] Unlike Reagan, Bush was
Supreme Court candidates
able to remove Noriega from power, but his administrations unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered the
Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme needs of Panama during the establishment of the young
Court of the United States:
democratic government.[75]
David Souter 1990
Clarence Thomas 1991
Other courts Main article:
judicial appointments
George H. W. Bush
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush

appointed 42 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 148 judges to the United States district courts.
Among these appointments was Vaughn R. Walker, who
would later be revealed to be the earliest known gay
federal judge.[72] Bush also experienced a number of
judicial appointment controversies, as 11 nominees for
10 federal appellate judgeships were not processed by the
Democrat-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee.[73]
Foreign policy
Panama Main article:
Panama
In May 1989, Panama held democratic elections, in which

Guillermo Endara was elected president; the results were
then annulled by Noriegas government. In response,
Bush sent 2,000 more troops to the country, where they
began conducting regular military exercises in Panamanian territory (in violation of prior treaties). Bush then
removed an embassy and ambassador from the country,
and dispatched additional troops to Panama to prepare
the way for an upcoming invasion.[74] Noriega suppressed
an October military coup attempt and massive protests in
Panama against him, but after a U.S. serviceman was shot
by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered
24,000 troops into the country with an objective of removing Noriega from power;[76] Operation Just Cause
was a large-scale American military operation, and the
rst in more than 40 years that was not related to the Cold
War.[75]
The mission was controversial, but American forces

achieved control of the country and Endara assumed the
Presidency.[77] Noriega surrendered to the United States
and was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and
United States invasion of drug tracking charges in April 1992.[78] President Bush
and First Lady Barbara Bush visited Panama in June
1992, to give support to the rst post-invasion Panama-
239
nian government.
based intercontinental ballistic missiles would be cut by

50%. Bush described START as a signicant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust.[83] After
Soviet Union See also: Dissolution of the Soviet the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, President Bush and
Union, New world order (politics), A World Transformed Gorbachev declared a U.S.-Russian strategic partnership,
and History of the United States (1988present) The marking the end of the Cold War.
end of the Cold War
In 1989, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush met
Gulf War Main article: Gulf War
On August 2, 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, in-
Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki summit in 1990
with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a

conference on the Mediterranean island of Malta. The
administration had been under intense pressure to meet
with the Soviets, but not all initially found the Malta summit to be a step in the right direction; General Brent
Scowcroft, among others, was apprehensive about the
meeting, saying that it might be premature due to concerns where, according to Condoleezza Rice, expectations [would be] set that something was going to happen,
where the Soviets might grandstand and force [the U.S.]
into agreements that would ultimately not be good for the
United States. But European leaders, including Franois
Mitterrand and Margaret Thatcher, encouraged Bush to
meet with Gorbachev,[79] something that he did December 2 and 3, 1989.[80] Though no agreements were signed,
the meeting was viewed largely as being an important one;
when asked about nuclear war, Gorbachev responded, I
assured the President of the United States that the Soviet Union would never start a hot war against the United
States of America. And we would like our relations to
develop in such a way that they would open greater possibilities for cooperation.... This is just the beginning. We
are just at the very beginning of our road, long road to
a long-lasting, peaceful period.[81] The meeting was received as a very important step to the end of the Cold
War.[82]
Another summit was held in July 1991, where the
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) was signed
by Bush and Gorbachev in Moscow. The treaty took nine
years in the making and was the rst major arms agreement since the signing of the Intermediate Ranged Nuclear Forces Treaty by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987.
The contentions in START would reduce the strategic
nuclear weapons of the United States and the USSR by
about 35% over seven years, and the Soviet Unions land-
President Bush visited American troops in Saudi Arabia on

Thanksgiving Day, 1990
vaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait; Bush

condemned the invasion[84] and began rallying opposition
to Iraq in the US and among European, Asian, and Middle Eastern allies.[17] Secretary of Defense Richard Bruce
Dick Cheney traveled to Saudi Arabia to meet with
King Fahd; Fahd requested US military aid in the matter, fearing a possible invasion of his country as well.[84]
The request was met initially with Air Force ghter jets.
Iraq made attempts to negotiate a deal that would allow the country to take control of half of Kuwait. Bush
rejected this proposal and insisted on a complete withdrawal of Iraqi forces.[17] The planning of a ground operation by US-led coalition forces began forming in September 1990, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf.[84]
Bush spoke before a joint session of the U.S. Congress
regarding the authorization of air and land attacks, laying out four immediate objectives: Iraq must withdraw
from Kuwait completely, immediately, and without condition. Kuwaits legitimate government must be restored.
The security and stability of the Persian Gulf must be assured. And American citizens abroad must be protected.
He then outlined a fth, long-term objective: Out of
these troubled times, our fth objective a new world
order can emerge: a new era freer from the threat of
terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure
in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the
world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and
live in harmony.... A world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world in which nations
recognize the shared responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the
weak.[85] With the United Nations Security Council op-
240
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
posed to Iraqs violence, Congress authorized the use of

Military force[84] with a set goal of returning control of
Kuwait to the Kuwaiti government, and protecting Americas interests abroad.[17]
Early on the morning of January 17, 1991, allied forces
launched the rst attack, which included more than 4,000
bombing runs by coalition aircraft. This pace would continue for the next four weeks, until a ground invasion
was launched on February 24, 1991. Allied forces penetrated Iraqi lines and pushed toward Kuwait City while
on the west side of the country, forces were intercepting the retreating Iraqi army. Bush made the decision to
stop the oensive after a mere 100 hours. Critics labeled
this decision premature, as hundreds of Iraqi forces were
able to escape; Bush responded by saying that he wanted
to minimize U.S. casualties. Opponents further charged
that Bush should have continued the attack, pushing Husseins army back to Baghdad, then removing him from
power.[17] Bush explained that he did not give the order
to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have
incurred incalculable human and political costs.... We
would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq.[86]
From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas, President Bush, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney; (seated) Jaime Serra
Puche, Carla Hills, and Michael Wilson at the NAFTA Initialing
Ceremony, October 1992
Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which would eliminate the

majority of taris on products traded among the United
States, Canada, and Mexico, to encourage trade amongst
the countries. The treaty also restricts patents, copyrights,
and trademarks, and outlines the removal of investment
[92]
Bushs approval ratings skyrocketed after the successful restrictions among the three countries.
[17]
oensive. Additionally, President Bush and Secretary The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst
of State Baker felt the coalition victory had increased mainly Democrats, who charged that NAFTA resulted in
U.S. prestige abroad and believed there was a window of a loss of American jobs.[17] NAFTA also contained no
opportunity to use the political capital generated by the provisions for labor rights; according to the Bush admincoalition victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace pro- istration, the trade agreement would generate economic
cess. The administration immediately returned to Arab- resources necessary to enable Mexicos government to
Israeli peacemaking following the end of the Gulf War; overcome problems of funding and enforcement of its
this resulted in the Madrid Conference, later in 1991.[87] labor laws. Bush needed a renewal of negotiating auSomali Civil War Main article: Somali Civil War
Faced with a humanitarian disaster in Somalia, exacerbated by a complete breakdown in civil order, the United
Nations had created the UNOSOM I mission in April
1992 to aid the situation through humanitarian eorts,
though the mission failed.[88] The Bush administration
proposed American aid to the region by assisting in creating a secure environment for humanitarian eorts and
UN Resolution 794 was unanimously adopted by the
Security Council on December 3, 1992.[89] A lame duck
president, Bush launched Operation Restore Hope the
following day under which the United States would assume command in accordance with Resolution 794.[90]
Fighting would escalate and continue into the Clinton
administration.[91]
thority to move forward with the NAFTA trade talks.

Such authority would enable the president to negotiate
a trade accord that would be submitted to Congress for
a vote, thereby avoiding a situation in which the president would be required to renegotiate with trading partners those parts of an agreement that Congress wished
to change.[93] While initial signing was possible during
his term, negotiations made slow, but steady, progress.
President Clinton would go on to make the passage of
NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative and Republican rootswith the addition of two
side agreementsto achieve its passage in 1993.[94]
The treaty has since been defended as well as criticized further. The American economy has grown 54%
since the adoption of NAFTA in 1993, with 25 million new jobs created; this was seen by some as evidence of NAFTA being benecial to the United States.[95]
With talk in early 2008 regarding a possible American
withdrawal from the treaty, Carlos M. Gutierrez, current
United States Secretary of Commerce, writes, Quitting
NAFTA
NAFTA would send economic shock waves throughout
Main article: North American Free Trade Agreement
the world, and the damage would start here at home.[95]
Bushs administration, along with the Progressive Con- But John J. Sweeney, President of the AFL-CIO, wrote in
servative Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, The Boston Globe that the U.S. trade decit with Canada
spearheaded the negotiations of the North American Free and Mexico ballooned to 12 times its pre-NAFTA size,

reaching $111 billion in 2004.[96]
241
Awards and honors
In 1990 Time magazine named him the Man of the Year.

In 1991 the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded
Bush its Lone Sailor award for his naval service and his
Main article: George H. W. Bush vomiting incident
subsequent government service. In 1993, he was made an
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
[106]
On January 8, 1992, around 8:20 p.m. JST, Bush fainted by Queen Elizabeth II.
after vomiting at a banquet hosted by the then Prime Minister of Japan, Kiichi Miyazawa.[97] Bush had been attending a state event for 135 diplomats held at the home of 1992 presidential campaign
the Japanese Prime Minister, near the end of his 12-day
trade-oriented trip through Asia. Earlier that day Bush Main article: United States presidential election, 1992
had played a doubles tennis match in which the Emperor
of Japan Akihito and his son the Crown Prince Naruhito
Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a
beat Bush and his partner, a former U.S. ambassador to
coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high ap[98]
Japan. Bush later stated to the press that he had been
proval ratings, reelection initially looked likely. As a
aicted with a 24-hour u bug.
result, many leading Democrats declined to seek their
The incident was widely reported,[97] and quickly became partys presidential nomination. But an economic recesfodder for the nations comedians. Footage of the Pres- sion, and doubts of whether Bush ended the Gulf War
ident vomiting was broadcast on the ABC network, and properly, reduced his popularity.
Saturday Night Live presented a parody skit of the inciConservative political columnist Pat Buchanan chaldent in the form of an Oliver Stone conspiracy movie.[99]
lenged Bush for the Republican nomination, and shocked
The incident was also satirized in an episode of The Simppolitical pundits by nishing second, with 37% of the
sons, and an episode of King of the Hill. According to
vote, in the New Hampshire primary. Bush responded
USA Today, the incident was one of the top 25 memoby adopting more conservative positions on issues, in
rable public meltdowns that had us talking and laughing
an attempt to undermine Buchanans base.[17] Once he
or cringing over the past quarter-century.[100]
had secured the nomination, Bush faced his challenger,
Democrat and Governor of Arkansas William Jeerson Bill Clinton. Clinton attacked Bush as not doing
Pardons
enough to assist the working middle-class and being out
Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. of touch with the common man, a notion reinforced by
reporter Andrew Rosenthal's false report that Bush was
Bush
astonished to see a demonstration of a supermarket
scanner.[107]
As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of
pardons during his last days in oce. On December 24,
NH 4
11
VT 3
1992, he granted executive clemency to six former gov4
3
3
10
7
ernment employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal
4
11
MA 12
33
3
3
18
RI 4
of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of
23
7
CT
8
5
4
NJ 15
22 12 21
Defense Caspar Weinberger.[101] Bush described Wein5
5 13
8
DE 3
54
6
MD 10
11
8
berger, who was scheduled to stand trial on January 5,
DC 3
14
11
8
8
1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, as a
8
5
6
7 9 13
Clinton
true American patriot.[101]
9
32
Vomiting incident
Bush
3
In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clar4
ridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott
Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been
indicted and/or convicted of criminal charges by an The 1992 presidential electoral votes by state
Independent Counsel headed by Lawrence Walsh.[102]
Honorary degrees
Texas A&M University[103]
Sacred Heart University[104]
Dartmouth College, awarded a Doctor of Laws[105]
25
In early 1992, the race took an unexpected twist when

Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot launched a third party bid,
claiming that neither Republicans nor Democrats could
eliminate the decit and make government more ecient. His message appealed to voters across the political
spectrum disappointed with both parties perceived scal
irresponsibility.[108] Perot later bowed out of the race for
a short time, then reentered.[109]
242
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Clinton had originally been in the lead, until Perot reentered, tightening the race signicantly.[110] Nearing election day, polls suggested that the race was a dead-heat,[13]
but Clinton pulled out on top, defeating Bush in a 43% to
38% popular vote margin. Perot won 19% of the popular
vote, one of the highest totals for a third party candidate
in U.S. history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.[17][111] Bush received 168
electoral votes to Clintons 370.[112]
applied to other political gures accused of similar

diculties.[123][124][125][126][127][128] He does not say why
he wants to be there, wrote columnist George Will, so
the public does not know why it should care if he gets his
way.[129]
Conservative Republicans point to Bushs 1990 agreement to raise taxes in contradiction of his famous "Read
my lips: no new taxes" pledge. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their
support for his re-election. According to one survey,
of the voters who cited Bushs broken No New Taxes
pledge as very important, two thirds voted for Bill
Clinton.[117] Bush had raised taxes in an attempt to address an increasing budget decit, which has largely been
attributed to the Reagan tax cuts and military spending of
the 1980s. The tax revenue increase had not hurt his approval ratings to the extent that it prevented it from reaching 89% during the Gulf War, four months after the tax
vote.[118] By February 1991 his approval rating rose to its
highest level89%.[119]
economy.[132] A New York Times article mistakenly depicted Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket
barcode reader; the report of his reaction exacerbated the
notion that he was out of touch. Amid the early 1990s
recession, his image shifted from conquering hero to
politician befuddled by economic matters.[107]
Public image
7.8.7 Post-presidency
His Ivy League and prep school education led to warnings by advisors that his image was too "preppy" in 1980,
which resulted in deliberate eorts in his 1988 campaign
to shed the image, including meeting voters at factories
Several factors were key in Bushs defeat. The ailing and shopping malls, abandoning set speeches.[129]
economy which arose from recession may have been the His ability to gain broad international support for the
main factor in Bushs loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on elec- Gulf War and the wars result were seen as both a
tion day that the economy was either not so good or diplomatic and military triumph,[130] rousing bipartisan
poor.[113][114] On the eve of the 1992 election against approval,[131] though his decision to withdraw without
these factors, Bushs approval rating stood at just 37%[115] removing Saddam Hussein left mixed feelings, and atafter suering low ratings throughout the year.[116]
tention returned to the domestic front and a souring
Although Bush became the rst elected Republican president since Hoover in 1932 to lose a reelection bid (facing
a 34% approval rating leading up to the 1992 election),
the mood did not last. Despite his defeat, Bush climbed
back from election day approval levels to leave oce in
1993 with a 56% job approval rating.[133] By December
2008, 60% of Americans gave Bushs presidency a positive rating.[134]
Upon leaving oce, Bush retired with his wife, Barbara, and temporarily moved into a friends house near
the Tanglewood community of Houston as they prepared
to build a permanent retirement house nearby.[135] Ultimately they built their retirement house in the community
of West Oaks, near Tanglewood.[23] They had a presidential oce within the Park Laureate Building on Memorial
Drive.[136] Mimi Swartz of National Geographic wrote
that The Bushes are too studiously sedate to live in River
Oaks".[137] They spend the summer at Walkers Point
in Kennebunkport, Maine. On January 10, 1999, the
Bushes became the longest-married Presidential couple
in history, outlasting John and Abigail Adams, who were
married for 54 years and 3 days. At 68 years as of JanBush is visiting NAS JRB, New Orleans personnel before receiv- uary 2013,[138] they still hold the record, by a year and
ing briefs on the status of Joint Task Force Katrina relief eorts,
a half, over Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. Bush holds his
October 2005
own shing tournament in Islamorada, an island in the
George Bush was widely seen as a pragmatic care- Florida Keys.
taker president who lacked a unied and compelling In 1993, Bush was awarded an honorary knighthood
long-term theme in his eorts.[120][121][122] Indeed, Bushs (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II. He was the third American
sound bite where he refers to the issue of overarching president to receive the honor, the others being Dwight D.
purpose as the vision thing" has become a metonym Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.[106]

In 1993, Bush visited Kuwait to commemorate the coalitions victory over Iraq in the Gulf War, where he was
targeted in an assassination plot. Kuwaiti authorities arrested 17 people allegedly involved in using a car bomb
to kill Bush. Through interviews with the suspects and
examinations of the bombs circuitry and wiring, the FBI
established that the plot had been directed by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. A Kuwaiti court later convicted all but
one of the defendants. Two months later, in retaliation,
Clinton ordered the ring of 23 cruise missiles at Iraqi
Intelligence Service headquarters in Baghdad. The day
before the strike, U.S. Ambassador to the UN Madeleine
Albright went before the Security Council to present evidence of the Iraqi plot. After the missiles were red,
Vice President Al Gore said the attack was intended to
be a proportionate response at the place where this plot
to assassinate Bush was hatched and implemented.[139]
From 1993 to 1999 he served as the chairman to the
board of trustees for Eisenhower Fellowships, and from
2007 to 2009 was chairman of the National Constitution
Center.
President Bush is Honorary Chairman of Points of Light,
an international nonprot dedicated to engaging more
people and resources in solving serious social problems
through voluntary service.[140]
His eldest son, George W. Bush, was inaugurated as the
43rd President of the United States on January 20, 2001,
and re-elected in 2004. Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as
George Bush or President Bush, but following his
sons election the need to distinguish between them has
made retronymic forms such as George H. W. Bush and
George Bush seniorand colloquialisms such as Bush
41 and Bush the Elder much more common.
243
vice is a graduate public policy school at Texas A&M
University in College Station, Texas. The graduate school
is part of the presidential library complex, and oers
four programs: two masters degree programs (Public
Service Administration and International Aairs) and two
certicate programs (Advanced International Aairs and
Homeland Security). The masters program in International Aairs (MPIA) program oers concentration on
either National Security Aairs or International Economics and Development.
Later activities
Bush continues to make many public appearances. He
and Mrs. Bush attended the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004, and of Gerald Ford in January 2007.
One month later, he was awarded the Ronald Reagan
Freedom Award in Beverly Hills, California, by former
First Lady Nancy Reagan. Despite his political dierences with Bill Clinton, it has been acknowledged that
the two former presidents have become friends.[142] He
and Clinton appeared together in television ads in 2005,
encouraging aid for victims of Hurricane Katrina and the
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[143]
In October 2006, Bush was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) with the NIAF One
America Award for fundraising, with Bill Clinton, for the
victims of the 2004 tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.[144]
Upon the death of Gerald Ford, Bush became the oldest living president, 111 days older than Jimmy Carter.
Bush and Carter are the fourth pair of Presidents born
in the same year, and their birthdays are the third closest
among presidents, behind Andrew Johnson and Abraham
Lincoln (45 days apart) and Bushs immediate successors,
Bill Clinton and George W. Bush (44 days).
Presidential library
On February 18, 2008, Bush formally endorsed Senator

John McCain for the presidency of the United States.[145]
Main article: George Bush Presidential Library
The endorsement oered a boost to McCains campaign,
as the Arizona Senator had been facing criticism among
[146]
The George Bush Presidential Library is the presidential many conservatives.
library named for Bush. This tenth presidential library On January 10, 2009, both George H. W. and George
was built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presi- W. Bush were present at the commissioning of the USS
dential and vice-presidential papers of Bush and the vice- George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitzpresidential papers of Dan Quayle.[141] It was dedicated class supercarrier of the United States Navy.[147][148]
on November 6, 1997, and opened to the public shortly Bush paid a visit to the carrier again on May 26, 2009.[149]
thereafter; the architectural rm of Hellmuth, Obata and On February 15, 2011, he was awarded the Medal
Kassabaum designed the complex.
of Freedomthe highest civilian honor in the United
The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on a 90-acre (360,000 m2 ) site on the west campus
of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, on
a plaza adjoining the Presidential Conference Center and
the Texas A&M Academic Center. The Library operates under NARA's administration and the Presidential
Libraries Act of 1955's provisions.
Statesby President Barack Obama.[150]
On November 23, 2012, he had a bronchitis-like cough

that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in
Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released
before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday
because he got worse with a high fever. He was moved to
the Intensive-care unit on December 23.[151] and after his
The George Bush School of Government and Public Ser- condition improved, he was moved to a regular patients
244
room on December 29, 2012.[152] He was discharged on
January 14, 2013.[153]
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Bush meets President Barack Obama in the Oval
Oce, January 30, 2010
Bush suers from Vascular Parkinsonism, a form of

Parkinsons disease which has forced him to use a mo7.8.8
torized scooter or wheelchair since at least 2012.[154][155]
Electoral history
In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of sup- See also: Electoral history of George H. W. Bush
port for the two-year-old son of a member of his security
detail, who had leukemia.[156]
In April 2014, Frederick D. McClure, chief executive of 7.8.9 See also
the Bush library foundation, organized a three-day gathering in College Park, TX, to mark the 25th anniversary
List of Presidents of the United States
of the Bush administration. Also in early 2014, the John
F. Kennedy Library Foundation presented the Prole in
List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by
Courage Award to Bush and Mount Vernon awarded him
previous experience
its rst Cyrus A. Ansary Prize.[157] The Kennedy foundation award was presented by Jack Schlossberg, the late
presidents grandson, to Lauren Bush Lauren, who ac- 7.8.10 References
cepted on her grandfathers behalf.[158] The Ansary prize
was presented in Houston with Ansary, Barbara Lucas, [1] Lieutenant Junior Grade George Bush, USNR. Naval
Historical Center. April 6, 2001. Retrieved March 29,
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Kennebunkport, Maine. The jump marked the eighth
time the former president had skydived, including jumps
on his 80th and 85th birthday as well.[163] He had tweeted
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jump..[164][165]
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Laureate Building on Memorial Drive
[155] Peppers, Margot (2013-04-09). A beaming George H
[137] Swartz, Mimi. "Survival of the Richest. National GeoW Bush poses for a photo. The Daily Mail (London).
graphic. March 2006. Retrieved on June 4, 2014.
[138] Strito, Sherri & Bob. Barbara and George H. Bush. [156] Edwards, Breanna (July 24, 2013). George H.W. Bush
About.com. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
shaves head. Politico.
[139] frontline: the long road to war: assassination. PBS. Re- [157] Baker, Peter, Bush 41 Reunion Looks to Burnish His
Legacy, New York Times, April 3, 2014. Retrieved
2014-04-04.
[140] Points of Light: Our Leadership. Points of Light. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
[158] Edelman, Adam, George H.W. Bush honored with
Kennedy Prole in Courage Award, New York Daily
[141] The Birth of the Tenth Presidential Library: The Bush
News, May 4, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
Presidential Materials Project, 19931994. George Bush
Presidential Library. Archived from the original on April [159] Former U.S. President Honored with Ansary Prize, Mt.
Vernon web page. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
[142] Healy, Patrick (May 19, 2007). A Candidacy That May [160] Senior sta, mountvernon.org. Viebranz is identied as
Test a Friendships Ties. The New York Times. Retrieved
president and CEO of George Washingtons Mount VerMay 22, 2011.
non. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
[143] People of the Year: Bill Clinton and George H. W. [161] Presidents Day 2014 - Mrs. Barbara Lucas, mountverBush. ABC News. December 27, 2005. Retrieved
non.org. Lucas is identied as regent of Mount Vernons
September 5, 2010.
Ladies Association. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
[162]
[163] George H. W. Bush SKYDIVES for His 90th Birthday!".
TMZ. 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
[164] Jackson, David (2014-06-12). George H.W. Bush takes
one last skydive for 90th birthday. USA Today. Retrieved
2014-07-02.
[165] twitter.com
7.8.11
Further reading
Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in
an Era of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0275-94418-2.
Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the Best, George
Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. New
York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83958-X.
Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). A
World Transformed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0679-43248-5.
Bush, George H. W.; Bush, Barbara (2009).
Interview with: George W. Bush, Barbara Bush. Interview with McGrath, Jim. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
Bush, George W. (2014). 41: A Portrait of My Father. Crown. ISBN 978-0553447781.
249
Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage
at the White House Follies, 19891993. New York:
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79648-8.
Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bushs War.
New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-80501388-1.
Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton (2004)
[1991]. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography.
Washington: Executive Intelligence Review. ISBN
0-930852-92-3.
McBride, Tim (2009-06-12). The President Who
Treated Me Like a Son. The Daily Beast. Retrieved
2014-10-08.
American Experience, The Presidents: George H.W.
Bush (Television production). American Experience, Public Broadcasting Service. 2008. Retrieved
2014-10-08.
UFOs and the Whitehouse (Documentary). History
Channel. 25 July 2005. Retrieved December 26,
2008.

Ocial
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
White House biography

Bush Koch, Dorothy (2006). My Father, My President: A Personal Account of the Life of George
H. W. Bush. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN Speeches and statements
0446579904.
Full audio of a number of Bush speeches Miller
Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: GenCenter of Public Aairs
der Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious
Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070Media coverage
4344-3.
Duy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching
in Place : The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush.
New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-737201.
George H. W. Bush collected news and commentary

at The New York Times
George H. W. Bush collected news and commentary
at The Wall Street Journal
Fitzwater, Marlin (1995). Call the Brieng. New

York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-7388-3458-0.
Other
Green, John Robert (2000). The Presidency of
George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0993-8.
Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George
Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic.
ISBN 0-15-131469-1.
Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story
of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday. ISBN
0-385-50324-5.
Extensive essays on Bush and shorter essays on each

member of his cabinet and First Lady from the
Miller Center of Public Aairs
George Bush at C-SPAN's American Presidents:
Life Portraits
George H. W. Bush an American Experience documentary
250
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
7.9 Barbara Bush

For other people named Barbara Bush, see Barbara Bush
(disambiguation).
Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife
of the 41st President of the United States, George H. W.
Bush, and served as First Lady of the United States from
1989 to 1993. She is the mother of the 43rd President,
George W. Bush and of the 43rd Governor of Florida,
Jeb Bush. Previously she had served as Second Lady of
the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Barbara Pierce was born in New York, New York, attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937, and
is an alumna of Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South
Carolina. She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age
16, and the two married in 1945, while he was on leave
during his deployment as a Naval ocer in World War
II. They had six children together. The Bush family soon
moved to Midland, Texas; as George Bush entered political life, Barbara raised their children.
As wife of the Vice President and then President, Barbara
Bush has supported and worked to advance the cause of
universal literacy. She founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy while First Lady. Since leaving the White House, she has continued to advance this
cause.
7.9.1
Early life
Barbara Pierce was born at Booth Memorial Hospital in

the borough of Queens, in New York City, and raised
in the suburban town of Rye, New York.[1] She was the
third child of Pauline Robinson (18961949) and her
husband Marvin Pierce (18931969), who later became
president of McCall Corporation, the publisher of the
popular womens magazines Redbook and McCalls. Her
siblings include Martha Pierce Raerty (19201999);
James Pierce (19211993), and Scott Pierce (born 1930).
Her ancestor Thomas Pierce, an early New England
colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th
president of the United States. She is the fourth cousin,
four times removed, and the second cousin, ve times removed, of President Franklin Pierce.[2]
Barbara attended Rye Country Day School from 1931
to 1937 and later boarding school at Ashley Hall in
Charleston, South Carolina from 1940 to 1943.[1] She
was athletic as a youth and enjoyed swimming, tennis,
and bike-riding.[1] Her interest in reading began early in
her life; she recalls gathering with her family during the
evenings and reading together.[1]
Barbara Bush, center, surrounded by her family, early 1960s
7.9.2 Marriage and family

She met George Herbert Walker Bush, a student at
Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts at age 16
during a dance over Christmas vacation.[3] After a yearand-a-half, the two became engaged to be married, just
before he went o to World War II as a Navy torpedo bomber pilot. He named three of his planes after
her: Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. When he returned on leave, she had dropped out of Smith College in
Northampton, Massachusetts;[1] two weeks later, on January 6, 1945, they were married at the First Presbyterian
Church in Rye, New York.[1]
For the rst eight months of their marriage, the Bushes
moved around the Eastern United States, to places including Michigan, Maryland, and Virginia, as George Bushs
Navy squadron training required his presence at bases in
such states.[1]
Over the next 13 years George and Barbara Bush had six
children: George W. Bush (born July 6, 1946), Pauline
Robinson Robin Bush (December 20, 1949 October 11, 1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis Jeb Bush
(born February 11, 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born January 22, 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22,
1956), and Dorothy Doro Bush Koch (born August 18,
1959). From their 5 living children, they have 17 grandchildren and 4 great-grandchildren.
7.9.3 Texas years

After the war ended, George Bush graduated from Yale
University and the young family soon moved to Odessa,
Texas, where Bush entered the oil business. They moved
to several small suburbs around Los Angeles, California, before settling in Midland, Texas, in 1950. The
Bushes would move some twenty-nine times during their
marriage.[1] Over time, Bush would build a business in
the oil industry and found the successful Zapata Corporation. Barbara raised her children while her husband was
7.9. BARBARA BUSH
251
usually away on business.

In 1953, the Bushes daughter Robin died of leukemia. It
severely aected Barbara Bush, and is the incident that
is credited with beginning to turn her hair from a light
brown color to chalk-white.[1]
7.9.4
Political life
Over the ensuing years, George Bush would be elected

or appointed to several dierent positions in the U.S.
Congress or the Executive branch, or government-related
posts, and Barbara Bush would accompany him every
step of the way.
While in Texas, in 1959, George Bush was elected Harris County Republican Party chairman, in the rst of
what would become many elections. His rst run for a
prominent political oce was in 1964, for U.S. Senator from Texas and although he lost, the exposure of the
Bush family put George and Barbara Bush on the national
scene.[1] He would be elected as a U.S. Representative
in Congress from Texas two years later; while her husband campaigned, Barbara raised her children, occasionally joining him on the trail.
As the wife of a Congressman, Barbara immersed herself in projects that piqued her interest, included various
charities and Republican womens' groups in Washington, D.C.[1] Though her husband lost a second bid for
the Senate in 1970, President Richard Nixon appointed
him the United States Ambassador to the United Nations,
which enabled Barbara to begin forming relationships in
New York with prominent diplomats.[1] As the Watergate
scandal heated up in 1973, Nixon asked Bush to become
Chairman of the Republican National Committee; Barbara advised her husband to reject the oer because of
the harsh political climate,[1] but he accepted anyway.
Nixons successor, Gerald R. Ford, appointed Bush head
of the U.S. Liaison Oce in the Peoples Republic of
China in 1974, and thus the Bushes moved internationally. Barbara enjoyed her time spent in China, and often
rode bicycles with her husband to explore the cities and
regions that few Americans had traveled to.[1] Just three
years later Bush was called back to the U.S. to serve as
Director of Central Intelligence during a crucial time of
legal uncertainty for the agency. Her husband was not allowed to share pertinent aspects of his job with Barbara,
as they were classied; the ensuing sense of isolation,
coupled with her perception that she was not achieving
her goals while other women of her time were, plunged
her into a depression.[1][4] She did not seek professional
help and instead began delivering speeches and presentations about her time spent in the closed-o China and
began volunteering at a hospice.[1]
Barbara Bush joins her husband, the Vice President, on a trip

to Great Britain to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
and her husband Denis, 1984
when she said that she supported ratication of the Equal

Rights Amendment and was pro-choice on abortion.[1]
This placed her slightly at odds with the conservativewing of the Republican party, led by California Governor
Ronald Reagan; Reagan would receive the presidential
nomination over her husband. Reagan, however, chose
Bush to be his running mate and the team was elected in
1980.
Second Lady of the United States
Barbara Bushs eight years as Second Lady allowed her

to become a common household name. She took an interest in literacy issues after her son Neil was diagnosed
with dyslexia and began working with several dierent
literacy organizations. She spent much time researching
and learning about the factors that contributed to illiteracy she believed homelessness was also connected to
illiteracy[5] and the eorts underway to combat both.[1]
She traveled around the country and the world, both with
the Vice President on ocial trips and by herself. In
1984 she wrote a childrens book about her family told
from the point of view of her dog C. Fred entitled C.
Freds Story. She donated all proceeds from the book to
literacy charities.[5] Now comfortable speaking in front of
Barbara Bush defended her husbands experience and groups, she routinely spoke to promote issues she believed
personal qualities when he announced his candidacy for in and became famous for expressing a sense of humor
President of the United States in 1980. She caused a stir and self-deprecating wit.[1] During the 1984 presiden-
252
tial campaign, Barbara made headlines when she told the
press that she could not say on television what she thought
of Vice-Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro, but it
rhymes with rich.[6] She later apologized to Ferraro.
In 1988 Vice President Bush announced his candidacy
for President to succeed Reagan. By this time Barbara
had experienced two presidential campaigns, but broke
new ground by becoming the rst candidates spouse to
speak at the national party convention that nominated
her husband.[1] She promised voters that she would be
a traditional rst lady and campaigned actively for her
husband.[5] The campaign at times focused on the large
Bush family, and contrasted her with the First Lady,
Nancy Reagan, by highlighting her interest in domestic
staples such as church, gardening, and time spent with
family while placing less emphasis on style sense and
fashion; she drew attention to both her famous white hair
and disinterest in wearing designer clothes.[1] She generally avoided discussion of political issues during the
campaign, particularly those on which she and her husband diered, and those closely involved with the campaign have reported that she was actively involved in campaign strategy.[1] Bush was elected in November 1988 and
sworn in on January 20, 1989 and the nation had a new
rst lady.
First Lady of the United States
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
read beyond a fourth-grade level. Mrs. Bush appeared
on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the situation and
spoke regularly on Mrs. Bushs Story Time, a national radio program that stressed the importance of reading aloud
to children.[1] Today, her children Jeb Bush and Doro
Bush Koch serve as co-chairs of the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy. Mrs. Bush remains active in
the foundation and serves as honorary chair.
She was also active with the White House Historical
Association and worked to revitalize the White House
Preservation Fund, which she renamed the White House
Endowment Trust. The trust raises funds for the ongoing
refurbishment and restoration of the White House. She
met her goal of raising $25 million towards the endowment.
Bush was known for her aection for her pet English
Springer Spaniel Millie and wrote a childs book about
Millies new litter of puppies. She even included Millie
in her ocial white house portrait, painted by Candace
Whittemore Lovely.[9] Barbara Bush became the rst
U.S. First Lady to become a recipient of the Henry G.
Freeman Jr. Pin Money Fund, receiving $36,000, most
of which she gave to favorite charities.
She was struck everyday by how much things had
changed for her and her husband since becoming President and First Lady. As opposed to a limousine, Bush
tried to use a smaller car and travel by train and commercial airplane for out-of-town trips. However, Bush
was partially opposed in her wishes by the heads of her
Secret Service detail, who agreed to the small car but did
not approve to the commercial traveling given the number
of threats to the First Lady being higher than that of the
vice president. Despite their opposition, what put Bush
most o was the fact that her ights would be delayed
while agents checked out the planes and luggage. The
plane Bush traveled on was nicknamed Bright Star, in
honor of the leukemia foundation her husband and Hugh
Liedtke founded after her daughter Robin died.[10]
During her husbands 1992 presidential campaign, Barbara Bush stated that abortion and homosexuality are personal matters and argued that the Republican Party platBush with children and White House sta in the China Room. form should not take a stand on it, saying that The perThe rst lady is attempting to make a paw print of her pet Millie sonal things should be left out of, in my opinion, platfor a holiday card.
forms and conventions. Her personal views on abortion
were not known, although her friends reported at that time
Barbara Bushs cause as First Lady was family literacy, that she privately supported abortion rights.[11] She exas it was when she was Second Lady, calling it the most plained, I hate abortions, but I just could not make that
important issue we have.[7] She became involved with choice for someone else.[12]
many literacy organizations, served on literacy commitBush disclosed she was suering from an overactive
tees and chaired many reading organizations. Eventuthyroid ailment known as Graves disease when she lived
ally, she helped develop the Barbara Bush Foundation for
at the White House. George H.W. Bush came down with
[8]
Family Literacy. She is dedicated to eliminating the
the same malady not long after his wife. It is rare for two
generational cycle of illiteracy in America by supportbiologically unrelated people in the same household to
ing programs where parents and their young children are
develop Graves disease within two years of each other.[13]
able to learn together. During the early 1980s, statistics
The Bush dog, Millie, came down with Graves disease,
showed that 35 million adults could not read above the
too, although there are reports that she had a dierent
eighth-grade level and that 23 million were not able to
7.9. BARBARA BUSH

auto-immune disease, lupus.
Because of the remarkable coincidence of three cases
of auto-immune disease in one household, the Secret
Service tested the water in the White House, at Camp
David, at the Vice Presidents residence, and at Walkers
Point (Bushs home in Maine) for lithium and iodine,
two substances known to cause thyroid problems. Bush
was more popular than her immediate predecessor Nancy
Reagan and successor Hillary Clinton because she carefully avoided controversy, and took very few positions
publicly on issues.[14]
Life after the White House
Since leaving the White House, she and her husband reside in the River Oaks community in Houston, Texas and
at the Bush Compound in Kennebunkport, Maine. Bush
described January 20, 1993, the day of Bill Clintons
inauguration, a tough day for her and George. After
returning to Houston, the two were visited by their son
George W. and at that point Barbara realized she had not
cooked in twelve years, and had diculty driving on her
own to the point where she did not drive far from home
for a long time and her husband warned people to get out
of the way if they saw her car.[15] A month after they
left oce, in February 1993, Bush was surprised by her
husband when he booked them on the Love Boat ship
Regal Princess.[16] On April 27, 1993, Bush and her husband had breakfast with Margaret Thatcher during her
speaking tour. Thatcher mentioned the most recent celebration of former President Ronald Reagans birthday
at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum,
where he orated the same card twice. Bush read about the
incident after Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimers
Disease, which she called a tragedy for both Mr. and
Mrs. Reagan.[17] On January 16, 1995, Bush ew to
Austin, Texas with her husband to attend her son George
W.'s inauguration as Governor of Texas. After attending a church service, the family went to the state capitol
for the ceremony. While waiting, the Bushes had visits
from former governors and their wives. After dining in
the Governors Mansion, the Bushes and their son Marvin ew back to Houston.[18] Several days after George
W. was sworn in, Bush went to a Distinguished Speakers
Event at the LBJ Library for Lady Bird Johnson. There,
she was introduced by George W. and the following day,
received a letter from her son dated January 18, 1995 in
which he asserted that he would not be governor had it
not been for them. Bush described the letter as having
moved both her and her husband.[19]
On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was the target of a terrorist bombing that left 168 people dead. One of the people that died in the attack was Al
Whicher, who had served on George H. W. Bushs Secret
Security Detail. Bush called the man who served under
her husband, a devoted husband and father. The next
day, April 20, 1995, the Bushes were scheduled to go to
253
Tulsa, Oklahoma. Barbara was supposed to speak at a
Junior League event in the noon and accompany her husband at the Salvation Army annual dinner. The Bushes
debated whether or not they should continue with their
plans due to the bombing, ultimately deciding to go because both groups help people in need.[20] On September 3, 1995, the Bushes went to Vietnam. This was unbelievable to Barbara because she never expected to set
foot in what had been North Vietnam. The Bushes rst
went to Hanoi and then to Ho Chi Minh City. The Bushes
met with President Le Duc Anh and party secretary Do
Muoi.[21] On September 28, 1995, the Bushes drove to
Portland, Maine for the announcement of the Barbara
Bush Childrens Hospital. Bush said her life was being
stretched, adding, Long after I am gone this hospital will
be there with my name. The Bushes visited the children
there, and Mrs. Bush started to recall her daughter Robin
after seeing them. The Bushes returned home early that
month.[22]
Several schools have been named for her: three primary
schools and two middle schools in Texas and an elementary school in Mesa, Arizona. Also named for her is the
Barbara Bush Library in Harris County, Texas[23] and
the Barbara Bush Childrens Hospital at Maine Medical
Center in Portland, Maine. She serves on the Boards of
AmeriCares and the Mayo Clinic, and heads the Barbara
Bush Foundation for Family Literacy.
On March 18, 2003, two days before the beginning of the
2003 invasion of Iraq, when her son George W. Bush was
holding the oce of the presidency, ABC's Good Morning
America asked her about her familys television viewing
habits; she replied:
I watch none. He [former President George
H.W. Bush] sits and listens and I read books,
because I know perfectly well that, don't take
oense, that 90 percent of what I hear on television is supposition, when we're talking about
the news. And hes not, not as understanding
of my pettiness about that. But why should
we hear about body bags and deaths, and how
many, what day its gonna happen, and how
many this or that or what do you suppose? Or, I
mean, its not relevant. So, why should I waste
my beautiful mind on something like that, and
watch him suer.[24]
While visiting a Houston relief center for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina, Bush told the radio program
Marketplace,
Almost everyone I've talked to says, 'We're
gonna move to Houston.' What I'm hearing,
which is sort of scary, is they all want to stay
in Texas... Everybody is so overwhelmed by
the hospitality, and so many of the people in
the arenas here, you know, were underprivi-
254
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
on the University of New England waterfront Biddeford
Campus a few miles north of Walkers Point. The George
and Barbara Bush Center lays the foundation for the
heritage of Barbara Bush in New England and houses
The Bush Legacy Collection, material securing the Bush
legacy in Maine, including memorabilia on loan from the
George H. W. Bush Presidential Library at Texas A &
M University. Particular attention is given to the familys New England heritage and to Barbara Bushs love
for Maine.
George and Barbara Bush attend the christening ceremony for

the USS George H.W. Bush, October 2006
leged anyway, so this (as she chuckles slightly)

is working very well for them.[25][26]
The remarks generated controversy.[27] In 2006, it was revealed that Barbara Bush donated an undisclosed amount
of money to the BushClinton Katrina Fund on the condition that the charity do business with an educational software company owned by her son Neil Bush.[28]
In November 2008 Bush was hospitalized for abdominal

pains. On November 25, a dime-sized hole in her small
intestine, that was caused by an ulcer, was closed by surgeons. She was released December 2, 2008 and was reported to be doing well.[30]
Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery on
March 4, 2009; she was released from the hospital on
March 13, 2009.[31]
In September 2010, in partnership with the University
of New England, Barbara and George Bush established
the George and Barbara Bush Distinguished Lecture Series,[32] an annual event honoring the legacy of Barbara
and George Bush as political and community leaders.
In a November 2010 interview with Larry King, Bush was
asked about former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Bush
remarked, I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think shes very happy in Alaska, and I hope
she'll stay there.[33] Palin responded, I don't want to,
sort of, concede that we have to get used to this kind of
thing, because I think the majority of Americans don't
want to put up with the blue-bloods and I say it with
all due respect, because I love the Bushes but, the bluebloods, who want to pick and choose their winners, instead of allowing competition to pick and choose the
winners.[34]
On December 31, 2013, Bush was hospitalized at The
Methodist Hospital, in Houston, Texas, for a respiratory related issue"; she was in stable condition and had
received a visit from her family, according to the Bush
familys statement to the media.[35] On January 4, 2014,
Bush was released from the hospital and it was announced
she had been suering from pneumonia. She was quoted
as saying, I cannot thank the doctors and nurses at Houston Methodist enough for making sure I got the best treatment and got back to George and our dogs as quickly as
possible.[36]
7.9.5 Awards
In 1995, Bush received the Award for Greatest Public Service Beneting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jeerson Awards.[37] In 1997, she was the recipOn October 3, 2008, Barbara Bush and her husband ient of The Miss America Woman of Achievement Award
George opened the George and Barbara Bush Center[29] for her work with literacy programs.[38]
Former First Lady Mrs. Barbara Bush at the LBJ Presidential
Library in 2012.
7.9. BARBARA BUSH
7.9.6
See also
7.9.7
Footnotes
[1] First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush. National First

Ladies Library. Archived from the original on November
[2] Correction Barbara Pierce Bush Genealogy. Merrill.org. Archived from the original on April 24, 2007.
[3] Bush, Barbara (1994), p. 16
[4] W. Speers (May 22, 1990). Barbara Bush: I Overcame
Depression. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived
from the original on July 26, 2013.
[5] Barbara Bush Biography. A&E Television Networks,
LLC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
[6] Simpsons Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James
B. Simpson. 1988.. Bartleby
[7] White House biography of Barbara Bush. White House.
Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
255
[23] Barbara Bush Branch Library @ Cypress Creek.

hcpl.lib.tx.us
[24] Barbara Bush 'Beautiful Mind' Quote. Snopes. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
[25] Barbara Bush: Things Working Out 'Very Well' for Poor
Evacuees from New Orleans. Editor and Publisher.
September 5, 2005. Archived from the original on April
[26] Marketplace. American Public Media. September 5,
2005. Audio clip.
[27] Barbara Bush comments on survivors spark outrage.
Sydney Morning Herald. September 7, 2005. Archived
from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved January
30, 2010.
[28] Cynthia Leonor Garza, Copyright 2006 Houston Chronicle (March 23, 2006). Katrina funds earmarked to pay
for Neil Bushs software program Houston Chronicle.
Chron. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
[29] http://www.une.edu/bushcenter
[30] Former First Lady Barbara Bush In Hospital. Fox News
Channel. 2010-04-07. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
[8] Lamar Brantley. Barbara Bush as a Role Model. Rolemodel. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
[31] Former rst lady Barbara Bush released from hospital.

