Technology in Action Technology in Action: Chapter Topics

ELE 107-Week 6: System Software
Technology
inAction
Technology in Action
AlanEvans KendallMartin
MaryAnnePoatsy
Chapter 5
System Software:
The Operating System, Utility Programs,
and File Management
TenthEdition
Copyright 2014PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall
Understanding System Software

Operating System Fundamentals
Chapter Topics
Operating System Fundamentals
Two basic types of software

Application software is used to do everyday
tasks at home and work.
What the Operating System Does

The Boot Process: Starting Your
Computer
System software is the set of programs that

helps run the computer
The Windows Interface
Operating system is a group of programs that

controls how a computer system functions.
Organizing Your Computer: File

Management
Utility Programs
Utility programs are small programs that perform

many general housekeeping tasks.
2
Operating System Fundamentals (cont.)
Categorized by type of
device in which they
are installed

Modern operating systems allow multitasking
Windows and OS X provide networking
capabilities
Operating systems can be categorized by
type
Mainframes
Network computers
Personal computers
Mobile devices
Robots
Robots and specialized equipment

Mainframes and network computers
Mobile devices
Personal computers

Real-Time Operating Systems

Operating Systems for Networks, Servers, and Mainframes
Used for machinery that performs a

repetitive series of specific tasks in an
exact amount of time
Multiuser operating system enables more

than one user to access the computer at
one time
Require minimal user interaction
Networks require a multiuser operating

system
Car engines
Medical devices
Common appliances
Robotic cameras
Operating Systems for Networks, Servers, and Mainframes (cont.)
Operating Systems for Networks, Servers, and Mainframes (cont.)
Manage all user requests, ensuring they

do not interfere with each other
UNIX is a.
Multiuser, multitask operating system
Network operating system used primarily with
mainframes
Examples include Windows Server, Linux,

and UNIX
A brand that belongs to The Open Group

Any vendor who meets requirements can use
the UNIX name and can modify the code to
run specifically on their hardware
Operating Systems for Mobile Devices
Operating Systems for Mobile Devices (cont.)
Smartphones do more than let user make

and answer phone calls
Most modern smartphones have modest

multitasking capabilities
Include productivity, media player, camera

features, and Web connectivity
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Check e-mail while making phone call
Gaming systems and personal media

players require system software
developed for the device
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Operating Systems for Personal Computers
Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)
Top three operating systems
Windows
Windows
Multitasking capabilities
Max OS X
Networking capabilities
Linux
Windows 8 includes ability to use touch

commands on touch-screen monitors
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Mac OS: In 1984, first commercially

available OS to incorporate a GUI
Linux
Open source OS
Mountain Lion adds features: Messages,

reminders, notes, and a notification center
Personal computer and network OS
Mac OS X based on UNIX
Can be modified or updated quickly
Reputation as a stable OS
Available for download as distros
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Platform: Combination of an OS and

processor
More than one OS can run on one

computer
Windows and Linux run on most hardware

sold today
Boot Camp utility in OS X
Application software is OS dependent
Partition hard drive in Windows
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Parallels or VMware Fusion for Windows
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OS: Coordinates
and directs the
flow of data and
information
through the
computer system
Cloud based OS
Prototypes are being developed
Still need a computer, operating system, and
web browser
Enables users to access applications and
content via the web anywhere, on any
machine, and at any time
Google is taking steps toward developing a
complete web-based operating system
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The User Interface
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Graphical user interface (GUI)

Used in Windows and Mac OS
Linux: No single default GUI interface; users
choose
Command-driven
interface
Menu-driven interface
Graphical user
interface (GUI)
GNOME
KDE
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Processor Management
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Processor Management (cont.)
CPU usually is asked to perform several

tasks at once
OS arranges for execution of all activities
Assigns a slice of time to each activity
Switches among processes millions of
times a second
Appears that everything is happening
seamlessly

The User Interface (cont.)
Enables user to
interact with the
computer
Types of interfaces
Event: Created by keystrokes, mouse

clicks, and printer and drive signals;
requires OS to respond
Sequentially or concurrently
OS switches back and forth
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Interrupt: unique signal generated by the

printer
When OS receives interrupt, it suspends

current activity and creates memo in the
stack
Interrupt handler: prioritizes the requests

