Design Load Calculation Resource

INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF DESIGN LOADING USING THE 2012
IBC
Design loadings for buildings in general, including masonry buildings, are prescribed by the legally
adopted building code. In most parts of the United States, the legally adopted building code is based
on the International Building Code (IBC). In the following sections of this chapter, background
information and sample calculations are presented for each of the principal code-mandated design
loadings:
o
o
o
gravity loads (dead load and live load)

wind loads
earthquake loads
These loads are used in many design examples in subsequent lectures.

In general, the legally adopted edition of the International Building Code references previous
editions of load standards (ASCE 7) and materials standards (MSJC Code and Spe cification). To
ensure the most up-to-date use of reference standards, this set of course notes is based on the
following standards:
1)
The legally adopted building code is assumed to be the 2012 IBC.
2)
The 2012 IBC references ASCE 7-10.
3)
The 2012 IBC references the 2011 MSJC Code and Specification.
L
GRAVITY LOADS ACCORDING TO ASCE 7-10
Dead Load according to ASCE 7-10

Dead load is due to the weight of the structure itself, plus permanently attached components.
Calculation of dead loads is not discussed further at this point. It is discussed in specific examples,
as are ASCE 7-10 loading combinations including dead load.
Floor Live Load according to ASCE 7-10
Live load is prescribed by ASCE 7-10. The loading provisions of ASCE 7-10 are discussed here
using the section numbers taken from that document. The 2012 IBC uses loads that are almost
identical to those prescribed by ASCE 7-10. In the future, the IBC will tend more and more to
reference ASCE 7 loads directly. For that reason, the minimum live loads (L) for floors in Table 1
are taken from Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10.
Table 1 Minimum live loads (L) for floors (from Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10)
Occupancy or Use
Assembly areas w/ moveable seats
Balconies (exterior) and decks
Uniform (psf)
100
1.5 times L for
the occupancy
served
100
50
40
100
20
40
80
100
100
40
100
75
Corridors, except as otherwise indicated

Offices
Residential
Residential, corridors and public areas of hotels
Ordinary flat roofs
School classrooms
School corridors above first floor
School corridors, first floor
Stairs and exits
Stairs and exits, 1- and 2-family dwellings
Stores, retail, first floor
Stores, retail, upper floors
Concentrated (lb)
--
2000
1000
1000
1000
300
300
1000
1000
By Section 4.7.2 of ASCE 7-10, live loads are permitted to be reduced based on the tributary area
over which those live loads act. Live loads in public assembly areas (balconies, corridors and stairs)
are not permitted to be reduced. The live-load reduction factor, shown below, applies to elements for
which the product K LL A T equals or exceeds 400 ft2as shown below:
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL
AT
where:
L
Lo
=
=
K LL
AT
=
=
Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported by the member
Unreduced design live load per square foot of area supported by the member (see
Table 4-2)
Live element factor (see Table 4-2)
Tributary area, in square feet
L shall not be less than 0.50L o for members supporting one floor and L shall not be less than 0.40 L o
for members supporting or more floors.
Live load reduction factors are given in Table 4-2 of ASCE 7-10, reproduced below as Table 2.
Table 2 Table 4-2 of ASCE 7-10
Example of Floor Live-load Reduction according to ASCE 7-10

Consider an interior beam of an office floor with a tributary area of 400 ft2 (K LL = 2).
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL AT
15
= Lo 0.25 +
= 0.78 Lo
2
400
The lower limit of 0.50 does not govern, and
L = 0.78 Lo .
Example of a Wall Live-load Reduction according to ASCE 7-10

Consider an interior wall supporting 10 floors, each with tributary area 400 ft2 (assume K LL = 4).
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL AT
15
= Lo 0.25 +
= 0.37 Lo
(
)
4
10
400
The 0.40 limit governs, and
L = 0.40 Lo .
Roof Live Load according to ASCE 7-10
In accordance with Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10, the minimum roof live load for most roofs is 20 psf.
According to Section 4.8.2 of ASCE 7-10, roof live loads are permitted to be reduced in accordance
with the following:
Lr
L0R1R2
Lr
L0
R1
R2
=
=
=
=
where:
reduced roof live load per square foot
unreduced roof live load per square foot
see Figure 2 below
1.0 for flat roofs
The minimum reduced roof live load is 12 psf. The reduction is shown graphically in Figure 2.
R1
1.0
0.6
600
200
At
Figure 2 Graph showing permitted live load reduction for roofs (Section 4.8.2 of ASCE 7-10)
WIND LOADING ACCORDING TO THE 2012 IBC

According to Section 1609.1.1 of the 2012 IBC, wind loading is to be calculated using the provisions
of Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-10), or the simplified
alternate all-heights method in Section 1609.6 of the 2012 IBC. The wind-load calculation
procedures of ASCE 7-10 are considerably different from those of ASCE 7-05, in that they use
strength-calibrated wind loads, a load factor of 1.0 instead of 1.6, and no importance factor.
We are interested in two types of wind loads.

o
The first type is used to calculate the design base shear and base overturning moment on a
building due to wind pressure, and is used to design the buildings lateral force-resisting
system. These wind loads are referred to as Main Wind-Force Resisting System loads,
commonly abbreviated as MWFRS loads.
The second type is used to calculate the local pressures acting on sections of a building
envelope, and is used to design individual building components. These wind loads are
referred to as Components and Cladding loads, commonly abbreviated as C&C loads.
Section 26.1.2 of ASCE 7-10 gives the following general procedures for computing each type of
wind load:
Section 26.1.2.1: Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Directional Procedure for buildings of all heights as specified in Chapter 27;

Envelope Procedure for low-rise buildings as specified in Chapter 28;
Directional Procedure for Building Appurtenances (rooftop structures and rooftop
equipment) and Other Structures (such as solid freestanding walls and solid freestanding
signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice frameworks, and trussed towers) as specified in
Chapter 29; or
Wind Tunnel Procedure for all buildings and all other structures as specified in Chapter 31.
Section 26.1.2.2: Components and Cladding (C&C)

(1)
(2)
Analytical Procedures provided in Parts 1 through 6, as appropriate, of Chapter 30; or