CNN (2009-03-13)
[9] Arts & Scholars. The Trident (Winter 2013): 19.
[32] http://www.une.edu/lectures/bush
[10] Bush, Barbara (1994), pp. 264-265.

[11] John M. Broder (August 14, 1992). Barbara Bush Calls
Abortion `Personal Choice. Los Angeles Times (Seattle
Times). Archived from the original on November 15,
2010.
[33] Snyder, Whitney (November 20, 2010). Barbara Bush

Jabs Sarah Palin: 'I Hope She Stays In Alaska (VIDEO)".
The Hungton Post. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
[34] 44 Palin res back at 'blue-blood' Barbara Bush.
Voices.washingtonpost. November 24, 2010. Retrieved
November 17, 2011.
[12] Harnden, Toby (November 8, 2010). George W Bush

became opposed to abortion when mother showed him
dead foetus in jar. The Daily Telegraph (London).
Archived from the original on November 11, 2010.
[35] Former rst lady Barbara Bush hospitalized for 'respiratory related issue'". NBC News. December 31, 2013.
Archived from the original on January 1, 2014.
[13] Altman, Lawrence K. (May 29, 1991). Clue to Bushes

Disease Sought in Water. The New York Times.
[36] Hamedy, Sama (January 4, 2014). Former First Lady

Barbara Bush released from Houston hospital. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 19,
2005.
[14] Killian, pp. 3-4.
[37] Jeerson Awards
[15] Bush, Barbara (2004), pp. 5-7.
[38] Live presentation of the 77th annual Miss America

Pageant. Turner Classic Movies. 1997. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
[16] Bush, Barbara (2004), p. 9.

[17] Bush, Barbara (2004), p. 16.
[18] Bush, Barbara (2004), pp. 69-70.
[19] Bush, Barbara. (2004), p. 72.
[20] Bush, Barbara (2004), p. 79.
[21] Bush, Barbara (2004), pp. 85-86.
[22] Bush, Barbara (2004), pp. 91-92.
7.9.8 References
Killian, Pamela (2003). Barbara Bush: Matriarch
of a Dynasty. St. Martins Grin. ISBN 9780312319700.
Bush, Barbara (2004). Reections: Life After the
White House. Scribner. ISBN 978-0743255820.
256
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Bush, Barbara. Barbara Bush: A Memoir, New

York:Scribner, 1994. ISBN 978-0-02-519635-3
http://www.svu2000.org/genealogy/Bush-REV.pdf
7.9.9
Further reading
Bush, Barbara. "BARBARA BUSH: A MEMOIR/Life after White House is fun and dierent".
Los Angeles Times. Syndicate at the Houston Chronicle. Saturday October 1, 1994. Houston Section, p.
5.
Williams, Marjorie. "Barbaras Backlash". Vanity
Fair. August 1992.
7.9.10
External links
Ocial White House biography of Barbara Bush

Bush, George H. W. and Barbara Bush with Jim McGrath. George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush Oral
History, Houston Oral History Project, July 2009.
Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy
Barbara Bush at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Inuence &
Image
7.10 Bush family

The Bush family is a prominent American family. Along
with many members who have been successful bankers
and businessmen, across generations the family includes
two U.S. Senators, one Supreme Court Justice, two Governors and two Presidents (one of the two presidents also
served as Vice President). George Herbert Walker Bush
and Barbara Pierce Bush have been married for 70 years,
holding the record for the longest-married presidential
couple. Peter Schweizer, author of a biography of the
family, has described the Bushes as the most successful political dynasty in American history.[1] According
to some online sources,[2] the Bush family is of primarily
English and German descent.
7.10.1
Relations
James Smith Bush (18251889) Father of Samuel

P. Bush
Samuel P. Bush (18631948), Father of
Prescott Bush and Son of James Smith Bush
Flora Sheldon (18721920), the wife of
Samuel P. Bush, married June 20, 1894 and
mother to Prescott Bush.
Prescott Bush (18951972), Samuel P.

Bushs son, served as a US Senator from
Connecticut.
Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (1901
1992), the wife of Prescott, was the
daughter of George Herbert Walker of
the well-connected Walker family of
bankers and businessmen
Prescott Bush, Jr. (19222010),
Prescott Bushs eldest son, served as
chairman of the U.S.-China Chamber of Commerce.
George H. W. Bush (born 1924),
Prescott Bush Sr.'s second son, was
the 41st President of the United
States, Vice-President of the United
States under Ronald Reagan, a Congressman from Houston, and Central
Intelligence Agency director, and
also held other political and diplomatic posts. Before his political career he was in the oil business in
Texas. Married to Barbara Pierce
Bush (born 1925), the daughter of
publisher Marvin Pierce, cousin of
14th US President Franklin Pierce,
First Lady of the US and Second
Lady of the US during her husbands
terms.
George W. Bush (born 1946),
George H.W. Bushs eldest son, was
the 43rd President of the United
States and was the 46th Governor of
Texas.
George H. W. Bush picnics on the lawn of his Kennebunkport

home with his family, 1988
Laura Welch Bush (born 1946), the

wife of George W., was the First
Lady and a former teacher.
Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna
Bush Hager, ne Jenna Welch Bush
(born 1981), George W. Bushs
twin daughters.
7.10. BUSH FAMILY

Henry Chase Hager (born 1981),
wed to Jenna Bush Hager.
Margaret Laura Mila Hager
(born April 13, 2013), daughter
of Henry Hager and Jenna Bush
Hager.
Pauline Robinson Bush (1949
1953), George H. W. Bushs
second child and rst daughter,
died of leukemia.
Jeb Bush (born 1953), George
H.W. Bushs second son, was the
43rd Governor of Florida. Married
to Columba Bush.
George P. Bush (born 1976), son
of Jeb Bush, elected commissioner
of the Texas General Land Oce
7.10.2
in 2014. Married to the former
Amanda Williams.
257
John Prescott Ellis (born 1953), son
of Nancy Bush Ellis, media consultant
Jonathan Bush (born 1931), Prescott
Bush Sr.'s fourth child, banker
Jonathan S. Bush (born 1969),
son of Jonathan Bush, CEO of
athenahealth, a healthcare IT company
Billy Bush (born 1971), son of
Jonathan Bush, Access Hollywood
host
William H.T. Bush (born 1938),
Prescott Bush Sr.'s fth child, banker
and executive
Ancestors
Noelle Bush (born 1977)

Jeb Bush, Jr. (born 1983) is attending the University of Texas.
Neil Bush (born 1955), third son
of George H. W. Bush and brother
of President George W. Bush, is a
businessman. Currently married to
Maria Bush (as of 2004). Previously married to Sharon Smith, divorce in April 2003.
Lauren Bush-Lauren (born 1984),
model for Tommy Hilger, daugh- Barbara Bush, Jeb Bush, George H. W. Bush, Laura Bush, and
ter of Neil Bush and Sharon Smith, George W. Bush, and Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Feller watch tee
married to David Lauren.
ball on the White House lawn.
Ashley Bush, daughter of Neil
Bush and Sharon Smith
Pierce M. Bush son of Neil Bush Patrilineal line
and Sharon Smith
Richard Bush (c. 16761732 in Bristol, Plymouth
Marvin Bush (born 1956), a venture
Colony) is the earliest known patrilineal member of
capitalist, fourth son of George H.
the Bush family.
W. Bush, and brother of George W.
Bush. Married to Margaret Conway
(ne Molster)
They have two children, adopted:
a daughter, Marshall, and a son,
Walker
Dorothy Bush Koch (born 1959),
second daughter of George H. W.
Bush and sister of President George
W. Bush. Married to Bobby Koch,
wine lobbyist. Children are Sam
and Ellie LeBlond, Robert and Gigi
Koch.
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (born
1926), Prescott Bush Sr.'s third child,
and the only daughter.
Timothy Bush (17281821 in Springport,

New York) may have been the son of Richard
Bush.
Timothy Bush, Jr.
(17611850 in
Peneld, New York) was the son of Timothy Bush.
Obadiah Newcomb Bush (January
28, 17971851) was the son of
blacksmith Timothy Bush, Jr. and
Lydia Newcomb, and was born in
Peneld, New York on January 28,
1797. He left home during the War
of 1812 and married Harriet Smith
(18001867) (Cambridge, New
York, May 12, 1800 Cincinnati,
258
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Ohio, June 21, 1867), the daughter
ther of Samuel Prescott Bush. The
of Dr. Sanford Smith (17601815)
rst Bush to earn a degree from Yale
(Stonington, Connecticut, February
University, he supported the found27, 1760 Scipio, New York, June
ing of The Third Society at Yale,
15, 1815) and his wife Priscilla
now known as Wolfs Head Society.
Whippo Smith (17631838) (Cambridge, New York, c.
1763
Pottstown, Pennsylvania, August Other notable relatives
26, 1838), in Rochester, New York
George Bush (17961859) was a biblical scholar
on November 8, 1821. He and his
who wrote the book Life of Mohammed, and a rst
wife had seven children. Through
cousin of Obadiah Newcomb Bush.[2]
his son Reverend James Smith Bush
(18251889), he is the great-great Col. Robert Bolling Sr. (16461709) was an
grandfather of former President
Early American settler whose son, Robert Bolling
George Herbert Walker Bush and
Jr., was a Bush family ancestor. Bolling Sr. later
the
great-great-great-grandfather
had children with Jane Rolfe, the granddaughter of
of President George W. Bush. In
Pocahontas.
Rochester, Obadiah was employed
as a schoolmaster and was also a
Wild Bill Hickok (1837-1876) was a second cousin
well known abolitionist. He served
three times removed of Prescott Bush.[2]
as vice president of the Anti-Slavery
Gov. Thomas Hinckley (16181706) was a PlySociety and was on a committee
mouth Colony governor, and a seventh generation
to nominate candidates for justice
great-grandfather of Prescott Bush, so therefore a
of the peace. His brother Henry,
direct ancestor of all of his descendents including
a manufacturer of stoves, was also
his son George H. W. Bush and grandson George
well known for his involvement
W. Bush.[2]
in abolitionist activities. He was
a participant in the Underground
Mary Parker (163792) was executed by hanging in
Railroad, and even petitioned the
1692 for witchcraft in the Salem Witch Trials.[3][4]
New York State Legislature to
secede from the Union in a protest
Through John May and his wife Prudence Bridge
against slavery. The Rochester Daily
(great-great-grandparents of Obadiah Newcomb
Advertiser accused him of encouragBush), the family is related to U.S. Attorney Gening anarchy. Eventually Obadiah,
eral Charles Bonaparte (1851 - 1921), U.S. Vice
Henry and possibly another brother
President Charles Gates Dawes (1865 - 1951), acor two went o to nd their fortunes
tress Blanche Oelrichs (who was also known by the
in the California Gold Rush of
pseudonym Michael Strange) (1890 - 1950), and
1849. After two years of toiling in
author Louisa May Alcott (1832 - 1888).[2]
California he began passage home,
by ship, to retrieve his family in New
York. He died, however, aboard 7.10.3 Connections to other prominent
ship and was given a sea burial.
families
According to the book The Faith of
George W. Bush: "[He] left his home
during the War of 1812, became a
schoolmaster, then caught gold fever
and left for California during the
Gold Rush of 1849. Two years later,
he tried to return home to reclaim
his family and take them west. He
died in the attempt, though, and was
buried at sea. leaving his wife and
seven children alone in Rochester,
New York.
James Smith Bush (18251889),
an Episcopal priest in New Jersey,
California, and New York, was the George W. Bush and George H. W. Bush in Beijing, 2008
son of Obadiah Bush and the fa-
7.10. BUSH FAMILY

Walker family
George Herbert Bert Walker (18751953) was a
wealthy American banker and businessman. His daughter
Dorothy married Prescott Bush, making him the grandfather of the 41st President George H. W. Bush and the
great-grandfather of the 43rd President George W. Bush.
He is also the namesake of the Walker Cup, a mens amateur golf trophy contested in odd-numbered years between a U.S. team and a combined Great Britain and
Ireland side.
259
George H. W. Bush, m. Barbara
Pierce
George W. Bush, m. Laura
Lane Welch
Barbara Pierce Bush
Livingston family
The Livingston family, a prominent family which migrated from Scotland to New York (then New Nether- George W. Bush, Marvin Bush, Barbara Bush and Laura Bush
lands) in the 17th century, whose descendants include at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics Games.
signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Jenna Welch Bush, m. Henry
(Philip Livingston) and the United States Constitution
Chase Hager
(William Livingston), Lords of Livingston Manor and
Margaret Laura Mila Hager
Clermont Manor, located along the Hudson River in 18thcentury eastern New York, First Lady of the United
Pauline Robinson Robin Bush
States Eleanor Roosevelt, Congressman Bob Livingston
John Ellis Jeb Bush, m.
of Louisiana, much of the wealthy Astor family, New
Columba Garnica Gallo
York Governor Hamilton Fish, and actors Montgomery
George Prescott Bush, m.
Clift, and Jane Wyatt. Flora Sheldon, wife of Samuel P.
Amanda Williams
Bush, was a Livingston.
John Ellis Jebby Bush, Jr.
Noelle Lucila Bush
Schuyler family
Neil Mallon Bush, m. Sharon
Smith
The Schuyler family, a prominent family which migrated
Lauren Bush, m. David Lauren
from the Netherlands to New York (then New Nether Marvin Pierce Bush, m. Marlands) in the 17th century around Albany, NY. Degaret Molster
scendants include much of the Livingston family, Gen Marshall Bush
eral Philip Schuyler during the American Revolution,
Walker Bush
Cornplanter, a Seneca Chief who fought on the side of
Dorothy Walker Bush, (m./div.

the British during the American Revolution, David Math1st) William LeBlond ; (m. 2nd)
ews, Mayor of New York City during British occupaRobert
P. Koch
tion, Major General Schuyler Hamilton, a grandson of
Sam
LeBlond
Alexander Hamilton, and members of the political Kean
family which includes Thomas Kean and Thomas Kean
Ellie LeBlond
Jr..
Robert Koch
Gigi Koch
Nancy Walker Bush, m. Alexan7.10.4 Family tree
der B. Ellis II
Joe Ellis
Timothy Bush, Jr., m. Lydia Newcomb
Jonathan James Bush,
m.
Obadiah Newcomb Bush (1797-1851), m.
Josephine Bradley
Harriet Smith
Billy Bush m. Sydney Davis
Josie Bush
James Smith Bush, m. Harriet Fay
Mary Bush
Samuel Prescott Bush, m. Flora
Bradley Bush
Sheldon
Lillie Bush
Prescott Sheldon Bush, m.
Dorothy Wear Walker
Jonathan S. Bush
Prescott Sheldon Bush, Jr.
William Henry Trotter Bush
260
CHAPTER 7. FAMILY
Robert Sheldon Bush

Mary Eleanor Bush
Margaret Livingston Bush
James Smith Bush
[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Sources:
7.10.5
See also
List of U.S. political families

Political families of the world
7.10.6
Notes
[1] Joseph Curl (January 20, 2005). Rise of 'dynasty' quick,

far-reaching. The Washington Times. Archived from the
original on 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
[2] Reitwiesner, William Addams. Ancestry of George W.
Bush. Retrieved 11 Sep 2014.
[3] Kelly, Jacqueline. The Untold Story of Mary Ayer
Parker: Gossip and Confusion in 1692. Revised for presentation at the Berkshire Conference. June 2005.
[4] Robinson, Enders A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthornes
House of Seven Gables. pp. 2515. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books. 1992.
[5] Herskowitz, Mickey (2003), Bush Family Tree, Duty,
Honor, Country: The Life and Legacy of Prescott Bush,
Thomas Nelson, p. 9, ISBN 9781401600099
[6] Harrison, Bruce (2005), The Family Forest Descendants of
Lady Joan Beaufort, Kamuela, Hawaii: Millisecond Publishing Company, Inc.
[7] Kelley, Kitty (2004), Bush / Walker / Pierce / Robinson
/ Family Tree, The Family: The Real Story of the Bush
Dynasty, Random House, ISBN 9781407095691
[8] Philadelphia, Desa (August 7, 2000), Republican Convention: The Family Tree, Time
[9] Phillips, Kevin (2004), The BushWalker Family Tree,
American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics
of Deceit in the House of Bush, Penguin Books, ISBN
9780143034315
[10] Roberts, Gary Boyd; Otto, Julie Helen (1995), Ancestors
of American presidents, New England Historic Genealogical Society / C. Boyer, 3rd, ISBN 9780936124193
[11] Rechcigl, Mila, Czech Roots of President Bush,
Washington, D.C.: Czechoslovak Society of Arts
and Sciences, retrieved June 11, 2012
[12] Weisberg, Jacob (2008), The Bush Family Tree, The
Bush Tragedy, Random House, ISBN 9780812978353
7.10.7 References
Victory restores Bush dynasty to Washington from
CNN
The Bush dynasty parties on from the St. Petersburg
Times
7.10.8 Further reading

American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the
Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush (2004), Kevin
Phillips. ISBN 0-670-03264-6
The Bushes: Portrait of a Dynasty, Peter Schweizer
Chapter 8
Pets
8.1 Barney (dog)
Barney Bush[2] (birth name Bernard Bush; September
30, 2000 February 1, 2013)[3] was a Scottish Terrier
owned by former U.S. President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush. Barney had his own ocial
web page which redirected to an extension of the White
House website. Barney was born in New Jersey and he
was often referred to as the First Dog.
8.1.1
Family
Barneys mother, Coors, is owned by former

Environmental Protection Agency Director and former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman.
The dogs father is known as Kelly. Miss Beazley, the
Bushes other Scottish terrier, is Barneys niece through
his half-brother, Clinton.
8.1.2
Interests
Barney at play in the Oval Oce.
Barney is said to have enjoyed playing with volleyballs

and golf balls, and enjoyed observing games of
horseshoes. There are various web sites across the Internet devoted to Barney. Most notably, he was the main
star of the White House's annual Christmas videos during
the Bush administration.
Barney was featured in several lms that go by the name
of Barneycam and are made by the White House Sta,
and star both Barney himself and Miss Beazley, the other
presidential canine. These movies can be found on the
George W. Bush archived White House web site.
8.1.3
Media attention
Bob Woodward quotes Bush about Barney
Laura, George and Barney at TSTC Waco Airport
Barney was evoked in a famous Bush quote cited by Bob

Woodward about the Iraq War in State of Denial: Bush at
War, Part III (ISBN 0743272234) and repeated during a
60 Minutes interview:
261
Late last year he had key Republicans up to the

White House to talk about the war. And said,
'I will not withdraw even if Laura and Barney
262
CHAPTER 8. PETS
are the only ones supporting me.' Barney is his
dog, Woodward says. My work on this leads
to lots of people who spend hours, days with
the president.[4]
Criticism by Karl Rove and Vladimir Putin

White House ocial Karl Rove remarked shortly after his resignation that Barney was a lump. Barney
has also been criticized by Russian President Vladimir
Putin who feels a world leader should own large robust
dogs, not smaller breeds such as the Scottish Terrier. At
a later date, when Putin introduced Bush to Koni, his
black labrador, Putin is reported to have remarked that
Koni is "(b)igger, tougher, stronger, faster, meaner, than
Barney.[5]
at the ranch. He was a erce armadillo hunter.

At Camp David, his favorite activity was chasing golf balls on the chipping green.
Barney guarded the South Lawn entrance
of the White House as if he were a Secret Service agent. He wandered the halls of the West
Wing looking for treats from his many friends.
He starred in Barney Cam and gave the American people Christmas tours of the White House.
Barney greeted Queens, Heads of State, and
Prime Ministers. He was always polite and
never jumped in their laps. Barney was by my
side during our eight years in the White House.
He never discussed politics and was always a
faithful friend. Laura and I will miss our pal.[3]
Barney was survived by the Bushes other Scottish Terrier,
Miss Beazley, who later died in 2014.[12]
Satires
Barney and Miss Beazley are honored with a bronze

[13]
On November 27, 2006, Barney was featured in an arti- sculpture at the George W. Bush Library.
cle in satirical newspaper The Onion titled Troop Morale
Boosted By Surprise Visit From First Dog.[6] The article Filmography
described a ctitious visit by Barney to troops in Iraq.
On December 14, 2006, The Daily Show satirized Barneys Holiday Extravaganza.[7] Barney was, at one point,
satirized in "The Bugle".
On January 23, 2007, Scottie Tails posted a satire video
of a Wheaten-colored terrier named Kenzie asking Barney to contact her about a date. [8][9]
Bites
On November 6, 2008, Barney bit Reuters news reporter
Jon Deckers nger.[10] Barney had bitten Boston Celtics
public relations director Heather Walker on the wrist on
September 19, 2008 breaking the skin and drawing blood,
but the incident was not reported until after the November
6 elections. Laura Bushs spokesperson joked afterwards
that I think it was his way of saying he was done with the
paparazzi.[11]
Death
Barney died of lymphoma.[3]
On February 1, 2013, Bush posted this to his Facebook
page, Statement by President George W. Bush on the
passing of Barney Bush:
Laura and I are sad to announce that our
Scottish Terrier, Barney, has passed away. The
little fellow had been suering from lymphoma
and after twelve and a half years of life, his
body could not ght o the illness.
Barney and I enjoyed the outdoors. He
loved to accompany me when I shed for bass
Barney in A Red, White, and Blue Christmas.
Barney has starred in eleven government lm productions. His latest, Barney Cam VII: A Red, White and Blue
Christmas, is a 2008 Christmas video featuring George
W. Bush and members of his immediate family, and
many American Olympians.[14] In it, he dreams of winning several honors for the United States before being
woken up by President Bush, who needs Barneys help
in preparing for Christmas.
Barneys feature videos:
Barney Cam VII: A Red, White and Blue Christmas
(2008)
Barney Cam VI: Holiday in the National Parks
(2007)
My Barney Valentine (2007)
Barneys Holiday Extravaganza (2006)
A Very Beazley Christmas (2005)
8.2. INDIA (CAT)
263
Barney and Miss Beazleys Spring Garden Tour 8.1.6 External links
(2005)
Barneys ocial site archived copy of George W.
Barney has found Miss Beazley (2005)
Bush White House site
Where in the White House is Miss Beazley? (2004)
Barney Reloaded (2003)
8.2 India (cat)
Barney and Spots Winter Wonderland (2003)

Barney Cam (2002)
8.1.4
See also
India President George W. Bushs cat

Fala FDR's Scottish Terrier
United States presidential pets
8.1.5
References
[1] Barneys
Biography.
whitehouse.archives.gov.
2014.
GeorgewbushRetrieved on June 12,
[2] Barney Bush passes away. Usatoday.com (February 1,

2013). Retrieved on June 12, 2014.
Barbara and Jenna Bush with India, 2008
[3] Former First Dog Barney Bush passes away at age 12.
Dallas News. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
[4] Bob Woodward: Bush Misleads On Iraq CBS 60 Minutes October 1, 2006
[5] A doggone race, UK Guardian January 6, 2008.
[6] Troop Morale Boosted By Surprise Visit From First Dog
| The Onion Americas Finest News Source. The Onion
(November 27, 2006). Retrieved on June 12, 2014.
[7] Barneys Holiday Extravaganza. The Daily Show. December 14, 2006
[8] Scottie Tails: My Date with Barney, the First Dog.
Youtube. January 233, 2007.
[9] My Date with Barney website
[10] Feller, Ben.
Dog bites reporter:
FOXNews.com
Is that news?
[11] Rodrique Ngowi, AP WriterCeltics PR Director Says

White House Dog Bit Her
[12] Barney Bush, Ws dog, passes away. Politico. Retrieved
February 1, 2013.
India the Cat being very patient in Halloween costume, 2007
India Willie Bush (July 13, 1990 January 4, 2009)

was a black cat owned by former U.S. President George
W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. She lived with the
Bush family for almost two decades.
The Bushes acquired India, an all-black, female

American Shorthair,[1] as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992
[13] Bailey, Holly (April 24, 2013). Laura Bush: New library when twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine
is not a monument to her husband. Yahoo News. Re- years old. India remained with George and Laura Bush
trieved April 24, 2013.
once their daughters left for college.[2] The cat moved
[14] Barneys Home Page. The White House. Archived from with the Bushes to the White House from the Texas Govthe original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved December ernors Mansion in Austin in early 2001 following Bushs
inauguration as President.[2]
31, 2008.
264
CHAPTER 8. PETS
There was some controversy reported in India as some 8.2.2 See also
people were upset with the cats name.
In July
United States presidential pets
2004, demonstrators in the southern Keralian city of
Thiruvananthapuram denounced the cats name as an insult to the nation of India, and burned an egy of President Bush in protest.[2][3] The Bushes did not change 8.2.3 External links
the cats name in response to the demonstrations,[2] as
Ocial Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
their cat had been named after the baseball player Rubn
Sierra, who was nicknamed "El Indio" during his time
India at the Presidential Pet Museum
with the Texas Rangers when Bush owned the team.[4]
The name had reportedly been given to the family cat by
daughter Barbara Bush.[2]
Despite living at the White House with the First Family,
India had been largely overshadowed in the media by two
of the Bushes more famous Scottish terriers, Barney and
Miss Beazley. However, shes seen in the Barneycam
videos produced by the White House sta around Christmas time, her rst being Where in the White House is Miss
Beazley?, where she was referred to as Willie.[1] The
dogs received signicantly more media attention from the
White House press corps during the Bush presidency.[2]
The Bush family cat made an appearance in the March
2008 Architectural Digest, as Willie, in the East Sitting
Hall of the White House.[5]
India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at the
age of 18.[6][7] In a statement to the press regarding Indias death, Sally McDonough, a spokesperson for First
Lady Laura Bush, noted that the family was deeply saddened by their cats death.[1] An excerpt of the statement
released to the press stated, India was a beloved member
of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be
greatly missed.[1]
8.2.1
References
[1] "'First Feline' India dead at 18. United Press International. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
[2] Dunham, Rick (2009-01-06). Dogs overshadow death of
Bush familys cat. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 200901-07.
[3] Bushs cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan
Herald. Archive
[4] Indias Ocial Biography.
Georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov.
2009-01-05.
Retrieved
2012-11-30.
[5] At Home with History in the White House, Architectural Digest, March 2008
[6] Knoller, Mark (2009-01-05). Death Of A White House
Underdog: The Cat. CBS News. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
[7] Gillman, Todd J., Bush family cat dies at White House
Dallas Morning News, 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-01-05
Chapter 9
Related topics
9.1 W. (lm)
the election, but with the highest number of votes for a

Republican candidate in the states history. Angered by
For other lms of similar name, see W (disambiguation). his loss, Bush declares that he will never be out-Texasd
or out-Christianed again.
W. is a 2008 American biographical drama lm loosely
based on the life and presidency of George W. Bush. It
was produced and directed by Oliver Stone, written by
Stanley Weiser, and stars Josh Brolin as Bush, with a supporting cast that includes Ellen Burstyn, Elizabeth Banks,
James Cromwell, Thandie Newton, Jerey Wright, Scott
Glenn, and Richard Dreyfuss. Filming began on May 12,
2008, in Louisiana and the lm was released on October
17.[2]
9.1.1
Plot
In 1966, George W. Bush (Josh Brolin) endures an

alcohol-fueled initiation by his fellow Yale University
students as a Delta Kappa Epsilon pledge. During the
hazing, Bush successfully recalls the names and nicknames of many of the fraternity members, and states that
his family's political legacy is one in which he has no interest. A little later, after Bush is jailed in New Jersey for
rowdiness following a football game, his father, George
H. W. Bush (James Cromwell), states that he will help
Bush, but for the last time. Following his graduation from
Yale, Bush takes a job at an oil patch back in his home
state of Texas, but he quits after only a few weeks. In
1972, Junior reveals his real aspirations in a father-son
talk: working in professional baseball, in some capacity.
Soon afterwards, Bush is accepted into Harvard Business
School with the help of his father. That night after drinking heavily, Bush crashes his car into his family estate and
challenges his father to a stght. His brother, Jeb (Jason
Ritter) intervenes and stops the ght.
In 1977, Bush announces he will run for Congress in
Texas. At a barbecue, Bush meets his future wife, Laura
Lane Welch (Elizabeth Banks). During his congressional
debate, Bush is criticized by his Democratic opponent,
Kent Hance (Paul Rae), who says that Bush is not a real
Texan and has spent campaign contributions to throw
an alcohol-fueled party for underage Texas Tech University students. Bush does poorly in the debate and loses
In 1986, Bush becomes a born-again Christian, gives up

alcohol, and somewhat mends his relationship with his
father. The elder Bush invites him to assist with what
becomes his successful 1988 presidential campaign, although Bush himself suspects that he only was asked because Jeb was busy. Bushs political advisor, Karl Rove
(Toby Jones), tells him that he has the potential to make a
name for himself, but has not yet done anything with his
life. Bush becomes a front oce executive of the Texas
Rangers baseball team, while his father oversees the victory of the Persian Gulf War. Although Allied forces win
the war within 100 hours, the elder Bush decides not to
invade Iraq to depose Saddam Hussein. After his father
loses the 1992 presidential election to Bill Clinton, Bush
blames the loss on his decision not to depose Saddam.
In 1994, Bush decides to run for Governor of Texas
despite his fathers opposition. In 1999, he makes
a successful bid to become President. Following the
September 11 attacks in 2001, Bush labels three of Americas enemies specically Iran, Iraq, and North Korea
as the "axis of evil". In 2002, Bush begins searching
for evidence that Saddam was creating nuclear weapons,
and has the army prepared. All of Bushs White House
sta supports him except Secretary of State Colin Powell (Jerey Wright), who states that planning to invade
Iraq would destabilize the country. Powell is generally
overruled by Vice President Dick Cheney (Richard Dreyfuss) and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (Scott
Glenn), who insist that the war deliberately waged without an exit strategy would secure the United States status as sole global superpower while spreading democracy
throughout the Middle East. In his State of the Union
Address in 2003, Bush states that: Either you're with
us, or you're with the terrorists. In March of that year,
the U.S. invades Iraq and at rst, the war appears to be
a success, and Bush gives his infamous "Mission Accomplished" speech on an aircraft carrier. When it becomes
clear that there are no weapons of mass destruction within
Iraq, Bush learns that the responsibility for nding them
had been relegated far down the chain of command. Bush
265
266
CHAPTER 9. RELATED TOPICS
also discovers that Saddam gambled his regime and his

life on the assumption that Bush was blung. Bush is
asked in a White House press conference what mistakes
he made as President, a question that leaves him ustered and speechless. That night, Bush has a nightmare
in which his father accuses him of ruining his familys
legacy, which the elder Bush claims was intended for Jeb.
In the nal scene of the lm, Bush dreams of playing center eld at a baseball game. Bush attempts to catch a pop
y, but it quickly disappears.
9.1.2
Cast
Josh Brolin as George W. Bush: Stones original

idea for the main role was to propose it to Harrison
Ford, who he said had a pretty similar face as of
George Bush. Stone then cast Christian Bale, who
spent months researching for the role, but dropped
out after he was not satised with the prosthetic
makeup tests. Stone remarked, Christians a very
methodical actor and he has to have the makeup
thing work for him.[3] Brolin, cast at the last
minute,[3] spent months working on Bushs distinctive vocal style, calling hotels in Texas and talking
to the people at the front desk, listening to their accents. The actor also watched videos of Bush walking. Brolin said, It changes over the years, how
he walks in his 30s, how he walks in foreign lands,
before 9/11 and afterward. People hold their emotions in their bodies. They can't fake it. Especially
him.[4]
Elizabeth Banks as Laura Bush: Banks said she
would not do an impression of the First Lady. I
just want to honor her voice, her stillness, and her
hairstyle.[4]
James Cromwell as George H. W. Bush, Bushs father and the 41st President of the United States.
Ellen Burstyn as Barbara Bush
Thandie Newton as U.S. National Security Advisor

Condoleezza Rice
Toby Jones as Deputy White House Chief of Sta
Karl Rove
Bruce McGill as Central Intelligence Agency Director George Tenet
Ioan Gruudd as British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
Much of Gruudds intended scene was cut. The
scene depicted Blair revealing his intentions to convert to Catholicism, and his desire to give the United
Nations and British and US allies more time and
greater involvement before the Iraq invasion.
Noah Wyle as U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald
Evans
Rob Corddry as White House Press Secretary Ari
Fleischer
Dennis Boutsikaris as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz
Randall Newsome as Paul Bremer, head of the
Coalition Provisional Authority
Jason Ritter as Jeb Bush
Michael Gaston as General Tommy Franks
Tom Kemp as David Kay
Paul Rae as Congressman Kent Hance
Stacy Keach as Earle Hudd, Bushs pastor and spiritual advisor. Earle Hudd is a composite of several religious gures inuential in Bushs life, including Billy Graham, James Robison, C. Lane Boyd,
Kirbyjon Caldwell, Mark Craig, Tony Evans, T. D.
Jakes, and Ed Young.[6][7]
Richard Dreyfuss as Dick Cheney: Stone was interested in Robert Duvall as Cheney, but Duvall turned
down the role.[5] Dreyfuss and Stone did not get
along well during lming, and Dreyfuss was harshly
critical of the director during the lms press junket
(noting Stone had attacked him right before that tour
began). Dreyfuss also told Nathan Rabin in an interview that he did not empathize with the former Vice
President, calling him true to himself, and saying
that the real villain of W. was the American public,
because it never responded with outrage to the Bush
Administrations actions.
Jesse Bradford as Thatcher, Bushs college buddy
Jerey Wright as U.S. Secretary of State Gen. Colin

Powell
Bryan Massey as Skeeter
Scott Glenn as U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald

Rumsfeld
Marley Shelton as Fran, one of Bushs girlfriends

Anne Pressly as Anchorwoman
Sayed Badreya as Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq
William Chan as Hospital Doctor
Teresa Cheung as Miss China
Colin Hanks as David Frum
Brent Sexton as Joe O'Neill

Randal Reeder as Oil Rig Foreman
9.1. W. (FILM)
9.1.3
267
Production
The lm was released on October 17, 2008, timed just

before the presidential election.[2] W. 's producers reportI want a fair, true portrait of the man. How did Bush go edly ran television spots for the lm opposite Republican
nominee John McCain's ads in the fall
from an alcoholic bum to the most powerful gure in the Party presidential
[4]
of
2008.
world? Its like Frank Capra territory on one hand, but I'll
also cover the demons in his private life, his bouts with his
dad and his conversion to Christianity, which explains a
lot of where he is coming from. It includes his belief that 9.1.4 Reception
God personally chose him to be President of the United
States, and his coming into his own with the stunning, Critical response
preemptive attack on Iraq. It will contain surprises for
Bush supporters and his detractors.
W. received mixed to positive reviews from critics. As
of December 18, 2014, Rotten Tomatoes reports 59%
[8]
Oliver Stone
of critics giving the lm positive write-ups, based upon a
sample of 212, with an average score of 6/10, compared
W was Oliver Stones third lm in a trilogy he made about to audiences giving a 42% positive review (3/5) based
the Presidency, set in the time from the 1960s to today: on 109,205 ratings. [17] The website summarized the rethe set began with JFK and continued with Nixon. Orig- views of the lm by calling it A surprisingly sympathetic
inally, he was attached to direct Pinkville, a lm about portrayal of the 43rd American president, W. is fascinatthe Army's investigation of the My Lai Massacre, but de- ing in spots, but merely rudimentary as a whole.[17] At
velopment was canceled due to the 20072008 Writers Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100
Guild of America strike and actor Bruce Willis pulling to reviews from mainstream critics, the lm has received
out of the lm three weeks before shooting was set to an average score of 56, based on 36 reviews.[18]
start.[4] As a result, United Artists shut the production
down. Stone moved on to direct a lm about the life and Giving the lm four stars in his review, Roger Ebert
presidency of George W. Bush, shopping a script that had wrote that it was fascinating and praised all the acbeen written before the strike by Stanley Weiser, who had tors, noting that Richard Dreyfuss, in particular, was
much a double as an embodiment of Dick
co-written Wall Street with Stone. Weiser and Stone read not so [19]
Cheney.
In contrast, Ann Hornaday of The Washing[9]
17 books as part of their research for the script, and
ton
Post
called
the lm a rushed, wildly uneven, tonally
worked on the project for a year before venturing to lm
[20]
jumbled
caricature.
Film critic James Berardinelli
[8]
Pinkville. Stone has admitted that he and Weiser had
negatively
compared
the
lm with Saturday Night Live
to speculate on some dialogue: You take all the facts
skits,
saying
of
the
actors
that
None of them are as deadand take the spirit of the scene and make it accurate to
on
as
Tina
Fey
as
Sarah
Palin.
[10]
what you think happened. W. was nanced independently for Stone, with Hong Kong, German, and Aus- The Bush administration never ocially commented on
tralian funds: he tried to approach American studios for the lm. Former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, who is
money, but got turned down.[11] Lions Gate Entertain- portrayed in the lm, called the sibling rivalry portrayed
ment distributed the lm.[4] Though Stone has criticized in the lm high-grade, unadulterated hooey and said
Bush for his administrations 2003 invasion of Iraq, the that Stones exploration of the family dynamic could have
director said that he was not looking to make an anti- beneted from actual conversations with the Bush famBush polemic. Stone compared his goal of the lm to ily.[21] Slate Magazine 's Timothy Noah, however, noted
that of The Queen, wanting to trace seminal events in that most [of] the lms more ludicrous details are acBushs life. According to the director, Its a behind-the- tually directly taken from non-ction sources, and arscenes approach, similar to Nixon, to give a sense of what gued that the lm was too kind to Bush in omitting cerits like to be in his skin. But if Nixon was a symphony, tain historically recorded dramatic events, most notably
this is more like a chamber piece, and not as dark in Bushs alleged mocking of murderer Karla Faye Tucker,
tone.[8] He described the structure of W. as a three-act a woman put to death during his tenure of the Texan
lm starting with Bush as a young man with a missed governorship.[22] However, the incident is disputed by
life, followed by his transformation and an assertion of Bush himself, and as such is also unconrmed. In a
will which was amazingly powerful as he came out from March 2010 Screen Test interview with The New York
his fathers shadow, and nally his invasion of Iraq.[12]
Times ' Lynne Hirschberg, Josh Brolin claims Bush did
in
fact watch the lm. Brolin said Oliver Stone met with
[8]
[13]
The lm, originally titled Bush, was re-titled W.
Bill
Clinton in China and Clinton told Stone he'd lent his
Filming began on May 12, 2008, in Shreveport,
copy
of W. to Bush. Reportedly, Bush himself liked it
[14]
[15]
Louisiana, and completed lming on July 11, 2008.
very
much
and thought there were sad moments.[23]
On May 13, 2008, the New York Post published excerpts
from an early draft of the script. The column, written by The lm appeared on some critics top ten lists of the best
Cindy Adams, stated Pro-Bushies will hate it, antis will lms of 2008. Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News
love it.[16]
named it the eighth best lm of 2008,[24] and Roger Ebert
268
of the Chicago Sun-Times named it on his top 20 list (he

did not assign rankings).[24]
[16] Cindy Adams (May 13, 2008). Film Has A Few Words
About Our President. New York Post. Retrieved May 13,
2008.
Box oce
[17] W. Movie Reviews. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
The lm opened No. 4 behind The Secret Life of Bees,

Beverly Hills Chihuahua, and Max Payne, respectively
with $10,505,668 from 2,030 theaters with a $5,175
average.[25] The lm had a budget of $25.1 million and
grossed $25,534,493 in North America, and $3,401,242
internationally.
9.1.5
References
[1] W. (2008)". Box Oce Mojo. Retrieved July 12, 2011.