Preemptive multitasking: the OS
processes tasks assigned a higher priority
before processing a task assigned a lower
priority
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Memory and Storage Management
OS uses RAM as a temporary storage
area for instructions and data
OS coordinates activities for peripheral

devices
OS puts request in buffer
Requests wait in buffer for the spooler a
program that helps coordinate all print jobs
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Virtual Memory
RAM has limited capacity
Processor accesses these instructions and

data from RAM when it needs them
When RAM is full, instructions and data

are stored on the hard drive
OS is responsible for coordinating space

allocation in RAM
Clears item from RAM when processor no
longer needs them
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Virtual Memory (cont.)
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Hardware and Peripheral Device Management
Device drivers
Borrowing hard drive space is called

virtual memory
Facilitate communication between device and

the operating system
Translates devices commands into
commands the operating system can
understand
Swap file
Paging
Thrashing
Increase RAM to avoid using virtual

memory
Plug and Play (PnP)

Hardware and software standard
Facilitates the installation of new hardware
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Software Application Coordination
The Boot Process:

Starting the Computer
The boot process loads the operating
system into RAM
For programs to work, they must contain

code the CPU recognizes
Application programming interface (API)
Blocks of code for similar procedures
Prevent redundancies in software code
Make it easier for software developers
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The Boot Process: Starting the Computer
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Step 2: Performing the Power-on Self-Test
Step 1: Activating BIOS

CPU activates the basic input/output
system (BIOS)
BIOS: Program that manages the
exchange of data between the OS and all
the input and output devices attached to
the system
Power-on self test (POST): The first job

BIOS performs, ensuring essential
peripheral devices are attached and
operational
CMOS: Complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor
Responsible for loading OS into RAM

Stored on ROM
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Step 3: Loading the OS
Step 4: Checking Further Configurations and Customizations
System files the main files of the OS
Checks registry for configuration of other

system components
Loads OS into RAM
Registry contains all the different

configurations used by the OS and other
applications
Kernel is loaded
Kernel: Essential component of the OS
Responsible for managing the processor and all
components
Authentication: Verification of login name

and password
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Handling Errors in the Boot Process
Step 4: Checking Further Configurations and Customizations
Windows 8
Uninstall recently installed software
Default setting: Windows Live account free desktop and Web-based applications
from Microsoft, most of which can be
accessed from a personal home page
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Handling Errors in the Boot Process (cont.)
Refresh your PC: New utility program in
Windows 8
Use uninstall program or Control Panel
Last Known Good Configuration

Try refreshing your computer
New in Windows 8
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Handling Errors in the Boot Process (cont.)
During the boot process, BIOS can skip a
device or improperly identify it
Attempts to diagnose and fix errors
Device wont respond
Back up PC prior to refreshing
Rebooting
Check for patches
Technical assistance
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The Windows Interface
39
The Windows Interface (cont.)
Windows 8
Metro apps: Applications specifically

designed to run on Metro interface of
Windows 8
Designed for laptops, desktops, and tablet

PCs
Three ways to accomplish tasks
Preinstalled: Photos, Messaging, and

Calendar
Download from Windows Store
Displayed full screen
Controls and settings are contained in app
bars contains controls and settings
Using a mouse
Touching the screen
Using keystrokes
Start screen: the place where you begin all

computing activities
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Ways to return to Start screen in Windows 8
Start screen based on Windows

smartphones
Press the Windows key
Customizable
Display the Charms bar and click (or touch)

Start
Charms: Special shortcuts in Windows 8
Move your cursor to the lower left corner of

screen to display Start screen icon
Located on Charms bar
Pinning: Adding Metro apps to Start

screen
Right-click icon to remove
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Right-clicking lower left corner of screen

displays quick links menu
Switching between programs

Point cursor to upper left corner and drag
from left
Jump List: Most recently or commonly

used files or commands for an application
Drag thumbnail of previous program to middle

of screen
Repeatedly swiping from left will scroll
backward through all open programs
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For a list of open programs
Closing Metro App
Position cursor in upper left corner until

thumbnail appears
Metro apps can snap into place on left or right

side of screen
Move cursor down to display list of

thumbnails: Switch list or press Alt + Tab
Windows suspends Metro apps that arent

displayed
Press Alt + F4 to close Metro app from within
the app
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Mac OS X and Windows arent compatible

but similar in functionality
Programs appear in resizable windows
Linux: Different distros feature different

user interfaces
Most are based on familiar Windows and OS
X paradigms
Use menus and icons

OS X uses a Dock instead of Start screen
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Organizing Your Computer:

File Management
49
Organizing Your Computer: File Management
Organizing Your Files
Additional function of the operating system

is to enable file management
Provides an organizational structure to the
computers contents
Uses hierarchical directory structure
Folders
Libraries
A file is a collection of related pieces of

information stored together
A folder is a collection of files
A library gathers files from different
locations and displays them as if they
were all saved in a single folder
Root directory organizes all other folders
and files
Drives
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Organizing Your Files (cont.)
Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders
Windows Explorer: Main tool for finding,

viewing, and managing the contents of
computer
Views button offers different ways to view

folders and files
Details view
Shows location and contents of every drive,

folder, and file
Large and Extra Large

Icons view
Divided into two panes
Search appbest way to search in Windows 8
Creating folders is key to organizing files

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Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders
Naming Files
File name is the name you assign to the
file when you save it
First part is similar to your first name
In Windows, an extension, or file type,

follows the file name and a period or dot (.)
Similar to a last name, extension identifies the
application needed to read the file
Mac and Linus dont require file extensions
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Naming Files (cont.)