Wind Tunnel Procedure as specified in Chapter 31.
The six analytical procedures are as follows (Section 30.1.1):

1)
Part 1 is applicable to an enclosed or partially enclosed:

Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2)
Building with h 60 ft (18.3 m)
The building has a flat roof, gable roof, multispan gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof,
stepped roof, or sawtooth roof and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind pressure
equation.
2)
Part 2 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed:

9
Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2)

The building has a flat roof, gable roof, or hip roof and the wind pressures are determined
directly from a table.
3)
Part 3 is applicable to an enclosed or partially enclosed:

Building with h > 60 ft (18.3 m)
The building has a flat roof, pitched roof, gable roof, hip roof, mansard roof, arched roof, or
domed roof and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind pressure equation.
4)
Part 4 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed

The building has a flat roof, gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof, or mansard roof and the
wind pressures are determined directly from a table.
5)
Part 5 is applicable to an open building of all heights having a pitched free roof, monoslope
free roof, or trough free roof.
Part 6 is applicable to building appurtenances such as roof overhangs and parapets and
rooftop equipment.
6)
In this course, we shall calculate MWFRS loads using the directional procedure (1), and to calculate
C&C loads using Part (3). These procedures are generally applicable to a wide range of buildings,
and the simplified procedures are based on them.
10
SUMMARY OF DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE OF ASCE 7-10 FOR MWFRS LOADS

The steps of the Directional Procedure of ASCE 7-10 for MWFRS loads are outlined in Table 27.2-1:
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or
C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
Wind directionality factor, K d , see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
Exposure category, see Section 26.7
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1
Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 26.9
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
Internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), see Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , see Table 27.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure q z or q h Eq. 27.3-1
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, C p or C N
Fig. 27.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip, monoslope or mansard roofs
Fig. 27.4-2 for domed roofs
Fig. 27.4-3 for arched roofs
Fig. 27.4-4 for monoslope roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-6 for troughed roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge/valley wind load case for monoslope, pitched or troughed
roof, open building
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface
Eq. 27.4-1 for rigid buildings
Eq. 27.4-2 for flexible buildings
Eq. 27.4-3 for open buildings
Now lets discuss each step in more detail:
The default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to most buildings.
11
C
For buildings in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Risk Category II structures, the basic
wind speed is associated with a return period of 700 years, or an annual probability of exceedance of
0.0014. This represents a faster wind than used previously in ASCE 7-05, which had a 2% annual
probability of exceedance (return period of 476 years). Basic wind speeds are described in terms of
a 3-second gust speed (average speed over a 3-second window).
Refer to Figure 3 (adapted from Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).
Dallas - Fort Worth

El Paso
Austin
San Antonio
Houston
Figure 3 Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category II Buildings and Other Structures (adapted from
Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).

Topographic factor, K zt , see Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1
12
The wind directionality factor K d is determined using Table 3 (Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
of ASCE 7-10).
Table 3 Wind Directionality Factor, K d (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
The exposure category is determined using Section 26.7. One first determines the Surface
Roughness Category in the two 45-degree upwind sectors.
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
13
A surface roughness category that extends a large multiple of the building height in the
upwind direction requires an exposure category equal to that surface roughness category.
The most common exposure category is Exposure Category C. In contrast to ASCE 7-05, in
ASCE 7-10 open stretches of water are considered Surface Roughness D, and require
Exposure Category D. These specifically include hurricane zones.
The topographic factor, K zt , is determined using Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1.
The topographic factor applies to structures located on a hill (higher than the
surrounding terrain in all directions), ridge (higher than the surrounding terrain in
two opposite directions) or escarpment (higher than the surrounding terrain in one
direction only):
K zt = (1 + K 1 K 2 K 3 )
Values of K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are given in Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10. The default
condition is K zt = 1.0.
The Gust Effect Factor, G, is defined in Section 26.9 of ASCE 7-10.

For rigid structures, the gust effect factor G is taken as 0.85 or is calculated by an
equation.
For flexible structures, the gust effect factor G f is calculated by an equation.
Enclosure classification is defined in Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-10, and additional

requirements for protection of glazed openings are provided in Section 26.10.
Classify the building as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 26.2. In these
definitions,
Ao
Ag
A oi
=
=
=
A gi
open buildings have each wall at least 80% open 0.80
total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure

gross area of that wall in which A o is identified
the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including A o
the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including A g
14
1.10
2
> 4
partially enclosed buildings satisfy:

0.01
0.20
enclosed buildings are those that do not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings
The internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), is determined using Section 26.11 and
Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
15
16
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h using Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10.
17
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure q z or q h using Equation 27.3-1

Using Section 6.5.10, the velocity pressure is calculated by
= 0.00256 2
where:
Kd
Kz
K zt
V
=
=
=
=
wind directionality factor defined in Section 26.6

velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 27.3.1
topographic factor defined in Section 26.8.2
basic wind speed defined in Section 26.5
Fig. 27.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip, monoslope or mansard roofs
Fig. 27.4-3 for arched roofs
Fig. 27.4-4 for monoslope roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-6 for troughed roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge/valley wind load case for monoslope, pitched or troughed
roof, open building
Because the most common case is addressed by Figure 27.4-1, that figure is reproduced below.
Note that the title of the figure is in black letters on a white background.
18
19
20
Eq. 27.4-1 for rigid buildings

Eq. 27.4-2 for flexible buildings
Eq. 27.4-3 for open buildings
Because Equation 27.4-1 addresses the most common case, it is provided below:
For main force-resisting systems of rigid systems,
=
where:
q
=
=
G
Cp
GC pi
=
=
=
q z for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;

q h for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h;
qi
=
q h for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs
of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure
evaluation in partially enclosed buildings;
=
q z for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the level of
the highest opening in the building that could affect the
positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in wind-borne
debris regions, glazing that is not impact-resistant or
protected with an impact-resistant covering shall be treated
as an opening in accordance with Section 26.10.3. For
positive internal pressure evaluation, q i may conservatively
be evaluated at height h (q i = q h ).
gust effect factor from Section 26.9;
external pressure coefficient from Figures 27.4-1, 27.4-2, and 27.4-3;
internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1.
q and q i shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3. Pressure shall be applied
simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and on roof surfaces as defined in Figs. 27.4-1, 27.42 and 27.4-3.
21
Example 1 (Wind Loading on Main Wind Force-Resisting System)

Using the procedures of ASCE 7-10, compute the design base shear due to wind for the building of
Figure 4, located in the suburbs of Austin, Texas:
10 stories x 12 ft = 120 ft
75 ft
150 ft
Figure 4 Schematic view of building in Austin, Texas
The critical direction will be NS, because the walls on the north and south sides have greater area,
and the shear walls in the north and south directions have less area.
Assume that the default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to this building.
C
Because this building is in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Austin, Texas, the basic wind
speed is 115 miles per hour.