[2] Fleming, Michael (May 8, 2008). Lionsgate books
Oliver Stones W". Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
[3] Larry Carroll (October 15, 2008). What Do Batman And
George W. Bush Have In Common? Oliver Stone Explains". MTV. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
[4] Benjamin Svetkey (May 7, 2008). First Look: W., Oliver
Stones Bush Biopic. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved
May 8, 2008.
[5] Sperling, Nicole (March 26, 2008). Oliver Stones
George W. Bush biopic coming together. Entertainment
Weekly. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
[6] Bush and Earle Hudd Bible Study Group. Lionsgate.
[7] Bush, George W. (2001). A Charge to Keep: My Journey
to the White House. HarperCollins. p. 1. ISBN 0-68817441-8. cite is for list of inuential gures.
[8] Michael Fleming (January 20, 2008). Oliver Stone votes
for 'Bush' project. Variety. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
[9] Stephen Galloway, Matthew Belloni (April 7, 2008).
Bush biographers mixed on script for Oliver Stones W.".
The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on
[10] Benjamin Svetkey (May 7, 2008). First Look: W, Oliver
Stones Bush Biopic. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved
May 8, 2008.
[11] Schuker, Lauren. "A Film on Bush Finds Friends
Abroad". Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2008
[12] Mike Goodridge (May 30, 2008). Interview: Oliver
Stone. Screen Daily. Archived from the original on June
28, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
[18] W. (2008): Reviews. Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc.

[19] Roger Ebert (October 15, 2008). W.. rogerebert.com.
[20] Ann Hornaday (October 17, 2008). "'W': Mission Not
Accomplished. Washington Post. Retrieved October 17,
2008.
[21] Jeb Bush calls 'W' movie 'Hooey'". Washington Times.
[22] Noah, Timothy (October 17, 2008). Dubya, Stoned..
Slate Magazine. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
[23] Screen Test - Josh Brolin. The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
[24] Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists. Metacritic.
[25] Weekend Box Oce Results from 10/17 to 10/19. Box
Oce Mojo. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

Ocial website
The Ocial Films Guide
W. at the Internet Movie Database
W. at AllMovie
W. at Rotten Tomatoes
W. at Box Oce Mojo
9.2 George W. Bush military service controversy
Controversy over George W. Bushs military service

in the National Guard was an issue that rst gained
[13] Fleming, Michael (March 26, 2008). Oliver Stone casts widespread public attention in the 2004 presidential campaign. The controversy centered on questions of how
parents of W". Variety. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
George W. Bush, who became the 43rd President of the
[14] Michael Fleming (May 8, 2008). Lionsgate books Oliver
United States in January 2001, came to be a member of
Stones W.". Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
the Texas Air National Guard, why he lost his ight status,
[15] Brolin, Wright arrested in pub ght. Variety. July 13, and whether he fullled the requirements of his military
service contract.
9.2. GEORGE W. BUSH MILITARY SERVICE CONTROVERSY
9.2.1
Timeline
269
9.2.2 Acceptance into the National Guard
During the 19681974 period, Presidents Johnson and

Nixon decided against calling up National Guard units for
service in Vietnam. However, military documents show
George W. Bush joined the 147th Fighter Interceptor during the Vietnam War, almost 23,000 Army and Air
Group of the Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968, Guardsmen were called up for a year of active duty; some
during the Vietnam War. He committed to serve until 8,700 were deployed to Vietnam.[8]
May 26, 1974, with two years on active duty while train- In 1999, Ben Barnes, former Democratic Speaker of the
ing to y and four years on part-time duty.[1] In his 1968 Texas House of Representatives and Lieutenant GoverStatement of Intent (undated), he wrote, I have applied nor of Texas, gave testimony in a deposition for a lawsuit
for pilot training with the goal of making ying a lifetime related to the Texas lottery; and following the deposition,
pursuit and I believe I can best accomplish this to my own his lawyer issued a statement to the press. According to
satisfaction by serving as a member of the Air National the statement, Barnes had called the head of the Texas
Guard as long as possible.
Air National Guard, Brigadier General James Rose, to
Following his six weeks of basic training, Bush began
53 weeks of ight training at Moody Air Force Base,
Georgia.[2] In December 1969, Bush began 21 weeks of
ghter interceptor training on the F-102 in Houston at the
147ths Combat Crew Training School, soloing in March
1970 and graduating in June 1970. When he graduated,
he had fullled his two-year active-duty commitment.[1]
In November 1970, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, commander of the 111th Fighter Squadron, recommended that
Bush be promoted to First Lieutenant, calling him a dynamic outstanding young ocer who stood out as a top
notch ghter interceptor pilot. He said that Lt. Bushs
skills far exceed his contemporaries, and that he is a
natural leader whom his contemporaries look to for leadership. Lt. Bush is also a good follower with outstanding
disciplinary traits and an impeccable military bearing.[3]
Bush was promoted.
recommend Bush for a pilot spot at the request of Bush

family friend Sidney Adger. Both Rose and Adger were
deceased at the time of the deposition and press release.
The statement also said, Neither Congressman Bush nor
any other member of the Bush family asked Barnes help.
Barnes has no knowledge that Governor Bush or President Bush knew of Barnes recommendation.[9] While
working as an active fundraiser for John Kerry, Bushs opponent during the 2004 U.S. Presidential campaign,[10]
Barnes repeated that he used his political inuence to
preferentially refer people to the National Guard, including Bush.[11]
Both George W. Bush and his father have stated that they
did not ask Adger to intercede and were unaware of any
action he may have taken. Walter Staudt, the colonel in
command of Bushs squadron, has stated that he accepted
Bushs application without receiving any outside pressure
to do so.[12]
Air National Guard members could volunteer for active

duty service with the Air Force in a program called Palace
Alert, which deployed F-102 pilots to Europe and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and Thailand. According to 9.2.3 Flight performance and ight status
in 1972 and 1973
three pilots from Bushs squadron, Bush inquired about
this program but was advised by the base commander
that he did not have the necessary ying experience (500 Final ights
hours) at the time and that the F-102 would soon be
Flight logs released in September 2004 in response
retired.[1][4]
to a lawsuit (see below) showed that Bush, who had
Bushs four-year part-time obligation to serve required
been ying in the F-102A Delta Dagger, a single-seater
him to maintain his immediate readiness to be recalled interceptor, for most of his career, ew nine times in Tto active duty in the event of a national emergency. 33 trainers in February and March 1972 nearly twice
Bush performed part-time Guard duty as an F-102 pilot as many times as he had own in T-33s in the prior 18
through April 1972, logging a total of 336 ight hours.[5] months.[13][14] The logs also show that on March 12 and
After April 1972, Bush may have failed to meet the atten- April 10 of 1972, Bush took two passes to land his F-102
dance requirements established for members of the Air ghter.[15] Although White House ocials could not exNational Guard. In mid-1972, he failed to meet the Air plain the changes in the ight logs in these nal ights,
Force requirement for an annual physical examination for Air Force experts said there could be any of a number of
pilots, and lost his authorization to be a pilot.[6]
reasons for the change in Bushs ight pattern. Retired
On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged Major General Paul A. Weaver, a former head of the Air
from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to National Guard, said Bush could have just been practicing
anything to have multiple
the inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado.[7] He was dis- landing skills. It doesn't mean
[13]
approaches,
Weaver
said.
charged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21,
1974, ending his military service.
The nal two entries of Bushs ocial ight logs show
270
him being assigned to work as an instructional pilot in late
May 1972 at a Texas Air National Guard base, although
he had left for Alabama in mid-May (see next section) and
his pay records show he was not paid for any work on the
two dates of the instructional pilot assignment. Coding
on the logs showed these assignments were subsequently
deleted from the ocial record.[13]
Flight physical
By regulation, National Guard pilots were required to
take and pass an annual physical in order to remain in
ight status, in the three months prior to a pilots birthday
(in Bushs case, July 6). Bush did not take this mandatory
physical examination in mid-1972. As a result of his failure to take his physical, his ight status was suspended
by his commander on August 1, 1972,[16] conrmed by
Col Bobby Hodges on September 5, 1972 and conrmed
again by a National Guard Bureau order on September
29, 1972, which meant he no longer was authorized to y
as a pilot.[17][18][19]
Although the previous two physicals that Bush had taken
were done by ight surgeons, Bush said in 2000 that he
wanted to wait to take the physical until it could be done
by his own private doctor. But regulations require that
the physical be performed by an Air Force doctor.[20] Air
Force ight surgeons were assigned to Maxwell Air Force
Base in Montgomery, Alabama, located across town from
Maxwell AFB at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard
Base at Dannelly Field airport, where Bush was paid for
drilling in October and November 1972 and in January
1973, his only drilling dates between April 1972 and
April 1973.

Transfer request
On May 24, 1972, Bush submitted a form requesting a transfer to the 9921st Air Reserve Squadron
in Montgomery, Alabama, under the command of
Lieutenant Colonel Reese R. Bricken. According to the
request form, Bush was already in Alabama at work on
the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount, who was a
friend of his father. Jimmy Allison, a longtime family
friend, helped Bush get the campaign work.[23]
On May 26, Bricken approved Bushs application for
transfer. Bricken wrote: You already understand that
this is a Training Category G, Pay Group None, Reserve
Section MM proposition. As an obligated Reservist,
Bush was in Training Category fA, which required a
minimum of 48 periods of inactive duty training, and 15
days of active duty training, and was required to remain
in that Training Category. Training Category G oered
no training at all. According to Air Force regulations
(AFM 35-3, paragraph 14-6), being in Training Category A meant that If a member...will be unable to further train with his unit because of an impending change
of residence,...he is required to sign a statement that he
has been counseled. That counseling included notifying
Bush of his obligation to nd a new unit with which he
could fulll his training obligations.[24]
On July 31, the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC)
rejected Bushs transfer request, saying that he could not
be reassigned to an Air Reserve Squadron because of his
obligated service.[25] Bricken, asked about the matter in
2000, said that Bush made no eort to participate as a
Guardsman with the 9921st.[26]
Equivalent duty in Alabama
According to his released military records, Bush never Bush remained obligated to train with his Texas unit, or
ew again as an Air National Guard pilot after April to perform substitute training elsewhere each month.[27]
1972.
On September 5, 1972, he requested permission to perform equivalent duty at the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in Alabama for the months of September,
October, and November. He quickly received approval
to do so, and was told to report to Lieutenant Colonel
9.2.4 Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973
William Turnipseed, the base commander, for drills on
October 7 and 8, and November 4 and 5 (the September
During 2004, Democratic National Committee chair- drill dates of the unit had already passed). Bushs grandman Terry McAulie and others accused Bush of be- father, former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, died of caning absent without leave (AWOL) from the Air National cer on October 8, and Bush served as a pallbearer at the
Guard in 197273.[21] White House communications di- funeral in Greenwich, Connecticut. Turnipseed has said
rector Dan Bartlett and others, who called the charge that he could not recall whether Bush reported on those
election-year propaganda, noted that Bush was honorably occasions.[28]
discharged[22] and that no AWOL charge had ever been In 2004, John Bill Calhoun, a former Alabama Air Namade against Bush by the National Guard.
tional Guard ocer who had served at the Dannelly Field
Released military records show that Bushs documented
service record through mid-April 1972 (Bush drilled on
the 15th and 16th of that month) was without gaps; the
period in question is from May 1972 forward.
Air National Guard Base in Montgomery, home of the

187th, said he had seen Bush report for duty at least six
times between May and October 1972, and that Bush
had in fact spent time in his oce.[29] However, the pay-
271
ment and retirement records the White House handed out

three days prior to Calhouns claims show that Bush received no pay or attendance credits during that May to
October period.[30]
July (his last month of drilling) for 19 days. However

there is nothing in the released military documents that
shows that he actually reported for duty on those days, or
exactly where, or what duties he performed.[20] As of the
Released military records show that Bush was paid for end of July, 1973, Bush had been in the National Guard
service for the days of October 2829 and November for a little over ve years.
1114, 1973, and for January 46 and 810, 1973, and
that he received a dental examination at Dannelly on January 6.[31][32] The U.S. Senate campaign in which Bush
worked ended on November 7, 1972, when Blount lost 9.2.5 Six-year service obligation
overwhelmingly.[33]
A 2006 column in the Birmingham News (Alabama) re- On May 27, 1968, Bush signed a six-year obligation.
ported about people who remembered Bush when he was That required him to complete 48 scheduled inactivein Alabama, working for the Blount campaign: None duty training periods each scal year (typically consisthave specic recollections about Bush and the National ing of four four-hour periods during one weekend each
Guard. Some heard he was serving but never saw for month), plus a minimum of 15 days of Annual Active
themselves. Opinions of him during this time ranged Duty Training. For Bush, as a pilot, this was typically
from good (amiable, well liked, and fond of sports) to bad split into periods of duty of a few days each during the
(bragging about drinking and allegations he trashed a cot- year.
tage where he was living).[34] Winton Blounts son Tom The Boston Globe reported in September 2004 that
said He was an attractive person, kind of a 'frat boy.' I Bush fell well short of meeting his military obligation,
didn't like him.[35]
citing examples of Bush failing to meet Air National
[39]
Bushs miliIn 1972 and 1973, Bush dated Mavanee Bear, another Guard commitments in 1972 and 1973.
tary
records
show
that
he
was
credited
for
attending
Air
member of Blounts campaign sta. Bear said in 2009
National
Guard
drills
during
1972
and
1973,
but
the
time
that I know [Bush] served while in Alabama because
[40]
he had to regularly reschedule meetings, but also said I frame of these drills (see above) still left questions.
didn't see him in uniform. When later back in Texas, she On July 30, 1973, his last day of paid service in the Texas
said she frequently saw him in uniform, stating I think National Guard, Bush signed a statement that I have
he was mostly just ying in circles over Houston.[36]
been counseled this date regarding my plans to leave my
In a document dated May 2, 1973, Bushs immediate su- present Reserve of [sic] assignment due to moving from
periors gave him his annual performance review for the this area. I understand that: a. If I disassociate from my
period from May 1, 1972 to April 30, 1973. The review current Ready Reserve Assignment, it is my responsibilstated that Lt. Bush has not been observed at this unit ity to locate and be assigned to another Reserve Forces
during the period of the report. [37] Lt. Col. William D. unit or mobilization augmentation position. If I fail to do
Harris Jr. and Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian also wrote, A so, I am subject to involuntary order to active duty for up
months under the provisions of AFM 35-3, chapter
civilian occupation made it necessary for him to move to 24[39]
14.
to Montgomery, Ala. He cleared this base on May 15,
1972 and has been performing equivalent training in a On September 5, 1973, Bush requested discharge from
non-ying status with the 187 Tac Recon Gp. Dannelly Texas Air National Guard service, to be eective on
ANG Base, Alabama.
October 1. He wrote, I am moving to Boston, Massachusetts to attend Harvard Business School as a full
time student.[41] Jerry Killian recommended approval of
the discharge the following day. Bush had completed ve
Return to Houston
years, four months, and ve days toward his six-year serBack in Houston, in late 1972 or early 1973, Bush did vice obligation.
unpaid volunteer work for a number of months with an
inner-city poverty program, Project P.U.L.L. (Professional United Leadership League), the brainchild of John
White, a former professional football player and civic
leader.[38]
On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged

from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to
the inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. On November
21, 1974, he was discharged from the Air Force Reserve,
ending his military service.
Bush was paid for drilling on April 78, 1973. That service presumably occurred at his home base, Ellington Air
Force Base, in Houston, in contradiction to the information in his performance review. For May 1973, Bush was
paid for service on fteen days: 13, 811, 1920, 22
24, and 29-31. For June, he was paid for ve days; for
In September 2004, Lawrence Korb, an Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan, after
reviewing the payroll records for Bushs last two years of
service, concluded that they indicated that Bush did not
fulll his obligations and could have been ordered to active duty as a result.[42]
272
9.2.6
Release of military records
tary service, the Texas Air National Guard produced two

previously unreleased documents (four pages of records)
During the 2000 presidential campaign, various military that included Bushs orders for his last day of active duty
records of Bush were made public by the Bush campaign. in 1973.
On February 13, 2004, during Bushs re-election cam- On October 14, 2004, two weeks after Texas National
paign, more than 700 additional pages of documents on Guard ocials signed an oath swearing they had turned
Bushs service were released, including those from the over all records, the Texas National Guard released 31
National Personnel Records Center, under the provisions additional pages of documents found by two retired Army
of the Freedom of Information Act. This release was lawyers who went through Guard les under an agreement
claimed by some to contradict the statement that Bush between the Texas National Guard and The Associated
made on February 8, 2004 to Meet the Press interviewer Press, which sued to gain access to the les. A Guard
Tim Russert, that We did [authorize the release of every- spokesman defended the continuing discoveries, saying
thing] in 2000, by the way. In response, Bush contended Guard ocials did not nd all of Bushs records because
that he was referring only to documents already in his pos- they were disorganized and in poor shape. These boxes
session, as opposed to the newly released documents from are full of dirt and rat [excrement] and dead bugs. They
have never been sitting in an uncontrolled climate, said
military sources.
Lt. Col. John Stanford. Its a tough task to go through
On June 22, 2004, The Associated Press sued the U.S. archives that were not set up in a way that you could easily
Department of Defense and the U.S. Air Force, seeking go through them.[32]
access to all of Bushs records during his military service.
On July 8, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the
microlmed payroll records of Bush and numerous other
service members had been inadvertently ruined in 1996
and 1997 by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service during a project to salvage deteriorating microlm.
The records lost included those covering July through
September 1972, when Bushs claims of service in Alabama were in question, and the Pentagon reported that
no paper backups could be found.[20]
9.2.7 Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian

Main article: Killian documents
The Killian documents were initially claimed by CBS
to have come from the personal les of the late Lt.
Col. Jerry B. Killian, Bushs squadron commander during Bushs Air National Guard service.[44] They describe
preferential treatment during Bushs service, including
pressure on Killian to sugar coat an annual ocer rating report for the then 1st Lt. Bush. CBS aired the story
on September 8, 2004, amid more releases of Bushs ocial records by the Department of Defense, including one
just the day before as the result of a FOIA lawsuit by the
Associated Press.[45]
On July 23, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the records

it had previously reported destroyed had been found.
A Pentagon ocial said the earlier statement that the
records were destroyed was an inadvertent oversight.
The Pentagon released computerized payroll records covering Bushs 1972 service. Like the records released
earlier by the White House, the newly released documents did not indicate that Bush performed any drills, in
Alabama or elsewhere, during May through September The Killian documents are widely considered to be fake.
1972.
Starting with a Free Republic web posting by Harry MacOn September 7, 2004, the White House released the Dougald, a conservative Republican lawyer posting unight logs recording the ights done by Bush as a pilot. der the blogger name, Buckhead. MacDougald and
A Pentagon spokeswoman said the logs were found at the multiple fellow bloggers pointed out that the formatting
National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, which shown in the documents used proportional fonts that did
is the central repository for veterans records. She said not come into common use until the mid-to-late 1990s
the logs were found among a batch of records sent to St. and alleged that the documents were therefore likely
[46][47]
Louis from Norton Air Force Base in 1993, which were forgeries.
originally thought to contain records of active-duty o- The forgery allegations subsequently came to the attencers rather than of National Guardsmen such as Bush.
tion of the mainstream media, especially after experts
On September 24, 2004, under court order resulting from also questioned the documents authenticity and lack of a
[48][49][50]
The original documents have
an earlier FOIA lawsuit led by the Associated Press, the chain of custody.
[43]
never
been
submitted
for
authentication.
The man who
Pentagon released more documents.
delivered the copies, Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former ofOn September 29, 2004, the White House released a cer in the Texas Army National Guard and outspoken
November 1974 document, saying it had been in Bushs Bush critic, claimed that he burned the originals. Burkett
personnel le and that it had been found by the Pentagon. admitted lying to CBS and USA Today about where he
On October 5, 2004, more than a week after a court- had obtained the papers and eventually expressed doubts
imposed deadline to turn over all records of Bushs mili- of his own about their authenticity.[51]

CBS and Dan Rather initially defended the documents
and the report,[52] but on September 20, 2004 less than
two months before Election Day, CBS News stated that
it had been misled and that it could not authenticate the
documents and should not have used them.[53] A later 60
Minutes broadcast an interview with Marian Carr Knox,
secretary to Killian at the time, who stated that she didn't
type these memos, although she stated she had typed
memos of similar content.[54] CBS then formed an independent panel headed by former U.S. Attorney General
Dick Thornburgh and retired Associated Press president
Louis D. Boccardi to investigate the story and the handling of the Killian memos.[55] The nal report of the
panel, while not addressing the authenticity of the documents, faulted many of the decisions made in developing the story, and producer Mary Mapes along with three
others were forced to resign from CBS News.[56]
273
[8] http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx
[9] Holmes, Michael (September 27, 1999). Man Says He
OK'd Bush for Guard. The Washington Post. Retrieved
May 3, 2010.
[10] Kerry Keeping Eye On Big Donors
[11] New Questions On Bush Guard Duty. CBS News.
September 8, 2004. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
[12] Guard Ocer Denies Seeking Help for Bush. ABC
News. September 17, 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
[13] Experts Examine Bush Pilot Logs. Associated Press.
September 10, 2004. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
[14] Bush ew in training planes before losing pilot privileges, Associated Press, September 11, 2004.
[15] Eastman, Susan Cooper (September 23, 2004). Fear of
Prior to the panel report being completed, Rather anFlying. WJWB. Archived from the original on August
nounced the date of his retirement,[57] left 60 Minutes
25, 2005.
Wednesday, stepped down as anchor on March 9, 2006,
and then left CBS altogether on June 20, 2006.[58] The [16] President George W. Bush (FindLaw)
CBS news show that had aired the memos, 60 Min- [17] Yost, Pete (September 30, 2004). Bushs Guard record
utes Wednesday was canceled on May 18, 2005, alclean, White House says. Deseret News. Associated
legedly due to poor ratings and not because of the memos
Press. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
broadcast.[59]
[18] White House defends Bush service in Guard. Arizona
In September 2007, Rather sued CBS and its former parDaily Star. February 12, 2004. Archived from the original
ent company, Viacom, for US$70 million, claiming that
on December 7, 2005.
he had been made a "scapegoat" over the memos story.[60]
His legal ght with CBS ended in January 2010 when the [19] Riechmann, Deb (February 11, 2004). White House Releases '73 Bush Dental Exam. The Washington Post. AsNew York State Supreme Court declined to hear his mosociated Press. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
[61]
tion to reinstate his lawsuit.
See also: Killian documents authenticity issues
9.2.8
References
[1] Lardner, George Jr. and Lois Romano. "At Height of

Vietnam, Bush Picks Guard" Washington Post, July 28,
1999.
[2] Byron York (February 18, 2004). Bush and the National
Guard: Case Closed. National Review. Retrieved 201210-25.
[3] Stevenson, Richard W. (February 14, 2004). Files Oer
Glimpse of Bush After College. The New York Times.
[4] Stone, Isaac. War Stories - Newsweek Campaign 2004.
MSNBC. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[20] Gaps Remain In Bush Guard Service, CBS News Investigation Finds Holes In Bush Military Record
[21] Bush in the National Guard: A Primer Salon.com
September 20, 2004
[22] USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/news/bushdocs/
2-Discharge.pdf |url= missing title (help). Retrieved May
3, 2010.
[23] Elizabeth, Mary (September 2, 2004). George W. Bushs
missing year. Salon.com. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[24] President George W. Bushs Military Service: A Critical
Analysis, Ret. Col. Lechlighter
[25] Memo, Subject: Application for Reserve Assignment,
Bush, George W., 1st Lt. Air Reserve Personnel Center. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
[5] By (September 7, 2004). Inside Politics. Washington

Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[26] Robinson, Walter V. (May 23, 2000). 1-year gap in

Bushs Guard duty. The Boston Globe. Archived from
the original on June 21, 2000.
[6] Democratic Groups Ad Revives AWOL Allegation

Against Bush. FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
[27] Robinson, Walter V. (February 10, 2004). Bush credited

for Guard drills. The Boston Globe. Archived from the
original on December 6, 2006.
[7] Discharge Documents for 1st Lt George W. Bush, Texas

Air National Guard. USA Today. n.d. Retrieved 14
February 2014.
[28] Romano, Lois (February 3, 2004). Bushs Guard Service

In Question. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3,
2010.
274
[29] Former Guardsman: Bush served with me in Alabama.

USA Today. February 13, 2004. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
[30] Ws AWOL Spin Update!". Thenation.com. Retrieved
May 24, 2010.
[31] What Bushs Guard File Reveals. The Nation. February
19, 2004. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
[32] 5:56 pm ET (October 15, 2004). More Bush service documents found - Politics. MSNBC. Retrieved May 24,
2010.
[51] http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/
president/2004-09-21-cover-guard_x.htm USA Today,
September 21, 2004.
[52] CBS Stands By Bush-Guard Memos. CBS News.
[53] CBS: Bush Memo Story A 'Mistake'". CBS News.
[54] Rebecca Leung, For the Record: Bush Documents, Sep
15 2004 (retrieved May 3, 2014)
[33] Mike Feinsilber (November 9, 1972). Nixon Went It

Alone for Sweeping Victory. The Bryan Times (UPI).
[55] CBS Names Memo Probe Panel. CBS News. September

6, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
[34] Blackledge, Brett J. Bush Remembered From Social

Contacts. The Birmingham News. Archived from the
original on March 3, 2006.
[56] CBS Ousts 4 For Bush Guard Story. CBS News. October 4, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
[35] Dubya in 'Bama: 'Gods Gift to Women'". Village Voice.

February 11, 2004. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
[57] Kurtz, Howard (November 23, 2004). Dan Rather to

Step Down at CBS. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
[36] Mayer, Jane (January 7, 2009). Old Flames: The Guard

Years. The New Yorker. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[58] Dan Rather Signs O. CBS News. June 19, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
[37] Beth Lester (May 3, 2004). Gaps Remain In Bush Guard

Service. CBS News. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
[59] "'60 Minutes Wednesday Canceled. CBS News. May 18,

[38] Meg Laughlin (October 23, 2004). Former Workers Dispute Bushs Pull in Project P.U.L.L.. Knight-Ridder.
[60] Maull, Samuel (September 20, 2007). Rather sues CBS

for $70 million, saying he was made a scapegoat. The
Boston Globe. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
[39] Walter V. Robinson (September 8, 2004). Bush fell short

on duty at Guard. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
[40] Robinson, Walter V. Bush credited for Guard drills. The
Boston Globe.
[41] George W. Bushs letter of request for discharge for the
Texas Air National Guard. September 5, 1973. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
[42] Roane, Kit R. Bushs military service in question again
(9/8/04)". USNews.com. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[61] Matea Gold (January 13, 2010). Dan Rather loses bid in
CBS lawsuit. Los Angeles Times.

Ocial Department of Defense website with released documents
[43] Judge orders all Bush records released. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
USA Today posting of released military records

A number of links to various documents in .PDF
format.
[44] New Questions On Bush Guard Duty. CBS News.

Group oers $50,000 for proof of Bush service

CNN.com September 14, 2004
[45] AP Sues for Bush Guard Records. Retrieved October

3, 2007.
[46] ""Buckhead, who said CBS memos were forged, is a
GOP-linked attorney. The Seattle Times. March 18,
[47] Kurtz, Howard (September 19, 2004). After Blogs Got
Hits, CBS Got a Black Eye. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
[48] The Paper Trail: A Comparison of Documents
Washington Post, September 18, 2004
[49] Kurtz, Howard Document Experts Say CBS Ignored
Memo 'Red Flags Washington Post, (September 14,
2004) Accessed April 30, 2006.
[50] Making Headlines, Not Setting Them
9.3 George W. Bush Supreme

Court candidates
Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the
Supreme Court of the United States by President
George W. Bush since before his presidency.
In the summer of 2005, this speculation became newsworthy due to the announcement of the retirement
of Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on July 1.
President Bush announced federal appellate judge John
Roberts as O'Connors replacement on July 19.
On September 5, two days after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Bush renominated Roberts as the
9.3. GEORGE W. BUSH SUPREME COURT CANDIDATES
275
ship change in U.S. history (the longest having been from

18121823).
Furthermore, the current court has been sharply divided
on a number of high-prole issues, including abortion
rights, armative action, the extent of Congressional
power under the Commerce Clause, eminent domain,
gay rights, the separation of church and state under the
Establishment Clause, sovereign immunity, and states
rights. The number of close votes in cases involving these
areas suggests that a change of one or two key justices
could completely shift the thinking of the Court on such
issues.
John Roberts is sworn in as Chief Justice by senior Associate Justice John Paul Stevens in the East Room of the White House on
the same day as his conrmation, September 29, 2005.
9.3.2 Politics
When asked about the kind of justices he would appoint to the Supreme Court, President George W. Bush
responded: I would pick people that would be strict
constructionists. We've got plenty of lawmakers in
Washington, D.C. Legislators make law. Judges interpret the Constitution. ... And thats the kind of judge I'm
going to put on there. In more detail, Bush in 1999 told
reporter Fred Barnes of the conservative magazine The
Weekly Standard that he would nominate judges to the
court in the mold of originalist Justice Antonin Scalia.[3]
The libuster
Samuel Alito is sworn in as an Associate Justice by Chief Justice

John Roberts in the East Room of the White House on the day
after his conrmation, February 1, 2006.
17th Chief Justice of the United States. He was conrmed by the United States Senate on September 29,
2005.[1]
On October 3, Bush nominated White House Counsel
Harriet Miers to succeed O'Connor. However, Miers
withdrew her nomination on October 27 after facing signicant opposition.
On October 31, Bush nominated another federal appellate judge, Samuel Alito, as his new choice to replace
O'Connor. Alito was conrmed as the 110th Justice of
the Supreme Court on January 31, 2006.[2]
9.3.1
Overview
Throughout much of the history of the United States, the

Supreme Court of the United States was clearly the least
powerful branch of the government, just as is often considered the Founding Fathers intention, and nominations
to that body, although important, were not the source of
great political controversy as they are today. Until the
death of Chief Justice Rehnquist in 2005, the composition of the Supreme Court had remained unchanged since
1994, the second longest time period without a member-
Soon after the inauguration of Bush as president in

January 2001, many liberal academics became worried
that he would begin packing the federal judiciary with
conservative jurists. Yale law professor Bruce Ackerman
wrote an article in the February 2001 edition of the liberal
magazine The American Prospect that encouraged the use
of the libuster to stop Bush from placing any nominee
on the Supreme Court during his rst term.[4] In addition,
law professors Cass Sunstein (University of Chicago) and
Laurence Tribe (Harvard), along with Marcia Greenberger of the National Womens Law Center, counseled
Senate Democrats in April 2001 to scrutinize judicial
nominees more closely than ever. Specically, they said,
there was no obligation to conrm someone just because
they are scholarly or erudite.[5]
On May 9, 2001, President Bush announced his rst
eleven court of appeals nominees in a special White
House ceremony.[6] There was immediate concern expressed by Senate Democrats and liberal groups like the
Alliance for Justice.[7][8] Democratic Senator Charles E.
Schumer of New York said that the White House was
trying to create the most ideological bench in the history
of the nation.[9]
From June 2001 to January 2003, when the Senate
was controlled by the Democrats, the most conservative appellate nominees were stalled in the Senate Judiciary Committee and never given hearings or committee
votes.[10] However, after the 2002 mid-term elections in
276
which the Republicans regained control of the Senate by
a 51-49 margin, these same nominees began to be moved
through the now Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary
Committee.[11]

Democrats would libuster any Supreme Court nominee who would change the ideological composition of
the court. Initially, this conjecture seemed to be borne
out when conservative jurist John Roberts was renominated to replace conservative Chief Justice Rehnquist.
The conrmation process went relatively smoothly with
no threat of a libuster. Later, however, the hypothesis
was disproved. When Bush chose another conservative
appellate judge, Samuel Alito, to replace moderate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, opponents of Alito could not
generate enough votes to prevent cloture from being invoked on his nomination. Very soon afterward, he was
successfully conrmed.
With no other way to block conrmation, the Senate

Democrats started to libuster judicial nominees. On
February 12, 2003, Miguel Estrada, a nominee for the
D.C. Circuit, became the rst court of appeals nominee
ever to be libustered.[12] Later, nine other conservative
court of appeals nominees were also libustered. These
nine were Priscilla Owen, Charles W. Pickering, Carolyn
Kuhl, David W. McKeague, Henry Saad, Richard Allen
Grin, William H. Pryor, William Gerry Myers III and
Janice Rogers Brown.[13] Three of the nominees (Estrada,
Pickering and Kuhl) withdrew their nominations before Consultations with the U.S. Senate
the end of the 108th Congress.
The nuclear option

As a result of these ten libusters, Senate Republicans
began to threaten to change the existing Senate rules by
using what Senator Trent Lott termed the nuclear option. This change in rules would eliminate the use of
the libuster to prevent judicial conrmation votes. However, with only a two vote majority, the Republicans were
in a weak position to implement this procedural maneuver.
Things changed in 2005 due to the 2004 elections. With
President Bush winning re-election by a narrow margin
and the Republicans picking up further Senate seats (5545) in the 109th Congress, the nuclear option became
a more viable strategy to ensure conrmation. On May
24, 2005, seven moderate senators of each party, called
the Gang of 14, in a deal to avoid the use of the nuclear option, agreed to drop the libuster against three
of the seven remaining aected court of appeals nominees (Priscilla Owen, Janice Rogers Brown, and William
Pryor) but not two others (Henry Saad and William Myers).[14] In addition, the senators in the group agreed to
block future judicial libusters except in cases involving
extraordinary circumstances.
As a direct result of the deal, the two libustered nominees not mentioned in it (David W. McKeague and
Richard Allen Grin) were conrmed. Despite these
agreements, however, some observers noted that the
chances were still high that the Democrats would libuster any of the ten originally libustered nominees if
he or she were later nominated to the Supreme Court, especially Owen, Pryor or Brown.
Although there has been a long history of Supreme Court
nominees being rejected, only one Supreme Court nominee has ever been libustered. In 1968, Chief Justice
nominee Abe Fortas was libustered and withdrew after
a short period.
As the 20042005 term of the Supreme Court ended,

there was a urry of rumors that Rehnquist, who was undergoing treatment for thyroid cancer, would soon retire.
On June 27, 2005, Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid
(D-Nevada) suggested that the next appointment to the
Court should come from outside the judiciary. Reid suggested the appointment of one of four Republican Senators, none of whom possessed previous judicial experience: Mel Martinez of Florida, Mike DeWine of Ohio,
Mike Crapo of Idaho and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina.[15] The list did not include the name of Republican Senator John Cornyn of Texas, a former justice on
the Texas Supreme Court. Reid declined to address the
omission.[16]
Unexpectedly, on July 1, 2005, it was not Rehnquist who
announced his retirement, but O'Connor. On July 12,
Bush met at the White House with the party leaders and
ranking Judiciary Committee members from the two major parties Republicans Bill Frist and Arlen Specter,
and Democrats Reid and Patrick Leahy to discuss the
nomination process. During the meeting, the Democrats
oered the President the names of three moderate
Hispanic federal judges that they could accept: Sonia Sotomayor of the Second Circuit, Edward Prado of the Fifth
Circuit, and Ricardo Hinojosa, a district court judge from
Texas. Reid later told the press he was disappointed that
the President had not chosen to discuss his own choice of
possible candidates with the Democrats. In the conservative magazine National Review, the three candidates suggested by the Democrats were quickly dismissed as being oered in bad faith because they were too liberal for
a conservative president to seriously consider.[17] Judge
Sotomayor was later nominated to the Supreme Court by
Democratic President Barack Obama and conrmed as
an Associate Justice in 2009.
On the same day as the meeting with the President, First