Each OS has its own naming conventions
Up to 255 characters
All files must be uniquely identified
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File Save Location

Determine location of a file by its file path
File path includes drive, folders, subfolders,
the file name, and the extension
Path separators include a backslash (\) for
Windows, or colon (:) for Mac
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Working with Files

File-management actions
Utility Programs
Small applications that perform special
functions
Open
Copy
Some are incorporated into operating

system
Move
Rename
Firewall and file-compression utilities
Delete
Recycle Bin (Windows)
Trash (Mac)
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Utility Programs
Display Utilities
Utility Programs (cont.)

Stand-alone utility programs offer more
features and require frequent updating
Personalization has features to change the

appearance of your desktop
Antivirus and security programs
Background
Freeware
Screen savers
Window colors
Vast array of downloadable options are

available on the web
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Utility Programs
The Programs and Features Utility
Utility Programs
File Compression Utilities
Installing a new program usually runs a

wizard automatically that walks you
through installation
Make a large file more compact
Delete programs by
Windows has built-in file compression
Easier and faster to send files over

Internet
Selecting the programs own uninstall option
Take out redundancies
Windows uninstaller utility
Look for repeated patterns
63
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65
11
Utility Programs
System Maintenance Utilities
Utility Programs
System Maintenance Utilities (cont.)
Disk Cleanup removes unnecessary files

Recycle Bin
Temporary Internet files
Offline Web pages
If not deleted, these

files can hinder
efficient performance
66
67
Utility Programs
Utility Programs
Disk Defragmenter regroups related

pieces of files on the hard disk
Error-checking checks for lost files and

fragments and physical errors on hard
drive
FAT file allocation table
Use Task Manager to check on program

that has stopped working or to exit
nonresponsive programs
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Utility Programs
Utility Programs
System Restore and Backup Utilities
System Restore and Backup Utilities (cont.)

File History utility in Windows 8 creates a
duplicate of libraries, desktop, contacts,
and favorites and copies it to another
storage device
Backup
Rolls system settings back to a specific

date before problems
System restore point
Made every week
Before installing software
Creates a copy of data on the hard drive to

another storage device
Back up important files
Keep backup copy in safe location
Custom restore point
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12
Utility Programs
Utility Programs
How Disk Defragmenter Utilities Work
How Disk Defragmenter Utilities Work (cont.)
Disk defragmenting: Groups together

related pieces of files on the hard drive,
allowing the OS to work more efficiently
Windows 8: Disk defragmentation is set

by default to automatically defragment the
hard drive on a regular basis.
Defragmenting tools: Files scattered over

the disk are placed together and arranged
sequentially
Macs dont have defragmentation utility

built into the system
72
Utility Programs
Accessibility Utilities
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

1. What software is included in system
software?
Ease of Access Center

Centralized location for assistive technology
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System software is the set of software programs that

helps run the computer and coordinates instructions
between application software and hardware devices. It
consists of the operating system (OS) and utility
programs.
The OS controls how your computer system functions.
Utility programs are programs that perform general
housekeeping tasks for the computer, such as system
maintenance and file compression.
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2. What are the different kinds of operating systems?
3. What are the most common operating systems?
There are many different kinds of operating systems.
Real-time operating systems (RTOSs) require no user intervention. They

are designed for systems with a specific purpose and response time (such
as robotic machinery).
Microsoft Windows is the most popular OS. It has evolved

into a powerful multiuser OS. The most recent release is
Windows 8.
A multiuser operating system (network operating system) provides access

to a computer system by more than one user at a time.
Smartphones have their own specific operating systems, which allow the
user to multitask.
Another popular OS is the Mac OS, which is designed to

work on Apple computers. Apple's most recent release, Mac
OS X, is based on the UNIX OS.
Tablets use operating systems (such as iOS Android and Windows 8) that
allow interaction with 'touchscreen interfaces.
There are various versions of UNIX on the market, although

UNIX is most often used on networks.
Gaming consoles use operating systems developed specifically for those

particular devices.
Current operating systems for desktops, laptops, and netbooks have

multitasking and networking capabilities.
Linux is an open source OS based on UNIX and designed

primarily for use on personal computers, although it is often
used on servers and supercomputers.
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4. How does the operating system provide a
means for users to interact with the computer?
The OS provides a user interface that enables users to

interact with the computer.
Most OSs today use a graphical user interface (GUI).