K d = 0.85
22

Assume a long upwind stretch of Surface Roughness B (urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of singlefamily dwellings or larger), and corresponding Exposure Category B.
Assume K zt = 1.0 (no hills, ridges, or escarpments)
Because this structures period of vibration is much shorter than the characteristic period of
wind gusts, it is considered rigid, and the gust effect factor G can be taken as 0.85.
Because this structure has few openings, and be cause glazing is impact-resistant, it is
classified as enclosed.
Because this structure is enclosed, from Table 26.11-1, the internal pressure coefficient
(GC pi ) is 0.18.
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h using Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10.
From Table 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-10, for Exposure Category B, relevant table cells are
reproduced below as Table 4.
23
Table 4 Velocity pressure coefficients for building of Example 1 (taken from Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10)
Height above
ground level, z
1-15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
Kh , Kz
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure q z or q h using Equation 27.3-1
q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V 2
K d = 0.85
V = 115 miles / hr
K zt = 1.0
q z = 28.78 K z lb / ft 2
Note that the above expression for q z has the velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z
embedded in it.
The external pressure coefficients C p for main wind force resisting systems are given in
Figure 27.4-1 of ASCE 7-10 for walls and flat roofs. Note that the title of the figure is in
black letters on a white background.
From the plan views in Figure 27.4-1 of ASCE 7-10, the windward pressure is q z GC p . The
leeward pressure is q h GC p . The difference between the q z and the q h is that the former
varies as a function of the height above ground level, while the latter is uniform over the
height of the building, and is evaluated using the height of the building.
24
For wind blowing in the NS direction, L/B = 0.5. From Figure 27.4-1 (contd), on the
windward side of the building the external pressure coefficient C p is 0.8. On the leeward
side of the building, it is 0.5.

Use Equation 27.4-1 for MWFRS and rigid systems:
=
where:
q
=
=
G
Cp
GC pi
=
=
=
q z for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;

q h for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h;
qi
=
q h for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs
of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure
evaluation in partially enclosed buildings;
=
q z for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the level of
the highest opening in the building that could affect the
positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in wind-borne
debris regions, glazing that is not impact-resistant or
protected with an impact-resistant covering shall be treated
as an opening in accordance with Section 26.10.3. For
positive internal pressure evaluation, q i may conservatively
be evaluated at height h (q i = q h ).
gust effect factor from Section 26.9;
external pressure coefficient from Figures 27.4-1, 27.4-2, and 27.4-3;
internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1.
q and q i shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3. Pressure shall be
applied simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and on roof surfaces as defined in
Figs. 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3.
Because the building is enclosed, the internal pressures on the windward and leeward sides
are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, produce zero net base shear, and therefore
need not be considered.
On the windward side of the building,
p = qz G C p
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p
25
Because C p is positive in sign, this pressure is positive in sign, indicating that the pressure
acts inward against the windward wall. If the wind comes from the south, for example, the
force on the windward wall acts toward the north. These values are shown in the
Windward Side columns of the spreadsheet below (Table 5).
On the leeward side of the building,
p = qh G C p
p = (28.78 K h ) G C p
Because C p is negative in sign, this pressure is negative in sign, indicating that the pressure
acts outward against the leeward wall. If the wind comes from the south, for example, the
force on the leeward wall acts toward the north. These values are shown in the Leeward
Side columns of the spreadsheet below (Table 5).
.
Table 5 Spreadsheet for wind forces, Example 1
Windward Side
Height
Building above Tributary
Floor Ground
Area
Leeward Side
Kz
qz
Cp
Force
Kh
qh
Cp
Force
Roof
120
900
1.04
29.93
0.85
0.8
20.35
18.32
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -11.45
10
108
1800
1.01
29.07
0.85
0.8
19.77
35.58
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
96
1800
0.98
28.20
0.85
0.8
19.18
34.52
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
84
1800
0.94
27.05
0.85
0.8
18.40
33.11
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
72
1800
0.9
25.90
0.85
0.8
17.61
31.70
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
60
1800
0.85
24.46
0.85
0.8
16.63
29.94
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
48
1800
0.8
23.02
0.85
0.8
15.66
28.18
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
36
1800
0.74
21.30
0.85
0.8
14.48
26.07
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
24
1800
0.65
18.71
0.85
0.8
12.72
22.90
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
12
1800
0.57
16.40
0.85
0.8
11.16
20.08
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90
Ground
900
0.57
16.40
0.85
0.8
11.16
10.04
1.04
29.93
0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -11.45
Total Force
290.44
-228.97
The design base shear due to wind load is the summation of 290.44 kips acting inward on the upwind
wall, and 228.97 kips acting outward on the downwind wall, for a total of 519.41 kips.
26
SUMMARY OF PART 3 OF ASCE 7-10 FOR C&C LOADS