Lady Laura Bush announced in an interview during an ofcial visit to Africa a preference for her husband to nominate a woman to O'Connors seat. Bush was surprised
at his wifes public comments on the Supreme Court, but
During the summer of 2005, it was assumed that the said he would be open to hearing her advice when she

returned from her trip.
John Roberts nomination
277
them would be libustered.[24] Several days later, Specter

made it known that he felt that it was too early for
Bush to elevate Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to the
Supreme Court.[25]
Main article: John Roberts Supreme Court nomination Roberts conrmation hearing for Chief Justice was held
from Monday, September 12, to Friday, September 16.
and hearings
On the evening of July 19, 2005, Bush announced his During the week of the hearing, there was much talk that
Priscilla Owen would be the next nominee, but columnist Robert Novak reported that by Friday, Reid had
told Frist that Judge Owen would also be libustered if
chosen.[26][27]
On Wednesday, September 21, Bush had another meeting with Senators Frist, Specter, Reid and Leahy to discuss possible Supreme Court nominations. On the day
before, Laura Bush mentioned publicly for the third time
that she would like to see a female nominee. At the same
time, Reid stated that the nomination of any of the previously libustered appellate nominees would be viewed
by the Democrats as a poke in the eye with a sharp
stick.[28] He restated this position during the meeting
with the President when he warned against nominating ei[29]
Again, Reid and Leahy oered
John Roberts, now Chief Justice, is pictured here with President ther Brown or Owen.
the
names
of
appeals
court
Judges Sonia Sotomayor and
Bush at the announcement of his rst nomination on July 19,
Ed
Prado
and
district
court
Judge Ricardo Hinojosa.[30]
2005.
Again, Bush did not oer any names of his own to disrst Supreme Court nominee, John G. Roberts, Jr., a cuss. On Thursday, September 22, Roberts nomination
highly regarded former Supreme Court litigator and con- was voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee by a
servative judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. bipartisan vote of 13-5.
During the day leading up to the announcement, there During a press conference on Monday, September 26,
had been much media speculation that one of either two Bush implied that his next nominee would be either a
female judges on the Fifth Circuit would get the nod: woman or a minority. In making his decision concerning
moderate Edith Brown Clement or conservative Edith O'Connors replacement, he said he would keep in mind
H. Jones.[18][19] Clement was considered the frontrunner. that, diversity is one of the strengths of the country.[31]
About an hour before the televised announcement, how- John Roberts was conrmed by the United States Senate
ever, information was leaked to the press concerning the on Thursday, September 29, by a vote of 78-22[1] and
choice of Roberts.[20][21]
was sworn in both privately and publicly later the same
On September 3, 2005, Rehnquist died. Two days later,
on the morning of September 5, Bush announced that
he would switch Roberts nomination and instead nominate him for the newly vacant post of Chief Justice of
the United States, once again leaving O'Connors vacancy
without a replacement nominee.
day.
During the evening of Sunday, October 2, John Fund, a

columnist for the Wall Street Journal, announced on the
radio show of blogger Matt Drudge that his sources had
told him that the nominee would be moderate Hispanic
Judge Consuelo M. Callahan of the Ninth Circuit. The
website ConrmThem.com,[32] however, reported on the
same evening that the selection had been made in favor of
Possible O'Connor replacements
conservative Fourth Circuit Judge Karen J. Williams. On
Monday, October 3, President Bush unexpectedly chose
On September 6, Specter encouraged the President to
little-known White House Counsel Harriet Miers to be
ll O'Connors position with a woman, saying that the
O'Connors replacement on the court.[33]
Supreme Court should have a minimum of two female
justices.[22] On September 9, Laura Bush reiterated her
previous wish to also see a female nominee.[23]
On the Thursday before Roberts conrmation hearing, Harriet Miers nomination
one of Reids aides said that the nomination of several candidates said to be on the Presidents short list Main article: Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination
to replace O'Connor conservative appellate Judges J. There was immediate and intense opposition to Miers
Michael Luttig, Emilio Garza and Edith Jones would nomination, primarily from conservative Republicans.
be unacceptable to the Democrats, implying that any of Principal complaints included:
278

Miers, a nominee who would have both the credentials
that Miers lacked and a conservative judicial philosophy
that could be well documented. On the morning of Monday, October 31, Bush announced the nomination of wellknown conservative Judge Samuel A. Alito, Jr., a fteen
year veteran of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.
Alitos conrmation hearing was held from Monday, January 9, 2006, to Friday, January 13. On Tuesday, January
24, his nomination was voted out of the Senate Judiciary
Committee on a 10-8 party line vote. Debate on the nomination began in the full Senate on Wednesday, January
25. Despite a last minute eort by Democratic Senator
John Kerry to libuster,[34] a cloture vote to end debate
President Bush introducing withdrawn nominee Harriet Miers.
passed 72-25 on Monday, January 30. On the morning of
Tuesday, January 31, Alito was conrmed to the Supreme
That her credentials under objective standards were Court by a vote of 58-42.[2] He was sworn in privately
not sucient to qualify her for the position.
later that same day. The next day, he was publicly sworn
in.
That her nomination was the result of political
cronyism. Because her legal career did not compare to those of other possible conservative female candidates (like federal appellate judges Edith
Jones, Karen J. Williams, Priscilla Owen, and Janice
Rogers Brown), many thought that President Bush
probably nominated Miers for her personal loyalty
to him rather than for her qualications.
Epilogue
That there was no written record to demonstrate that
she was either a strict constructionist or originalist in
her approach to constitutional interpretation. Some At the end of the 109th Congress, the Gang of 14 deal
conservatives feared that she would support abortion expired. On November 7, 2006, the Democrats retook
rights, armative action and gay rights if ever con- control in the 110th Congress. Starting in January 2007,
rmed to a seat on the Supreme Court.
they possessed a 51-49 majority in the Senate. As the
new Senate majority, the Democrats easily blocked sevOn the morning of Thursday, October 27, 2005, Presi- eral conservative appellate judicial nominees without redent Bush reluctantly accepted Mierss request to with- sorting to the libuster. Conservative appellate nominees like Peter Keisler, Robert J. Conrad and Steve A.
draw her nomination.
Matthews were blocked in committee and never given a
hearing. If a Supreme Court justice had chosen to retire
Samuel Alito nomination
during the 110th Congress, it would have been easy for
the Democrats to have blocked his proposed replacement
Main article: Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination
in committee, or even by a party-line vote on the Senate
Bush moved quickly to nd an alternative nominee to oor, if it somehow came to that. As it developed, no
Supreme Court justice retired or died during the 110th
Congress.
9.3.3 Names frequently mentioned
Associate Justice Samuel Alito acknowledges his nomination on

October 31, 2005, with President Bush looking on.
Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in

various news accounts as the most likely potential nominees for a Supreme Court appointment under Bush:
279
Alice M. Batchelder (born 1944) - Chief
Judge[29][35]
Danny J. Boggs (born 1944) - former Chief
Judge
Deborah L. Cook (born 1952)
United States Courts of Appeals
Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit

Frank H. Easterbrook (born 1948) - Chief
Judge
Richard Posner (born 1939) - former Chief
Judge
Diane S. Sykes (born 1957)[36]
Ann Claire Williams (born 1949)[24]
Consuelo Mara Callahan (born 1950)
Alex Kozinski (born 1950) - Chief Judge
Michael W. McConnell (born 1955)[18][29][35]
Deanell Reece Tacha (born 1946) - former
Chief Judge
Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
Sonia Sotomayor (born 1954)[17][24][30] (later
nominated and conrmed to the Supreme
Court in 2009 by President Obama)
Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit
Samuel A. Alito,
Jr.
(born
1950)[18][21][29][35] (Nominated and Conrmed)

William H. Pryor, Jr. (born 1962)
Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Janice
Rogers
Brown
(born
1949)[18][19][21][29][35]
Brett M. Kavanaugh (born 1965)
John G. Roberts, Jr. (born 1955)[18][21]
(Nominated and Conrmed)

J. Harvie Wilkinson III (born 1944) - former
Chief Judge[21][29][35]
Karen J. Williams (1951-2013) - former Chief
Judge[18][21][29][35]
Edith
Brown
1948)[18][19][21][29][35]
Clement
(born
Emilio M. Garza (born 1947)[18][21][24][29][35]

Edith H. Jones (born 1949) - Chief
Judge[18][19][21][22][24][29][35]
Priscilla
R.
Owen
1954)[18][19][21][22][29][35]
Edward C. Prado (born 1947)
(born
[17][24][29][30]
United States District Courts

Cecilia M. Altonaga (born 1962) - Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida[18][21]
Ricardo H. Hinojosa (born 1950) - Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas[17][30]
Loretta A. Preska (born 1949) - Judge, U.S. District
Court for the Southern District of New York[36]
State Supreme Courts (current and former)
Raoul G. Cantero, III (born 1960) - former Florida
Supreme Court Justice[36][37]
Maura D. Corrigan (born 1948) - former Michigan
Supreme Court Justice[18][21][29][35]
Rebecca Love Kourlis (born 1952) - former
Colorado Supreme Court Justice[38]
280
United States Senators
John Cornyn (born 1952) - Republican senator from
Texas, former Texas Supreme Court Justice[35]
Mike Crapo (born 1951) - Republican senator from
Idaho[15]

Harriet Miers (born 1945) - former White House
Counsel[33] (Nomination Withdrawn)
Larry D. Thompson (born 1946) - General Counsel for PepsiCo, former Deputy Attorney General[18][21][22][24][29][35]
Mike DeWine (born 1947) - Republican senator 9.3.4 See also

from Ohio[15]
United States federal judge
Orrin Hatch (born 1934) - Republican senator from
Federal judicial appointment history
Utah
Jon Kyl (born 1942) - Republican senator from
Arizona
9.3.5
Mel Martinez (born 1946) - Republican senator
from Florida[15]
Executive Branch ocials
Christopher Cox (born 1952) - former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman, former
California Representative
Supreme Court litigators
Paul Clement (born 1966) - former Solicitor General
Miguel A. Estrada (born 1961) - withdrawn nominee for the D.C. Circuit, former Assistant Solicitor
General[29][35]
Peter D. Keisler (born 1960) - former nominee for
the D.C. Circuit, former Assistant Attorney General
Maureen E. Mahoney (born 1955) - former Deputy
Solicitor General[35]
References
[1] U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of John

Roberts, senate.gov.
[2] U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of Samuel Alito,
senate.gov.
[3] The Weekly Standard: BUSH SCALIA July 5, 1999.
[4] Ackerman, Bruce. The Court Packs Itself, The American
Prospect, Feb 21, 2001.
[5] Washington Talk: Democrats Readying for Judicial Fight,
The New York Times, May 1, 2001.
[6] President Bush Announces Federal Judicial Appointees,
May 9, 2001.
[7] No Rush to Judges, The Nation, May 17, 2001.
[8] Judicial Selection During the Bush Administration,
Alliance for Justice, 2008.
[9] Lewis, Neil A. Bush to Nominate 11 to Judgeships Today,
The New York Times, May 9, 2001.
[10] Gaziano, Todd F. A Diminished Judiciary: The Causes
and Eects of the Sustained High Vacancy Rates in the
Federal Courts, The Heritage Foundation, Oct 10, 2002.
Theodore Olson (born 1940) - former Solicitor General[35]

[11] Threadgill, Susan. Whos Who, The Washington Monthly,
March, 2003.
Other backgrounds
[12] O'Brien, Tim. Democrats begin libuster against Estrada,

CNN, Feb 13, 2003
Viet Dinh (born 1968) - Georgetown University Law

Center professor, former Assistant Attorney General [13] Failed Cloture Votes on President Bushs Nominees,
abanet.org.
Mary Ann Glendon (born 1938) - former U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See, Harvard Law School
professor, former Presidents Council on Bioethics
member[18][21]
Alberto R. Gonzales (born 1955) - former Attorney
General, former White House Counsel, former
Texas Supreme Court Justice[19][22][24][25][29][30][35]
[14] Senators compromise on libusters, CNN, May 24, 2005.

[15] Supreme Court Justice O'Connor retiring, MSNBC, 2005.
[16] Lopez, Kathryn Jean. Kiss of Death, National Review,
June 28, 2005.
[17] Lott, John R. Jr, and Jones, Sonya D. Unserious Suggestions, National Review, July 19, 2005.
J. Michael Luttig (born 1954) - General Counsel [18] Riechmann, Deb. Bush to announce Supreme Court nomfor The Boeing Company, former Fourth Circuit
inee in prime-time TV appearance , The San Diego Unionjudge[18][21][22][24][29][35]
Tribune, July 19, 2005.
281
[19] Source: Clement Not Bushs Choice for High Court, ABC
News, July 19, 2009.
List of possible SCOTUS prospects with linked info,

from ConrmThem.com
[20] http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/SupremeCourt/
wireStory?id=954437
Supreme Conict: The Inside Story of the Struggle

for Control of the United States Supreme Court (Jan
Crawford Greenburg, 2007)
[21] Bush Picks Roberts for Supreme Court, Fox News, July
20, 2005.
[22] Baker, Peter, and Becker, Jo. Bush Pledges Wide Search
for Court Seat, The Washington Post, Sept 7, 2005.
[23] http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N09374711.
htm
[24] Kirkpatrick, David D. Senate Democrats Are Shifting Focus From Roberts to Other Seat, The New York Times,
Sept 9, 2005.
[25] Specter: Gonzales Not Ready for Supreme Court, Capitol
Hill Blue, Sept 12, 2005.
9.4 George W. Bush Presidential

Center
This article is about the library of the 43rd President
(20012009). For the library of the 41st President
(19891993), see George Bush Presidential Library.
The George W. Bush Presidential Center, which
[26] http://www.suntimes.com/output/novak/
cst-edt-novak18.html
[27] Reid Warns of Filibuster Over Owen, politicalwire.com,
Sept 17, 2005.
[28] http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/
article/2005/09/21/AR2005092100227.html
[29] Kiely, Kathy. Roberts picks up Democratic support in
Senate, USA Today, Sept 21, 2005.
[30] Judiciary Panel Approves Roberts, Fox News, Sept 22,
2005.
[31] http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/26/roberts.ap/
index.html
[32] http://www.confirmthem.com/?p=1391
[33] Bush picks White House counsel for Supreme Court,
CNN, Oct 4, 2005.
[34] GOP sets up showdown over Alito, CNN, Jan 27, 2006.
[35] Possible Miers replacements, USA Today, Oct 27, 2005.
[36] Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Women, Minorities Top Bushs
Supreme Court Short List, ABC News, July 1, 2007.
[37] Walker, Jessica M. Fla. Justice Gets Backing for U.S.
Supreme Court Seat, law.com, July 7, 2005.
George W. Bush Institute at

opened on April 25, 2013,[1] is a complex that includes

former President George W. Bush's presidential library
and museum, the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and
the oces of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is located on the campus of Southern Methodist University
(SMU) in Dallas, Texas.
9.4.1 History
Site selection process
[38] Couch, Mark P. State justice touted as nominee, The Denver Post, July 12, 2005.
Early bidders Before George W. Bush even became

President, ocials at Baylor University in Waco, Texas
started to work on a bid for the library. They believed
that their proximity to his ranch in Crawford and their lo9.3.6 External links
cation within 100 miles (160 km) of Austin, Dallas and
the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area gave them a
The Supreme Court Blog - includes proles and
good shot at winning such a project. Not long after Bush
analysis of potential nominees
became President, ocials at Southern Methodist Uni Campaign for the Court: from the Washington Post versity began working on their bid for the library.
The White House refused to discuss the issue until after
the President had won a second term. In the latter part
Think Progress: Supreme Court Edition - Former of 2005, the White House asked a total of 6 colleges and
Sup Ct. Clerks blog on the nominations
one city to submit bids for the library. The 6 were Baylor,
Supreme Court Nomination Resource Guide
282
SMU, the University of Texas System, Texas Tech University, the University of Dallas, and Midland College.
The city of Arlington, Texas also submitted a bid. A
few weeks later, Midland College announced they were
merging their bid with Texas Tech to form a West Texas
Coalition to win the library and museum. Part of their
proposal was to create a Laura Bush reading center at
Midland College while the main presidential library and
museum would be housed on the Lubbock campus of
Texas Tech.
Details of potential sites Each of the groups had different pros and cons to their bids. Arlington had land
to oer near the stadiums for the Dallas Cowboys and
Texas Rangers. It was in the middle of an area that already draws a large number of tourists every year. The
lack of school involvement was a large drawback to the
proposal, even though the University of Texas at Arlington assisted the city in making the bid.
Baylor University had substantial land to oer on the
banks of the Brazos River in Waco. The downside was
the fact that Baylor is not in a major metropolitan area
and would probably not attract nearly as many visitors annually as the library would if it were built somewhere in
the Dallas area. Many Baylor students and faculty were
supportive of the bid.
The same could not be said of the UT System bid. Many
on the campus opposed the schools bid for the library,
with The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the UT
systems agship university, the University of Texas at
Austin, printing an editorial against the project.[2] On the
plus side, UT Austin was already home to the Lyndon
Baines Johnson Library and Museum and had experience
in managing such a project. The drawback was the proposal to split the library up over several UT campuses
around the state. This decentralized approach was sold
as a way to create a virtual library that would benet
far more people.
The UT system also submitted with its bid a downtown
property under its ownership as well as oering the UT
Dallas campus. The Downtown Dallas property was located close to the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza,
which attracts a large number of tourists already and was
located far away from residential areas, which would prevent complaints about congestion. It would also help rejuvenate the central Downtown area, which had been facing a ight of businesses and development towards the
uptown areas. However, the idea of the UT system running the museum itself was found unfavorable. UT Dallas in Richardson, traditionally considered an engineering school and the one of the youngest universities in the
UT System, was having large developments to its campus
and a growing Governmental studies and Business program whose faculty was supportive of the bid. It was also
located north of Dallas near the fast developing communities of Frisco and Plano. However, the UT Dallas ad-

ministration was uninterested in being in the business of
running a museum and conicts as to where the museum
would be located (The UT System wanted to use land that
the UT Dallas administration had set aside for the future
construction of residential halls and a research building)
lead to the UT System withdrawing its proposal.
Texas Tech also had a substantial amount of land to oer
and a supportive faculty and student body. The drawback
to Texas Techs bid was the fact the school is located in
Lubbock, again outside a major metro area.
The bid by the University of Dallas was a surprise to
many. The private Catholic school in the Dallas suburb of
Irving, Texas is not that well known outside of the Dallas
metropolitan area. The big advantage for the University
of Dallas was the fact that the school owned hundreds of
acres of undeveloped land next to its campus that lies between several major highways and a future light rail station. Their plans were apparently big enough to include a
proposal to use some land from the City of Dallas, a fact
that led then Dallas Mayor Laura Miller to endorse this
plan over SMUs bid.
SMUs bid was mired in mystery from the start, especially
with regard to where SMU would come up with the land
to build the facility. Over the course of planning, SMU
bought dozens of homes and businesses next to or near
the school. SMU also acquired the University Gardens
condos, only to get sued by one of the condo owners over
the way the school made the acquisition. SMU insisted
the land for the condos may or may not be needed for the
library, yet space was still an issue. Many in University
Park, an upscale enclave next to the campus, were also
displeased with the prospect of thousands of people and
tour buses going through their neighborhood to visit the
library. Despite that, the University Park town council
agreed to put up for a vote a plan to sell parkland to SMU
for the library.
Final stages of selection In late 2005, the White

House announced that SMU, Baylor, UD and Texas Tech
had been selected as nalists to make their pitch to the
library committee in Washington headed by the Presidents long time friend and former Commerce Secretary,
Donald Evans. A few weeks after the presentations had
been made, the committee announced that Texas Tech
had been dropped from consideration, leaving only SMU,
Baylor and The University of Dallas in contention.
On December 20, 2006, a judge ruled in favor of SMU on
the land dispute over the University Gardens condos. The
next day, ocials at Southern Methodist University and
library selection committee members announced that the
university had entered the next phase of deliberations
towards nal site selection for the library.[3]
On January 22, 2007, the University of Dallas withdrew
its bid for the library due to the negotiations with SMU.
UD revealed the ambitious plans it had for the library and
283
museum that included a large park, jogging trails, water- President Obama's 2009 scal stimulus package.[14][16]
falls, and easy access to a light-rail station.
The construction company chosen was Manhattan
Baylor published sections of their proposal on their Construction Company, which had also built the George
website,[4] but no new information was revealed, and Bay- Bush Presidential Library.
lor announced that it would not publish the complete pro- The construction of the center has been projected to cost
posal until after the nal site selection was announced.
$250 million.[17] In April 2013, the building earned a
platinum certication as a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design green building.[18]
Selection of SMU On February 22, 2008, ocials at
Southern Methodist University reported that the nal details of the agreement between the university and the Completion and dedication ceremony
Bush Foundation would be nalized, clearing the way for
an ocial announcement that the George W. Bush Li- The completion and dedication of the facility took place
brary would be built at SMU.[5] The university soon o- on April 25, 2013. All living former U.S. presidents and
the incumbent U.S. president, Barack Obama, were in atcially conrmed the signed agreement.[6]
tendance. The last meeting of President Obama, former
Some segments of the SMU community had voiced oppoPresident Bush, former President Clinton, former Presisition to the project during the selection phase. In Decemdent George H.W. Bush and former President Carter took
ber 2006, a letter from several members of the Perkins
place in the White House in 2009, just ahead of President
School of Theology to R. Gerald Turner, president of the
Obamas rst inauguration.[19]
Board of Trustees, criticized Bushs policies as ethically
egregious and expressed concern that the library would
serve as a conservative think tank and policy institute 9.4.2 Presidential library
that engages in legacy polishing and grooms young conservatives for public oce.[7] Another group of faculty At a planned 207,000 square feet (19,200 m2 ), on comcomplained about the lack of consultation in the decision pletion it will become the second-largest presidential lito house the library on campus.[8] According to SMU of- brary, behind only the Ronald Reagan Presidential Licials, opposition among faculty members has not been brary in Simi Valley, California.[11]
widespread.[8]
A group of Methodists launched a petition opposing plans
to build the library and museum at SMU, calling it inap- 9.4.3 Policy Institute
propriate to link Bushs presidency to a university bearing
Ambassador James K. Glassman, a former State Departthe Methodist name.[9]
ment ocial, was selected in September 2009 to serve
An article in The Guardian noted that a petition op- as founding executive director of the Centers George W.
posing the construction of the library gathered 12,500 Bush Institute, which will function as an action-oriented
signatures.[10]
think tank independent of SMU.[20]
Fundraising
The nonprot George W. Bush Foundation in early 2009
had a goal to raise $300 million for construction and endowment of the library, according to its president Mark
Langdale.[11]
Construction
The institute is planned to advance four causes he

adopted as his own while in oce: human freedom,
global health, economic growth and education reform.
He has also started a womens initiative led by his wife,
Laura Bush. At the November, 2010, groundbreaking,
the former president said to attendees, The decisions
of governing are on another presidents desk, and he deserves to make them without criticism from me. But staying out of current aairs and politics does not mean staying out of policy.[14] Laura Bush addressed the crowd
to promote the importance of ghting for womens rights
The architect Robert A.M. Stern, dean of the architecture school at Yale University, was picked to design the In 2012, it published, The 4% Solution: Unleashing
library.[12]
the Economic Growth America Needs (Crown BusiGroundbreaking took place on November 16, ness, 2012), a collection of essays by Brendan Minis2010.[13][14] In tandem with the publication of his ter, W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, Robert Lucas,
memoir Decision Points, President Bush hosted a Jr., Edward C. Prescott, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon
November 16, 2010 groundbreaking ceremony for the L. Smith, Kevin Hassett, David Malpass, Myron Sccenter.[15] At the event, Cheney commented that this holes, Peter G. Klein, Robert Litan, Nick Schulz,
may be the only shovel-ready project in America, using a Maria Minniti, Carlos Guttierez, Steven F. Hayward
term prominently and ultimately ruefully associated with and Kenneth P. Green, Charles Blahous and Jason T.
284
Fichtner, Eric Hanushek, Gary Becker, Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny, E. Floyd Kvamme, Amity
Shlaes, and Michael Novak, including ve Nobel Prize
winners.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] The book contains a foreword by George W. Bush and an introduction by James K. Glassman.[21][22][28][30] The book covers such varied topics as immigration, Social Security and
the policies of President Calvin Coolidge.[28][30] It suggests policies for the US gross domestic product to reach
4%, thus focusing on growth contrary to Mitt Romney
and Rick Perry's stated goals to cut the decit during the
2012 presidential campaign.[28]
Golf tournament
The Warrior Open is a 36-hole golf tournament with
members of the United States Army.[31][32] It is sponsored by Highland Capital Management, Sammons Enterprises, United Service Organizations, American Airlines, Air Compassion for Veterans, La Quinta Inns &
Suites, Mercedes-Benz of Plano, Texas, TaylorMadeAdidas, Adidas, Ashworth, 7-Eleven, Premier Transportation, the United States Golf Association, PGA Tour,
the Texas Golf Association and the Womens Texas Golf
Association.[33] It is hosted at the ClubCorp-owned Las
Colinas Country Club in the Las Colinas suburb of
Dallas.[31][33]
9.4.4
See also
Stephen Payne (lobbyist)
[10] Jacobsen, Kurt (August 26, 2008). Milton Friedman

gives Chicago a headache. The Guardian (London). Retrieved August 26, 2012.
[11] Isensee, Laura (February 17, 2009). Details emerge
about Bush library, policy center. Dallas Morning News.
[12] Norris, Mark (August 29, 2007). Architect selected for
Bush library project. 'The Daily Campus.
[13] George W. Bush Center News Release, November 16,
2010
[14] Hennessey, Kathleen (November 16, 2010). George W.
Bush breaks ground on presidential center. Los Angeles
Times. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
[15] Baker, Peter, Now Appearing: George W. Bush,
[17] Meinhard B (November 19, 2009). Plans for the Green
George W. Bush Presidential Center Released.. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
[18] Bush Presidential Center Achieves LEED Platinum Certication. Clean Energy in My State. United States Department of Energy. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June
2013.
Russell, Margaret (2013). EDITORS PAGE. Architectural Digest (COND NAST). Retrieved 2 June 2013.
[19]
9.4.5
References
[1] Camia, Catalina (January 16, 2013). George W. Bush

library set for May 1 opening. USA Today. Retrieved
16 January 2013.
[2] VIEWPOINT: Don't waste funds on Ws library - Opinion
[3] Statement by Donald L. Events on Bush Presidential Library. George W. Bush Presidential Library Site Selection Committee. December 21, 2006. Retrieved 200612-21.
[4] Baylor University || Bush Library Proposal
[5] SMU Plans Vote on Bush Library Friday
[6] Press Release: SMU Chosen As Site Of Bush Presidential
Library
[20] dead link] Former Think Tank Scholar and State Department Ocial James K. Glassman Named to Head Bush
Institute. GeorgeWBushLibrary.com. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
[21] The Bush Center: The 4% Solution
[22] Random House: The 4% Solution
[23] CSpain discussion: The 4% Solution
[24] Book TV: The 4% Solution
[25] George W. Bush promotes economic ideas in new book,
WFAA, July 15, 2012
[26] , Hispanic American Center for Economic Research, August 15, 2012
[27] The Blaze: The 4% Solution
[7] http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6408409.html
[8] Blumenthal, Ralph (January 10, 2007). S.M.U. Faculty
Complains About Bush. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
[9] Brown, Angela K. (January 18, 2007). Methodists: No
Bush Library at SMU. Washington Post.
[28] Tom Benning, George W. Bush unveils his think tanks

rst book, The Dallas Morning News, July 17, 2012
[29] Mercatus Center: The 4% Solution
[30] Enlisting Economists, Bush Adds Book to Fiscal Debate,
The New York Times, July 14, 2012
9.5. GEORGE W. BUSH CHILDHOOD HOME
[31] [http://www.privateclubs.com/article.php?name=
bushcenterwarrioropen Private Clubs: Bush Center
Warrior Open]
[32] The Bush Center: Warrior Open
[33] Warrior Open Sponsors
9.4.6
External links

George W. Bush Presidential Library of the
National Archives and Records Administration.
Southern Methodist University website for the Bush
Library
An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman,
Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush
Institute. at Free Market Mojo
Coordinates: 325027N 964641W / 32.8409N
96.7781W
9.5 George W. Bush Childhood

