ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thanks my

chemistry teacher
Mr. Thakur for his consent
guidance, motivation,
moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude
towards the success of this
project.
I would also like to thank the
principal and the
institution for providing the
necessary materials.
I would also like to extend my
gratitude towards the

lab attendant, my parents and

everyone who has helped
me in completing the project
successfully.
Aditya
kumar

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ADITYA
KUMAR of class XII has
successfully completed the
investigatory project on :PREPARATION OF SOAP &
DETERMINING FOAMING CAPACITY OF
DIFFERENT SOAPS ,
under the guidance of Mr. U.M.
Thakur .
This project is absolutely genuine
and doesnt involve in any kind of
plagiarism.
This is in partial fulfillment of
Chemistry practical examination
2016-17 .

Department of
Chemistry
LOYOLA

Introduction
What are Oils & Fats ?
Alcohol or alkanols may be
considered as hydroxyl derivatives
of saturated hydrocarbons or
alkenes represented by general
formula R-OH group.
All alcohol contains the hydroxyl
group (-OH) group as the functional
group, which determine the general
properties of family. The remaining
part, i.e., other than the (-OH)
group is called the hydrocarbon
structure.
Alcohols are classified as mono, diand trihydric alcohols according to
the number of hydroxyl groups
contained in their molecules.

Oils are liquids at ordinary

temperatures while fats are solids.
Oils and fats are the
trimesters of glycerol with various
long chain organic acids, both
saturated and unsaturated.

What are Soaps ?

Soaps are mixture of sodium or
potassium salts of higher fatty acids
such as stearic acids, palmitic acids,
oleic acid. They are usually obtained
by the hydrolysis of oils and fats
with sodium or potassium hydroxide
(alkali hydrolysis).
The alkali hydrolysis of oils and fats
are known as Saponification.

The sodium soaps are generally hard

in consistency and are known as
Hard Soaps. The Potassium Soaps,
on the other hand, are soft and more
soluble. Shaving creams, shampoos,
etc., are all Potassium Soaps.

Experiment
OBJECTIVE
To compare the soap prepared with
the market soap by determining
their foaming capacity and cleaning
effect.

APPARATUS
Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml
test tubes, 100ml measuring
cylinder, test tube stand, weight box
and stop watch.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Five different samples of soap,
and distilled water.

THEORY
The foaming capacity of soap
depends upon the nature of soaps
and its concentration. This may be
compared by shaking equal volumes

of the solutions of the different

samples of soaps having the same
concentration with the same force
and for same period of time. The
solutions are allowed to stand when
the foam produced during shaking
disappears gradually. The time taken
for the foam to disappear in each
sample is determined.
The longer the time taken for
disappearance of foam in the given
sample of soap, grater is its foaming
capacity or cleansing capacity.

PROCEDURE

1. Take five 100ml conical flasks

and number them as 1,2,3,4,5.
Put 50ml of distilled water in
each of conical flasks and add
5gm of soap shavings of
different soap samples to each
flask.
2. Warm the contents of each flask
to get a clear solution.
3. Take five 20ml test tubes and
label them as 1,2,3,4,5. Now add
1ml of soap solution from each
conical flask to the
corresponding test tube.
4. Close the mouth of test tube
number 1 with your thumb and
shake its contents vigorously for
1 minute.

5. Repeat the same procedures for

test tubes 2,3,4,5 shaking each
time with the same force and for
same time.

OBSERVATIONS
Amount of each soap sample taken =
5.0 gm
Volume of distilled water added to
each soap sample= 50ml
Test
table
Numb
er

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name of
the
soap
sample

Ghari
Surf
excel
Wheel
Tide
plus
Dove

Volume of Volume
soap
of water
solution
added
added

Time of
disappea
rance

1.0ml
1.0ml

10.0ml 1142
10.0ml 328

1.0ml
1.0ml

10.0ml 510
10.0ml 1532

1.0ml

10.0ml 940

CONCLUSION
The foaming capacity and
hence the cleansing capacity
of different samples of soaps
are in the order :-

Bibliography

 Text book of class 12th

chemistry
http://www.google.co.in
http://www.wikipedia.or
g
http://www.slideshare
.net