The steps of the Directional Procedure of ASCE 7-10 for MWFRS loads are outlined in Table 30.6127.2-1:
Step 1: Determine risk category, see Table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or C
Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 26.7
Topographic factor, K zt , see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , see Table 30.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, q h , Eq. 30.3-1
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, (GC p )
Walls and flat roofs ( < 10 deg), see Fig. 30.6-1
Gable and hip roofs, see Fig. 30.4-2 per Note 6 of Fig. 30.6-1
Arched roofs, see Fig. 27.4-3, footnote 4
Domed roofs, see Fig. 30.4-7
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, Eq. 30.6-1
Many of these steps are identical or almost identical to those used in the calculation of MWFRS
forces. A few, however, are quite different. For this reason, calculation steps for MWFRS and C&C
have been kept separate, with a separate example for C&C as well.
Now lets discuss each step in more detail:
The default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to most buildings.
C
27
For buildings in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Risk Category II structures, the basic
wind speed is associated with a return period of 700 years, or an annual probability of exceedance of
0.0014. This represents a faster wind than used previously in ASCE 7-05, which had a 2% annual
probability of exceedance (return period of 476 years). Basic wind speeds are described in terms of
a 3-second gust speed (average speed over a 3-second window).
Refer to Figure 5 (adapted from Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).
Dallas - Fort Worth

El Paso
Austin
San Antonio
Houston
Figure 5 Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category II Buildings and Other Structures (adapted from
Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).

28
The wind directionality factor K d is determined using Table 3 (Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
of ASCE 7-10).
Table 6 Wind Directionality Factor, K d (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
The exposure category is determined using Section 26.7. One first determines the Surface
Roughness Category in the two 45-degree upwind sectors.
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
29
A surface roughness category that extends a large multiple of the building height in the
upwind direction requires an exposure category equal to that surface roughness category.
The most common exposure category is Exposure Category C. In contrast to ASCE 7-05, in
ASCE 7-10 open stretches of water are considered Surface Roughness D, and require
Exposure Category D. These specifically include hurricane zones.
The topographic factor, K zt , is determined using Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1.
The topographic factor applies to structures located on a hill (higher than the
surrounding terrain in all directions), ridge (higher than the surrounding terrain in
two opposite directions) or escarpment (higher than the surrounding terrain in one
direction only):
K zt = (1 + K 1 K 2 K 3 )
Values of K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are given in Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10. The default
condition is K zt = 1.0.
The Gust Effect Factor, G, is defined in Section 26.9 of ASCE 7-10.

For rigid structures, the gust effect factor G is taken as 0.85 or is calculated by an
equation.
For flexible structures, the gust effect factor G f is calculated by an equation.
Enclosure classification is defined in Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-10, and additional

requirements for protection of glazed openings are provided in Section 26.10.
Classify the building as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 26.2. In these
definitions,
Ao
Ag
A oi
=
=
=
A gi
open buildings have each wall at least 80% open 0.80
total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure

gross area of that wall in which A o is identified
the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including A o
the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including A g
30
1.10
2
> 4
partially enclosed buildings satisfy:

0.01
0.20
enclosed buildings are those that do not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings
The internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), is determined using Section 26.11 and
Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
31
32
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , using Table 30.3-1 of ASCE 710. This step is different for C&C loads, compared to MWFRS loads. The table is different for
each.
33
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, q h , using Equation 30.3-1

= 0.00256 2
where:
Kd
Kz
K zt
V
qh
=
=
=
=
=
wind directionality factor defined in Section 26.6

velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 30.3.1
topographic factor defined in Section 26.8
basic wind speed defined in Section 26.5
velocity pressure calculated using Eq. 30.3-1 at height h

Because the most common case is addressed by Figure 30.6-1, that figure is reproduced below.
Note that the title of the figure is in white letters on a black background.
In computing the effective area of the cladding element, it is permitted to use an effective area equal
to the product of the span and an effective width not less than one-third the span (ASCE 7-10,
Section 26.2, Effective Wind Area).
34
35

For components and cladding of buildings with h > 60 ft:
=
where:
q
qi
=
=
=
GC p
GC pi
q z for windward walls calculated at height z above the ground;

q h for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluated at height h;
q h for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed
buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed
buildings;
q z for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
where height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building
that could affect the positive internal pressure. For positive internal pressure
evaluation, q i may conservatively be evaluated at height h (q i = q h ).
external pressure coefficient given in:
Fig. 30.6-1 for walls and flat roofs
Fig. 27.4-3, footnote 4, for arched roofs
Note 6 of Fig. 30.6-1 for other roof angles and geometries
internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.11-1
q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3.
36
Example 2 (Wind Loading on Components and Cladding)

Using the procedures of ASCE 7-10, compute the design wind pressure on a cladding element near
the corner of the top floor of the building of Example 1.
10 stories x 12 ft = 120 ft
75 ft
150 ft
Figure 6 Schematic view of building in Austin, Texas
Assume that the default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to this building.
C
Because this building is in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Austin, Texas, the basic wind
speed is 115 miles per hour.

K d = 0.85
37
Assume a long upwind stretch of Surface Roughness B (urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of singlefamily dwellings or larger), and corresponding Exposure Category B.
Assume K zt = 1.0 (no hills, ridges, or escarpments)
Because this structures period of vibration is much shorter than the characteristic period of
wind gusts, it is considered rigid, and the gust effect factor G can be taken as 0.85.
Because this structure has few openings, and be cause glazing is impact-resistant, it is
classified as enclosed.
Because this structure is enclosed, from Table 26.11-1, the internal pressure coefficient
(GC pi ) is 0.18.
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , using Table 30.3-1 of ASCE 710. This step is different for C&C loads, compared to MWFRS loads. The table is different for
each.
For Exposure Category B, at a height of 120 ft above the ground, K z equals 1.04.
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, q h , using Equation 30.3-1
q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V 2
K d = 0.85
V = 115 miles / hr
K zt = 1.0
q z = 28.78 K z lb / ft 2
38
Note that the above expression for q z has the velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z
embedded in it.