Home
George W. Bush Childhood Home is a historic house
that was home to former U.S. Presidents George W. Bush
and George H.W. Bush from 1951 to 1955. It is located
at 1412 W. Ohio Ave. in Midland, Texas.
The home was built in 1940[2] and was purchased by
the Bush family in 1951 for $9,000. They lived in the
1,400-square-foot (130 m2 ) home until late 1955. It was
also the earliest childhood home of Governor Jeb Bush.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic
Places in 2004. It was purchased for $100,000 to become
the museum, which had its opening dedication on April
11, 2006.
9.5.1
References
[1] National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
[2] Realtor Property Information
9.5.2
External links
Ocial website
285
Chapter 10
Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses
10.1 Text
George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=645265895 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, AxelBoldt, Jimbo Wales, The Epopt, The Cunctator, Lee Daniel Crocker, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Wesley,
Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, RobLa, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, Gareth Owen, -- April, DanKeshet,
Mark, Ed Poor, Verloren, Eclecticology, Khendon, Danny, Christopher Mahan, Rgamble, Arvindn, Rmhermen, Gianfranco, Phil Bordelon, Nate Silva, Miguel, William Avery, SimonP, Shii, DavidLevinson, Anthere, Cayzle, FvdP, Zoe, Heron, Camembert, Aaron, BL,
Kst, Ryguasu, Jaknouse, Fonzy, Mintguy, Isis, Arno, Zippy, Modemac, KF, Ewen, Hephaestos, Nairobiny, BryceHarrington, Soulpatch,
Tscher, Olivier, Someone else, Rickyrab, Ram-Man, Leandrod, Moravice, AntonioMartin, Drseudo, Stevertigo, Hfastedge, Mrwojo,
KamikazeArchon, Steverapaport, Spi, Edward, Bdesham, Quintessent, K.lee, Lir, Patrick, Infrogmation, Tubby, JohnOwens, Tim Starling, GABaker, Willsmith, TimShell, Kwertii, Stormwriter, Fred Bauder, Lezek, BrianHansen, Two halves, Isomorphic, Dante Alighieri,
Jtdirl, Norm, Georgec, LenBudney, Vera Cruz, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Chuck SMITH, Stephen C. Carlson, Tannin, Ixfd64, Dcljr,
Cyde, 172, IZAK, Sannse, Paul Benjamin Austin, Islandboy99, Shoaler, GTBacchus, Theanthrope, Delirium, Dori, Reboot, CruciedChrist, Paul A, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, CesarB, Radicalsubversiv, Ronabop, Mkweise, Ahoerstemeier, Jeejee, DavidWBrooks, Haakon,
Pjamescowie, Mac, Arwel Parry, Stevenj, Ryan Cable, Docu, William M. Connolley, Muriel Gottrop, Samuelsen, Theresa knott, Snoyes,
CatherineMunro, TUF-KAT, Susan Mason, Plop, TUF-KAT, Angela, Den fjttrade ankan, Jdforrester, Kingturtle, Mcy85, LittleDan,
Kevin Baas, Salsa Shark, Ugen64, Dietary Fiber, Marco Krohn, Whkoh, Wanli2, Bogdangiusca, Bush, Poor Yorick, Rossami, Vzbs34,
Susurrus, Kwekubo, Andres, Cimon Avaro, Jiang, Jeandr du Toit, Evercat, Rawr, HiramvdG, Panoramix, John K, Kaysov, Samuel,
Ilyanep, Silversh, HarryHarry, TheStick, Pjbeef, Conti, Pizza Puzzle, Ehn, Adam Conover, Quickbeam, Administration, Jurgen, Nathan
(usurped), Karlwick, Jengod, Mulad, Tarka, Redjar, Feedmecereal, Pushmedia1, Emperorbma, Smith03, Ec5618, Bukkake Fan, Mpt,
RodC, Charles Matthews, Guaka, Adam Bishop, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Timwi, Pablo Mayrgundter, Tacvek, Dcoetzee, JeTL,
Nohat, Andrevan, RickK, Reddi, CTSWyneken, Randyc, Pontist, Stone, JCarriker, Dysprosia, Tedius Zanarukando, Sugarshes, Wayne,
Daniel Quinlan, Awareness99, Jwrosenzweig, Savantpol, Fuzheado, Jogloran, WhisperToMe, Wik, Ammar ammar, Timc, Mount Paektu,
IceKarma, DJ Clayworth, Reynwah, Haukurth, CBDunkerson, Vancouverguy, Tpbradbury, Astrotrain, Maximus Rex, Wenteng, Morwen,
Saltine, Itai, Taxman, K1Bond007, Mattworld, Jinx4242, VeryVerily, SEWilco, Fibonacci, Rei, Paul-L, Tuomas, Ed g2s, Ark30inf, Mdchachi, Sdp, Thomasedavis, Fairandbalanced, Bevo, SH, Lord Emsworth, Henrik (old), Tjdw, JonathanDP81, Joy, Mackensen, Bjarki S,
BuddhaInside, Indefatigable, Wiwaxia, Saddam, Fvw, Stormie, Rimez, AaronSw, Dbabbitt, Heine, Bloodshedder, Raul654, Dpbsmith,
Cuye, Ortonmc, Bcorr, Pakaran, Secretlondon, Proteus, Johnleemk, Eugene van der Pijll, Flockmeal, Jamesday, Basileus, Eike, Adam
Carr, Frazzydee, Pollinator, UninvitedCompany, Francs2000, MH, Hajor, ThereIsNoSteve, Jeq, Owen, Critic, Carlossuarez46, RadicalBender, Huangdi, Mrdice, Denelson83, Jni, SD6-Agent, Dimadick, MK, Rlvaughn, Phil Boswell, Bearcat, Jj frap, Gentgeen, Nufy8,
Robbot, Pfortuny, DavidA, Ke4roh, Dale Arnett, Adamahill, Xuanwu, Damion, Astronautics, ChrisO, Moriori, Fredrik, Chris 73, Jredmond, TMC1221, JD Jacobson, R3m0t, MikeSchinkel, Xiaopo, Vespristiano, RedWolf, Chocolateboy, Moncrief, Jmabel, Altenmann,
Yelyos, JosephBarillari, Modulatum, Netpilot43556, Sam Spade, Calmypal, Lowellian, Chris Roy, Mirv, Postdlf, Stewartadcock, Merovingian, Amgine, Pingveno, Yosri, Ashdurbat, Sverdrup, Tit4tat, Henrygb, Academic Challenger, Jxg, Clngre, Rholton, Steeev, X-Bahamut,
DrachenFyre, Hemanshu, TMLutas, Texture, Meelar, Auric, Gidonb, Humus sapiens, LGagnon, Timrollpickering, Rasmus Faber, Andrew Levine, Sunray, Bkell, Bernhard.kaindl, Ivan, Catbar, Hadal, UtherSRG, Delpino, GerardM, JackofOz, Wereon, Vikreykja, Refdoc,
Michael Snow, Profoss, Fuelbottle, Mushroom, Vikingstad, Ambarish, ElBenevolente, Jumpy, Anthony, Jor, Lupo, SoLando, HaeB, MSS,
Seth Ilys, Diberri, Cecropia, Mythrandir, Wxlfsr, Lyellin, Hcheney, Cyrius, Superm401, MikeCapone, AmericanCentury21, Per Abrahamsen, Ludraman, Dina, Jord, Cronian, Carnildo, Solver, David Gerard, Buster2058, Agendum, DraQue Star, Dave6, Jwinters, Stirling Newberry, Dufresne, ShutterBugTrekker, Xyzzyva, Decumanus, Matt Gies, Exploding Boy, Connelly, Centrx, Dominick, Dbenbenn,
JamesMLane, Christopher Parham, Jacoplane, Gtrmp, ScudLee, Fennec, Jao, Laudaka, Alexgiles89, Barbara Shack, Oberiko, Willhester, Sj, Cormac Canales, Palapala, Nat Krause, ShaneKing, Nichalp, Philwelch, Haeleth, Nadavspi, Seabhcan, Inter, Nunh-huh, Bagel,
BenFrantzDale, Cobaltbluetony, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Netoholic, Lethe, Aratuk, Kevinb9n, Levin, Lupin, Ferkelparade, Fastssion,
Samuel J. Howard, Mark Richards, Cool Hand Luke, Spencer195, TDC, Dissident, Marcika, Bnn, Robandzoe, Risk one, Nancy Smith,
Bradeos Graphon, Vanished user oijhowintoiew534f, Peruvianllama, Alterego, Wwoods, Anton Mravcek, Everyking, Elf-friend, Bkonrad, No Guru, Firstlensman, Wyss, Fleminra, Giga, Curps, StargateX1, Henry Flower, Gamaliel, David Johnson, FeloniousMonk, Joe
Kress, Abqwildcat, Cantus, Stern, Niteowlneils, ChessPlayer, Semorrison, Jfdwol, Ryguillian, Acornlord, Pabs1903, Andris, Dsmdgold,
Guanaco, Xinoph, Ceejayoz, Bovlb, Tom-, Nkocharh, Jgd, Durruti, D00d, Kpalion, Mboverload, Get-back-world-respect, Moogle10000,
Twtho, Zoney, Wikisux, Joshuapaquin, Siroxo, BesigedB, Node ue, AlistairMcMillan, Raekwon, Gugilymugily, Phreaki, Nonuthin, Ice-
286
10.1. TEXT
287
berg3k, Gzornenplatz, Steven jones, Bgoldenberg, Bosniak, Avala, Jackol, SWAdair, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Alan Au, Jrdioko, Ragib, Golbez, Kenterlogic, Sesel, Lucky 6.9, ALargeElk, Ian Pugh, Gyrofrog, Esrogs, Prichardson, Wmahan, Shakeer, Rishartha69, Allahu Akbar!,
JE, Gugganij, George Kaplan, Neilc, RyanKnoll, Stevietheman, Gubbubu, Barneyboo, Pehrs, StuartH, Gadum, Ben Arnold, Woggly,
Utcursch, LordSimonofShropshire, Pamri, Fys, DavidBrooks, Hayne, Alexf, Boop, Lst27, Traumerei, Shibboleth, Toytoy, Geni, Mendel,
Mike R, CryptoDerk, Semprini, H1523702, Jonel, Zeimusu, Slowking Man, Yath, Goatsmilk, Sonjaaa, Michael3, Gzuckier, Quadell,
Ran, SFontaine, Blankfaze, Antandrus, The Singing Badger, HorsePunchKid, Lockeownzj00, Tre1971, Beland, Jarv, Estel, ClockworkLunch, Buddy, Xinit, MarkSweep, Vc-wp, Loremaster, MistToys, Scottperry, Elembis, RockBandit, Catdude, Kaldari, PDH, Khaosworks,
Thray, Kiteinthewind, ViolentGreen, Jossi, Exigentsky, HistoryBA, MacGyverMagic, CaribDigita, Phil Sandifer, Wikimol, Rdsmith4, The
Land, NamcoFL, Kesac, Anythingyouwant, DragonySixtyseven, Cuntymcfuck, Anrion, Togo, Latitude0116, Ricimer, Sharavanabhava,
Jokestress, Mozzie, Ellsworth, Roland walker, Mike Storm, Tothebarricades.tk, Kevin B12, PFHLai, Bodnotbod, Kigoe, CharlieZeb, NX,
Jawed, Chrisn4255, Kuralyov, Mysidia, ScottyBoy900Q, Icairns, GeoGreg, Eranb, Kevin143, Sam Hocevar, Starx, Talrias, M.R.Forrester,
Kmweber, Atemperman, Tyler McHenry, Biot, Lumidek, Troels Arvin, Howardjp, Gscshoyru, Commodore Sloat, DomCleal, Monk Bretton, Nickptar, Beginning, Raylu, Sillydragon, Crazyeddie, Volrath50, JohnM, Anirvan, Creidieki, Henriquevicente, Lazarus666, Aidan
W, Neutrality, Sam, Empyrix, 38, Coburnpharr04, rbech, Marcus2, Lucanos, RobbieFal, Joyous!, Mkilly, Jcw69, Goobergunch, Ropers, Bbpen, Wyllium, Jewbacca, Dcandeto, Jh51681, Sonett72, Txwikinger, Trilobite, Karl Dickman, Subsume, Shandro, MementoVivere,
Grm wnr, Huangj2, Walabio, Laguna72, Calwatch, Chmod007, Kasreyn, Random account 47, Zondor, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Squash,
Eggstasy, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, Acsenray, Zoltarak, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, The stuart, Arminius, EagleOne, Lacrimosus, Timelord,
Strbenjr, Andylkl, Esperant, Gazpacho, SYSS Mouse, MToolen, Rodrigostrauss, Dostal, Perl guy, Mr.President, Mike Rosoft, Daveirl, Oskar Sigvardsson, Mr Bound, Olki, Maxbatt, Ta bu shi da yu, David Sneek, Jayjg, R, Freakofnurture, Tom X. Tobin, Monkeyman, Archer3,
Xtremdav45, Crimmer, Heryu, DanielCD, RedWordSmith, Limeheadnyc, Shagmaestro, Mindspillage, CML, An Siarach, Imaglang, Econrad, Erc, Indosauros, Pyrop, KeyStroke, Noisy, RossPatterson, PrinceValium, Trypa, Moverton, Johan Elisson, Michael Alaly, William
Pietri, CannedLizard, ElTyrant, Solitude, Patricknoddy, Rich Farmbrough, LegCircus, Rhobite, Warspite, Guanabot, Bedel23, Pak21, Supercoop, Cjoshuav, Bushit, NeuronExMachina, FT2, ThomasK, Lownoise1976, Pmsyyz, C12H22O11, FiP, WGFinley, Inkypaws, Rama,
Vsmith, Naive cynic, Rupertslander, R6144, Zen-master, Moki80, Silence, ArnoldReinhold, Kappelmeister, EliasAlucard, YUL89YYZ,
Topynate, Barista, Bishonen, Style, Kooo, Max Terry, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Chowells, Kzzl, Rex071404, Dwayne (usurped), Xezbeth,
Mjpieters, JohnRDaily, Samboy, Erolos, Sn0wake, Roodog2k, Antaeus Feldspar, SocratesJedi, LeeHunter, Land1234567890, Arthur
Holland, Dbachmann, Pandemias, LeoDV, Trey Stone, Martpol, Paul August, Gronky, Stereotek, Blade Hirato, Xjaymanx, SpookyMulder, Horsten, Stbalbach, Lachatdelarue, Bender235, ESkog, Khalid, Android79, Carrp, Fschoenm, TerraFrost, Andrejj, Kaisershatner, Goplat, Loren36, Geoking66, Czrisher, Violetriga, Sgeo, Pedant, Wolfman, Nabla, Craig Schamp, Neatnate, Brian0918, Aranel, Appleboy,
Ylee, Jmatthew3, Pmcm, Clement Cherlin, Kaszeta, JamesR1701E, CanisRufus, Mr. Billion, Pt, GordyB, Omnibus, Zscout370, JustPhil,
Karmast, El C, Shibby01, Chadparker, Howdy, Pjrich, Szyslak, Anphanax, DS1953, PPGMD, Ryantrask, Chalst, Zenohockey, Bletch,
Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Sccook, Marx Gomes, Kross, Aude, PhilHibbs, Shanes, Tom, Susvolans, Juppiter, Mr. Strong Bad, Remember,
Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Nickj, LordRM, Cacophony, Bookofjude, Saturnight, Matteh, Lyght, Amerika, Maqsarian, Mentatus,
Thunderbrand, Jburt1, Jon the Geek, Pablo X, Mike Garcia, Erath, AlexTheMartian, TMC1982, Jpgordon, Dannown, Adambro, Ghostal,
Causa sui, JRM, Algorythm, Caligulathegod, Bobo192, Hypergene, Dralwik, O18, Vanished user sdfkjertiwoi1212u5mcake, Touriste,
BW, Army1987, Whosyourjudas, Panzuriel, Krisjohn, 08131428, Hurricane111, SickTwist, Apollo2011, Ebradsha, Infocidal, Bontenbal,
Kizzle, Richss, Patmweav, Bringthenews, Smalljim, Raymondburr, Func, Clawson, Cromulent Kwyjibo, John Vandenberg, Walkiped, BrokenSegue, Shenme, Viriditas, Cmdrjameson, Wisdom89, Old Right, Daveywavey, AllyUnion, Rbj, Elipongo, AKGhetto, Albinomonkey,
Yoyodogma, Ki85squared, Reuben, Cohesion, Adrian, Richi, Dhbr, BCoates, Jag123, Dbchip, L33tminion, Kappa, Diceman, Jegoin,
SNIyer1, Glowimperial, Chewyman, Sriram sh, Joshlmay, KBi, Audrey, Man vyi, La goutte de pluie, Sasquatch, Shmigheghi, Fotinakis,
Acjelen, Rajah, Jtjdt, CoolGuy, Darwinek, VBGFscJUn3, Colonel Cow, Tritium6, ShiftyHurricane, RaKojian, SVera1NY, Raja99,
Tadman, Rje, Rishiboy, ZeaLitY, Shanen, Shorne, Apostrophe, GChriss, DCEdwards1966, John Fader, Pperos, Maxl, MPerel, Sam Korn,
Haham hanuka, Ral315, Rocray, PochWiki, Polylerus, Silverback, Krellis, Crust, 198, Moof, Mpeisenbr, SPUI, Glaucus, Leifern, Supersexyspacemonkey, Stephen Bain, Ecoresearch, Jez, Kitoba, Johntinker, Jcrocker, Jgardner, NickCatal, Bush Sucks, Knucmo2, Staos,
RatchetC, Rationaltoast, Jumbuck, Schissel, Autopilots, Mark Lewis, Cyrloc, 578, Shirimasen, Zachlipton, Liamkf, Stephen G. Brown,
Danski14, Honeycake, Tlaresch, Mrzaius, Orzetto, Cma, Mithent, Alansohn, JohnDelano, Gary, JYolkowski, Oxyclean333, PaulHanson,
Appzter, Prometheus7Unbound, AmericanPatriot, GrunzNickel, GuentherGravenreuth, Geienparade, AdamM, TheBarber, 927, 4556,
Sherurcij, Mo0, Ollee, Amitsharma, MrB, Sbeath, Polarscribe, Stumpyraccoon, Jamyskis, 119, Andsat, Qrc, Trysha, Bolwerk, Joolz,
Borisblue, Tom Sullivan, Atlant, Philip Cross, DavidHoag, Geo Swan, Mr Adequate, Philosophistry, Tabor, Penwhale, Hipocrite, Blondasse, Andrewpmk, Dachannien, Rdysn5, Ricky81682, Craigy144, A.M., User6854, Xanxz, Benjah-bmm27, Howrealisreal, Dstiling, Dunbuddy, Kpwa gok, JoaoRicardo, ABCD, Jonasaurus, Riana, Primalchaos, Ashley Pomeroy, Sade, AzaToth, Nicholas Cimini, -(, Eagleamn,
George Bush, Thorns among our leaves, Aristotle, Lectonar, Calton, MarkGallagher, Pouya, Cjcollier, Goldom, Splat, Corwin8, Water
Bottle, Rw63phi, Echuck215, Lightdarkness, SeanLegassick, Kel-nage, KennethBanya, SamUK, DLJessup, Mailer diablo, Thank You,
Diebold!, Mrmiscellanious, Ramsquire, PAR, Redfarmer, TommyBoy, Samaritan, InShaneee, Patriotic, Gblaz, Cdc, SidneySM, Sponge,
CJ, Mysdaao, Spangineer, James Last, SysopMan, Userlogout, Mlm42, RyanFreisling, Malo, MpegMan, RoboAction, Katefan0, Thundercatslair, Mwl, JamesB3, Bart133, DreamGuy, Snowolf, Mbimmler, Zsero, Ravenhull, John Smithee, Judson, Angelic Wraith, Atomicthumbs, MoraSique, Ltbarcly, Dhartung, Melaen, Bucephalus, AndreasPraefcke, Ronark, Bbsrock, CaseInPoint, Binabik80, BaronLarf,
BanyanTree, DogLady, ClockworkSoul, TaintedMustard, Gdavidp, Super-Magician, Keetoowah, Helixblue, KingTT, Fourthords, G026r,
Rebroad, AmericanIdiot, Peter McGinley, Keepsleeping, Paul1337, Knowledge Seeker, *Kat*, Yuckfoo, Query To Hue, Tim Spalding, Do like the Ukrainians!, Msclguru, Aka, Thenolos, Evil Monkey, BrandonYusufToropov, Omphaloscope, Jobe6, Harej, Tony Sidaway, TonySapphire, Lapinmies, Christopher^, Mattpat11, Randy Johnston, TenOfAllTrades, Sciurin, Mgillespie, Mcmillin24, Kober,
Vanished user 9qvlst09jfoijso8u4tkmaoidfuw, Danthemankhan, Pethr, Jopxton, Foolswisdom, Myclob, Pookleblinky, Jdege, HeIixblue,
Vfd is gay, Dominic, Loshvosh, Rentastrawberry, Big Happy, ToadX, H2g2bob, Deathphoenix, Tomirlik, Bsadowski1, BlastOButter42,
Sfacets, Lebite, EventHorizon, Computerjoe, CinnamonCinder, Sivar, A.Kurtz, Alai, Drbreznjev, Mattbrundage, Redvers, Instantnood,
TheCoee, Nywalton, Gingerblokey, Johntex, Paisan30, Ahseaton, Bookandcoee, Kazvorpal, Joethescholar95, Kitch, Michael Ward,
Dan100, Xtopher, Michaelm, Markaci, Harvestdancer, BadSeed, Phi beta, JTilly, MDesigner, Ultramarine, Kbolino, RyanGerbil10, Dismas, Squiquifox, RPIRED, CPS, Y0u, Tariqabjotu, Muhgcee, Eelozano, Mahanga, Starks, Brookie, Preost, Flyingcheese, Julie1984, Revived, Wharrel, Andem, Jvb, Ondrejk, Tristessa de St Ange, Gmaxwell, Newnoise, I am not good at running, Rodii, Weyes, Sandover,
MickWest, Philthecow, Angr, Boothy443, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Kelly Martin, The JPS, Apollomelos, Rorschach, Jerey
O. Gustafson, Reinoutr, Starblind, David Foster, Danreitz, Mel Etitis, Bushytails, OwenX, Woohookitty, Jacen Aratan, DowneyOcean,
Melgibson999, A bancroftian64, Wikibancroft64, Hello5959us, Mr Tan, JarlaxleArtemis, TigerShark, Anilocra, Dhawk64, Xinghuei,
Masterjamie, Camw, LOL, Selevercin, King George III, Muya, Atkinson.jeremy, Helper, Logophile, Ritz, Jersyko, Daniel Case, Risyphon1024, Guy M, Theloniouszen, LeonWhite, Nanisplat, President George W. Bush, Josephf, Ahouseholder, Jpers36, Eyesbomb,
288
CHAPTER 10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Oliphaunt, TomTheHand, Sachi2, JeTod, Jacobolus, Kurzon, Madchester, Bratsche, Scjessey, Dblevins2, Admrboltz, Greatbaron, Robert
K S, Pol098, Staats, Commander Keane, Kam Solusar, Lincher, Ruud Koot, WadeSimMiser, Encyclopedist, JeremyA, Brentdax, Orz,
Msky88, Chochopk, Trdel, MONGO, -Ril-, GeorgeOrr, AshishG, Xaliqen, Potatoeman57, Jok2000, Exitstrategy, Howabout1, Kelisi,
Cabhan, Hypokritical, RadicalHarmony, Bkwillwm, Zikari, Tomlillis, Grace Note, Grika, Foodmarket, Bbatsell, Colin Watson, Damicatz, Terence, Jaar, Cultofpj, Neptunemoon, Striver, Bush is a fool, Tejastheory, Ute pride, Bluemoose, Steinbach, Spidermonkey,
Someone42, KFan II, GregorB, SCEhardt, Edible-weasel, Lohio, EnterTheCircus, Gazzapedia, Lizard1959, LILVOKA, Scm83x, Andromeda321, OCNative, SDC, Mb1000, J M Rice, Otoolend, Zzyzx11, Kralizec!, JohnC, Brendanconway, TruckMatt, Emops, Wayward,
, Joke137, BrenDJ, Toussaint, Jarwulf, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, Cedrus-Libani, Essjay, G.W., Zooks527, Karam.Anthony.K,
Wikipedian231, Jonahw, Captain Silly, Junjk, PeregrineAY, Mardivan, Lords Page, Gerbrant, A3r0, Marudubshinki, Stevey7788, Nilshennes, Cataclysm, Dysepsion, Emerson7, Govus, Paxsimius, LeoO3, Behun, King of Hearts (old account 2), DaveTheRed, Gettingtoit,
Thorvelden, Jebur, Rnt20, TopazSun, Yoghurt, JEB90, Graham87, Marskell, Jack Cox, Jesses Girl, Smrgeog, Ketsuban, Sparkit, KaisaL,
Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, GoldRingChip, Xizer, A Train, Laser2sailor, Delphi311, Norman Oh, DarkSerge, BD2412, NoPuzzleStranger, Galwhaa, Deadcorpse, Wachholder0, Chun-hian, MC MasterChef, HowardW, Kbdank71, Lanoitarus, Bunchofgrapes, PhilAlito, Ted Wilkes, FreplySpang, 345th, JIP, Adm58, Smartnerd666, RxS, JamesBurns, Amorrow, Dpr, Grammarbot, AllanBz, Dpv,
BorgHunter, Kaoruchan42, Calicocat, Phoenix-forgotten, Unshakeable123, Kane5187, Edison, Josh Parris, Ryan Norton, J.A.S., Kafue,
Canderson7, Sj, Akubhai, Dueynster, Goodness0001, Coneslayer, Intimidated, Hnandrew, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, TurtleTurtle, Coemgenus, Shauri, Joe Decker, Wtc69789, Xenoveritas, Nightscream, Dosman, Koavf, Rogerd, Nobs, Socreins, Zbxgscqf, Littlearea, Gpyoung, Syndicate, George Burgess, Nkrosse, Jazapata, Dpark, Chipuni, Syton5, WCFrancis, Wikibofh, Gabrielsimon, TJive,
Vary, Strait, Harry491, Wizard98, Globeism, Abaddon82, Eyu100, PinchasC, Franklincomman, ScottDrummonds, Rillian, Seabiscuits,
YMI, Linuxbeak, Carbonite, Nkosi, JHMM13, Tangotango, Chicago103, B1link82, Seraphimblade, Harro5, MZMcBride, Tawker, Contrib, Silvioletterman, BCV, Tixity, Mitrebox, Habap, Funnyhat, Suparuss, Nneonneo, Oblivious, John Frink, Kazrak, Setchen12, Crazynas, Cowis, HappyCamper, Equinox137, Ligulem, Tennisjump, Soulintent, Mcauburn, ElKevbo, Palpatine, Merrilee, Zimmyz, Ygolohcysp, Theodork, Chtirrell, Frenchman113, SeanMack, Manguberdi, Bubba73, Dianelos, Feco, Brighterorange, Drexel1, Macdougal, Yug,
HadI, SenorAnderson, G. Walker, The wub, Tarc, Aytakin, Popopopop, TheGWO, DoubleBlue, Ttwaring, Rmluqman86, Nandesuka,
Hermione1980, DuKot, MikeJ9919, GregAsche, AySz88, Rewinn, Jbamb, Sango123, Gozar, PelicanShit, Oo64eva, Yamamoto Ichiro,
Gsp, Firebug, A Man In Black, Break10, SNIyer12, Tacosmell, Leithp, Mayosolo, Heptor, Marsbound2024, FayssalF, Flarn2006, Falphin,
FuelWagon, Titoxd, Digital-rockstar, Larrysymon, DigitalRockstar-isBadName, PrankRooster90, Sgkay, WikiAce, Drrngrvy, Jakewater,
Wragge, FlaBot, CDThieme, Mkamat, Kronius, Naraht, SofaKing381222, CAPS LOCK, GreenLocust, Mirror Vax, DDerby, SchuminWeb, G Clark, RobertG, Ian Georey Kennedy, Ground Zero, McPhail, Billedwards, Thereout2getme, MattFisher, CalJW, Musical Linguist, Seanor, Wikipedia is Communism, Doc glasgow, Poshua, Mister Matt, KarlFrei, Lagavulin, Nihiltres, JdforresterBot, Wikipedia is
Marxism, ZechsMerquise, Merecat, Backin72, Crazycomputers, Alhutch, Jesusman2005, Sophrosune, Who, TetraMaster, MacRusgail,
SouthernNights, Calles loco, Brian Brockmeyer, Nivix, Jw21, Chanting Fox, Jmw0000, Isotope23, AI, LevelCheck, Hottentot, Themanwithoutapast, Mark83, Deadhead94, Whimemsz, Nonewmail, *nondescript, Nberardi, JIMBO WALES, Celestianpower, Flowerparty,
Tombombadil, Pathoschild, RexNL, James652, Gurch, Jhgzzk, Thorell, Gisho, Bennie Noakes, Tequendamia, Redwolf24, Pcj, Revolving Bugbear, Username1, RobyWayne, Karrmann, Hansamurai, Mguy77, Unknown User, NoSeptember, FilipioJHamblesham, Jordan
Elder, DevastatorIIC, Palm9999, Fephisto, Brendan Moody, FrankNnades, Corkserker, Phatcat68, Seinfreak37, Cubdriver, Cbmaster,
ViriiK, Supertrouperdc, JesseSHOWBOAT, Wolfpackfan72, Atrix20, Habemuswikkum, Wikipedia is Communism!, Pikiwedia, Micler,
Marminnetje, Maltmomma, AlienNation, Preslethe, NotMichael, Ahines7777, Bmicomp, Argyrios Saccopoulos, Samxli, Noitall, Gerardo199, Utahredrock, Aasmith, Jumbo Wales, Thething59, Lipo, Mallocks, Gareth E Kegg, Snailwalker, BMF81, Cause of death,
Idaltu, Phoenix2, Mark Yen, Nengli02, Theshibboleth, Valentinian, Bigwang, Amchow78, Mynameisbob2, Butros, Lamrock, Mstroeck,
Psantora, Henrybaker, King of Hearts, Joetheguy, Moryath, Scimitar, Son of lucas, Silver Dragon, ElKabong, Chobot, Chokerman88,
CAD6DEE2E8DAD95A, El Slameron, Djtotoro, Copperchair, Deyyaz, SFrank85, SirGrant, Journalis, Oipolloi, Tinoynk, P0per, HKT,
Moltovivace, Brewdog, Evilphoenix, Parallel or Together?, Sharkface217, Metropolitan90, Bornhj, Zef, Mhking, Citizen Premier, Notxaht38, Nowhozdisiz, Benjamin Gatti, Mmx1, 10qwerty, Cshay, VolatileChemical, Gplefka, Bgwhite, Randomkindaguy, Chwyatt, Cactus.man, Hall Monitor, Melakev, PainMan, EvilZak, Mysekurity, Gwernol, Tone, Zimbabweed, Albrozdude, Flcelloguy, Jason.cinema,
Jimbobsween, Myeager, Nasirsafdar, Mike5904, Iv1607, Michaelr, Wasted Time R, Badanagram, DLZONE68, Uriah923, The Rambling Man, Barrettmagic, YurikBot, Wavelength, Chanlyn, TexasAndroid, Rajul, Ismail, Personman, Brookshawn, JJLeahy, Pile0nades,
RobotE, Crotalus horridus, Mgstone, Freerick, Snazz, Splintercellguy, Kinneyboy90, Sceptre, Wester, Blightsoot, OtherPerson, Moondog88, Hairy Dude, Poogle, Osomec, , Atomiktoaster, Rtkat3, Guyute2010, Mahahahaneapneap, Kafziel, JJLatWiki, Dmharvey, Tznkai,
Anglius, Dukakis1988, Arzel, Adam1213, Daverocks, Phantomsteve, AtuinDK, MasterOfThePuppets, Rs09985, RussBot, Sputnikcccp,
Snillet, Rubberbandman747, S0berage, Kauner, Arado, Lincolnite, Red Slash, Jtkiefer, Gabrielxz, Matt01, Weirdkid, WAvegetarian,
Saucy Intruder, Dsquared, Severa, Loom91, DatraxMada, Ivirivi00, Albert Einsteins pipe, Spl, Briaboru, Nobs01, Kunrau, Charmed88,
Splash, Lexi Marie, Richjkl, Pigman, Micahbrwn, Wilfried Elmenreich, GhostBoy66, DogGunn, Kbyrne, OldRight, Meow8883, Phantombantam, Markus Schmaus, Joseph Buchanan, Netscott, Nettyboo, SpuriousQ, Chaser, Afunguy1, Stevecov, Dnk, Reddevil0728,
SORBS DNSBL, 1Winston, Snis0r, IByte, 71Demon, Cancan101, CanadianCaesar, Kirill Lokshin, Yosefgun9, Alexknowles, Subsurd,
RadioFan2 (usurped), Roenigk, Akamad, GPS Pilot, JTaylorCU, Chensiyuan, StryfeX, Stephenb, Jim Campbell, Lord Voldemort, DaMenace123, Gaius Cornelius, Kingalex456, CambridgeBayWeather, Dalek, Emiellaiendiay, Kyorosuke, Alex Bakharev, Giro720, Ejhardy,
Pseudomonas, Cryptic, Midster, Msr.martin, NymphadoraTonks, Izanbardprince, Haizum, UKWiki, Salsb, Wimt, Tyugar, Flyguy33,
Ugur Basak, TopAce, MarcK, Daveswagon, Boid, Dude86, Curimi, Nis81, Kakashi51, Lin Jianfong, Window, Andrewcardno, GunnarRene, MosheA, Shanel, Friday, NawlinWiki, Razzledazzle, Shreshth91, Dhwani1989, Wiki alf, Dalefan381, Msikma, Lord Pomposity,
Joshf, Tylervt, Buckdj, Aeusoes1, RattleMan, IreverentReverend, Krystyn Dominik, Joshdboz, Grafen, Tne80, Thatdog, -asx-, Badagnani, Psi-kat, Inigmatus, NickBush24, Deskana, Ampacic, WAS, Jaxl, Bobbymcbobbob, Astorknlam, Milo99, TheLH, Johann Wolfgang,
Tbooz, Keith Gow, Npcoombs, Virek, ZacBowling, Exir Kamalabadi, Sdauson, Duran, CJK, Icelight, Rjensen, Tastemyhouse, AntiBones,
Duoforever, Bongoed, JJ4sad6, NYScholar, Ampracic, Suva, Michalis Famelis, Withoutaface, PublicMedia, Robchurch, Nutiketaiel,
Porce, Journalist, Thiseye, Circumspect, Derex, Adamwankenobi, Chooserr, Jhurlburt, Bmdavll, Cleared as led, Equilibrial, JDoorjam,
Cathytreks, Irishguy, Nick, Vizjim, Brettdaleisakiwi, Retired username, Aaron Brenneman, Kdbualo, Gunmetal, Suck my Sith, Compassionate Conservative, Robdurbar, THB, Noahmj, Kimchi209, Brandon, CrazyC83, Yoko-onassis, Banes, RichardMathews, Dabomb1188,
FFAFRoxorzMyBoxorz, Cholmes75, Airline, HowardDean, VinnyCee, Coderzombie, Krakatoa, Thatsanicepen, Darcrist, Matticus78,
Veracious Rey, Teloss, Blu Aardvark, Zephram Stark, Wimtennis2005, Dputig07, Tom b 2, Fenwaysteve, The Filmaker, Kittykite, Ashanti, Szalas, Dahveed323, Ergbert, Mmmbeer, Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, RL0919, Astronomy Divine, Ezeu, Rockero, Mooncowboy,
Zachsfanclub, Joedonno, Dcokeman, Grakm fr, Lomn, AlbertR, DebateMaster, Jfdunphy, Frambaldi, Fr, Emersoni, Monkeyinpajamas,
Zelphics, Tony1, , Alex43223, Editorboy, CrazyLegsKC, Syrthiss, DGJM, Puskarm, Aaron Schulz, Neptuneam, Davetunney, Deckiller, RonCram, Lockesdonkey, Kyle Barbour, Samir, BOT-Superzerocool, Font, Wangi, Kouch21, Jasgbro,
10.1. TEXT
289
Captain Koloth, Pablomartinez, Arnoldlover, Ilusiv, DeadEyeArrow, Eclipsed, Trippmostertz, Psy guy, Warrior of Jesus, Kander, DHT,
Skryn, Jeremy Visser, Biolinker, Cardsplayer4life, MartinHagberg, Billroy88, Private Butcher, Rayc, DRosenbach, Caspian, Dtowng,
Nescio, D-Day, Chuckos, Gamingexpert, Xyzzy694208132, Essexmutant, Thereverendeg, Asbl, Thestegasarus, John Whitehead, Johnny
C, CLW, Acetic Acid, Jpeob, Adnghiem501, Fartbag, Joestrand, Martinwilke1980, Yo Face!, Arria Belli, George Lucas, PyroGamer,
Edward Tang, Docmeltdown, Photoguy, Davidpatrick, Nlu, Mike92591, User27091, Brazilfantoo, Smaines, Tonywalton, Nick123, Max
Schwarz, Fagnostic, Wknight94, Ms2ger, Maoririder, LifeStar, Lazyman114, MrShamrock, Republican88, Eric Paul Owens, Searchme,
Fallout boy, Dittoman, Eurosong, Crisco 1492, Chrismaster, Mirton, Madcap1, Sgeiger, Ke6jjj, BazookaJoe, FF2010, Sandstein, Matt &
Chris Reloaded, Doldrums, Maximusveritas, Calaschysm, Paul Magnussen, Dickius, Womble, Deville, Brett1, Tsaddik Dervish, Zzuuzz, C
i d, Luxa, PTSE, Doodypie, Homagetocatalonia, Manticore126, Pinikas, Supershag11, TheKoG, Lindentree, Bobojazz, Reginald Benbow,
Jerkmonkee, Lt-wiki-bot, Jules.LT, Encephalon, Procained, Dillon Says This, Black Regent, JCipriani, Cynicism addict, Bayerischermann, Gavin the Chosen, MikeCampo, Silverhorse, Butpirates, NBS525, Theda, Closedmouth, Aboy, Jwissick, Spawn Man, Keithd,
6a4fe8aa039615ebd9ddb83d6acf9a1dc1b684f7, Fang Aili, Endomion, Wiseguy100, Neilmc, Drdr1989, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Abune,
Zen444, Ecoleetage, Xaxafrad, Barneybumble, Omdfg, Christian-bekkhus, JQF, LordJumper, Tsunaminoai, YesIAmAnIdiot, FDuy,
Ehlkej, el Etitis, Ydam, ngela, Yuravian, JuJube, Wild T, Black-Velvet, GraemeL, Karas peter@yahoo.com, Algers121, Littlejohnnycumshot, JoanneB, Alasdair, Silverhelm, Mike1024, Lullabye Muse, Tyrsaga, Andrewbot, Le sacre, Mickey656, Danny-w, Wechselstrom, Nizzil, Alemily, Delphicoracle, Shyam, Smurrayinchester, Chekola56, Scoutersig, CFM865, JosephRocker, Contaldo80, Amren,
Mickey658, Georgeboy, Ordinary Person, Cursa, Sicilybob, Whobot, Andjam, Reject, Rickyharder, Beth Wellington, Jaranda, Mickey670,
Spliy, Crazyskier, Panzerleader, Easter Monkey, Getoar, Skittle, Curpsbot-unicodify, SorryGuy, SuperJumbo, Garion96, Staxringold,
Cornwallus69, Ajuk, Jbrakatselos, DrBoll, RunOrDie, Eaefremov, ASchmoo, Ybbor, Hooverhooter, MotherfuckingSHIT, Mickey663,
Humperdink, MilkMan, Mrblondnyc, Borite868, Corn Man, Annet, Kungfuadam, Vegasjon, Reckni, Doubleaqua, Bariumboy, HughWalters, Ben D., KBecks, Captain Proton, Koobricon, Arkon, ., LowLorca, Crunch, Cuneyelo, RG2, GWillikers, Burnhee, DrThompson565, Greatal386, Johnbmckenna, Patton89, NatsukiGirl, Shtove, NeilN, Scientz, DearPrudence, John Broughton, KVE, Joeyjoeyjenkins, Ugabowle, Paul Erik, Donovier, Philip Stevens, GrinBot, SocraticPrince, Mah-Cholic, Nuketrino, Rogue 9, Hiyella, Hehollala,
Nambio, MilkMan and Oreos, Random task, Langmann, Tud123, Jro660, BradfordGWU, Magnoliafann, Lordanas, Samuel Blanning,
SanityFreeZone, Horkhimer, HolidayRoad66, Nick-D, Dirkenstein, GoldDiapers, Wallie, Perardi, DVD R W, Soir, Saikiri, MilkMania,
CIreland, One, , Kalibawo, FourKings, AscendedAnathema, SouthMethodist, =Frank=, MilkMan Reduced Fat, Kordless, Entheta, RichF,
Johnny5StayAlive, Alebed01, XSTRIKEx6864, Qtac, That Guy, From That Show!, Vulturell, Fagles, TheChancellor, Conman33, Malcolm
Morley, BualoBob, Luk, Psoe, Eirelover@earthlink.net, Gunkyboy, Binerman, Chrisw428, Kalsermar, DocendoDiscimus, The Wookieepedian, Chortlee, Herr Boll, Tinlv7, Bbd775, Jagz, Bluewave, Sardanaphalus, TaRiQ 8d8, Intangible, Corbeh, Maxlor311, Vehix33,
Bewilderfranz, Jack Thompson, Davidge44, Locke Cole, Attilios, Veinor, Bikerdudez, Phinnaeus, Sarah, Fightindaman, A bit iy, Jesus
geek, HelloDollars!, SmackBot, DyeJorjBoosh, TellerTona, Looper5920, FocalPoint, The Origin, Amcbride, Zuloon, YellowMonkey,
Lehla, Teenwriter, Brandon39, Lord Sanjuro, Brian1979, PiCo, New hampshire57, DaLaQuinta, ExtraBeutros, Slarre, DeChieftan, JimmyCrackedCorn, Battle Ape, Johnny1988, Mattarata, ColdBeachFarm, Kellen, Trega123, Ashenai, Unschool, The Dark, Bushhopper,
LittlePwoblum, Meshach, Classiclms, Saravask, NSLE, David Kernow, Timsnyder89, Hartigan757, Steven Kippel, Scbtex, Sugarraydodge, Mrbean, Zazaban, Frankgeo, Krovisser, Herostratus, TWGSSS, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Olorin28, Chazz88,
Cavenba, Melchoir, K-UNIT, CTC, -I-MgowingtwoqillJorjBooshinqowldbludd, Masonpatriot, Grazon, Bjelleklang, Qbahno,
dit, Chazzly5454, WHEELintheSKI, Josssslie, Lagalag, Truth in our time, Wehwalt, CastAStone, Kimon, Gnangarra, Unyoyega, Pgk,
BenBurch, Jdh 24, C.Fred, ParkerHiggins, Power piglet, Korossyl, Georgewbush, Ken Watanabe, Catrachohansen, Rrius, JackNikkky,
SaxTeacher, GreyGreyFrakFrak, CorbCorky, Choodlin53)), Cockroach Runner, Lvken7, HorsePants, MiKellie, Orpharion, FreddyVSjason, Max Blinkhorn, Blue520, Ikip, DutchSeduction, Jacek Kendysz, Kilo-Lima, Benmarcotte, Jfg284, Mortek, Duke53, Cheggyops,
Putergawd, Dre-heam, KocjoBot, Allixpeeke, S1am duncan, Ssbohio, Esaborio, Ifnord, Atlguy81, Hunkaboo, PizzaMargherita, Tbonnie, Pielover87, Sciintel, PokerMania6, Nawsum526, Tennisjock, Bwithh, Jo.peace, FRS, Stie, Anastrophe, Michael Dorosh, SSR600,
NewBaby, Mike Nobody, Jrockley, Pie on wheels, Muvrini, Delldot, LittleMatchGirl, Cvene64, Eskimbot, Rhetoricalwater, EricN, Sindre, Greekgrl88, Monz, Howtoblankpages, Westendorf, RobertCMWV1974, Trezatium, LuciferMorgan, Flying Canuck, CullenGift,
Special Editor, Cvangelqt, Graytonwho, Wizard1022, Jcbarr, Timeshifter, Frymaster, Dak is back, Arniep, HoCkster, GoOdCoNtEnT,
Gene.thomas, The Ronin, Vilerage, White Zero, Hongshi, Kintetsubualo, Mtmdem, TwingTwangTwong, Codey, Nil Einne, Lpfan444,
Nethency, ParadonsRefectory, Herikaius, PhatPharmer44, Edgar181, ImaginaryFriend, C0nspiracy, Bruce b, Mrmewe, Plaidfury, Titan2008, Yauhin, VSquared, Stillblade, Sysrpl, SmartGuy Old, Ga, Darkmiles22, Nicodh, Homanbike, Primatal ooze, Quinkysan, Commander Keane bot, Eiler7, Xaosux, Siebren, Yamaguchi , DuBose, Cheechie Chung, Kudzu1, Reaver3123, Machiavelli pimpa, Ellipsis,
Aksi great, Demosthenes 1, PeterSymonds, HallofMirrors, Tyrone Horni, Blase22, MaryQofScottsHead, Gilliam, 9591353082, Chopinzee,
Ohnoitsjamie, Lewey baloons, ShalashaskaX, John doedoebird, Hmains, The Famous Movie Director, Ghosts&empties, Betacommand,
Oscarthecat, Frnchy444, Skizzik, Ewok Slayer, Msignor, Jackk, Mindxspike, Tinman382, Akatz93, LastVisibleDog, Bladewind, CmdrClow, Whiteheat8, Ebolazebra, Gotgame327, El Cubano, Taric25, Andy M. Wang, Cloudydreams, XxAvalanchexX, SamRoos, Juliusross,
A1sdf, Transkar, Dark jedi requiem, Covance, Jswhitten, Wikipedianite, Yellowbuddy, FinsterMcMann, Cowman109, Frankenbastard,
BenAveling, 172 sysop status, Eyecarntspel, Sonnyanderson3, Hamedog, The monkeyhate, Chainlinking2005, Evangeline Lilly, Wikicali00, Slo-mo, Pwbrooks, Wombat88, Mirokado, Tyciol, Valley2city, Aranda56`, Izehar, Cheney, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Scaife,
JBM874, MRBboy2005, Mkak18, Glenncando, Improbcat, Bluebot, Squidgee, Frank White, Freedom Fighter97, TimBentley, GoldDragon, DocLove666, Polotet, Juneappal, Heyhay, AMV51289, Psycwarior, Kai91, NakedNed2, JordeeBec, Dcsnest0311, Mllywchilyntnjnskkwyll, Lancekatigbak, Bldavids, QuixoticLife, Newhenpal, Persian Poet Gal, DStoykov, Bobdole16384, Tigah, Lepetitvagabond,
Ian13, Macanudo, We99, Jprg1966, RufusRoughcut, Bbluie15, Thumperward, DroEsperanto, FasterHammersLL, Snori, Andrew Parodi,
Rigel Kent, Tasty monster, Berton, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Canuckothaca, Fainfamily, Joehaer, MalafayaBot, Arcian sanctum, OrangeDog, Domthedude001, Greatgavini, Silly rabbit, Papa November, Rafterman, LaggedOnUser, Captain Rohan, Nick lantern, 21B, Kidigus,
SchftyThree, Hibernian, BrendelSignature, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Stevage, RexImperium, Nick lanterns back, Guy
gardner, Kilowog, Foosher, Katznelson, Ilovefruit, Afasmit, Deli nk, MarieCallaghan9, Neo-Jay, Tonyman0000000, JohnJohn7, Jerome
Charles Potts, Oshin, Android89, Hoyne, Chainclaw, Alexh25, Giles22, IAM, Dustimagic, Viewnder, Adpete, Canadian0, MeowMANSKK, Templom, WaxyWhiteMan, JONJONAUG, Ai.kefu, Ted87, Kungming2, Quackslikeaduck, Ahmed.pervez, Baa, Mustaineaddict,
M Johnson, Baronnet, NicAgent, DHN-bot, DKalkin, Roy Al Blue, AfD admin, Colonies Chris, Geko123, Terraguy, Davemo, Indra
the aryan, Hengsheng120, Ryanorulz, Philwino, Konstable, Wisden17, Antonrojo, Suppa chuppa, William Allen Simpson, Greygh0st,
BasementDweller, Takessen, TocaMyToaster, Smite, Janipewter, Trebexein, Gracenotes, Yakuman, Sunholm, Paul Vogel III, Kdogg36,
Narco, Zime2005, Recursion on Recursion, StealthsneakII, GoodDay, I am B, Paul Vogel IV, Penguin123, MaxSem, The owner of all,
Ramas Arrow, Butterboy, BuddaBrotha, NinetyfourpointOH, CrustyCrustyCheese, Surbian White, GolBez, Alteclansingemac, Cr176,
Mrratnk, Enda Mac Caerty, Former user 20, LiberalFury, Suicidalhamster, Surbian Rudd, DunwoodyClub, Reggie Legsmith, Jeffreyleib, Zsinj, Shadow7789, Chrisnew, ClaytonTroy, Fame Mouse, Westius, BittyBittyBee, Rehn Mi, Rehn MiE, ArthritisCritic, Myld-
290
nob, Tsca.bot, Robbie Blair, 425, Mattdcr, Muboshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, AntiVan, Wikipoet, Prestaugh, Zipshona, DiePerfekteWelle, HPSCHD, Fishhead64, All in, Randella, Mister Happy, Nbougalis, Rob Blair, Mariah Carey, NPOV Establishment from
Dublin, Dublin Runner, ElwoodPDowd, Speaker219, Scalpy, Dublin Runningman, Dublin Guy, Ignatius09, Z6, Naranda7, DHeyward,
White Wolf, Metarhyme, Hildanknight, HoodedMan, Lumiere, Mrs rockefeller, SuperDeng, Oh werrr, Chelsea99, AP1787, Ramazan!,
Civman2, Blackre aqua93, Pointless, Dotty dot dot dot, Monkey See, Earthworm Jim, Habib Akhmed, YA RLY, Mysterious beast,
Wastedy0uth, Nhlfan111, Asjhasdh, Asdjlkgja, Andrew pmkk, MQCNAjAMDLUAAAEEAL, Writtenright, Squilibob, Dublin Beers,
Klacquement, DublinDan, Hogbrend, Colbane119, Q22229T, Billy on Beetles, Sakjashdashdasdkhaskfh, Johann Wolfgagsoncock,
................................, Giles Snider, LC Revelation, OrphanBot, Onorem, Twp, Knish777, Jeravicious, Jennica, Skidude9950, Whqttt,
MBlume, Gnp, Dfbmnlgkjhegher, Arnold Jinglekhoer, Qazwsxedc1, Alien3, Westwax, Goylbron, Ayman75, Golbez in Heels, APUS,
New haven, Good design, Shortlandstreet, Darthgriz98, Folksong, MrBanana, Gallian, Denmike, G.U.I.L.T.Y, Whatthree16, McLeanest,
Jingle on Bells, Tarbash, , BLoodycLit, Deathunter, Frothy, Jayson Harman, God of War, TheKMan, DanDan9, 32GN3B, Australia boy,
Jajhill, Brian Daniels, Desmond1918, Bruce Allen, Blastcage, Chacallot, Newyorkjoseph@yahoo.com, R0xorz, TonySt, Ashida Kim on
wh33ls, GALLIANS BACK, Brian0918 on wheels!, Shmruvianllama, Warinda, Francs2001, Alnomaza, Homestarmy, Panda 65, Make
my day, Thetruth.org, Polly prissy pants, Sammyj, TKD, OldhamNeil, Ral ani, Mr.Treason on the Run, Auxilia, JohnnyFive, Sparr, Roondawg318, Hippo43, Holbern, Morton devonshire, Pevarnj, JOusley5120, Silver Marmot, Cow Bell, JIMBO RAPES KIDS, COMPLAIN
NOW AT 7275200112, JIMBO WALES IS A PORNOGRAPHER AND CHILD MOLESTER, Eric Walter (usurped), Kittybrewster,
Magustrench, Zvar, Bac0n, Addshore, Allomagh, Senatorpjt, Trojanpony, Bolivian Unicyclist, Ruddyburdon, Manlimmer2, Roger55,
WikiTony, Davard, Chcknwnm, Tdl1060, Sacrebleuthis, Redliner76, RAPIST AT 3911 HARRISBURG ST, I like bacon, MaxMangel,
Sambrookson, NombreAqui, Danielle Whitman, WoW Blades, Elendils Heir, Justinwood, Threeafterthree, Ichigostar2007, Gackkkk, Pascaweb, Mistake, Grover cleveland, Kevin007, Bolonium, AndySimpson, Jelligraze, More productive methods, Should not contain, Address
registered, JSmith9579, Turnhorn, Everton Toees Fan, GWR FM Bristol - The Better Music Mix, Goldnger644, Patricia Classick, Jsalims8, Ranson Lewis, Khoikhoi, Slipknotfan389, Amazon10x, Brainhell, Pepsidrinka, Wikipedia es comunismo en las ruedas, UsernameBlock, Headphones90, Try and stop me bitch, Digitize, BWD, JMAPGGGonzalo, Activision45, Marcushan, 782349792834, Before entering politics, You may wish, Aects you repeatedly, JMarshall88, Wiki user 207, Jaredbibee, New2beU, Migggguel, Goc-8, Mr. President,
L3aby4, YankeeDoodle14, Nugget1987, Masalai, Zrulli, William Quill, Flyguy649, Demitel, Leep4life, Baharu, Auno3, Jumping cheese,
Ziggyzoggy88, Hello again, Subaru Impreza WRX on Wheels, AnubisUK, Kitsunetsuki22, , Cybercobra, JR98664, Acepectif,
Chilvillow, Dawn16, Georgebergel, Bloxire, Dirgni1986, MarieCallaghan8, Undertakerlives, Berney, Kanehdian, Brazilianboy93, Danishboy13, Wales, Tenpin477, Nikhilnidhi, Benji65, Gtapro91, Nakon, Eyeball kid, Soorej, Savidan, Lrusso99, Detruncate, Cosmos1745,
Oanabay04, CTho, MARSHEY:)(:, Prosper, JamesAllen9, Ben E. Rande, Rossman123, Bogness, Kilbioz, Mesons, Jared, Jiddisch, WiIIysOverland Motors, Holymunkey99, A K Lynch68, 49ers14, Tonybradey, Roblaaack, Thes entinel, Mbesser, Mustanglover69, Chewychewy,
Jkis, Danweywand, CainyC, Orangejone, MSterling, Tapostile, CharetteS, Cyaticn, SOS1616, John D. Croft, Notmebug, MichaelBillington, EVula, Blake-, Nick125, Walksonground, Ellioso, Shamir1, Hurricane Floyd, Poopdeck, Ballzy, Faz90, Jeborr, MyNiceNewSN,
This will help us, WillemJokerr, Karlkarl, Hnamazill, Dan Agniel, Birdbomber, TheDakPAC, ;lkjfdsa, GSM28, Richard001, Zawthet,
Normalmouth, I AM GOD, RandomP, Dookienut, Winston and Patty, Swordth1, Browsing grammarian, Georgeus, WBell, Bizarre099,
2984nmq20, Invincible Ninja, Nrcprm2026, Piedras grandes, Thething88, Soulxlight, Bmgoau, Mini-Geek, M.Kris, Kabain52, Gone for
good straight away, Or whoever he or she is, Aniras, Wkerney, DeathBringer769, Alfonzo227, BlueGoose, Eddie Yukodov, Gujuguy,
John oh, Freemarket, BullRangifer, Usakid2011, SteveHopson, Zero Gravity, Wrsutton, ArtVanderlay5, Mike K V, Art Vandalay, KI,
Gravitic mime, Carm, Baban Sgwiral, Send a ------ to your mommy for Christmas, Only, Sgoldbe2, Chibixchrono, Andrew c, RC1066,
Nmoir3yh, Crps n whls!, It does a body good, Got ----?, The dierence, as I see it, Minor, minor issue, Steve68, Hamachi Nigiri,
Jake the Snake, Colin Ostrich, Thunderlippps, Pacman5, Crd721, Last Avenue, Dc2005silk, Illnab1024, AlexeySmirnov, Xboxfreak9613,
Moulton, Neuge, RiseRobotRise, Seibzehn, Skribbl3r, Supershadow 2, Firstrstrst, Killimanjordan, Wwwiiiccc, SoBe, Jakek812, Lastest
fumblings, Russian Natural Gas, Miakia'i, Peter crowlee, Derek Vanterpool, Spsugar, You may wish., Jassogne8, Ted Neugent, Gslegaspi, The Thriller, Gallian, Your full potential, Togap, Human help, Wizardman, Spnst3, Ben Spinozoan, Rexmorgan, JosephBostwick, MetroJackson, Splash-testing, Anontest99, Ultraexactzz, Commtesting, Yorktown1776, Kotjze, JackO'Lantern, Jim Tarr, Copysan,
Ctj, Engleham, Kendrick7, Ericl, Natedawg, Xxxmetallica, Waterlooo, Cdlw93, Jkaufman101, Shushruth, Galaxydog2000, Salamurai,
Habalushy, Nmpenguin, Evlekis, Seba148, Zeamays, Mlpkr, Gunesl, Risker, Jgrimmer, Joeyramoney, Davidone, Vina-iwbot, Bejnar, Pilotguy, Redcongocross, Pman31014, Afroissues, Sibahi, Kukini, Streak9, Clpalmore, Dburg90, Janet6, Coconuteire, BrianH123, Jbt985,
Rlk7, Ace ETP, Neil9327, Swollibgah, Daxlek, Ohconfucius, Doubledgedsword, Evets70, Dazza30, Ozdog, Brazzandrade, Adaub6424,
Mrego, Doug Sacks, Jedijoe9, Thewiikione, CIS, Imoneyg, DanielKesher, Will1127, Qualeboy, SashatoBot, Chaldean, Zchenyu, Godloveslamb, Delphii, Apeitheo, Hittah, Jombo, Lambiam, Esrever, Joler, Mchavez, Nishkid64, TA-ME, OldRightist, Visium, GiollaUidir, Six 7
8, CivilianAndy, Rory096, Bcasterline, Producercunningham, Krashlandon, Jcurtis, Coasttocoast, Frade, Jjjjjjjjjj, Esmason, Blaze33541,
Zymurgy, Green01, Acebrock, AlbertHerring, Harryboyles, BrownHairedGirl, Obacoomb, Nicholas.Tan, Blissmeister, Minaker, Giovanni33, ChasRMartin, AlexanderHook, Srikeit, Alphabetagamnma, JzG, Rodney Boyd, Kfrogers, EpicFantasyStory, Dbtfz, Alden452,
Volt4ire, Vblhe, Nrafter530, Kuru, Delf, John, Adeneus, Fremte, J. Finkelstein, Erikjc, AmiDaniel, Evolutionselene, JackLumber, Alamandrax, Euchiasmus, Project Platinum, Zaphraud, Lakinekaki, Sds2902, Rousse, Ulner, Scientizzle, Ice cold blizzard, Adgsgda, O-Z0N3,
Redmosquito720, Kahln, Mugsywwiii, Abrazame, BWSmith201, Manjoonga, Heimstern, Hotspur23, Nivonog, Loodog, Ducttapeguy,
Gobonobo, Geek210, Mrom, Brant4, Pat Payne, NewTestLeper79, A Dierent World, JohnCub, IsabelBehn, Blublaster, Saluton, Serpentiner, Catapult, Nymersic, Shadowy Crafter, Waggard, Zeteg, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Guat6, Joelisfar, Slinga, Miles530,
Spet1363, Linnell, Al1encas1no, This user has left wikipedia, Quepasa, Neovu79, Edwy, GT-11 IDRIVE, 2nd Piston Honda, Crazedgorilla, Merchbow, Tim Q. Wells, Accurizer, Italiamerican, Minna Sora no Shita, Abc85, CaptainVindaloo, NYCJosh, Kshoup, DoeGully,
Crazy Eddy, Groggy Dice, Scetoaux, Jaywubba1887, Llosoc, Arbustoo, Mr. Lefty, Joshua Scott, IronGargoyle, Nimrod1234, CrimsonDragon90, MikaM, Scroogles, Andres1993, PseudoSudo, RWR8189, The Tramp, LCahill, Leefa, Thomas Gilling, Ko34, RafaelRGarcia, Ckatz, Dilcoe, Kamyts1, Collect, The Man in Question, Chrisch, Evensong, Paradoxsociety, CJ Withers, IH8GWB, Citikiwi,
CylonCAG, Loadmaster, Helzagood, JHunterJ, MarkSutton, Alexdude1991, Nbatra, Profquadrangle, J3r3my0, Shamrox, Bless sins,
Slinging Shadow, 123789, Shimmera, Cobra123, Wolf savior, Volatileacid, Andypandy.UK, Astuishin, HeyNow10029, Slakr, Werdan7,
Wikkawikka, Xbox360, Wolverineblue, Bob000555, Tisquantum, Makyen, Thalia42, Xiphoris, Interpretivechaos, STL Dilettante, Bluubyke, Martinp23, Vwozone, Ro, Christn, Nidiron, Mr Stephen, Wikster72, Pwner2, Dicklyon, Jon186, MrArt, Tomgibbens, Z E U
S, Bazooka87, Shaileshnandwana, Warriorfan39, Andyroo316, Waggers, Jacky man Toronto, Doczilla, Hera1187, Dfuss, Abe.Froman,
Mattabat, Granat, Gizmoleeds, Virus-X, Whomp, Ambuj.Saxena, Capitalister, Northmeister, Blondlieut, Mountnbiker310, Gramatton,
NJA, Stew414, Mintchocolatebear, Ryulong, PierreLarcin2, Ryl, GamerVer05, Condem, Bluetrumpet07, M855GT, Mizuphd, Citicat,
Andrwsc, Guestia, MTSbot, Pbresko, Jimpoz, Jxu10, Mike9909, Asfm, Insomniacsdream, Blueisking, Arthritis Critic, Marckd, Rctbone, Impm, Stanley011, Gaulzaga, AlexReynolds, PKn, Asb2111, Agent 86, ShakingSpirit, AutomaticMan, DanKorn, Sir Rhosis, Keycard, Leeshy85, Cheesehead Fan, KJS77, Kevin W., Paukrus, Soberre, Lucid, Killahcam, Fresenearct220, Rsnake, Katrina Whitmare,
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291
Jmatt1122, Ginkgo100, Dutch1910, Davecornell, Spongesquid, Tut74749, Checkerpaw, Levineps, Zimzallabim, Albino Ibis, Machete,
Meraloma, Nehrams2020, Darkvampire900, Seqsea, Nelsaidi, Smokey bear, GnawingSquirrel, Omizzle77, Nivin69, Dsoubirous, King
Mop, Goring, SouthPaw, Evilkid, Jingle123, Abog, HardKorE, Mathninja, Quantum Burrito, Nakis g, Neigma, Clarityend, Judgesurreal777, VoA, Veyklevar, ES Vic, Vanished user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, Mofongo9, IworkforNASA, Wfgiuliano, Notque, Dorro, Joseph
Solis in Australia, LuisGomez111, Sasha best, SChaos1701, Cowicide, Scribner, Dnhe, Newone, Wjejskenewr, Walton One, JeanKorte,
Badger-head, Cigarettes&ChocolateMilk, Terminatorr69, Pegasus1138, VSTiger, Tim Drew, Brekab, IAmTheLaw.Tarr, J Di, Cpepper,
Mrdthree, Saebhiar, PrettyMuchBryce, Maxcapouano, Casull, Fanjimmy, WikiBrown, Kswanks, Aspuar, Fred5821, Ajlandin, Ckc.ryan,
Ouzo, Morhaw, Johnthescavenger, Lenoxus, Octane, SweetNeo85, Halliburton Shill, Sam Li, CapitalR, Winnowhead, Factfreak, KaiZhi,
Loopy1894, Anthonymendoza, JRice4president, Ofsevit, Unitedtowardgod, Atreyu1075, Hokeman, Color probe, Peterfa, Voyager78906,
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Man, Wisher, Dean2008, Edgarshs2002, Billy Hathorn, Bitter berry9, Declivity, Tawkerbot2, Mase666, Sudbereau, Ajay42, Username!,
SeanMD80, Tai112, Oliverw92, Chelydra, Dto, ArchAngel21x, 07agwatts, Lovelight, LW-emptyness, Arhain, Briancua, Aaa111, Crazydog115, Mrmaroon25, Pink Fae, Michaelh2001, Falconus, Sox524, Noles16guy, Lokiloki, Tricklin, Thegame2388, Lioux, Chorley, SWAT
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madness, Camillelambert, Niranwiki, RonRotc, Sampitt94, Dbzsamuele, R9tgokunks, TVC 15, Aska 4, Mark Sith, Thuen, GHe, Colombiano21, Pastor Kam, Chuva, Neo Yggdrasill, Tommerrigan, Xavy33, 1028, Bennyp77, Wilanthule, Womzilla, Dgw, IntrigueBlue, The
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Blue403, Andrew Delong, Chicheley, USAOwnz, RobertLovesPi, Nameismymike, MrFish, Auronxw, Hemlock Martinis, Dankostka,
Qrc2006, AaronFX, Mgpappas, Vanished user k9iuw4roilaldkj, Aaru Bui, Krlhc8, Vanished user qooikehnkwind3, U2met86, Dario D.,
Tomjc, Whiskey101, AndrewHowse, DragondudeFla, Alb333, Thanatos91, WESTY15, Madskillzediter, Jgunaratne, Paul Ittoop, Klarth F.
Lester, Dk16, Cydebot, Miclwilson, Ejke47, Ham and jelly butter, Z120p, Malimbar04, DCAnderson, Abeg92, Peytonio, Future Perfect
at Sunrise, Conversion script, RonTheCon, Burgwerworldz, Nippi, Man77, Meznaric, Smmity, Reywas92, Rsarlls, Swishsam, Nblakney,
Treybien, Rivselis, Jazzmatazz, Mellowasroma, Anger, Steel, Sir Thomas Tom, AngelicEnigma, Kitteneatkitten, Measly pawn, Mrt50,
Willy Meyer, Stopmenow100, Whoizrobclark, Sokrateskerem, Bluedevil04, JonnyLightning, Nykway, Gogo Dodo, Bellerophon5685,
Snrpro, Nincb123, FairNBalanced, Khatru2, BlueAg09, Tooj117, Anonymi, 116135, Xxhopingtearsxx, Prof. Mcdougalily, Luisldq, R41, Rlineker, GlennLowney, Umdunno, Llort, JB196, Spectre VI, Habler 32, Onifam R, Otto4711, Olz06, Mano2005, Fakename007,
Capmaster, Cassiebell100, Quantamm, Dysalot, Redsox00002, Theknightswhosay, Drfunko, Pascal.Tesson, Yeawhatever1117, Liggieep,
Scooteristi, Judekenobi, Maskedavenger, Alec270, Zman906, Eu.stefan, Blitersety, Wildnox, Retired user 0002, Panem, WillyofToxteth, Crazy4metallica, Mister Tog, RCT, TheM62Manchester, B, Hazode, Chrisincanadaoraustralia, Vanished user 8jq3ijalkdjhviewrie,
Tawkerbot4, Non-anon205, Arrogantworm, Janshiterator, The oggmonst3r, Schrodingers Mongoose, AshrafSS, Ddanna13, FGBD, Devil
melvin, Spazcataz1134, Huntley Troth, DBaba, Mike08b, Dshzzzt, BhaiSaab, Dumaka, Btgh1993, Jamiehudson, Ssilvers, EqualRights,
Tae Koopa Pokemon, Burnside1980, Emkjt93, JusGrimey, Sparklywater, Garik, Kozuch, Ivko, Blindman shady, Chrsbdn, Trigger hurt,
Protious, After Midnight, Zacksfansite, Dabbas346, FerolaJ, Documentinghalloween, Windmerger, SMP0328, Meph1sto, Rlk89, NMChico24, CJ King, Troy17, Omicronpersei8, Jsteph, Bryan.bennett, MadamKistulot, SRoughsedge, Messenger1, Robertsteadman, DiggKiller, Gazzder, Freak in the bunnysuit, Alexbbard, Len 0726, Monu india, Vincenzoworm, Hangovergoblin, Instaurare, Nol888, Bulmabriefs144, Tehmadhatter, MarkJablonski, TAIWAN, Gimmetrow, JDXXUR, Lyverbe, Dipset209, Je.Mortimer, Dking27, Bidcornakes, Mareg, Rougher07, Wagadog, Damon, TimFrisbie, Username1232323, Username54323, Gblaytay, FrancoGG, BetacommandBot, CieloEstrellado, RandomOrca2, Robbro7, Jeecgf, Thijs!bot, Kaoruchan, Epbr123, Daa89563, Tommy23, Dancey2, Fisherjs, MoshMasterD, Denis jaimes, Biruitorul, Tozznok, Afropastrami, Ryansca, Crockspot, Chowardhong, SchutteGod, Dubc0724, Aj uk, Eliyyahu,
Bot-maru, GF89, 2Pac, Hallihg, Paragon12321, Gomezzzza, Tsmartman123, Bagleyt, Ilovetheocean, Rcadble, Saw8907, Nuetralwordman, Janviermichelle, LoyolaDude, Jakeyp, TonyTheTiger, Azimuth1, Mtb5280, Aturaten, Corrupted Senate, Daniel, Kablammo, Ucanlookitup, Emma202, Figureground, Davron, Charcoal77, Harrisli89, Serpent-A, F-Misthebest, Thunderbird91, Ep9206, Whitdick, Steve
Dufour, SeNeKa, Thomsonboy93, Yboord028, Cayers 29, Vilallonga, Dom0803, Juliusceasar, Writelydie, Minutiaman, Luqmaanmm,
Scdue, Tonzoxx, Uevil, Georgiapatio, JNighthawk, Ngard039, Halibut Thyme, Camelcast, Neutral arbiter, Headbomb, Doyler, Zac4213,
Louis Waweru, IdontwannasayYA, Maskpuppet90, Fluxbot, Simeon H, Boonaone, ToWn3r, Saibo, Ydoommas, CreepshowCreep, Xazzi,
John254, Fame, Megamidget, Frank, Uv411, Bfauld1, A3RO, Jairomelgarejo, Malarious, DanyaRomulus, Matty7hisbeast, LinkinShinoda,
James086, Java13690, Ahmed2323, Astynax, Sliponshoe, Mountainsofolivs, Merbabu, Randomfrenchie, Allerk, RanndIneche, Chrisdab,
Duvmunch, O p e t h, Z10x, Speedster 619, Cool Blue, Vincent the ghetto asian, Zamkam, Sivazh, Dante168, Cdf333fad3a, Presto,
Viva43, The Proesor, Hulmey, Berlination, Jadseanderson, Elhector, Rhelmerichs, Mcem2, Dabigtrain, Leon7, Harrison90, Wikifrank,
Bapish, Lazukars, Dfrg.msc, Williamaiman, Infophile, Ajo Mama, Trickstar14, Seiser, Hcobb, TR5000, Yourcurtainsareugly, Astint1, Bobodragorn, Zachary, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, BlytheG, Cooljuno411, Blootix, Dezidor, Anote-Cred 001, Grand51paul, Ti$$,
Tocino, Harvardlaw, Big Bird, The Great Liberator, Nomae, Johnwrw, DeusMP, Zfolwick, MinnesotanConfederacy, OuroborosCobra, SusanLesch, TrevelyanL85A2, JasonJack, An unattributed source, Haha169, Natalie Erin, Vaniac, Andy keating 89, Beezle1999, Folic Acid,
Adballer30, Berethor222, DblGkid, Xverse, CTZMSC3, GLGerman, Scottandrewhutchins, Rompe, Bobisjim, Alimali88, Benjones333,
AlefZet, Escarbot, Basquia, Cerberiga, TemeMark, Oreo Priest, Shibby3230, Jmartstyle, Fcabanski, Handface, Libs23, KirkHammett,
Bunbury18, Serato, Sabeen557, Cladeal832, Canadian, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, JustOneJake, Killianfeehan, AbstractClass, BmikeSci,
Milton Stanley, Junnyb13, Majorly, Death2mothra, BokicaK, FWINDUSA76, Yonatan, Luna Santin, Gopherbone, Jalexm817, RonTheCon89, Rambone, MassKnowledgeLearner, Sobaka, Darkchaos556, Turlo Lomon, MatthieuN, Qvchater, JoeHazzers, Matthew Buckley,
Novel compound, Utfreek185, Opelio, Bcnviajero, Deeplogic, Molemag, Sames705, Petree13, Stoboe, EarthPerson, Slive, Giord924,
Voortle, Absolutecaliber, Efyoo, Porajohn579, Jupiterstars, InchyAlly, AaronY, Aruo, Kurtsdead, Dr who1975, Grreat, SlipperyN,
DaMeanHippo, Jj137, Defective 13, Goku9821, Tmopkisn, Dan2508, Upsidown, Fayenatic london, SkagitRiverQueen, Zombine, Etsuna, Railer 3E6, Artifactor, Davken1102, Roundhouse0, Trezjr, Pistolpierre, Greatamerican, Malcolm, Adam1050, Wizmo, Cymruman,
MECU, JohnPrester, Iamlondon, Garrett p, Gdo01, Yellowdesk, Alphachimpbot, Kepin, Zigzig20s, Spartaz, PseudoChron, Mr. Unknown,
Sergejs s, Violent twinkie, Mattenos, G Rose, Saved293, Mattsav, Vickser, Deadly360, TorynHill, Propagandhi12345, Falconleaf, Jbeutler,
292
Keith****, Bona Fides, Qwerty Binary, Sansari13, 3ngeredPete, Ed, Kprobst, C0rbet, Myanw, Zealous Zebra, Tonyfarto2badassrocker,
Skooing, I'll bring the food, Vaxination99, Sesamekinjiru, O'Sean, Extravagance, Craigtheomnipotent, Mcknien, Ellissound, StreetLamp,
Mentaka, Noahudlis, Canadian-Bacon, VacuolateTuna, Kingforaday1620, Pmcchesn, Yancyfry jr, Tomertomer, Tawnyowl1, Wisdomcb,
JAnDbot, Dan D. Ric, Tigga, Rentir, Torrmallin, Jjmath, Leuko, Jimothytrotter, Arunby, Doctor-of-fostat, Benwood84, Demfourlife,
Asp821, Postcard Cathy, Macsimcon, Chrisottjr, EmZeki, MER-C, Plokijuhygtfrdeswaq, Snobothehobo, NE2, DooMer87, Llama554,
BigBadUglyBugFacedBabyEatingO'Brian, CyberAnth, Lifthrasir1, Antony the genius, Instinct, Janejellyroll, MelanieN, Tekierz, Stuan,
Robertjohnsonrj, Zaindy87, Forrest1692, DavisStine, Mr Jiggy Fly, Chris.hatton, Hello32020, Db099221, Dabatteries, Ants army 001,
Nicholas Tan, CTUnick, Matthewfever, Ribonucleic, Familiar To Millions, Vikram ramesh, Markcamann, Matttheguy, Realismadder,
Fbooth, Kazzar, Andonic, Ikanreed, GUTTERTAHAH, Hut 8.5, Ajaxrools, Smith Jones, Yufeihe, PhilKnight, MrSydneyBristow, Mantion, I love the punk music, Builderman, AlleywayRover, Dr batnk, Rothorpe, Joecool94, Kaitdancer07, , Viola Tragic, Mr. G.
Williams, .anacondabot, SiobhanHansa, Acroterion, LogicallyCreative, SteveSims, Angelofdeath275, Fornost, Toppgun, Sangak, Juggernaut0102, Dapsv, Driger369, Magioladitis, Henryt23, Omega8515, News 101, Unused0029, Jaysweet, Billmckern, Eisenmond, Thewhatwhat, Teshik, KeithCu, Phaestos2, Cooldud7, Theunicyclegirl, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, MasterEagle, Billzilla, 1995hoo, Italus,
Dsync, Zealer, AuburnPilot, Tmacchev, Fusionmix, Contravandal, Wikidudeman, American664, Iriseyes, Ponnaluri, Raid0422, Weser,
Darkologist, Kuyabribri, Hasek is the best, Mrld, JNW, Straight.bangin, CarelessHair, Titanicsink, Burning Exile, Yandman, VipRvip, Anthonyramos1, EOBeav, A1190, JamesBWatson, -Kerplunk-, Fisksed, Jackbirdsong, GearedBull, Kakomu, Mbc362, Farquaadhnchmn,
Swpb, DublinRanch, Deshayzilla, Dnate76, AMK1211, Frogsprog, PrinzIanus, Ling.Nut, Thecatpop, WakkoW, Dierences, JuanitoEstaAqui, Bullet4mv, Hikarumitani, Water project123, ZwickauDeluxe, Roversno1fan, .Hathen, BoogieBoy, Trishm, Mauriciolustosa, TigerManXL, Krynnish Conspiracy, Jerky Chid, Jam54, Jim Douglas, Rsi73, Michels306, Ecksemmess, Pomadeguy, Pvmoutside, Kiopley,
Jatkins, Mikemchugh1, Gang14, MontyZooma, Nidator, Goddess, DOAcepr, Creasemaster, Cartoon Boy, Recurring dreams, Charlesbaldo, Caesarjbsquitti, Avicennasis, PEAR, Deputydog23, Dougz1, Livin2beaplaya, Majestic Lizard, Alexcount, Hasbro, Evilbowser,
GroovySandwich, Eraight, Romtobbi, Zatoichi26, KConWiki, Monbro, Soleado, EliteMike, Italianboy10, Drewfus14, Catgut, Hawkypunk, Theroadislong, Rhusted, Divine Avenger, Rockinthefarm, Benzocane, Thuglas, Archangel-22, Jedlink, Stryker93, Wacky z, Thernlund, Eiyuu Kou, Animum, Joetyson, Gabriel Kielland, Ectojax, Maniwar, Shauny bhoy, Bevers93, CorneliusStump, Tekagi, Genevak,
Erikrespo, Mtd2006, Lx Rogue, User86654, Blackthunder326, Duarte.lho, Edmundwoods, Froon, The Mystery Man, PsychoYoshi,
Stoneice02, Loonymonkey, CheetahMan1, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Lionc15, Kirkpete, Deanostrodamus, Holdencx, Allstarecho, Adacus12,
Imperial440, Lordamel, Nat, FFKH, Nithya, Blucius, Hessejicks, ShadoeX, Rockerboy64, Stalins Smile, DJ HAZCHEM, FallenOne, Exiledone, Marinebro0306, ANONYMOUS COWARD0xC0DE, Nielswik, Vssun, Bjornen, Hanby, Taznum8, Amazingtrav, Tishii, Prester
John, Glen, Arfan, DerHexer, Jrryr8, MikkoMan, Timwun94, Grunge6910, Shadiac, Monkeyboy2000, Natalie West, Demosthenes Akira,
Matt.smart, Nick Jezerinac, Cillas001, Yhinau, EJ220, Mika293, Khalid Mahmood, Terrymitchell, Pan Dan, Tinmanic, Milessmart, Lynx
Austin, Demonseed, DJD23, TheRanger, Kiko3, Ajayvius, Patstuart, Coolobiwan, Meuseros, La-belle-dame-sans-merci, Jdorwin, Gerardmulholland, Ddanbeck, Connor Behan, Rbaish, Arnesh, Coyote`, Wiltshire01, Fatt Pandaa, Golfpimp31, Habs4ever, Koosha66, SPD,
Paliku, DerekTollefson, Khalpz, Nicholas Weiner, Gjd001, LiamRogersDobro, Dustindollar, Felcis, Lungzbee, Nkarpan, Slinkeyts, Mattnmunch, Arnabdas, Andrewlitt, DaGrob, Pauly04, Spectrum266, Hysteron, Dave, Asterix299, Cambridgegames, Stealthound, Hdt83,
MartinBot, Opiner, Tacochan, Clavecin, Sarahpw4444, Drew1369, Nny64, Cyphur99, Grandia01, STBot, Outoftunecornet, CliC, Elena
the Quiet, Kontar, Robcordner, Grg970, BuckFlinch, Smokkedog, Marineman400, J11861, Weathercoins, Jrayk, Railer 914, Gkklein,
Giordanobruno, Lolakitty, Dx87, Tvoz, HollyWolly, Gr8lyknow, Feyery, Gunsnroads, Yooduddy112, Kumorikage, Red91791, Wowaconia, Jellicosucks, Jiberole, Lelandrb, Naohiro19, MattHarbs, Whiteman, Babooncentral, Joshman300, Peter2212, Ustye, Notmyhandle,
Rhysjh1, Drewsif1991, Rettetast, TOMMASO, Sig0, Trixt, Lover Romeo, MerrimacVI, Hobblehobble, Sm8900, PTR, Lovelaughterlife, TechnoFaye, Harry is so cool, Aquash, Uriel8, Mschel, R'n'B, Bzboarder, CommonsDelinker, Steveng75, Rgorczyca, AlexiusHoratius, Johnpacklambert, Azer Red, Irisheagle, Madyodeler, Janetlh, MarkB79, Palomdude, Hummer1234, The big moose, PrestonH, Big
Boss Inc., Wikiman022, Maulth, Tony Stevens, Omgtnt, DR.X, Smokizzy, Alex Kinloch, Ouchthathurts, Clinton denton fentonbenton,
Cyloneditor, Grblundell, Mattt296, Aske, Versur, Beningo55, UberAetheist, Rabidanimals, Benu6, RockMFR, Kingbob3rd, Bbmm, AlphaEta, Mimes, Joedumars420, Flakey J, Gnanapiti, Laxfox620, J.delanoy, Dan rox 1, Jimmyhogg, Abecedare, Funkajunka, Arxarts,
Captincool, Trademark123, Raisedbyacupofcoee, AuthenticM, Dogma12, ComradeHawkins, Abbcab44, Thiemster, Hpaddict, Greatcaeine, Tq3123, Yardalhirji, Jediforce, Stevencool104, AAA!, Kohlhardt, MiEdWa, Enjaeb, KazakhPol, GeneralHooHa, Emanick1,
Ali, Guled09, Adavidb, Rorypunkrock, UBeR, Knowalot, EATC, SuperGirl, Ed hover, Trevor57, Ulyssesmsu, Clarky1991, TyrS, Jfalk,
DomBot, Richiekim, Abby, Mattnad, Mrborat, ChrisfromHouston, RoboRobo1, Jack312, Myyra, JPLeonard, Fredmercury, MoogleEXE,
Alibabaelgrande, Applest0apples, DestinyEnding, Kar.ma, Stephanwehner, Green23billie, Jmansker, Bhavesh.Chauhan, Shrew lad, BK
Lounger, Ltfancypants99, CraigMonroe, Bragr, AlphaFactor, Pseudolus42, TheFrog114, Shlogo, DD2K, Alegreen, Amdrummer90, Merlot70, Jufam44, Right Brain, RYANonWIKIPEDIA, NineASpades23, MTLskyline, Granthursin, Antjames29, Vanished user 342562,
JEB215, Wiki wiki wiki wiki, P3net, Cop 663, Brianhama, Go go juicy, Mrfranklinsir, Balsa10, Thekostiknator, Solumeiras, Wrknclasshero, YoudownwithTCP, SuperMarioGamer, Alex2706, CPHealey, Mhstebbi, Warpplasma, Razing car, Spaceripple, Acalamari,
Nonoensive, Cybersquire, Beans 6113, M C Y 1008, Halloween2007, Soulofdragon, Angrybob945, GIR Rules, Sparkyspartan, MatchStickEleven, WikiBone, Iamgreat228, Bree123, Dispenser, It Is Me Here, Littleriy1, Bot-Schafter, In-appropriate, Dss2mtm, Log2010,
Katalaveno, PedEye1, Currenteventsguy, Dangerous D69, Yankee412, Fatty1234, Ibookg4, Unclemikehouse, Jagarias756, Jasonhbrown,
Guraski, Darkspots, Natobxl, Hippe45, McSly, Sterotz, Lvmcneese21, Owain loft, Shay Guy, Mnmcrewhq, Marklee81, Slickny8111, Fairness And Accuracy For All, Julin123, Dinosaur Man, Ryan Postlethwaite, Dman0551, Tesladaw, Renlok, Uranium grenade, Bladesofhalo,
Flango8, Bubbleboy987, Yellowtruck, Zensci, Ypetrachenko, Cameljockey07, Lachkeykid, James belushi, DJ1AM, B64, Bellyboy72000,
Gurchzilla, Tsion8, Spititout055, Territory, Railer 103, ElijahFalling, Bobby1234567890, DanCrowter, DataLord, Pyrospirit, Ryanthekiwi,
Lilpinoy 82, Wikiwopbop, Slayer0019, Noahcs, AntiSpamBot, Edieschuermann, Randydeluxe, Ricardocolombia, Targon142, Floateruss, Floweringriver, Jjr27, Seans33, Worthadonkey, HiLo48, Warrior on Terrorism, Plasticup, GhostPirate, Lowell1011, Davo123091,
Cruoris, Itscml, Asherek, Diablo56694, Chrisnx, Nitwitinc, Josephdaven, Drewgupt, Fullmetal2887, Davud363000, Camohatman, Explodingjello, Pubber, Allreet, Richard D. LeCour, Maxwell mq, Ucebaggie, Dariushaskell, Mendonky, LightofaFadingStar, Hiimbrady,
RTRimmel, Vampiredemon131, Duras2000, Ajlipp, Hopalopodus, Red XII mitch, JianTan, Astub15, Aervanath, SJP, AA, DareDragonD,
Master shepherd, XHeIIoWikiX, Dicek18, Ahuskay, Sk 566, Tuvok of 9, Whoblitzell, Timewiz, Pedrossi, T3hllama, Davidfallen, Flatterworld, 4c3 Defender, Robertgreer, SpencerJW, Crynryan101, Tascha96, Jjmillerhistorian, Heyitspeter, Vixwald, Globalization, Konastu,
Evan57, Mr.123, Vindi293, Krouton999, Sephiroth352000, The Unstoppable Wikipedian 9, Emokid200618, Wormtail09, Spiderspecialed,
Mike cranford, Mat 1029, Nincubus99x, Potatoswatter, Edward303, 2812, 3dom, Ryanmjohnk, Cue the Strings, NBCBS, Bowser Koopa,
Id711, Tompotts1963, Zydrunas, Biker121, Glacious, Eddieemcee, Dpm12, Kjeerson, BrettAllen, Icecreamania, Ezrakane, Tyler128974,
Christophore, Atropos235, Dropscone, Dhaluza, Doomdevil, Bohemianroots, Alexaj28, ZacPerks, Kidlittle, Cometstyles, EvilEntity,
Bboyser, Mitchellj67, Lumpit, Breckrocks, Jiri.eichler, Vailky, Rebobbery, Evb-wiki, Jherek13, Dylpkls91, Quesar, KGBhater666, Football123213, Paddler27, Equazcion, Dawilster, Punkrocka213, C.murphy8, C. Foultz, Gojoshg, Ghz112295, Fooghter20x, Pitpif, R4h4al,
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Glamrokfetherboa, Seancarlin84, Interlaker, Omarkhan786, Railer 760, Wabblybear, The truth from texas, Birchington, Tomoko1296,
Swinquest, Tiwonk, Aldango, Supergeo, Digifant, Madhur21, Mike V, Hybridius, Murphyg001, Wiseoldman123, Kvdveer, Dulcorne, Psdubow, Bunndan, Cancandance, Sysm0921, Jangalinn, Maple626, Gtg204y, Dark Chaos91, 217mattq, Dublecee, Caladeia, Gossamer,
Kman618, Hockeycraze12000, Stephent91, Petur17, TheDOC1958, Pdcook, Packerfansam, Andy Marchbanks, Yyyuuu, Krakko, Agnagam, Tosso, McFizzle, UnitedStatesIndia, Zche, Cornell2010, Ljdc, FakePain, CJTweedy, Ogatai, Fetus113, Wertible, Fdonck, Closson
the cleaner, Spyder042004, Scottydude, Claws121, Gypsy98101, Mexicomida, Chillaxx, Beckyvolley, Indie Film, Tweetsabird, Adfaris,
Mokgen, Rith2, Aro for ze win, Skimmer247, CardinalDan, Teh Spaz Monkeh, Idioma-bot, Will Bates, Futsunushi, Funandtrvl, Ashur 12,
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Anonymous: 6389
Early life of George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20life%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=633500039
Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, WhisperToMe, Selket, Dale Arnett, Caknuck, Cyrius, Superm401, Dina, JamesMLane, Jello, Halda, Geospear, Gadum, Jossi, Oneiros, Kmweber, Discospinster, C12H22O11, Kaisershatner, Bobo192, Pharos, Alansohn, Snowolf, Drbreznjev,
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Denied, Cymru.lass, Wayne Slam, Abhishekitmbm, Petrb, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Borninusa100, Ayhorse, Widr, Informant16, Shiamkannan, Christiang1906 and Anonymous: 168
Professional life of George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20life%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush?
oldid=640575319 Contributors: Superm401, Tom, Bobo192, Cwolfsheep, Sammka, Alansohn, Camw, CheshireKatz, ViriiK, Wasted Time
R, Wimt, Derex, CLW, Zzuuzz, JQF, Luk, TravisTX, SmackBot, David Kernow, Melchoir, CastAStone, Vilerage, Andy M. Wang, Master
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insignicant, Biker Biker, Smcspinsrecords, Kris495, Iamgreat59, John of Reading, ClueBot NG, Widr, Mark Arsten, Haminoon, AnotherBrian2 and Anonymous: 89
George W. Bush as Governor of Texas Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush?oldid=636587560
Contributors: Ixfd64, LGagnon, Caknuck, AlistairMcMillan, Rich Farmbrough, MBisanz, Zsero, Gene Nygaard, Rjwilmsi, Jakewater,
Ground Zero, NoSeptember, Red Slash, Gaius Cornelius, SmackBot, Sbharris, Muboshgu, Rrburke, Loodog, The Giant Pun, Billy
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10.1. TEXT
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Kite-Lee, PMDrive1061, SMP0328., Skarebo, Ashton1983, Yobot, Jacksmacky, AnomieBOT, Jerzeykydd, WebCiteBOT, Tktru, Grosstheresabodyinhere, Deutschenglish, Full-date unlinking bot, Jerchel, Canuckian89, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, MMS2013, TGCP, ClueBot
NG, Snotbot, 725edwards, Khazar2 and Anonymous: 45
Presidency of George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=644259876
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ABC989, Mnmazur, Download, Favonian, JklJKL5, 5 albert square, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Gail, Jarble, Peatswift, Everyme, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Webmgr, Triquetra, Sarrus, Tempodivalse, JEdgarFreeman, Master of Pies, Rubinbot, Ussrvusa, IRP, Soxwon, Materialscientist, OttoTheFish, ImperatorExercitus, Citation bot, Complete1337, Dataleft, Capricorn42, YippiePower, Jmundo, VanCity99, Raprchju,
Boris.oriet, Coltsfan, Creez34, Durga Dido, Wikiman699, Thehelpfulbot, Cgersten, RightCowLeftCoast, Tktru, Pecoc, Feteru, Palomalove, Justinc71, Tobby72, Sum33, The Red Peacock, Unitanode, Steve Quinn, Trust Is All You Need, Rayjt, Ben76266, Gurillamack,
Tetraedycal, Zaxby, Citation bot 1, Bjkijkjr83, A8UDI, Full-date unlinking bot, Mono, Takra, Handleit, Jerd10, Canuckian89, Diannaa,
ThinkEnemies, Krenakoza, Tustind, RjwilmsiBot, Totenking, Ajraddatz, Fifthhorizon, Italia2006, ZroBot, Neun-x, SporkBot, Jsayre64,
Rcsprinter123, MonoAV, Jonnyb79, Legomyeggo252, Afranelli, Woolfy123, Asyraaf, ClueBot NG, Cntras, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot,
VanDyke27, Boomswaggerboom, Kinaro, Lathsim, Gorgak25, Incaustic, 23haveblue, BattyBot, KingHiggins, Frosty, PandaPanda8000,
Everymorning, Andreapark, Monkbot, Ptb1997, Beatlesfan48, Tstorm0101, Zp01, Osthomas3388, Johnbowen526, Christiangotyou, User
Userz, Americangrome, Caden5348 and Anonymous: 479
George W. Bushs rst term as President of the United States Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush{}s%
20first%20term%20as%20President%20of%20the%20United%20States?oldid=640157426 Contributors: Edward, Michael Hardy, Dcljr,
Baylink, TUF-KAT, Kevin Baas, Ugen64, Poor Yorick, Uriber, Owen, Korath, Ektar, Calmypal, Postdlf, Wereon, Tom harrison, Everyking, Chowbok, Kuralyov, Sam Hocevar, Neutrality, Laguna72, The stuart, D6, Alexburke, SocratesJedi, Axi0m, Shanes, Juppiter, MPS,
Bobo192, WCityMike, Shenme, Cmdrjameson, R. S. Shaw, Old Right, Cwolfsheep, SNIyer1, Pearle, SPUI, Alansohn, Somepostman,
Sbeath, Free Bear, Hipocrite, Fornadan, Daniel M., Batmanand, RoboAction, Scott5114, BaronLarf, Alai, Nightstallion, Mr. Nobody,
Ceyockey, Tom.k, Woohookitty, JeremyA, MONGO, Tejastheory, Imnite, Descendall, FreplySpang, Vvuppala, Dpv, Angusmclellan,
Tim!, Quale, SpNeo, SenorAnderson, Miss Brightside, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, Ground Zero, ZechsMerquise, ViriiK, Russavia, RogerK,
Ravenswing, Sceptre, RussBot, DanMS, Lord Voldemort, Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki, Dhwani1989, Astral, Welsh, Rjensen, JDoorjam,
Aaron Schulz, DeadEyeArrow, Ms2ger, Eric Paul Owens, Zzuuzz, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Th1rt3en, Karas peter@yahoo.com, Curpsbotunicodify, SmackBot, Brandon39, David Kernow, Melchoir, C.Fred, Bleemsz, Betacommand, Durova, TimBentley, Hmich176, Colonies
Chris, Darth Panda, MisterHand, Derekbridges, Ahudson, MeekSaron, Celarnor, Kukini, Nishkid64, John, Rufusgrin, Courcelles,
JForget, CmdrObot, Xanderer, Green caterpillar, Reywas92, BhaiSaab, Ryanbomber, Zalgo, Rougher07, AntiVandalBot, MedicareEditor, KeithCu, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Nibblesnbits, Cpl Syx, Patstuart, Leftus, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, WelshMatt, Katalaveno,
Doomsday28, Sunderland06, Kidlittle, Jevansen, Coolug, The Wild Falcon, Ryan032, Philip Trueman, Rollo44, Damonwr, Improve, Minorelite, GirasoleDE, RJaguar3, Lucasbfrbot, Arbor to SJ, Arthur Smart, Fratrep, Kumioko (renamed), AuburnPiIot, ClueBot, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Excirial, Bonewah, Frozen4322, La Pianista, Calor, Dthomsen8, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Tardiz1, Juniorjedi, Jojhutton, Captaintucker, No means tests for welfare, Saberwolf116, Download, Nolelover, Lightbot, Ben Ben, Bunnyhop11, JEdgarFreeman, Paranormal
Skeptic, Quebec99, Ethics2med, Nathansteel, MerlLinkBot, Cgersten, Forparity, PigFlu Oink, Redrose64, LittleWink, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Richard asr, Illegitimate Barrister, ClueBot NG, Widr, BG19bot, Geraldo Perez, BizarreLoveTriangle, Joydeep,
Klilidiplomus, HectorMoet, Tutelary, Edge4life42, RotlinkBot, Epicgenius, Sabote88, Henri.Leveque, Monkbot, Erolgo77 and Anonymous: 138
George W. Bushs second term as President of the United States Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush{}s%
298
20second%20term%20as%20President%20of%20the%20United%20States?oldid=643077177 Contributors: Edward, Ixfd64, TUF-KAT,