Unlike the command- and menu-driven interfaces used
many years ago, GUis display graphics and use the
point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursor (or
touch-sensitive screens), making the OS more userfriendly. Common features of GUis include windows,
menus, and icons.
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5.
How does the operating system help manage resources such as the
processor, memory, storage, hardware, and peripheral devices?
When the OS allows you to perform more than one task at a time, it is multitasking.
To provide for seamless multitasking, the OS controls the timing of the events on
which the processor works.
As the OS coordinates the activities of the processor, it uses RAM as a temporary

storage area for instructions and data the processor needs. The OS is therefore
responsible for coordinating the space allocations in RAM to ensure that there is
enough space for the waiting instructions and data. If there isn't sufficient space in
RAM for all the data and instructions, then the OS allocates the least necessary
files to temporary storage on the hard drive, called
The OS manages storage by providing a file-management system that keeps track

of the names and locations of files and programs.
Programs called device drivers facilitate communication between devices attached

to the computer and the OS. Device drivers translate the specialized commands of
devices to commands that the OS can understand, and vice versa, enabling the OS
to communicate with every device in the computer system. Device drivers for
common devices are included in the OS software.
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6. How does the operating system interact

with application software?
7. How does the operating system help the

computer start up?
When you start your computer, it runs through a

special process called the boot process.
The boot process consists of four basic steps: (1) The

basic input/output system (BIOS) is activated when the
user powers on the CPU. (2) In the POST check, the
BIOS verifies that all attached devices are in place. (3)
The OS is loaded into RAM. (4) Configuration and
customization settings are checked.
All software applications need to interact with the CPU.

For programs to work with the CPU, they must contain
code that the CPU recognizes.
Rather than having the same blocks of code appear in
each application, the OS includes the blocks of code to
which software applications refer. These blocks of code
are called application programming interfaces (APIs).
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8. What are the main features of the

Windows interface?
9. How does the operating system help you

keep your computer organized?
In Windows 8, the Start screen provides your first

interaction with the OS and is the first image you see
on your monitor once the system has booted up. It
provides you with access to your computers apps,
tools, and commonly used programs.
The Windows 8 interface is designed for touchscreen
devices.
Windows 8 apps run full screen and feature commands
hidden in app bars.
Non- Windows 8 programs run on the desktop.
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The OS allows you to organize the contents of your

computer in a hierarchical structure of directories that
includes files, folders, libraries, and drives.
File Explorer helps you manage your files and folders
by showing the location and contents of every drive,
folder, and file on your computer.
Creating folders is the key to organizing files because
folders keep related documents together.
Following naming conventions and using proper file
extensions are also important aspects of file
management.
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10. What utility programs are included in
system software and what do they do?
Some utility programs are incorporated into the OS;

others are sold as standalone off-the-shelf programs.
Common Windows utilities include those that enable
you to adjust your display, add or remove programs,
compress files, clean unnecessary files off your
system, check for lost files and errors, restore your
system to an earlier setting, back up your files, and
check on programs that have stopped running.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice Hall
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ELE 107-Week 6: System Software

Understanding System Software

Two basic types of software

What the Operating System Does

System software is the set of programs that

The Windows Interface

Operating system is a group of programs that

Organizing Your Computer: File

Utility programs are small programs that perform

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating System Fundamentals (cont.)

Operating System Fundamentals (cont.)

Operating System Fundamentals (cont.)

Robots and specialized equipment

ELE 107-Week 6: System Software

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Used for machinery that performs a

Multiuser operating system enables more

Require minimal user interaction

Networks require a multiuser operating

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating Systems for Networks, Servers, and Mainframes (cont.)

Operating Systems for Networks, Servers, and Mainframes (cont.)

Manage all user requests, ensuring they

Examples include Windows Server, Linux,

A brand that belongs to The Open Group

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating Systems for Mobile Devices

Operating Systems for Mobile Devices (cont.)

Smartphones do more than let user make

Most modern smartphones have modest

Include productivity, media player, camera

Check e-mail while making phone call

Gaming systems and personal media

ELE 107-Week 6: System Software

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating Systems for Personal Computers

Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)

Top three operating systems

Windows 8 includes ability to use touch

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)

Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)

Mac OS: In 1984, first commercially

Mountain Lion adds features: Messages,

Personal computer and network OS

Mac OS X based on UNIX

Can be modified or updated quickly

Understanding System Software

Understanding System Software

Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)

Operating Systems for Personal Computers (cont.)

Platform: Combination of an OS and

More than one OS can run on one

Windows and Linux run on most hardware

Boot Camp utility in OS X

Application software is OS dependent