The external pressure coefficients for components and cladding GC p are given in Figure
30.6-1 of ASCE 7-10:
In computing the effective area of the cladding element, it is permitted to use an effective
area equal to the product of the span and an effective width not less than one-third the span
(ASCE 7-10, Section 26.2, Effective Wind Area).
Assume a panel with a span equal to the story height of 12 ft minus a spandrel depth of 2 ft,
or 10 ft. A ssume an effective width of one-third of that span, or 3.33 ft. The resulting
effective area is 33.3 ft2. From Figure 30.6-1, a panel in Zone 5 has a positive pressure
coefficient of 0.85, and a negative pressure coefficient of 1.7.
39

Since this is a building with h > 60 ft:
p = q(GC p ) qi (GC pi )
Windward Side of Building
On the windward side of the building, the maximum inward pressure will be produced on the
cladding, due to the combination of GC p acting inward (positive sign) and GC pi also acting
inward (negative sign).
q
qi
(GC p )
(GC pi )
=
=
=
=
q z evaluated at the height of the element, or 120 ft

q h evaluated at the height of the building, or 120 ft
0.85 (Figure 30.6-1)
0.18 (Table 26.11-1).
p = q (GC p ) qi (GC pi )
p = q z (GC p ) qh (GC pi )
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p (28.78 K h ) G C pi
These values are shown in the spreadsheet of Table 7 below. The maximum inward pressure
is the sum of 25.44 psf on the outside plus 5.39 psf on the inside, for a total of 30.83 psf
acting inward.
Table 7 Spreadsheet for Components and Cladding pressures, windward side of Example 2
Maximum Inward Pressure (windward wall)
External Pressure
Internal Pressure
Building
Height,
h
120
Height
above
Ground, z
120
Total
p
Kz
qz
1.04 29.93
GC p
0.85
40
Kh
qh
25.44 1.04 29.93
outside
GC pi
-0.18
p inside p total
-5.39 30.83
Leeward Side of Building

On the leeward side of the building, the maximum outward pressure will be produced on the
cladding, due to the combination of GC p acting outward (negative sign) and GC pi also acting
outward (positive sign).
q
qi
(GC p)
(GC pi )
=
=
=
=
q h , or 120 ft
q h , or 120 ft
-1.7 (Figure 30.6-1)
0.18 (Table 26.11-1).
p = q (GC p ) qi (GC pi )
p = q z (GC p ) qh (GC pi )
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p (28.78 K h ) G C pi
These values are shown in the spreadsheet of Table 8 below. The maximum outward
pressure is the sum of -50.88 psf on the outside plus 5.39 psf on the inside, for a total of
56.27 psf acting outward.
Table 8 Spreadsheet for Components and Cladding pressures, leeward side of Example 2
Maximum Outward Pressure (leeward wall)

External Pressure
Internal Pressure
Building
Height,
h
120
Height
above
Ground, z
120
Kh
qh
1.04 29.93
GC p
-1.7
p outside
Kh
qh
-50.88 1.04 29.93
GC pi
0.18
inside
5.39
Total
p total
-56.27
The cladding must therefore be designed for a pressure of 30.8 lb/ft2 acting inward, and 56.3
lb/ft2 acting outward.
41
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
Design earthquake loads are calculated according to Section 1613 of the 2012 IBC. That section
essentially references ASCE 7-10. Seismic design criteria are given in Chapter 11 of ASCE 7-10.
The seismic design provisions of ASCE 7-10 begin in Chapter 12, which prescribes basic
requirements (including the requirement for continuous load paths) (Section 12.1); selection of
structural systems (Section 12.2); diaphragm characteristics and other possible irregularities (Section
12.3); seismic load effects and combinations (Section 12.4); direction of loading (Section 12.5);
analysis procedures (Section 12.6); modeling procedures (Section 12.7); and specific design
approaches. Four procedures are prescribed: an equivalent lateral force procedure (Section 12.8); a
modal response-spectrum analysis (Section 12.9); a simplified alternative procedure (Section 12.14);
and a seismic response history procedure (Chapter 16). The equivalent lateral-force procedure is
described here, because it is relatively simple, and is permitted in most situations. The simplified
alternative procedure is permitted in only a few situations. The other procedures are permitted in all
situations, and are required in only a few situations.
Background on Earthquake Loading

The basic approach to earthquake design is to idealize a building as a single-degree-of-freedom
system that is, a system whose configuration in space can be defined using a single variable
(Figure 7):
ug (t )
Figure 7 Idealized single-degree-of-freedom system

The equation of equilibrium for this system is
Mu + 2Mu + 2 Mu = Mug (t )
where:

M
K
=
=
=
=
=
=
relative acceleration
relative velocity
relative displacement
ground acceleration
mass
stiffness
42
=
=
K /M
equivalent viscous damping coefficient, whose value is chosen so that the energy
dissipation of the system in the elastic range will be similar to that of the original
structure.
For a given ground motion, the solution to the above equation can be calculated step by step using
computer programs. The response of a structure depends on the strength of the ground motion, and
also on the relationship between the characteristic frequencies of ground motion, and the frequency of
the structure.
Of particular interest are the maximum values of the seismic response, which can be graphed in the
form of a response spectrum, whose ordinates indicate the maximum response as a function of the
period of vibration of the structure. For example, the acceleration response spectrum gives the values
of absolute acceleration (which can be multiplied by mass to give the maximum inertial forces that act
on the structure) in terms of period. An example of an acceleration response spectrum smoothed for
use in design is given in Figure 8.
Sa, g
T, sec
Figure 8 Acceleration response spectrum, smoothed for use in design
Using a response spectrum, the maximum response of a structure can be calculated for a particular
earthquake, with little effort. Such response spectra, smoothed as shown above, can be used to
calculate design forces as part of the process of seismic design.
In modern design codes, these design spectra are modified to address the effects of inelastic response,
structural over-strength, and multi-modal response.
Determine Seismic Ground Motion Values