Kingturtle, Kevin Baas, Uriber, CBDunkerson, Critic, The lorax, Naddy, Calmypal, Texture, Tom harrison, Fleminra, Neilc, Bacchiad,
Chowbok, Rdsmith4, Kuralyov, Neutrality, Jewbacca, The stuart, MysteryDog, Rich Farmbrough, Night Gyr, Mr. Billion, STLEric,
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Keane, MONGO, Cultofpj, Rjwilmsi, Plainsong, Carbonite, SNIyer12, Titoxd, Ground Zero, KarlFrei, JdforresterBot, Gurch, RobyWayne,
ViriiK, Benjamin Gatti, Wasted Time R, Spaceriqui, Jimp, RussBot, Anders.Warga, Dhwani1989, Rjensen, Alex43223, DeadEyeArrow,
Davidpatrick, Wknight94, TransUtopian, Eric Paul Owens, Zzuuzz, Saranghae honey, NielsenGW, FRCP11, SmackBot, Karlchwe, Brandon39, David Kernow, State of Love and Trust, Rrius, Mdd4696, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Ryanorulz, Darth Panda, Oatmeal batman, Bolivian Unicyclist, Theanphibian, Mtmelendez, Zero Gravity, Ck lostsword, Pilotguy, Tesseran, Samaster1991, Nicko6, A Clown in
the Dark, Levineps, Nehrams2020, Joseph Solis in Australia, Dbm11085, CmdrObot, Deon, AndrewHowse, Cydebot, Reywas92, Rrsmac,
DangApricot, Instaurare, Bptdude, Minutiaman, AntiVandalBot, MECU, Yellowdesk, 3R1C, Husond, Ecki, Magioladitis, AuburnPilot,
Eraight, ClovisPt, Esanchez7587, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Thaurisil, Repmax, DadaNeem, UnitedStatesIndia, Squids and Chips,
The Wild Falcon, PandarenLord, The Devils Advocate, Brenont, SE7, Keilana, Arbor to SJ, Arthur Smart, 1.21 jigwatts, Jdaloner, Rupert
Horn, AuburnPiIot, Treekids, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, Issaclofkrofsky, Nsk92, Mild Bill Hiccup, Auntof6, SchreiberBike, DumZiBoT,
Kbdankbot, Addbot, Captain-tucker, Lihaas, Tassedethe, Lightbot, CountryBot, Abonazzi, IW.HG, AnomieBOT, Pkukiss, JEdgarFreeman, Ulric1313, Paranormal Skeptic, LilHelpa, Ethics2med, Mnnlaxer, Tad Lincoln, MerlLinkBot, Grinofwales, FrescoBot, Calmer
Waters, Fat&Happy, Full-date unlinking bot, ItsZippy, RjwilmsiBot, TGCP, H3llBot, ClueBot NG, The Banner Turbo, BizarreLoveTriangle, BattyBot, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 135
Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic%20policy%20of%20the%
20George%20W.%20Bush%20administration?oldid=634746742 Contributors: Manning Bartlett, Stevertigo, Edward, TimShell, Kevin
Baas, Ugen64, Andrewman327, VeryVerily, Omegatron, Owen, Moriori, Postdlf, Vikingstad, Superm401, Davidcannon, Alan Liefting,
Guanaco, Deus Ex, Khaosworks, Kuralyov, Icairns, Random account 47, Gazpacho, Rich Farmbrough, Cfailde, YUL89YYZ, Max Terry,
ESkog, Pmcm, Bobo192, Cmdrjameson, Alison9, Corwin8, Mlm42, Greg Kuperberg, Drbreznjev, Stemonitis, Sandover, Woohookitty,
KrisK, Jan van Male, Rkevins, Jdcooper, Rjwilmsi, Quale, Jake Wartenberg, G Clark, Ground Zero, JeremyMcCracken, Gurch, RobyWayne, Fephisto, Psantora, Wasted Time R, RussBot, Red Slash, Conscious, DanMS, RadioFan, Dhwani1989, JQF, Emc2, Johnpseudo,
SmackBot, David Kernow, Lawrencekhoo, Philosopher, Quackslikeaduck, Anabus, Radagast83, Mystaker1, Lakinekaki, SilkTork, Disavian, DabMachine, Levineps, Judgesurreal777, JForget, CmdrObot, Oo7565, Cydebot, BlueAg09, Otto4711, JCO312, NathanDahlin, Ssilvers, Bobblehead, Leon7, Nick Number, AntiVandalBot, Benny45boy, Fayenatic london, Scepia, Iamlondon, Alphachimpbot, KeithCu,
AuburnPilot, Dekimasu, Mbc362, Jatkins, Lenschulwitz, Fang 23, JaGa, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, DrKiernan, Amillsx,
Belovedfreak, Antony-22, UnitedStatesIndia, My head, Wasteddays2, Rollo44, Xenophrenic, Avicell, AgentCDE, Legoktm, GirasoleDE,
Calliopejen1, Smtomak, Winterspan, Lucasbfrbot, Gmb92, Tawniz, Lightmouse, AuburnPiIot, Realm of Shadows, Martin H., Kabanks,
ClueBot, QueenofBattle, Richrakh, Not Brit, Jusdafax, InaMaka, NJGW, DumZiBoT, Fastily, Aenlleje, Kbdankbot, Captain-tucker,
Democracy to information, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Jarble, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Mahmudmasri, LilHelpa, Capricorn42, The Magnicent
Clean-keeper, Ethics2med, Jezhotwells, CHJL, MerlLinkBot, Bbbbush, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Skamecrazy123, Toverton28, Sross (Public Policy), , TCNSV, ClueBot NG, Ovr'apint, Madddynj11, Helpful Pixie Bot, Odinsraven55, Tpeder86, Monkbot and
Anonymous: 105
List of George W. Bush legislation and programs Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush%
20legislation%20and%20programs?oldid=637159161 Contributors: Jason Quinn, Kuralyov, D6, Danthemankhan, WayneMokane, Tim!,
Psantora, Krakatoa, SmackBot, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, PKn, Cydebot, Alaibot, Minutiaman, AuburnPilot, Gwern, R'n'B, Arguman,
Dtnch, Kumioko (renamed), Missymartinez, ZooFari, Kbdankbot, Democracy to information, Fraggle81, Masskillingspree, MerlLinkBot,
DefaultsortBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Toverton28, Baedbybs, Wikipelli, FrankieG123, ClueBot NG, Keylar25, Skr15081997 and
Anonymous: 20
Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20policy%20of%20the%
20George%20W.%20Bush%20administration?oldid=622435175 Contributors: Edward, Mac, Tpbradbury, Pfrishauf, Timrollpickering,
SarekOfVulcan, Kuralyov, RoyBoy, Cretog8, Wikidea, CloudNine, Paisan30, Bkwillwm, Calebrw, Rjwilmsi, SMC, G Clark, Ground
Zero, Fephisto, Wasted Time R, Red Slash, Kier07, Johnpseudo, Quadpus, SmackBot, Alex1011, Lawrencekhoo, VSquared, Skizzik, Chris
the speller, Miquonranger03, BrendelSignature, Sadads, MasterSidious, Rrburke, Zaphraud, Gobonobo, Ben Moore, Agent 86, Levineps,
WGee, Joseph Solis in Australia, Daedalus969, Cydebot, Alaibot, Virenque, AdamDeanHall, Bogger, SteveSims, VoABot II, AuburnPilot,
Iriseyes, Loonymonkey, Pauly04, Sm8900, Davidb1959, Antony-22, RTRimmel, Gr8white, Mrmuk, Robertknyc, FruitMart07, Je G.,
XParadigm777x, AndrewHorne, Tomaxer, Farcaster, Work permit, Euryalus, Oysterguitarist, Elakhna, Gmb92, Clinton151, AuburnPiIot,
Realm of Shadows, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, Richrakh, Mild Bill Hiccup, Alldayallnight, Bocaccio70s, Brooksbud, Hotcrocodile, Rror,
Btogz, Doc9871, Atoric, Kbdankbot, Kne1p, The Vidiot, Jncraton, Alpha11110, Yobot, Jenius123, AnomieBOT, Metalhead94, Lampbase,
Flewis, Minnecologies, Materialscientist, Quebec99, The Magnicent Clean-keeper, TheFireTones, Mykjoseph, MerlLinkBot, Bbbbush,
Cgersten, JustGettingItRight, TL36, FrescoBot, Mattccurtis, Nicksmi7h, Beernger, Full-date unlinking bot, Forp, Bloomology, Exton1,
Ebjorklun, RjwilmsiBot, Sbv7, John of Reading, Tommy2010, Crazy1ineverett, H3llBot, Chicopadilla, AutoGeek, , Sugar-Baby-Love,
Grampion76, Catshmoneyman, ClueBot NG, Thoroughgoodness, Ovshort, Elmerfudd1, The Banner Turbo, Fr755, Ducknish, Vchouwiki,
Sabote88, Monkbot and Anonymous: 108
Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20policy%20of%20the%
20George%20W.%20Bush%20administration?oldid=636535523 Contributors: Edward, Michael Hardy, Gabbe, Dcljr, Ahoerstemeier,
Kevin Baas, Jeandr du Toit, Conti, Harris7, Andrewman327, DJ Clayworth, Mrand, Kizor, Postdlf, Meelar, Superm401, JamesMLane,
Christopher Parham, Niteowlneils, Guanaco, Gzornenplatz, Gadum, Toytoy, Formeruser-81, Domino theory, Comandante, Kevin B12,
Tubedogg, Kuralyov, Moverton, Bender235, Wolfman, RoyBoy, JRM, Shenme, Mrzaius, CaseInPoint, Trampled, Woohookitty, Sesmith,
Edgewise, Schmidbauer, Jebur, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Rkevins, Calebrw, Rjwilmsi, Joan, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, Ground
Zero, ViriiK, Psantora, Wasted Time R, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Dhwani1989, Harameo12, Rjensen, Ashwinr, GHcool, Elkman,
Wknight94, Zzuuzz, Whobot, Johnpseudo, Nick-D, Wai Hong, SmackBot, David Kernow, Arniep, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, A Sunshade
Lust, Topkai22, Sadads, KaiserbBot, Zvar, Soorej, Nrcprm2026, SpiderJon, Springnuts, Ohconfucius, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington,
Cronos2546, Levineps, Veyklevar, Joseph Solis in Australia, Anthonymendoza, Tawkerbot2, JForget, CmdrObot, Iuio, AndrewHowse,
Timeshift9, Chrishans, BlueAg09, NorthernThunder, Rougher07, Qwyrxian, Hcobb, WinBot, Mr. G. Williams, SiobhanHansa, Ecki,
AuburnPilot, Rich257, Cgingold, MetsBot, Alyoshevna, Pauly04, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, Antony-22, DMCer, Signalhead, Philip Trueman, Rollo44, Cmitchell2004, Watchdogb, Minimac93, The Devils Advocate, NPguy, Coee, VK35, Epyon5757,
Abnn, AuburnPiIot, Realm of Shadows, Hyperionsteel, WordyGirl90, ClueBot, Doc1978, JDL2007, Geodyde, Chriq, Armose, Erebus
10.1. TEXT
299
Morgaine, ChrisHodgesUK, MilesAgain, Another Believer, DumZiBoT, Kbdankbot, Jojhutton, Captain-tucker, Calypygian, Download,
Lihaas, Annyanka, Lightbot, Anxietycello, Yobot, Nutmeg39, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Philipabboud, Tripleddd, The Magnicent
Clean-keeper, Tankparksalute, J04n, Masterofallmasters, MerlLinkBot, Cgersten, Tempname88, Steve Quinn, OreL.D, Dman777, Vrenator, Miracle Pen, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, DavidMCEddy, H3llBot, Shrigley, Afranelli, Andykatib, TheTimesAreAChanging, ClueBot
NG, Acedenom, Pudge MclameO, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hamish59, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, Khazar2, Stumink, Ugog Nizdast
and Anonymous: 117
Bush Doctrine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20Doctrine?oldid=638707097 Contributors: The Cunctator, Brion VIBBER,
Wesley, Bryan Derksen, Ed Poor, Fredbauder, AdamRetchless, Heron, Arj, Tzartzam, Hephaestos, Soulpatch, Edward, Fred Bauder,
MartinHarper, Gabbe, Minesweeper, Ahoerstemeier, Jdforrester, BigFatBuddha, Acooley, Nikai, Jiang, Ruhrjung, Technopilgrim, Timwi,
Marshman, VeryVerily, Joy, Kenatipo, Wetman, Pakaran, Finlay McWalter, Denelson83, Chealer, Cj, Kizor, Lowellian, Postdlf, Ashdurbat, Clngre, Hadal, Cecropia, Matthew Stannard, Tom harrison, Orangemike, Ich, Cantus, Niteowlneils, Neilc, Ato, Fishal, Ruy Lopez,
Toytoy, Antandrus, Rdsmith4, Kuralyov, Kmweber, Blue387, Cab88, Trevor MacInnis, JamesTeterenko, Gazpacho, Freakofnurture, KillerChihuahua, Martpol, Jimaltieri, SpaceFrog, ESkog, Kaisershatner, Kwamikagami, Rahga, RoyBoy, Grick, Bobo192, Kaotix, Elipongo,
Lokifer, Nsaa, Perceval, Mrzaius, Gary, Ricky81682, Primalchaos, Hohum, Zsero, RainbowOfLight, Hseldon10, BDD, Embryomystic,
Caulds, Drivinghighway61, Dejvid, Billhpike, Woohookitty, TigerShark, Ocollard, CWH, Sympleko, JeremyA, MONGO, Bluemoose,
Male1979, Steve10c, Smug Irony, Ashmoo, Descendall, Jclemens, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Zbxgscqf, Wikibofh, Commander, Harro5,
Mikedelsol, Ian Pitchford, Chanting Fox, RexNL, NoSeptember, ViriiK, Khaighle, Bedford, YurikBot, Hairy Dude, KansaiKitsune, RussBot, Petiatil, Rygelski, Witan, Hede2000, Subsurd, Izanbardprince, Draeco, Aeusoes1, Badagnani, Korny O'Near, Rjensen, Bmdavll,
The Chief, Xdenizen, Danmiles, Ospalh, Nescio, Antonio Basto, Essexmutant, Nick123, Wknight94, Zzuuzz, JQF, Petri Krohn, DGaw,
CWenger, Eaefremov, NeilN, Sardanaphalus, Cedlaod, SmackBot, Dissembly, Bushhopper, David Kernow, InverseHypercube, KnowledgeOfSelf, Framed0000, Alsandro, Hmains, Enno, ERcheck, Ivananic, Afasmit, Sadads, Aridd, Emurphy42, Sgt Pinback, TBSchemer,
Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Duncancumming, Atropos, Vulcanstar6, Andy120290, Earth as one, Threeafterthree, Wirbelwind, Daniel
Santos, Kukini, Will Beback, Lambiam, Amtiss, JzG, Breno, Ckatz, Lampman, The Eye of Timaeus, Frederikton, KJS77, Levineps,
Joseph Solis in Australia, Haus, Tony Fox, Richard75, Ryu Gaia, Phoenixrod, Courcelles, ScierGuy, Tawkerbot2, George100, Eastlaw,
Jere7my, CmdrObot, Earthlyreason, Bobfrombrockley, Msavidge, Yopienso, Cydebot, Treybien, Erik E., Clayoquot, GRBerry, Rougher07,
Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Bot-maru, Zoeld, MaulYoda, Walterego, Carole Jean, Tapir Terric, Michael A. White, AntiVandalBot, SummerPhD, Carolmooredc, Home Computer, Jj137, Tjmayerinsf, MER-C, Skomorokh, Bonsai8, Hut 8.5, PhilKnight, Mantion, SteveSims,
Lawikitejana, VoABot II, Tedickey, Skew-t, ArmadilloFromHell, Matamoros, Prester John, Glen, George Nassas, Oren0, Anothergreenbus, Ryangodfrey, Pupster21, Shadowmuse, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Jgchao, Chernus, Henry Cassini, A Nobody, 123ew, Kesal,
Robertson-Glasgow, Rbakker99, Non Curat Lex, Darling137, Homer Landskirty, Mydogtrouble, DMCer, Guyzero, Andy Marchbanks,
JavierMC, UnitedStatesIndia, Koeho, Nsbmudshark, X!, ABF, The Duke of Waltham, California-View, Fences and windows, Station1,
TXiKiBoT, The Original Wildbear, Jacob Lundberg, Bleaney, Robert1947, Ihaveafordv8, Madhero88, JStripes, Brianga, Farcaster, Gsmarshall, Betenoreus, SieBot, Calliopejen1, Work permit, Krawi, Nospam150, Flyer22, Radon210, Uwmad, Arbor to SJ, Anjin-san, Bramio,
ByronHudson, CdnCommenter, Lightmouse, Lepore64, Benny the wayfarer, Anchor Link Bot, Watermouth, HaroldatState, Krisidious,
Smashville, Jt, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, AndrewTutt, The Thing That Should Not Be, Doc1978, Rjd0060, Afrique, Wysprgr2005, CasualObserver'48, Metaphysics44, Passargea, Auntof6, DragonBot, Alexbot, Davidfhayes, NuclearWarfare, Ice Cold Beer, Acabashi, Jries34,
Jmanigold, XLinkBot, Goodoife, Pichpich, Nathan Johnson, Northwesterner1, Doc9871, Wahrhaft, ZooFari, JCDenton2052, Good Olfactory, CalumH93, JVortex888, Addbot, DOI bot, Jojhutton, Tcncv, Trasman, TutterMouse, Laurinavicius, CanadianLinuxUser, 10bests,
Ajc625, Lihaas, Tassedethe, Cc3tim, Qazin, Avono, Teles, Zorrobot, Qwertyytrewqqwerty, Dwbang, EdzuiK, Ynot4tony2, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Freikorp, Gunnar Hendrich, Anand011892, AnomieBOT, Song of the lark, Textmatters, Ulric1313, Flewis, EHSFFL2010, Farmteens, Sun dang, Businesscartpt7, Switters2008, Cosand, Cicero79, Citation bot, RGM81, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Ytfc23, Gensanders, Atomicgurl00, Lionelt, AbdullahMo, Devon DeFazio, Iqinn, Citation bot 1, Sctechlaw, Jlauses, Rotblats09, Wizzlezzlez, Trappist
the monk, Commandr Cody, Glorioussandwich, RjwilmsiBot, Coatesn, DASHBot, Rail88, Razor2988, Playmobilonhishorse, WhiteheadSchool, Ebe123, Finance trader, Illegitimate Barrister, KuduIO, H3llBot, AManWithNoPlan, Ocaasi, AutoGeek, Danny oldsen, Pgarret,
ClueBot NG, Causeitoldyouoncenowitoldyoutwice, Helpful Pixie Bot, Candleabracadabra, Pwt.taylor, Silvrous, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri,
Ljj0421, Debouch, Podiaebba, Monkbot, Claremont Institute, DanielEGreen and Anonymous: 447
George W. Bush and the Iraq War Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20and%20the%20Iraq%20War?
oldid=644613959 Contributors: Danski14, Gary, Rjwilmsi, Red Slash, Nescio, Realkyhick, GoodDay, Levineps, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Jonnymt, Bongwarrior, Mbc362, CommonsDelinker, JesseZinVT, Hammersoft, Wieno, Ipankonin, Khvalamde, Kumioko (renamed), Escape
Orbit, NYGUY01, Halgin, DumZiBoT, Yobot, Gongshow, Jim1138, MerlLinkBot, Limecatmaster, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot,
RA0808, H3llBot, Wayne Slam, ClueBot NG, Frze, Frosty, I am One of Many, Annaagg, Jamie R. Schloss, Monkbot, Geeniethecanadian
and Anonymous: 23
List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20federal%20judges%
20appointed%20by%20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=643548380 Contributors: TommyBoy, BD2412, Lincolnite, Levineps, Cydebot,
Reywas92, Nevermore27, Skyywise, Funandtrvl, Jarvishunt, Debresser, Billyboy01, Sael, Shareddtalent, Js489991, Snickers2686 and
Anonymous: 6
List of people pardoned by George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20pardoned%20by%
20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=613342225 Contributors: Edward, Lquilter, Postdlf, Rj, Antandrus, Kegill, Kuralyov, SimonLyall, Neutrality, Gazpacho, Sladen, ArnoldReinhold, Spoonman, Ricky81682, BanyanTree, Ceyockey, Camw, Pol098, Jack Cox, Rjwilmsi, Lars T.,
Orville Eastland, Quiddity, Magmafox, Titoxd, WikiWikiPhil, Ohwilleke, Anomalocaris, Joshdboz, Clam0p, Vlad, SmackBot, Rrius,
Werthog, Ikip, Nwebster84, ERcheck, Hmich176, Andy120290, Savidan, Zimage, Kukini, Ohconfucius, Synthe, Montek, Cardshark04,
Ryulong, MrDolomite, Levineps, Igoldste, Marysunshine, Fdssdf, Cydebot, Kaldosh, Omicronpersei8, Jguard18, Epbr123, Cjohnsonmn,
Michael A. White, OuroborosCobra, Plateblock, Albany NY, Some thing, MaryEpstein, Swpb, ClovisPt, Inclusivedisjunction, Gwern,
Tommy11111, Hippe45, CFBancroft, CWSensation, Stefan Kruithof, Happyme22, Enviroboy, However whatever, Bryancpe, TJRC,
Kf6tmo, Beetree123, Jons63, ClueBot, Star Garnet, Richrakh, Isathunderfoot, LukeTheSpook, Ktr101, Eeekster, Jcreek201, Mikaey,
SchreiberBike, Uhohitzsaro, DumZiBoT, Rjedgar, Kbdankbot, Legobot, Otkrage, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, Decora, Quebec99, Misha
Vargas, IShadowed, Citation bot 1, RjwilmsiBot, Dewritech, Werieth, H3llBot, BizarreLoveTriangle, Kmorison and Anonymous: 96
George W. Bush Presidential Center Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20Presidential%20Center?oldid=
629166306 Contributors: Shsilver, Llywrch, WhisperToMe, Nv8200p, The lorax, FredR, Caknuck, Tom, Guettarda, Walkiped, Dominic, Myleslong, Ekem, Emerson7, Rjwilmsi, Rillian, Vegaswikian, Titoxd, Psantora, Jpfagerback, Badagnani, StevenL, SmackBot, HalfShadow, Jrichardstevens, TCY, PiMaster3, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, PSUMark2006, Levineps, Woodshed, Americasroof, CmdrObot,
Vanished user k9iuw4roilaldkj, Cydebot, Reywas92, Wordbuilder, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Eco84, McGehee, Master Chimp, Yellowdesk,
300
Zigzig20s, Ingolfson, Albany NY, SteveSims, Gang14, The Anomebot2, PassionoftheDamon, Racepacket, LurkingInChicago, Wiki Raja,
J.delanoy, Tiger4125, Dgoodberg, Ajlipp, DadaNeem, Dcs315, Andy Marchbanks, Oshwah, Texas Inquisitor, Info999, Happyme22, Fickman, Swliv, Jrs18, AwestruckCanuck, Lightmouse, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Kumioko (renamed), DoctorJD, ClueBot, Kennvido, Pgecaj, Trivialist, Unclemikejb, Yonskii, Venjea87, Redheadarch, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Tanhabot, Chuckchimpo, Lihaas, Thethundering, Hapsala,
Tide rolls, , EagleAg04, Evans1982, AnomieBOT, Careful Cowboy, Johnwilliammiller, Purplebackpack89, Jmundo, GrouchoBot,
RightCowLeftCoast, Inoydwetrust1, Kgbo, Full-date unlinking bot, 242Selby, RjwilmsiBot, Cdtew, Llorando, RocketRedDallas, EdoBot,
ClueBot NG, BushCenter, Festermunk, Loganbby, Dkdantastic, Ehr1Ros2, Micah Robin Wright, Mogism, The Mess Inside, Cerabot, Fast
Clear, Normash, Lubbockite, NotHaiyanOrThe2013TyphoonYolanda and Anonymous: 70
Public image of George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=
640577691 Contributors: Zundark, Boud, Goethean, Superm401, Mike Rosoft, Arthur Holland, Remember, Bobo192, Cwolfsheep, TheProject, Alansohn, Sherurcij, Melromero, Zsero, SteinbDJ, Reinoutr, Woohookitty, Deltabeignet, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, War, Ground Zero,
VolatileChemical, Wasted Time R, Ravenswing, Sceptre, Kafziel, RussBot, Red Slash, Chaser, NawlinWiki, Krakatoa, Paul Magnussen,
JQF, SmackBot, David Kernow, Renesis, Chris the speller, Silly rabbit, Kotra, Danielkueh, Andy120290, Bolivian Unicyclist, Kabain52,
SouthEastLad, Wikipedical, Ohconfucius, Oskilian, Loodog, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, Eastlaw, Mfgreen, Nautilator, AlbertSM,
Skybon, Hemlock Martinis, AndrewHowse, Treybien, BlueAg09, Frostlion, EqualRights, Gimmetrow, Satori Son, JamesAM, Bobblehead,
The Fat Man Who Never Came Back, Alphachimpbot, David Shankbone, Epeeeche, SteveSims, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Mbc362, Zetterberg40, Ali'i, Sm8900, Brothejr, Tgeairn, RockMFR, J.delanoy, Trademark123, President Elect, It Is Me Here, MKoltnow, Boothferry,
Cue the Strings, Atropos235, Kidlittle, Jevansen, Managerpants, Tourbillon, Philip Trueman, Tr-the-maniac, THEemu, Corvus cornix, Je
Dorlean, NicoBolso, Andrewaskew, Happyme22, Uncle Scrooge, SieBot, Merotoker1, Arbor to SJ, Faradayplank, Afernand74, AuburnPiIot, WikiLaurent, Pinkadelica, Hordaland, Jean-Francois Landry, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, Drmies, Ottre, The Founders Intent, Bonewah,
Saebjorn, Navy II, DumZiBoT, Anticipation of a New Lovers Arrival, The, Addbot, DOI bot, Favonian, Tassedethe, Ssteelers, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, JEdgarFreeman, Williams scraper, Heqwm2, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Metal9383, Shatteredx, Jonathan321, The
Magnicent Clean-keeper, Wperdue, TheWeakWilled, Tiller54, MerlLinkBot, George2001hi, Fylindfotberserk, Sugarlover101, Skyerise,
NortyNort, KeptSouth, RjwilmsiBot, Brunk500, Myownworst, Ptolion, Akjar13, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Lesswealth, H3llBot, SporkBot,
Wikiposter0123, ClueBot NG, Borninusa100, BG19bot, The Banner Turbo, Darouet, Toccata quarta, Khazar2, KermitTheFrogOwns,
WillieBoydFamLov, Keepdry, Monkbot, Execrated and Anonymous: 125
List of nicknames used by George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nicknames%20used%20by%
20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=642875017 Contributors: Danny, Stevertigo, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Dcljr, Shoaler, Kingturtle, Jengod,
Charles Matthews, Choster, Doradus, Morwen, VeryVerily, AaronSw, Bearcat, HRpufnstuf, Jredmond, Lowellian, Postdlf, JackofOz,
Wereon, Apol0gies, Tom harrison, Ich, Gus Polly, Abqwildcat, Guanaco, Golbez, Blue387, Beginning, Neutrality, JamesTeterenko, The
stuart, Andy Smith, Discospinster, Patricknoddy, Miss Puskein, Verbalcontract, Remember, Sole Soul, Bobo192, Longhair, Duk, JW1805,
Man vyi, Pharos, Geo Swan, Echuck215, Jlasso, SidP, Saga City, Dominic, Blaxthos, Dismas, RPIRED, Nemonoman, Zealander,
Mb1000, Emops, Wachholder0, Jhskg7843hjskdyg7843ythiul43h, Canderson7, Rjwilmsi, Plainsong, Vary, Harry491, Rillian, Quiddity,
FutureNJGov, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Atrix20, Psantora, Visor, Bgwhite, Anomalocaris, Wiki alf, SigPig, Korny O'Near, Ragesoss, Kaiti,
Derek.cashman, AnnaKucsma, Ketsuekigata, Mrblondnyc, Gw099, Cabdude, One, Nethead, SmackBot, Odn2se, Verne Equinox, Gilliam,
Jprg1966, SeanWillard, Muboshgu, Bob Castle, Jngers88, NikoSilver, Evan Robidoux, 041744, KJS77, Levineps, Simon12, USERcacophony, Winnowhead, Tawkerbot2, Xanderer, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Nar Matteru, Tawkerbot4, Ward3001, Biruitorul, Djdickmutt,
S8junkie, Seaphoto, ThomasJCyrus, VoABot II, Ali'i, Gkklein, JAGFin1, Ibn Battuta, Trusilver, PieGuy42, Ryan Postlethwaite, DadaNeem, Joshua Issac, Evb-wiki, Cuardaim, Tennisace101, Soundofmusicals, Heroville, Maxim, Turdblossom, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Fratrep,
Petzl, WordyGirl90, ClueBot, Star Garnet, LukeTheSpook, Ktr101, Tyler, NuclearWarfare, Kaiba, CrdHwk, Katanada, Vanished User
1004, DumZiBoT, Osarius, Addbot, Willking1979, Nohomers48, LAAFan, Dmartin25, Tuxraider reloaded, SwisterTwister, Theghotiman,
AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Materialscientist, Ruby2010, Cureden, Gidoca, Robert.koenig, MerlLinkBot, Tktru, George2001hi, TharsHammar, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Illegitimate Barrister, Thargor Orlando, H3llBot, Dan635p, ClueBot NG, Borninusa100, Onano,
RaptorHunter, Claudia.powell, Afpropm, Northamerica1000, BizarreLoveTriangle, Librarinox, Guiletheme, TennesseeTruth, Compsci111, Monarchrob1 and Anonymous: 188
List of books and lms about George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20books%20and%20films%20about%
20George%20W.%20Bush?oldid=640362157 Contributors: Paul A, Dysprosia, Altenmann, Varlaam, Beland, Pearle, Malo, David Levy,
Rjwilmsi, Psantora, Red Slash, Malcolma, Davemck, Pegship, Chrismaster, Roke, Pjohn13, SmackBot, David Kernow, Laaabaseball,
EricN, Achmelvic, Fplay, John Reid, Will Beback, Gobonobo, Lugnuts, Dr. Zaret, Macumbie, Virenque, StudierMalMarburg, Rich257,
KConWiki, Businessman332211, Sm8900, Padillah, Redfox24, BookCategorizer, STBotD, Mike Cline, Jacob Lundberg, Presidentman,
Captain Phoebus, LAX, Niceguyedc, Ottre, Addbot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Artichoke-Boy, SassoBot, Komitsuki, Full-date unlinking bot,
Knownballer, John of Reading, Bradfordkoplowitz, RockMagnetist, Snotbot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Greencaret, Amarch01 and Anonymous:
23
Miss Me Yet? Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Me%20Yet%3F?oldid=610697748 Contributors: Graeme Bartlett, Varlaam,
Deathawk, Rjwilmsi, Tuckerresearch, Junglecat, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Treybien, Tillman, Funandtrvl, JL-Bot, Polentario, Addbot,
AnomieBOT, KeptSouth, Grandma Got Divorced, SuprCookie and Anonymous: 6
A Charge to Keep Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charge%20to%20Keep?oldid=641910252 Contributors: HaeB, Tom harrison, Chowbok, Kuralyov, Samaritan, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, RussBot, Kauner, RL0919, Tuckerresearch, John, JohnI, Guat6, Levineps,
Cydebot, Treybien, Bellerophon5685, NapoliRoma, AuburnPilot, CommonsDelinker, Corvus cornix, Urbancybermonk, Captain Phoebus,
Trivialist, Cirt, Sharara, Ottre, Quelcrime, JaneGrey, LFurney, AnomieBOT, MerlLinkBot, Trappist the monk, Jesse V., RjwilmsiBot,
Seniortrend, Creati, Helpful Pixie Bot, Stamptrader and Anonymous: 9
Decision Points Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision%20Points?oldid=635597922 Contributors: Editor B, JamesMLane, Stefanomione, Rjwilmsi, Keimzelle, Red Slash, Tuckerresearch, Junglecat, SmackBot, Lexo, John, BillFlis, Levineps, RekishiEJ, Treybien,
Gogo Dodo, DumbBOT, Weaponbb7, Smartse, DocHolliday, AuburnPilot, DublinRanch, KConWiki, JMyrleFuller, JPLeonard, Kidlittle,
Dc198099, Swliv, Explicit, AndrePeltier, Trivialist, Edknol, Cirt, Rockfang, Alexbot, Goodvac, Karppinen, Section6, MystBot, Addbot,
Jojhutton, CanadianLinuxUser, LaaknorBot, Glane23, Paulbriggs, Luckas-bot, Andreasmperu, Tosa67, Xqbot, Omnipaedista, The Interior,
YOKOTA Kuniteru, Dylandlima, Plucas58, Diannaa, RjwilmsiBot, Sverigekillen, EmausBot, EclecticEnnui, Slightsmile, Lithistman, Informationmonopoly, J390, , Wayne Slam, Findit1500, Zabanio, ResidentAnthropologist, Sven Manguard, Spacestoned, ClueBot NG, Ted Cohen, Creati, Lopeykeybey, RohilPCS, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kaltenmeyer, JohnChrysostom, Robert the Devil, Zooman77,
JesseAlanGordon, Futurist110, Dhawk790, OccultZone, JohnnyAmerica75 and Anonymous: 43
10.1. TEXT
301
Electoral history of George W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20history%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush?

oldid=522782671 Contributors: DJ Clayworth, Alansohn, SmackBot, Hmains, GoodDay, Guat6, Billy Hathorn, Jevansen, Andy Marchbanks, Happyme22, Stevejbons, Darth Kalwejt, SMP0328., Avoided, Anthonyclose, Thesf34 and Anonymous: 14
Texas gubernatorial election, 1994 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20gubernatorial%20election%2C%201994?oldid=
641178510 Contributors: MistToys, Acntx, Rjwilmsi, SmackBot, BrownHairedGirl, Hemlock Martinis, Blah42, Hugo999, Romeisburning, Highground79, Ratemonth, Addbot, Historylover9893, Jerzeykydd, Coltsfan, Erik9bot, Full-date unlinking bot, Qaqwewew, Fry1989,
ZroBot, Widr, Aclany, Billybob2002, Ptb1997 and Anonymous: 11
Texas gubernatorial election, 1998 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20gubernatorial%20election%2C%201998?oldid=
641178579 Contributors: MistToys, Acntx, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Rillian, SmackBot, ProveIt, Hemlock Martinis, Cydebot, Blah42, Hugo999,
Romeisburning, Highground79, ImageRemovalBot, Ratemonth, MystBot, Addbot, Historylover9893, 12george1, Jerzeykydd, Erik9bot,
Jonesey95, Full-date unlinking bot, Fry1989, Chris857, 725edwards, Aclany, Ptb1997 and Anonymous: 6
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20presidential%
20campaign%2C%202000?oldid=641343124 Contributors: SimonP, Jengod, WhisperToMe, Chealer, Postdlf, Meelar, Xinoph, Bobblewik, Small business, Zro, Freakofnurture, CanisRufus, Shanes, Touriste, Cwolfsheep, BD2412, Miss Brightside, RussBot, Cryptic,
Akhristov, SmackBot, Betacommand, Master Jay, , Green Giant, Cronos2546, User At Work, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, Cumulus Clouds, Danielkitchener1, Epbr123, Blah42, WWB, Terjen, The Wild Falcon, Adamprin, Faradayplank, William Saturn,
ImageRemovalBot, 718 Bot, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Atomicdor, DrJos, William S. Saturn, Everyme, Yobot, Citation bot, Tyrol5, Locobot, Lionelt, Routerone, Full-date unlinking bot, Pinkbeast, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, BizarreLoveTriangle, Arttechlaw and Anonymous:
23
George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2004 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20presidential%
20campaign%2C%202004?oldid=642590713 Contributors: The Cunctator, Eloquence, SimonP, Graft, Stevertigo, Modster, Lexor, Radicalsubversiv, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Jiang, Evercat, Jengod, RickK, Fuzheado, Maximus Rex, Saltine, SEWilco, Mdchachi, Lord
Emsworth, Stormie, Raul654, Adam Carr, Fredrik, Chris 73, Sarcasticninja, Calmypal, Lowellian, Postdlf, Sverdrup, Academic Challenger, Texture, Meelar, Hadal, Mushroom, Seth Ilys, Dmn, AmericanCentury21, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, Andries, Everyking,
Cantus, Jfdwol, Xinoph, Phreaki, Alvestrand, George Kaplan, Gadum, Mrbrown, Lst27, Antandrus, MistToys, RNJBOND, Khaosworks, Chrisn4255, Sam Hocevar, Indolering, Idono, Sillydragon, Neutrality, Calwatch, Adashiel, Acsenray, Grunt, Gazpacho, Vesta,
Freakofnurture, AgentSteel, Moverton, Rich Farmbrough, IKato, FiP, StellarFury, R.123, Cavebear42, Wolfman, NeevaN, Rbstees,
CanisRufus, *drew, Edwinstearns, K4 pacic, Tom, Leif, Bobo192, Cwolfsheep, Jguk 2, SNIyer1, Alansohn, Romalar, Dopus, Killerrabbit, Free Bear, Hoovernj, Mr Adequate, Hipocrite, Mailer diablo, Ceyockey, Woohookitty, Descendall, BD2412, The wub, Ground Zero,
RexNL, Ravenswing, Fearwig, RussBot, Chris Capoccia, Cryptic, Badagnani, Perry Middlemiss, Gohiking, GraemeL, CFM865, Curpsbotunicodify, SmackBot, Postbagboy, Althasil, Betacommand, Tim Morgan, Isaac Ching, Andy120290, , Savidan, Crd721, G-Bot,
ArglebargleIV, Green Giant, Samaster1991, Waggers, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, Snazzyboy153, Wafulz, GeorgeLouis, KnightLago, AndrewHowse, Shirulashem, FrancoGG, Minutiaman, Id447, AntiVandalBot, Kent Witham, Knowsitallnot, CTUnick, VoABot
II, Indon, J.delanoy, Aervanath, Jrcla2, Kidlittle, Cometstyles, The Wild Falcon, MackSalmon, Adamprin, Highground79, Kumioko (renamed), ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Snigbrook, Zorterzunch911, 718 Bot, Pumpmeup, NuclearWarfare, Myni444, Thingg, DumZiBoT,
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Chris65536, GreatLifeInService, Lugia2453 and Anonymous: 154
John McCain presidential campaign, 2008 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McCain%20presidential%20campaign%2C%
202008?oldid=644994229 Contributors: Darkwind, Tpbradbury, Dragons ight, Topbanana, The lorax, Dimadick, Goethean, Lowellian,
JackofOz, Superm401, JamesMLane, Nmg20, Tom harrison, HangingCurve, Cool Hand Luke, Rick Block, Avala, Chowbok, SoWhy, J,
Antandrus, Jossi, Anythingyouwant, Icairns, Commodore Sloat, Bojan, Calwatch, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Bender235, Kelvinc, MBisanz, Tom, Remember, TMC1982, Sole Soul, Bobo192, Cherlin, MPerel, Crust, Hektor, LtNOWIS, Hu, Bart133,
Zsero, Wtmitchell, Staeiou, Tony Sidaway, Danthemankhan, Geraldshields11, Paisan30, Kitch, RPIRED, Firsfron, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, Miss Madeline, Hbdragon88, MarcoTolo, Betsythedevine, SqueakBox, Somebenguy, GoldRingChip, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Harro5,
Mitrebox, Bubba73, Bryan H Bell, Maurog, David the Aspie, SchuminWeb, Ground Zero, Doc glasgow, Mark83, Str1977, Tedder,
HKT, Quack-Wabbit, Therefore, Gwernol, Wasted Time R, Arzel, John Smiths, Micahbrwn, Dedade8, RadioFan2 (usurped), Manxruler,
NawlinWiki, Joshdboz, ONEder Boy, Multichill, Corevette, Paul.h, RonCram, Falcon9x5, Lockesdonkey, Bark, Leptictidium, Sandstein,
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CastAStone, VarunRajendran, Weatherman90, Screwball23, Kudzu1, Ohnoitsjamie, ERcheck, CmdrClow, Laukster, Armeria, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Chris the speller, GoldDragon, Master of Puppets, RayAYang, The Rogue Penguin, William Allen Simpson, Zachorious, GoodDay, Muboshgu, Shalom Yechiel, Kotare, Folksong, Wikipedia brown, Threeafterthree, Grover cleveland, Porvida, Robapalooza, BullRangifer, Kendrick7, Ohconfucius, Marmaduque, Gloriamarie, AmeriCan, T g7, Guat6, Green Giant, Ckatz, Collect, Timmeh, Makyen, Samaster1991, SirFozzie, Sandwich Eater, ThuranX, Puppet125, Levineps, Iridescent, Joseph Solis in Australia, Dp462090,
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Stokes, Harold12, R'n'B, Kateshortforbob, CommonsDelinker, Zorodius, J.delanoy, Bongomatic, Rgoodermote, Adavidb, USN1977,
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LeaveSleaves, Bentley4, Altasoul, Sonoran dweller, Enigmaman, Happyme22, Jimintheatl, CoolKid1993, Adamprin, RaseaC, Grsz11,
Justmeherenow, Qworty, Yaksar, Gavrielyosef, PericlesofAthens, Hazel77, Legokid, Lv99redwizard, Politics rule, Ashoup, Swliv, Scarian,
Citizen, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Xenofan 29A, Grundle2600, WRK, Arbor to SJ, Darth Kalwejt, Arthur Smart, Oxymoron83, AngelOfSadness,
Lightmouse, Hobartimus, Hourick, Triberocker, Fratrep, Hatster301, Latics, William Saturn, Toodlesz, Illinois2011, Ftleitner, Iamwisesun,
Into The Fray, Asher196, ImageRemovalBot, YSSYguy, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, The Thing That Should Not Be, TableManners, Rjd0060,
LOVEred1357, Buspar, Homestar-winner, Pineapplemango, Mr.grantevans2, Mild Bill Hiccup, Cube lurker, Tigersware, Truco, DigitalNinja, Arunsingh16, Lyonspen, CrazyChemGuy, Byates5637, Ottre, Goon Noot, Bchaosf, Ericci8996, NuclearWarfare, Infallibleyingzombie, America69, Hasteur, Bonewah, Gotal0, MisterAlbert, Nukeless, Newsroom hierarchies, Thingg, Kallahan, Aitias, RedShiftPA,
302
PCHS-NJROTC, Timshiels, DumZiBoT, Amwestover, Americanpat, SMP0328., XLinkBot, Mertozoro, Bigware, Rror, Gilbertine goldmark, Duncan, Bradv, Charles Stewart, IAMTrust, Facts707, Rampsy, Ism schism, Borock, Sbauer10, Wewillhaveourday, Theanimalstyle, Ipunknown, Aunt Entropy, JCDenton2052, Hunter Kahn, Detfoxhound, Anticipation of a New Lovers Arrival, The, Drlight11,
Addbot, Burchett, Paper Luigi, Aidsbrigade2, Kelly, Keywrd, AVand, Shamanskyh, Decoyjames, Blubberboy92, W i k i p e d i a f o r
M c C a i n, M.nelson, Phlegm Rooster, on, Bertrc, Scientus, CanadianLinuxUser, Saberwolf116, Akadonnew, Musiclover23, Jailerdaemon, HoboJones, EscapedGorilla, Magicjohnson32, Floridianed, LamaLoLeshLa, Notchdoctor, Tassedethe, Shikata Ganai, Bguras
puppy, William S. Saturn, Samuel Pepys, Yellow Rain, Cory Malik, Jackelve, Legobot, Killer434, Yobot, AzureFury, Pcap, Washburnmav, Brougham96, Hvalross, JenWSU, Dole n' Kemp, Tempodivalse, WikidWikiGuy, AnomieBOT, RanEagle, ThaddeusB, Shanejwb,
Dpatrick1969, GMT-08:00, Ulric1313, DefeatFascismDefeatMcCain, Ocnn, Quift-r, Sstrnod, Viggatigga, Geregen2, LilHelpa, Britte,
IP75, Moderate2008, Capricorn42, The Magnicent Clean-keeper, TechBot, Ptownown, Tyrol5, Tiller54, Silvertigressviolet, Titothebuilder22, Smurdah, Erik9bot, Citation bot 1, PascalBot, Hellknowz, Curivity, Terrarma11, Tim1357, When in doubt, eat potatoes,
Mrlevi812, ThinkEnemies, RjwilmsiBot, NaFox21, John of Reading, Thargor Orlando, H3llBot, Tolly4bolly, Ponyoespresso, ClueBot
NG, Mechanical digger, Molestash, Frietjes, Delaywaves, Helpful Pixie Bot, Safehaven86, HectorMoet, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri,
Khazar2, Quant18, Dobie80, Rotlink, Melonkelon, Chartbot, Monkbot and Anonymous: 265
Laura Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Bush?oldid=644194969 Contributors: Derek Ross, Ansible, Bryan Derksen,
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Jeb Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb%20Bush?oldid=645219043 Contributors: Eloquence, Bryan Derksen, The Anome,
Koyaanis Qatsi, Edward, Ixfd64, 172, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Radicalsubversiv, Ahoerstemeier, LittleDan, Error, Jiang, Evercat,
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Neil Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Bush?oldid=645222079 Contributors: Branden, Someone else, Stephen C. Carlson, Delirium, Tregoweth, Jiang, Smith03, WhisperToMe, Hyacinth, Kwantus, Huangdi, Postdlf, Meelar, Timrollpickering, Lancemurdoch, Vikingstad, David Gerard, Centrx, DocWatson42, Gamaliel, Tagishsimon, Neilc, Quadell, ClockworkLunch, Ellsworth, Chrisn4255,
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HavenHost, Gauzeandchess, Khazar2, Quant18, AldezD, VIAFbot, Be be nhat, Harlem Baker Hughes, Wrightwaller, Karelian P., Likelike11112356813 and Anonymous: 146
Marvin P. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Bush?oldid=638400347 Contributors: Mav, SimonP, Frecklefoot, Jiang,
Saltine, Kwantus, TomPhil, Goethean, Postdlf, Timrollpickering, Dina, Jacoplane, Everyking, Varlaam, Worc63, SWAdair, Neilc, D3, Rdsmith4, Blue387, Ukexpat, D6, William Pietri, Rich Farmbrough, Mr. Billion, Bobo192, Njyoder, Darwinek, Kickstart70, Crust, Alansohn,
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Mr. D. E. Mophon, Dubsman453, Mark Arsten, Karelian P. and Anonymous: 180
Dorothy Bush Koch Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Bush%20Koch?oldid=643917508 Contributors: PaulinSaudi,
Nv8200p, Dimadick, Academic Challenger, DocWatson42, D6, Discospinster, Aude, Signor Giuseppe, Calton, JasonBux, Samaritan,
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BG19bot, Volunteerusa, MavsFan28, VIAFbot, Oriole85, Karelian P. and Anonymous: 43
George H. W. Bush Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20W.%20Bush?oldid=644745774 Contributors: AxelBoldt,
TwoOneTwo, The Epopt, The Cunctator, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Espen, The Anome, RobLa, Malcolm Farmer,
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643
Bush family Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20family?oldid=642470740 Contributors: The Cunctator, Rmhermen, Zippy, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Ixfd64, Minesweeper, Ahoerstemeier, Typhoon, Jebba, Kingturtle, Vzbs34, Jiang, Chuljin, Andrevan, Daniel
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TSO, Readybrek, Kwanesum, Lordsmeg, CactusWriter, Bwrs, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Ilovemongeau, LuK3, Marc87, Yobot, EchetusXe, Politics n such, Evans1982, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Hitman984, , Piano non troppo, Ulric1313, PUNk Limited,
NurseryRhyme, Opinions, ArthurBot, Picktownfan1, Agcolbert, Time4CrymeTime, Angus blair, Silverwing1609, Capricorn42, Ernest
Peiris, Bigmacman69, Mathonius, Dranster, GNRY09, Cupcakemoon, Shion87, Qwerty780, George2001hi, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Lothar
310
von Richthofen, Neptunekh2, BEme443, Patrick lovell, Josh n josh, Unitanode, Mega24lakers, Alxeedo, Muddy208, Skyerise, Full-date
unlinking bot, Simon5761, Pickle23, FuturamaJET, RjwilmsiBot, Carowinds, BjrnBergman, KI6NGM, Raellerby, Immunize, M a hobart,
Posttronic, Jenks24, Hodgdons secret garden, H3llBot, L Kensington, Donner60, ClueBot NG, Jessica.bush, Couch on his Head and Smiling, Frietjes, Dru of Id, Happypancake, Releere, Heyitsme22, Kaltenmeyer, 123alleyezonme, A1computers, Sanyongo1, Iamthecheese44,
Mythic Writerlord, Jfhutson, The Illusive Man, Pinut, ChrisGualtieri, Snowheatmiser0307, Bushfamilyinbred, MattSucci, PrairieKid, Renoduck, JamesMoose, ACase0000, Ted.brandi, WinstonLover123, Heorge W. Bush and Anonymous: 565
Barney (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%20(dog)?oldid=621974240 Contributors: Docu, Netsnipe, Timrollpickering,
Geeoharee, Everyking, Joshuapaquin, TiMike, Neutrality, Ginbot, Closeapple, El Juno, Peter Greenwell, Get It, Msa11usec, Zereshk, Dismas, Jef-Infojef, Bkkbrad, Sengkang, Macaddct1984, Mb1000, Enzo Aquarius, Rjwilmsi, Tbone, Utuado, Wikiliki, SchuminWeb, Russavia, Bedford, Psantora, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, C777, Astorknlam, Fallout boy, JLaTondre, Philip Stevens, Luk, Veinor, SmackBot, Mdiamante, Ajwebb, Gilliam, Jprg1966, Tianxiaozhang, Couillaud, Cybercobra, TenPoundHammer, Alamandrax, Geqo, Courcelles,
Americasroof, Sk5893, Noha307, Cydebot, Reywas92, Gogo Dodo, Starionwolf, Tuxide, Louis Waweru, Thadius856, Prolog, Paste, Farosdaughter, Hoponpop69, Husond, MelanieN, Jimbobl, Peachey88, SteveSims, VoABot II, Scanlan, MetsBot, Gwern, MartinBot, CliC,
Emeraude, Desikarn, Crawfordknights, Clerks, B64, Brendan19, Jrcla2, ACBest, DMCer, Andy Marchbanks, HawksSens, Tesscass, Jamal wilkinson, MarkJMartz, Justmeherenow, Laval, Logan, Ellomate, Dogah, Conmatrix, Bagatelle, Iamwisesun, ClueBot, Kennvido,
The Thing That Should Not Be, Star Garnet, LUUSAP, TarzanASG, LukeTheSpook, PixelBot, NuclearWarfare, Millionsandbillions,
7&6=thirteen, Penale52, Eleven even, The dog is autistic, Addbot, Anon-Nemous, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Timurite, Yobot, YeshuaDavid, Pyrrhus16, Icheney05, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, Lucas Grosso, PIL1987, Wikidude89, Mcoupal, StarLegacy, Aldo samulo,
Tktru, Mrboire, Penguins31, Outback the koala, Tinton5, AmphBot, Ncstateguy2013, DASHBot, Bbaze5, Prayerfortheworld, Karen Nutini, Tolly4bolly, Khbiv, Gertie1999, EdoBot, ClueBot NG, Umich501, Overunner, Kaltenmeyer, DemirBajraktarevic, Nickrm97, SuperHero2111, Futurist110, Makecat-bot, Forgot to put name, I am One of Many, Eyesnore and Anonymous: 92
India (cat) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%20(cat)?oldid=617049897 Contributors: Mackensen, Alan Liefting, Ragib, Alansohn, Qwghlm, Kelly Martin, FeanorStar7, Ganeshk, Bkkbrad, Hailey C. Shannon, Canadian Paul, Dwaipayanc, Rjwilmsi, Psantora, Flyguy33, Knyght27, Retired username, Sandstein, Dark Tichondrias, SmackBot, Binnyva, Cybercobra, Hetar, Chershey, Cydebot, Treybien,
Starionwolf, Coby2, AgentPeppermint, Squishy Vic, Neuropean, Tillman, Yellowdesk, Peachey88, Acroterion, Scanlan, Gwern, Paris1127,
Ethan c.00, LordAnubisBOT, Donmike10, WWGB, Davidwr, Malinaccier, MarkJMartz, Janas, Arjun024, Calliopejen1, Smurfmeister,
TheCatalyst31, ClueBot, Millionsandbillions, Mertozoro, Addbot, Lihaas, Timurite, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, KHP2, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Lucas Grosso, Maxis ftw, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, StarLegacy, Trycatch, Miyagawa, Mrboire, Hibbertson, Outback the koala,
Ilkeston1990 and Anonymous: 41
W. (lm) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20(film)?oldid=644892311 Contributors: Patrick, JamesReyes, Vanished user
5zariu3jisj0j4irj, WhisperToMe, Goethean, Caknuck, Xanzzibar, HangingCurve, Kuralyov, Yossarian, Quirk, SparqMan, Discospinster,
Rupertslander, Bender235, ESkog, Kwamikagami, Liberatus, Causa sui, Sole Soul, Walkiped, Alansohn, Guy Harris, DrBat, Spangineer, Erik, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Bjones, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Rillian, Nihiltres, Yhelothur, AlanK,
Gareth E Kegg, Amchow78, Jason.cinema, Tommyt, Brandmeister (old), Micahbrwn, Chensiyuan, RazorICE, Mass147, Nick C, ObiWanKenobi-2005, Arthur Rubin, Garion96, Je Silvers, Jalami, SmackBot, Cubs Fan, Mdiamante, Nigelhenry, Kintetsubualo, CmdrClow, Marc Kupper, Sdalmonte, Chris the speller, Bedonkadonk, The Rogue Penguin, Gutworth, Chendy, Allemannster, Fightingirish,
Vyxx, Merfyman, Tammgiar, Warren, Hl, Kendrick7, Marcus Brute, Kukini, Rockpocket, NeoRicen, Ohconfucius, LtPowers, Bilby, Ckatz,
The Man in Question, Shamrox, Sinistrum, Levineps, BranStark, Iridescent, Jkoudys, Igoldste, Beve, Gosolowe, RattleandHum, GrimGrinningGuest, Cg-realms, Ale jrb, Erik Kennedy, TheOtter, ShelfSkewed, FlyingToaster, JettaMann, AndrewHowse, Cydebot, J.D., Treybien,
Wordbuilder, Soetermans, ObjectivityAlways, Marychan41, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Alientraveller, Grahamdubya, Baville, Grzond, Shinertex, Sreejithk2000, Pixelface, Darrenhusted, Tony Myers, Bry456, Areaseven, MB1972, Xeno, The Iceman2288, Easchi, Mechroneal,
Renyseneb, ArtRex1, Arthur Fonzarelli, J.delanoy, Richiekim, PC78, Cop 663, Ncohan-smith, Katalaveno, JBFrenchhorn, Hillock65,
Fullmetal2887, Dcs315, Dpm12, White 720, Benjaminso, Donmike10, Andy Marchbanks, GOBLUE56, JCHathaway, VolkovBot, Jennavecia, Soliloquial, LeilaniLad, Jedravent, Mike Castle, TXiKiBoT, Cosmic Latte, Micahtouchet, Aaron Bowen, Corvus cornix, Retroskater, Broadbot, Happyme22, Logan, Sacularamacal13, DarthBotto, SieBot, Coee, AlphaPyro, Oldag07, Mungo Kitsch, RJaguar3,
Thefreemarket, Redmond Barry, Arbor to SJ, FrankRizzo2006, Hexham, Atmamatma, Artoasis, Baseball Bugs, Aspects, Polbot, Kumioko
(renamed), ForeverRedAce, Latics, UJohnnyZephyr, Movieguru2006, Sundown 7, Struway2, Iamwisesun, Randy Kryn, Jwk3, Explicit,
REDYVA, Steve, Blueliteway, Kevincli, ClueBot, Elephant Talk, Dansham, Lawrence Cohen, Dpmuk, Cube lurker, Wildroot, Blanchardb,
Statler&Waldorf, Cirt, Excirial, Wmlschlotterer, Ottre, Del91, Djbj16, Arjayay, TheRedPenOfDoom, La Pianista, Nardog, Bjdehut,
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HappyJake, Cli1911, Steepbn, MystBot, HexaChord, Addbot, Chimeric Glider, Hda3ku, SunDragon34, DutchDevil, Stripbolt, King
Cobb, LaaknorBot, A State Of Trance, Zero no Kamen, Derrickjohnwynn, Hollerme, Tassedethe, Ely ely82, Avono, Zorrobot, Cchow2,
Christianster45, Yobot, Granpu, 2D, Themfromspace, TaBOT-zerem, Amirobot, Evans1982, Briankieer, Geosanders, Alexander336,
Sonam8311, Santryl, Branded121, Tkotw12, Eric-Wester, AnomieBOT, Waterstpub, Sharpchristopher, Piano non troppo, Kingpin13,
MovieMan123, Flewis, Cperrott2, Opwrf, A123a, Citation bot, Jock Boy, Eb146403, Pickygnome, Mainminemoo, Keystoneridin, Quebec99, Xqbot, DocCassidy, Capricorn42, Philonexus, Ka'Jong, Millahnna, Cresix, JoeLoeb, Crotchety Old Man, Michael93555, Toonmore,
Cnwilliams, Jedi94, MikeAllen, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Eekerz, RA0808, Edlitz36, SexyShugar, Bastriguli, JDDJS, Evanh2008,
DeWaine, H3llBot, SporkBot, Ryan Kaldari (WMF), Coasterlover1994, Captain Assassin!, Spacestoned, Shadesy, ClueBot NG, Gareth
Grith-Jones, Postguard64, Smokeyre, Adminbot900, Theopolisme, ProtoFire, Calidum, Dogman6350, Wiikitex, Dnwwn, I'm No Winner, Glacialfox, CAWylie, Boushenheiser, Pmfnunes, YFdyh-bot, JGrettler, WikiU2013, Semicircle2012, TheFilmW, Oriole85, Wq33
and Anonymous: 386
George W. Bush military service controversy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20military%20service%
20controversy?oldid=633763857 Contributors: Eloquence, Bryan Derksen, Ed Poor, Stevertigo, Booyabazooka, TimShell, IZAK, Kevin
Baas, Scott, Evercat, John K, CBDunkerson, VeryVerily, SEWilco, Rei, Wetman, Chris 73, Calmypal, Postdlf, Meelar, Timrollpickering,
Seth Ilys, Cecropia, Michael2, JamesMLane, Jacoplane, Laudaka, Philwelch, Nadavspi, Halda, TDC, Wwoods, Everyking, Curps, Gamaliel,
Neow, AlistairMcMillan, Jmcnamera, Stevietheman, Chowbok, Traumerei, Nimc, Khaosworks, Gaul, Jesster79, Ellsworth, Husnock, Turrican, PeR, Neutrality, Bbpen, Jewbacca, Klemen Kocjancic, Zondor, Acsenray, Gazpacho, Ta bu shi da yu, Jayjg, N328KF, Jda, Rich
Farmbrough, Rhobite, Rex071404, SocratesJedi, Jjaquinta, Violetriga, Wolfman, Ylee, The King Of Gondor, Karmast, Edwinstearns,
Tom, Guettarda, Kizzle, , Sdaconsulting, Feitclub, John Vandenberg, Jhamby, Tritium6, Pharos, Ynhockey, Handel, Forteblast, Tristessa
de St Ange, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, Thivierr, Xiong Chiamiov, GoldRingChip, BD2412, BorgHunter, TheronJ, Rjwilmsi, Fieari, Rillian,
Smithfarm, DDerby, Merecat, Cubdriver, Gareth E Kegg, Psantora, Jamesmorrison, Bhny, Rsrikanth05, Bill-on-the-Hill, Anomalocaris,
GunnarRene, Derex, Vlad, Hal Raglan, Josh3580, JQF, Ray Chason, John Broughton, Bibliomaniac15, Conman33, SmackBot, David Ker-
10.2. IMAGES
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now, Jonyyeh, Srnec, Hmains, ERcheck, Nattering Nabob, DHeyward, SpinyNorman, New World Man, BlueGoose, Pen of bushido, Ohconfucius, Evets70, Giovanni33, JzG, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, GCW50, Nobunaga24, Collect, Shamrox, Jackhammer111, Virus-X,
Capitalister, Norm mit, Levineps, Courcelles, Woodshed, Tawkerbot2, TimothyHorrigan, Hildenja, Umedard, CWY2190, Ham and jelly
butter, Kitteneatkitten, DumbBOT, Zalgo, Epbr123, Fountain09, Publicola, Nick Number, Cyclonenim, TAMilo, Luna Santin, SummerPhD, Quintote, Myanw, Valrith, NapoliRoma, Gavia immer, AuburnPilot, ClovisPt, Cgingold, Yobol, Ulkomaalainen, Anaxial, J.delanoy,
Fairness And Accuracy For All, JayJasper, Plasticup, SnakeWalters, BostonRed, Pzzp, Wordreader, Alfredo Grin, SeanNovack, Dictouray, Chasingamy, LanceBarber, Jason Leach, Drutt, Atlantabravz, Callmebc, EJF, SirCaseyTheFirst, Heimm Old, Arbor to SJ, Nuttycoconut, J496, Odan, Kumioko (renamed), Gatr, Realm of Shadows, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rjd0060,
Dlabtot, DarthKosh, Nursebhayes, America1337, Cirt, Boneyard90, Ktr101, Mkativerata, Goon Noot, Wizard(boby), MilesAgain, Ubardak, DumZiBoT, Pichpich, Mifter, Sgpsaros, Yougo1000, Kbdankbot, Glane23, Debresser, LarryJe, Lightbot, Legobot, AnomieBOT,
ThaddeusB, Ulric1313, Markworthen, LilHelpa, Html005, Frankie0607, Glezzery, VI, Jjberg2, ResearcherInFlorida, Pinethicket, DefaultsortBot, Watchpup, Himynameissudip, Saintonge235, SmartyBoots, Diannaa, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, Lulaq, Wikiagoo,
H3llBot, Wayne Slam, Scoopczar, L Kensington, ClueBot NG, Marauder1569, BattyBot, Cadam8021, Khazar2, Lugia2453, Danallenhouston, MartinHeldt and Anonymous: 232
George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20Supreme%20Court%
20candidates?oldid=637645917 Contributors: Gareth Owen, SimonP, Stevertigo, Tevi, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, RickK, Daniel
Quinlan, Savantpol, Tempshill, Pakaran, Gentgeen, Postdlf, Flauto Dolce, Seth Ilys, Sina, Henryhartley, Lst27, Toytoy, Kiteinthewind,
Mydotnet, Anythingyouwant, Kuralyov, Acsenray, ThomasK, Pmsyyz, Brian0918, Saturnight, Etimbo, SS451, Thuresson, BrokenSegue,
Acjelen, Hektor, Penwhale, TommyBoy, JamesB3, Evil Monkey, Simon Dodd, BDD, Kitch, Dan100, Fdewaele, Cpu111, Spidermonkey, OCNative, Zzyzx11, Timtom27, Jack Cox, Ronnotel, Revas, BD2412, Kane5187, Rjwilmsi, Rogerd, Rillian, Carbonite, Harro5,
Tintazul, FuelWagon, WikiAce, Brian Brockmeyer, Mark83, NoSeptember, Bedford, DVdm, RussBot, Saucy Intruder, Briaboru, Lord
Voldemort, -asx-, Davfoster88, TheGoodReverend, Ryanpickett2005, Davidpatrick, Mamawrites, Punch999, Brandon39, BoBo, Darth
Panda, Mistamagic28, OldRightist, Webbrg, WilliamJE, The Giant Pun, Mattbr, Gimmetrow, MiguelMunoz, LedgendGamer, Jevansen,
Andy Marchbanks, Pleasantville, Flopster2, Happyme22, Seresin, TJRC, JabbaTheBot, Kbdankbot, Jarvishunt, Lihaas, Tassedethe, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Tad Lincoln, Billyboy01, BoomerAB, Thargor Orlando, RaptureBot, ClueBot NG, Tddartmouth and Anonymous: 61
George W. Bush Presidential Center Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20Presidential%20Center?oldid=
629166306 Contributors: Shsilver, Llywrch, WhisperToMe, Nv8200p, The lorax, FredR, Caknuck, Tom, Guettarda, Walkiped, Dominic, Myleslong, Ekem, Emerson7, Rjwilmsi, Rillian, Vegaswikian, Titoxd, Psantora, Jpfagerback, Badagnani, StevenL, SmackBot, HalfShadow, Jrichardstevens, TCY, PiMaster3, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, PSUMark2006, Levineps, Woodshed, Americasroof, CmdrObot,
Vanished user k9iuw4roilaldkj, Cydebot, Reywas92, Wordbuilder, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Eco84, McGehee, Master Chimp, Yellowdesk,
Zigzig20s, Ingolfson, Albany NY, SteveSims, Gang14, The Anomebot2, PassionoftheDamon, Racepacket, LurkingInChicago, Wiki Raja,
J.delanoy, Tiger4125, Dgoodberg, Ajlipp, DadaNeem, Dcs315, Andy Marchbanks, Oshwah, Texas Inquisitor, Info999, Happyme22, Fickman, Swliv, Jrs18, AwestruckCanuck, Lightmouse, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Kumioko (renamed), DoctorJD, ClueBot, Kennvido, Pgecaj, Trivialist, Unclemikejb, Yonskii, Venjea87, Redheadarch, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Tanhabot, Chuckchimpo, Lihaas, Thethundering, Hapsala,
Tide rolls, , EagleAg04, Evans1982, AnomieBOT, Careful Cowboy, Johnwilliammiller, Purplebackpack89, Jmundo, GrouchoBot,
RightCowLeftCoast, Inoydwetrust1, Kgbo, Full-date unlinking bot, 242Selby, RjwilmsiBot, Cdtew, Llorando, RocketRedDallas, EdoBot,
ClueBot NG, BushCenter, Festermunk, Loganbby, Dkdantastic, Ehr1Ros2, Micah Robin Wright, Mogism, The Mess Inside, Cerabot, Fast
Clear, Normash, Lubbockite, NotHaiyanOrThe2013TyphoonYolanda and Anonymous: 70
George W. Bush Childhood Home Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Bush%20Childhood%20Home?oldid=
604336184 Contributors: BDD, Vegaswikian, Od Mishehu, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Swampyank, BlueAg09, Jllm06, Tdadamemd, Luwilt,
Lightbot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, KLBot2 and Anonymous: 1
10.2 Images
File:010_alito.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/010_alito.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://www.supremecourthistory.org Original artist: Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States, Photographer: Steve Petteway
File:20050202-11_p44389-033jpg-515h.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/20050202-11_
p44389-033jpg-515h.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:20060910-2_p091006kh-0274w-772v.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/20060910-2_
p091006kh-0274w-772v.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/
2006/09/images/20060910-2_p091006kh-0274w-772v.html Original artist: Kimberlee Hewitt
File:2006_Musharaff_at_the_White_House.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/2006_Musharaff_
at_the_White_House.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: President Bush and President Musharraf of Pakistan Participate in Press
Availability Original artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:2007SOU_Bush_Cheney_Pelosi.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/2007SOU_Bush_Cheney_
Public domain Contributors:
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/images/
Pelosi.jpg License:
20070123-2_v012307db-0202w-772v.html Original artist: White House photographer David Bohrer
File:20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/
20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/
releases/2008/06/images/20080618_p061808ls-0081-515h.html Original artist: White House photo by Luke Sharrett
File:5.3.10SarahPalinByDavidShankbone.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/5.3.
10SarahPalinByDavidShankbone.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Sarah Palin, Taylor Swift, Glenn Beck, Demi, Ashton and
many more for Time 100 (photos) Original artist: David Shankbone
File:A_Charge_to_Keep.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/A_Charge_to_Keep.png License: Public
domain Contributors: http://harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/koerner.gif Original artist: W.H.D. Koerner (Wilhelm Heinrich Detlev
Krner)
File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
312
File:Abdullah_Badawi_with_George_Bush_September_18,_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/