1)
Determine S S , the mapped MCE (maximum considered earthquake), 5-percent damped,

spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods as defined in Section 11.4.1 of
ASCE 7-10, at the USGS Web site at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps, or through the
SEI Web site at http://content.seinstitute.org.
2)
Determine S 1 , the mapped MCE, 5-percent damped, spectral response acceleration

parameter at a period of 1 second as defined in Section 11.4.1.
43
3)
Determine the site class (A through F, a measure of soil response characteristics and soil
stability) in accordance with Section 20.3 and Table 20.3-1.
4)
Determine the risk-targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE R ) spectral response

acceleration for short periods (S MS ) and at 1 second (S M1 ), adjusted for Site Class effects,
using Equations 11.4-1 and 11.4-2 respectively.
5)
Determine the design response acceleration parameter for short periods, S DS , and for a 1second period, S D1 , using Equations 11.4-3 and 11.4-4 respectively.
6)
If required, determine the design response spectrum curve as prescribed by Section 11.4.5.
Determine Seismic Base Shear using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
7)
Determine the structures importance factor, I, and occupancy category using Section 11.5.
8)
Determine the structures Seismic Design Category using Section 11.6.
9)
Calculate the structures seismic base shear using Sections 12.8.1 and 12.8.2.
Distribute Seismic Base Shear Vertically and Horizontally

10)
Distribute seismic base shear vertically using Section 12.8.3.
11)
Distribute seismic base shear horizontally using Section 12.8.4.
Now lets discuss each step in more detail, combining with an example for Charleston, South
Carolina.
Step 1:
Determine S S , the mapped MCE R (risk-targeted maximum considered

earthquake), 5-percent damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at
short periods as defined in Section 11.4.1.
Step 2:
Determine S 1 , the mapped MCE R , 5-percent damped, spectral response

acceleration parameter at a period of 1 second as defined in Section 11.4.1.
Determine the parameters S s and S 1 from the 0.2-second and 1-second spectral response maps shown
in Figures 22-1 through 22-6 of ASCE 7-10.
With the exception of some parts of the western US (where design earthquakes have a deterministic
basis), those maps generally correspond to accelerations with a 2-percent probability of exceedance
within a 50-year period. The earthquake associated with such accelerations is sometimes described
as a 2500-year earthquake. To see why, let p be the unknown annual probability of exceedance of
that level of acceleration:
44
The probability of exceedance in a particular year is:
The probability of non-exceedance in a particular year is:
The probability of non-exceedance in 50 consecutive years is:
The probability of exceedance within a 50-year period is:
Solve for p , the annual probability of exceedance. Set the

probability of exceedance within the 50-year period equal to
the given 2%:
(1 p )
(1 p )50
[1 (1 p ) ]
50
[1 (1 p ) ] = 0.02
50
(1 p )50 = 0.98
p = 1 0.98
( 150 )
p = 4.04 10 4
The return period is the reciprocal of the annual probability of
exceedance:
1 = 2475
p
The approximate return period is:
2500 years
45
46
47
48
49
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps).
Step 3:
Determine the site class (A through F, a measure of soil response characteristics

and soil stability) in accordance with Section 20.3 and Table 20.3-1.
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool. In our case, Site Class D is assumed.
50
Step 4:
Determine the MCE spectral response acceleration for short periods (S MS ) and
at 1 second (S M1 ), adjusted for Site Class effects, using Equations 11.4-1 and
11.4-2 respectively.
S MS = Fa S s
(11.4-1)
S M 1 = Fv S1
(11.4-2)
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool.
51
The maximum considered short-period response acceleration and the maximum considered 1-second
response acceleration are provided in the detailed output from the USGS on-line calculation tool:
Step 5:
Determine the design response acceleration parameter for short periods, S DS ,

and for a 1-second period, S D1 , using Equations 11.4-3 and 11.4-4 respectively.
The design response acceleration is two-thirds of the maximum considered acceleration:
S DS =
(11.4-3)
S D1
(11.4-4)
2
S MS
3
2
= SM1
3
With the exception of some parts of the western US (where design earthquakes have a deterministic
basis), these design spectral ordinates correspond to an earthquake with a 10-percent probability of
exceedance within a 50-year period. Such an earthquake is sometimes described as a 500-year
earthquake. To see why, let p be the unknown annual probability of exceedance of that level of
acceleration:
The probability of exceedance in a particular year is:
The probability of non-exceedance in a particular year is:
The probability of non-exceedance in 50 consecutive years is:
The probability of exceedance within a 50-year period is:
52
(1 p )
(1 p )50
[1 (1 p ) ]
50
Solve for p , the annual probability of exceedance. Set the

probability of exceedance within the 50-year period equal to
the given 10%:
[1 (1 p ) ] = 0.10
50
(1 p )50 = 0.90
p = 1 0.90
( 150 )
p = 2.10 10 3
The return period is the reciprocal of the annual probability of
exceedance:
1 = 475
p
The approximate return period is:
500 years
The design response acceleration and the design 1-second response acceleration are provided in the
detailed output from the USGS on-line calculation tool:
Step 6:
If required, determine the design response spectrum curve as prescribed by

Section 11.4.5.
Because the equivalent lateral force procedure is being used, the response spectrum curve is not
required. Nevertheless, for pedagogical completeness, it is developed here.
First, define T0 0.2
S D1
S
and TS D1 .
S DS
S DS
Then for our case,
T0 0.2
TS
0.40 g
S D1
= 0.103 sec
= 0.2
S DS
0.78 g
S D1 0.40 g
= 0.513 sec
=
S DS 0.78 g
For periods less than or equal to T 0 , the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given
by Equation 11.4-5:
53

T
S a = S DS 0.4 + 0.6
T0
(11.4-5)
For periods greater than T 0 and less than or equal to T S , the design spectral response
acceleration, S a , is equal to S DS .
For periods greater than T S and less than or equal to T L (from Figures 22-15 through 22-20),
the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given by Equation 11.4-6. In our case, T L =
8 seconds.
Sa =
S D1
T
(11.4-6)
For periods greater than T L , the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given by
Equation 11.4-7:
Sa =
S D1 TL
T2
(11.4-7)
The resulting design acceleration response spectrum is given in Figure 9.
54
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM FOR CHARLESTON, SC

Site Class D (Stiff Soil)
0.9
Response acceleration, g
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Period, sec
Figure 9 Design acceleration response spectrum for example problem
Step 7:
Determine the structures importance factor, I, and occupancy category using

Section 11.5.
Assume that the structure is assigned an Occupancy Category II. This corresponds to an Importance
Factor of 1.0.
55
Step 8:
Determine the structures Seismic Design Category using Section 11.6.
Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2 of ASCE 7-10 (reproduced here as Table 9 and Table 10, respectively) must
be checked, and the higher seismic design category from those two tables applies.
Table 9 Seismic design category based on short period response acceleration parameter (Table
11.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
Table 10 Seismic design category based on 1-s period response acceleration parameter (Table 11.62 of ASCE 7-10)
In our case, S DS is 0.78, and S D1 is 0.40. Because S DS exceeds 0.50 (Table 11.6-1), and S D1 exceeds
0.20 (Table 11.6-2), the structure is assigned to Seismic Design Category D.
Step 9:
Calculate the structures seismic base shear using Sections 12.8.1 and 12.8.2.
Step 10:
Distribute seismic base shear vertically using Section 12.8.3.
Step 11:
Distribute seismic base shear horizontally using Section 12.8.4.
56
These last three steps are structure-dependent. They depend on the seismic response modification
coefficient assigned to the structural system, on the structures plan structural irregularities, on the
structures vertical structural irregularities, and on the structures redundancy.
Plan structural irregularities include:

o
o
o
o
plan eccentricities between the center of mass and the center of stiffness;
re-entrant corners;
out-of-plane offsets; and
non-parallel systems.
These can increase seismic response.

Vertical structural irregularities include:
o
o
o
o
o
stiffness irregularity;
mass irregularity;
vertical geometric irregularity;
in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting elements;
discontinuity in capacity weak story.
These can also increase seismic response.
Structures with low redundancy have a higher probability of failure, which is compensated for by
increasing design seismic forces.
The above characteristics depend on the particular building, and are not addressed further here. They
are addressed in an example problem at the end of this set of course notes.
57
SUMMARY OF STRENGTH DESIGN PROVISIONS OF 2011 MSJC CODE
Later in these lectures, the strength design of masonry elements is discussed in detail. In this section,
strength design provisions are summarized.
Strength Loading Combinations from Section 2.3.2 of ASCE 7-10

Strength loading combinations from Section 2.3.2 of ASCE 7-10 are repeated below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (L r or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6 (L r or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5 (L r or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E
Strength-reduction Factors from 2011 MSJC Code, Section 3.1.4

Strength-reduction factors, taken from Section 3.1.4 of the 2011 MSJC Code, are summarized in Table
11.
Table 11 Strength-reduction factors (taken from Section 3.1.4 of the 2011 MSJC Code)
Combination of Actions
anchor bolts, strength controlled by steel
anchor bolts, strength controlled by masonry breakout, crushing or
pryout
anchor bolts, strength controlled by pullout
bearing
combinations of flexure and axial load in unreinforced masonry
Strength-reduction
Factor
0.90
0.50
0.65
0.60
0.60
combinations of flexure and axial load in reinforced masonry
0.90
shear
0.80
58
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of panel walls are summarized in Table 12.
Table 12 Summary of steps for strength design of unreinforced panel walls (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
For most boundary conditions, assume all load will be taken by the
vertical strip in the interior wythe.
Check that strip for maximum stresses. Because axial stresses are zero,
maximum compressive stress will not govern, nor will axial capacity
reduced by slenderness effects. Because masonry is unreinforced,
maximum tensile stresses will govern. So only tensile stresses need to
be checked.
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Code Table 3.1.8.2.1
Specification Table
Table 2
Check one-way shear (usually will not govern)
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
1,
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of unreinforced bearing walls are summarized
in Table 13.
Table 13 Summary of steps for strength design of unreinforced bearing walls (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Check typical vertical strip Code 3.1.4
for slenderness-dependent axial capacity, maximum compressive stresses, Code 3.2.2
and maximum tensile stresses.
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
59
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of unreinforced bearing walls are summarized
in Table 14.
Table 14 Summary of steps for strength design of unreinforced shear walls (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check in-plane flexural capacity
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Table 2
Check in-plane shear capacity
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
Verify ability of roof diaphragm to transfer horizontal reactions to shear

walls.
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Reinforced Beams and Lintels

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced beams and lintels are
summarized in Table 15.
Table 15 Summary of steps for strength design of reinforced beams and lintels (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check that depth is sufficient to ensure that shear can be resisted by Code 3.1.4
masonry alone, without shear reinforcement.
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Table 2
Compute required flexural reinforcement, approximating internal lever Code 3.1.4
arm as 0.9d. Revise if necessary.
M n As f y 0.9 d
Code 3.3.2
Check nominal moment versus cracking capacity.

Check maximum reinforcement.
Code 3.3.4.2.2.2
Code 3.3.3.5
60
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Reinforced Curtain Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced curtain walls are summarized in
Table 16.
Table 16 Summary of steps for strength design of reinforced curtain walls
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
All load must be taken by horizontal strips. Check that strip for stresses.
Usually, reinforcement will be needed.
Estimate required reinforcement using jd = d -d, then re-calculate if Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.2
necessary:
Specification
'
Table 2
M = A f (d d )
n
Table
1,
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Reinforced Bearing Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced bearing walls are summarized in
Table 17.
Table 17 Summary of steps for strength design of reinforced bearing walls
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Verify ability of roof Code 3.1.4
diaphragm to transfer horizontal reactions from those strips. Check Code 3.3.2
typical vertical strip for stresses using column interaction diagram.
Table 2
Check one-way shear out of plane (usually will not govern)
61
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Summary of Steps for Strength Design of Reinforced Shear Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced shear walls are summarized in
Table 18.
Table 18 Summary of steps for strength design of reinforced shear walls (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check for in-plane flexure plus axial loads.
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Check maximum reinforcement.
Code 3.3.3.5
Table 2
Check in-plane shear capacity.
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2

walls.
62
SUMMARY OF ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN PROVISIONS OF 2011 MSJC CODE