d7/Abdullah_Badawi_with_George_Bush_September_18%2C_2006.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov Original
artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Alitoswornin.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Alitoswornin.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: [1], transfered from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Bbsrock at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded
by OCNative at en.wikipedia.
File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0
Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Ambox_question.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Based on Image:Ambox important.svg Original artist: Mysid, Dsmurat, penubag
File:Ambox_scales.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made using inkscape and based o of Image:Emblem-scales.svg Original artist: penubag and Tkgd2007 (scales image)
File:Ann_Richards.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Ann_Richards.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kenneth C. Zirkel
File:Audio-input-microphone.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project Original artist: The people from the Tango! project
File:BBush_at_wedding.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/BBush_at_wedding.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/05/images/20080511_p051008sc-0225-1-515h.html Original artist:
White House photo by Shealah Craighead
File:BUSHABBAS1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/BUSHABBAS1.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:jonny-mt, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.
gov/news/releases/2006/09/images/20060920-1_d-0228-2-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia,
White House photo by Eric Draper
File:BUSHCABINET.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/BUSHCABINET.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by
Kimberlee Hewitt
File:BUSHCOM.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/BUSHCOM.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/05/images/20040510-3_
d051004-1-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Paul Morse
File:BUSHCOMMENTS.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/BUSHCOMMENTS.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/07/images/
20060730_p073006pm-0470-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Paul
Morse
File:BUSHCONG.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/BUSHCONG.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia,http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/images/20030321-3_
d032103-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Paul Morse
File:BUSHCR.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/BUSHCR.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Oce of the President photo by Susan Sterner via White House website here Original artist: Susan Sterner
File:BUSHKOREA.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/BUSHKOREA.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/ Original artist: Photograph taken by Eric Draper.
File:BUSHLAURA.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/BUSHLAURA.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/01/images/20050120-1_p44300-180-515h.html
Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia
File:BUSHOVALWTC.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/BUSHOVALWTC.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1]
Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Eric Draper
File:BUSHPC2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/BUSHPC2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was UnitedStatesIndia at en.wikipedia
File:Barbara_Bush_Signature.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Barbara_Bush_Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, based on rasters. Original artist: Traced by Connormah
File:Barbara_Bush_at_LBJ_Presidential_Library.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Barbara_
Bush_at_LBJ_Presidential_Library.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesnews/8191761774/
Original artist: Lauren Gerson
File:Barbara_Bush_portrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Barbara_Bush_portrait.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/89715766/ Original artist: David Valdez, White House Photo Oce
File:Barbara_and_Jenna_Bush_with_India_the_Cat.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Barbara_
and_Jenna_Bush_with_India_the_Cat.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/kids/india/
photoessay/07.html Original artist: Paul Morse
File:Barney_Olympics_federal_government_xmas_video.PNG Source:
Barney_Olympics_federal_government_xmas_video.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:RoyFocker 12 using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: ? White House.
10.2. IMAGES
313
File:Barney_oval_office.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Barney_oval_office.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: march-lg-2005.jpg via http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/barney/march2005.html Original artist: White
House photo by Eric Draper
File:Baseball_(crop).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Baseball_%28crop%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Blair_MOF.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Blair_MOF.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, President Bush Honors Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients Original artist: White House photo by Chris
Greenberg
File:Bush,_Cheney_and_Rumsfeld_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/
Bush%2C_Cheney_and_Rumsfeld_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: White House Original artist:
White House Photo
File:Bush,_Pelosi,_and_Hoyer_meeting_at_White_House,_Nov_9,_2006.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c9/Bush%2C_Pelosi%2C_and_Hoyer_meeting_at_White_House%2C_Nov_9%2C_2006.jpg License:
Public domain
Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/11/images/20061109-3_d-0215-5-515h.html Original
File:Bush-Alito-051031.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Bush-Alito-051031.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bush-Miers-051003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bush-Miers-051003.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Paul Morse
File:Bush-laura-barney.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Bush-laura-barney.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The White House.Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: ?
File:Bush-midland-cihildhood.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bush-midland-cihildhood.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:IngerAlHaosului using
CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Americasroof at en.wikipedia
File:Bush2000.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Bush2000.png License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo may be obtained from Republican Party. Original artist: ?
File:Bush2004.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Bush2004.png License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.georgewbush.com Original artist: ?
File:BushAsAPitcher.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/BushAsAPitcher.jpg License: Public domain
File:BushCAGovs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/BushCAGovs.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.whitehouse.gov : http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/11/images/20031104-4_fire4-515h.html
Original artist: White House photo by Eric Draper.
File:BushMcCain08a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/BushMcCain08a.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: White House photo at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/images/20080305-4_p030508cg-0535-1-515h.
html Original artist: Chris Greenberg
File:Bush_&_Singh_in_New_Delhi.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Bush_%26_Singh_in_New_
Delhi.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, President, Prime Minister Singh Discuss Growing Strategic Partnership
Original artist: White House photo by Paul Morse
File:Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_
Congress_9-20-01.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/
20010920-8.html Original artist: The White House
File:Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/
Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, http:
//georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/images/20060515-8_d-0221-2-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Photo Credit: George Bush Presidential Library [1] Original artist: Susan Biddle, Whitehouse photographer
File:Bush_I_approval_rating.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tallicfan20
File:Bush_Karzai_Kabul.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bush_Karzai_Kabul.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, President Meets with President Hamid Karzai in Kabul, Afghanistan Original artist: White House
photo by Eric Draper
File:Bush_McCain_Warner.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Bush_McCain_Warner.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: whitehoue.gov, President Meets with McCain & Warner, Discusses Position on Interrogation Original artist:
White House photo by Paul Morse
File:Bush_Meets_with_Cabinet_June_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Bush_Meets_with_
Cabinet_June_2006.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia,http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.
gov/news/releases/2006/06/images/20060601-1_d-0143-1-515h.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia,
White House photo by Eric Draper
314
File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
9/93/Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg License:
Transferred from
en.wikipedia,http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/12/images/20021220-6_d1220-515h.html
Original
artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Tina Hager.
File:Bush_addresses_UN_2006.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Bush_addresses_UN_2006.jpg
License:
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/images/20060919-4_
p091906sc-0089-515h.html Original artist: White House photo by Shealah Craighead
File:Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, President Bush and Prime Minister Maliki of Iraq Participate in Press Availability Original artist: White House photo by Kimberlee Hewitt
File:Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bush_
announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, Current Image
location: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/images/20030319-17_address2-515h.html Original artist:
Original uploader was John Callender at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Paul Morse.
File:Bush_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Bush_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Source, transfered from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at
en.wikipedia
File:Bush_belfast.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Bush_belfast.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: GiollaUidir at en.wikipedia
File:Bush_blue_tie.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Bush_blue_tie.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, President Bush Meets with Senator Reid and Senator Durbin at the White House Original artist: White House
photo by David Bohrer
File:Bush_daughters.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Bush_daughters.png License: Public domain
Contributors: http://usembassy.state.gov/seoul/wwwg906pic1.gif Original artist: http://usembassy.state.gov/seoul/wwwhe906.html
File:Bush_delivers_his_second_Inaugural_address.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bush_
delivers_his_second_Inaugural_address.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/
releases/2005/01/images/20050120-1_p44289-148-515h.html Original artist: White House photo by Paul Morse
File:Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Bush_
delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/11/
images/20051129-2_g8o4462jpg-515h.html Original artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/
Transferred from en.wikipedia,
Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg License:
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/04/images/20050429-1_p44782-170-515h.html
Original
artist:
Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Paul Morse
File:Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bush_
meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/hurricane/
photoessays/2005/07.html Original artist: Eric Draper
File:Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Bush_meets_Pranab_
Mukherjee.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, photo by Eric Draper Original artist: Original
uploader was Emperor Genius at en.wikipedia, photo by Eric Draper
File:Bush_meets_with_Jacques_Chirac_in_Brussels.jpg
Source:
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Bush_meets_with_Jacques_Chirac_in_Brussels.jpg License:
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File:Bush_prepares_for_State_of_the_Union_2003.jpg
Source:
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Bush_prepares_for_State_of_the_Union_2003.jpg License:
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Original
artist:
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File:Bush_signs_Flight_93_National_Memorial_Act.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Bush_signs_
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2002/09/images/20020924-1_d0924-1-515h.html Original artist: White House photo by Tina Hager
File:Bush_signs_Patriot_Act_2001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Bush_signs_Patriot_Act_2001.
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File:Bush_speaks_over_phone_with_Sri_Lankan_President.jpg Source:
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Bush_speaks_over_phone_with_Sri_Lankan_President.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia, original
source: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/12/images/20041229-1_phonecall-3-515h.html Original artist:
White House (Eric Draper) / original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia
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File:Bush_visits_NSA_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Bush_visits_NSA_2006.jpg License:
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20060125-1_d-0207-1-750v.html Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Bush_waves_from_Marine_One_on_the_South_Lawn.jpg
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Transferred from
8/82/Bush_waves_from_Marine_One_on_the_South_Lawn.jpg License:
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Original artist: Original uploader was Dhwani1989 at en.wikipedia, White House photo by Eric Draper
10.2. IMAGES
315
File:Bushes_watch_USA_vs._Czech_Republic_women{}s_basketball_game_at_2008_Summer_Olympics_2008-08-09.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Bushes_watch_USA_vs._Czech_Republic_women%27s_basketball_
game_at_2008_Summer_Olympics_2008-08-09.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
news/releases/2008/08/images/20080809_d-0974-3-513h.html Original artist: Eric Draper
File:Bushtaxcuts.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Bushtaxcuts.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:CIA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/CIA.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.
law.cornell.edu/uscode/50/403m.html Original artist: United States federal government
File:CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut,_1976_-_NARA_-_
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following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:China-room-1991-millie.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/China-room-1991-millie.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:IngerAlHaosului using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Original uploader was GearedBull at en.wikipedia
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en.wikinews
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artist: ?
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File:Downtown_Dallas_from_the_Trinity_River.jpg Source:
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Dallas_from_the_Trinity_River.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Downtown Dallas from the Trinity River Original artist:
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File:Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001_Signing.jpg
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File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
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domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:Entire_Bush_family.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg License: Public

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Thomas R. Roberts
File:First_Lady_Laura_Bush_portrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/First_Lady_Laura_Bush_
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Original artist: John Howard Sanden
File:Five_members_of_the_Bush_family_(June_2001).jpg Source:
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Original artist: White house photo by Eric Draper.

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File:George_Bush_meeting_economic_advisors-2,_August_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/
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10.2. IMAGES
317
File:George_H.W._and_George_W._Bush_in_Beijing_2008.jpg Source:
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File:George_H._W._Bush,_Laura_Bush,_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/
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tamu.edu/image.php?id=1908 Original artist: Unknown
File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_1989_official_portrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/
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domain Contributors: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DNSC8905558&JPGPath=/Assets/Still/
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File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_official_portrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
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Original artist: Library of Congres

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File:George_W._Bush_inauguration.jpg
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File:George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg
Source:
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License:
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domain
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Original
artist:
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318
File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/George_W_Bush_

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George W. Bush

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George W. Bush

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George W.

Marriage, family, and personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Upbringing and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Service in the Air National Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alcohol use and DUI arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Professional life of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

George W. Bush as Governor of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Capital punishment policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Presidency of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Major issues of presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International treaties signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Administration and cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First term (20012005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second term (20052009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

George W. Bushs rst term as President of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.10 Intelligence reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.11 2004 election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.12 Time Magazine Person of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.13 Response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.14 Major bills passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.16 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

George W. Bushs second term as President of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First 100 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2006 State of the Union Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Invoking the 25th Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.10 Domestic policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.11 National security and presidential power controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.12 Foreign policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diversity and civil rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of George W. Bush legislation and programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eect of policies on federal budget decit and national debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eorts to reform Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2008 economic crisis and recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

3.6.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

International treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

International organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Foreign aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Middle East and central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

3.7.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Bush Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

National Security Strategy of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Inuences on the Bush Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Criticism and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

George W. Bush and the Iraq War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

3.10 List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Public image of George W. Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Support among conservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135