Later in these lectures, the allowable-stress design of masonry elements is discussed in detail. In this
section, allowable-stress design provisions are summarized.
Allowable-stress Loading Combinations from Section 2.4.1 of ASCE 7-10
Allowable-stress loading combinations from Section 2.4.1 of ASCE 7-10 are repeated below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6a.
6b.
7.
8.
D
D+L
D + (L r or S or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (L r or S or R)
D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.6W) + 0.75 (L r or S or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.7E) + 0.75S
0.6D + 0.6W
0.6D + 0.7E
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced panel walls are
Table 19 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced panel walls (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
For most boundary conditions, assume all load will be taken by the
vertical strip in the interior wythe.
Check that strip for stresses. Because axial stresses are zero, (f a /F a ) Code 2.2.3.1(c)
will always be zero, and buckling will never govern. Because masonry Code Table 2.2.3.2
is unreinforced, tensile stresses will govern. So only tensile stresses
need to be checked.

fv =
Code Equation 2-20

Code 2.2.5
VQ 3 V
=
2A
In b
n
63
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced bearing walls are
Table 20 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced bearing walls (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Check typical vertical strip
for compressive stresses. Use unity equation:
Code Equation 2-14
f a fb
+
1
Fa Fb
F a depends on slenderness and f m . F b is (1/3) f m .
Code Equations 2-16, 217

Table 2
Code Equation 2-18
Check that strip for tensile stresses.
Code Table 2.2.3.2
Check that strip for buckling.
Code Equation 2-19

VQ 3 V
fv =
=
2A
In b
n
Code Equation 2-20

Code 2.2.5
64
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced bearing walls are
Table 21 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of unreinforced shear walls (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check for in-plane shear

fv =
Code Equation 2-20

Code 2.2.5
Table 2
VQ 3 V
=
2A
In b
n

walls.
Check for in-plane flexure plus axial loads

Mc P
ft =
Ft
I
A
Code 2.2.3.2
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Beams and Lintels

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for allowable-stress design of reinforced beams and lintels are
Table 22 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of reinforced beams and lintels (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check that depth is sufficient to ensure that shear can be resisted by Code 2.3.5
masonry alone, without shear reinforcement.
Table 2
Compute required flexural reinforcement, approximating internal lever

arm as 0.9d. Revise if necessary.
7
M As Fs d
8
Code 2.3.2
65
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Curtain Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for allowable-stress design of reinforced curtain walls are
Table 23 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of reinforced curtain walls (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
All load must be taken by horizontal strips. Check that strip for stresses.
Usually, reinforcement will be needed.
Estimate required reinforcement using k = 3/8, j = 7/8, then calculate k
and j and check:
Mo
As jd
f s Fs
fs =
2M o
jkbd 2
f m Fm
Code 2.3.3.2.2
Code 2.3.2
Specification Table
Table 2
fm =
Allowable stress in masonry is (1/3) f m
fv =
V
Anv
Code Equation 2-24

Code 2.3.6.1
66
1,
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Bearing Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced bearing walls are summarized in
Table 24.
Table 24 Summary of steps for allowable-stress design of reinforced bearing walls (2011 MSJC
Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Verify ability of roof Code 2.3.2
diaphragm to transfer horizontal reactions from those strips. Check Code 2.3.3
typical vertical strip for stresses using column interaction diagram.
Code 2.3.4
Code 2.3.5
Allowable stress in masonry is (1/3) f m
Table 2
fv =
V
Anv
Code Equation 2-20

Code 2.3.6
Summary of Steps for Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Shear Walls

Using the 2011 MSJC Code, steps for strength design of reinforced shear walls are summarized in
Table 25.
Table 25 Summary of steps for strength design of reinforced shear walls (2011 MSJC Code)
Design Step
2011 MSJC Reference
Check for in-plane shear
fv =
Code Equation 2-24
V
Anv
Code 2.3.6

walls.
Table 2
Check for in-plane flexure plus axial loads. See Reinforced Bearing Code 2.3.2
Walls above.
Code 2.3.3
Code 2.3.4
Code 2.3.5
Table 2
67

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INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF DESIGN LOADING USING THE 2012

gravity loads (dead load and live load)

These loads are used in many design examples in subsequent lectures.

The legally adopted building code is assumed to be the 2012 IBC.

The 2012 IBC references ASCE 7-10.

Dead Load according to ASCE 7-10

Corridors, except as otherwise indicated

Table 2 Table 4-2 of ASCE 7-10

Example of Floor Live-load Reduction according to ASCE 7-10

The lower limit of 0.50 does not govern, and

Example of a Wall Live-load Reduction according to ASCE 7-10

The 0.40 limit governs, and

WIND LOADING ACCORDING TO THE 2012 IBC

We are interested in two types of wind loads.

Directional Procedure for buildings of all heights as specified in Chapter 27;

Section 26.1.2.2: Components and Cladding (C&C)

Analytical Procedures provided in Parts 1 through 6, as appropriate, of Chapter 30; or

The six analytical procedures are as follows (Section 30.1.1):

Part 1 is applicable to an enclosed or partially enclosed:

Part 2 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed:

Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2)

Part 3 is applicable to an enclosed or partially enclosed:

Part 4 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed

SUMMARY OF DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE OF ASCE 7-10 FOR MWFRS LOADS

Now lets discuss each step in more detail:

Refer to Figure 3 (adapted from Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).

Dallas - Fort Worth

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

The Gust Effect Factor, G, is defined in Section 26.9 of ASCE 7-10.

Enclosure classification is defined in Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-10, and additional

open buildings have each wall at least 80% open 0.80

total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure

partially enclosed buildings satisfy:

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure q z or q h using Equation 27.3-1

wind directionality factor defined in Section 26.6

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, C p or C N

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface

Eq. 27.4-1 for rigid buildings

q z for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;

Example 1 (Wind Loading on Main Wind Force-Resisting System)

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

Exposure category, see Section 26.7

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure q z or q h using Equation 27.3-1

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface

q z for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;

On the leeward side of the building,

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -11.45

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -22.90

0.85 -0.5 -12.72 -11.45

SUMMARY OF PART 3 OF ASCE 7-10 FOR C&C LOADS

Step 1: Determine risk category, see Table 1.5-1

Refer to Figure 5 (adapted from Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).

Dallas - Fort Worth

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

The Gust Effect Factor, G, is defined in Section 26.9 of ASCE 7-10.

Enclosure classification is defined in Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-10, and additional