AP Human Geography

Chapter 8 Study Guide (Part 3)

Urban Dynamics
1. What 2 government agencies have contributed greatly to the
decentralization of American cities and the transformation of
residential areas?

2. What was the purpose of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?

3. How did new fully guaranteed home loans make it possible for more
people to purchase homes?

4. What other government agency began issuing similar loans to

returning soldiers after WWII?

5. Did these agency guarantee every home loan?

6. How did these agencies determine which loans they would back and
which they wouldnt?

7. What neighborhoods received the lowest grades?

8. What were government neighborhood appraisers specifically instructed

to take into account regarding racial and social make-up of
neighborhoods?

9. What did this discriminatory rating system become known as?

10.
What type of homes were particularly supported by FHA and VA
loans?

11.

How did this impact where people lived in urban areas?

12.

Define blockbusting.

13.
How did blockbusting and redlining contribute to racial
segregation in urban areas?

14.
Between 1960 and today, how much has the population of St.
Louis declined?

15.

What distinction had the city of St. Louis been given by 1980?

16.
By the 1940s, what did many city officials deem to be an urban
blight?

17.
How did city officials in many urban areas propose to deal with
this problem?

18.

What did this process become known as?

19.
What federal law gave city officials the means with which to take
over these properties?

20.

Explain eminent domain.

21.
Is the government required to pay for the property? If so, how
much?

22.
After the existing structures are destroyed, what does the
government typically do with the land?

23.
What negative consequence did urban redevelopment
create?

24.

How did city officials try to solve this dilemma?

25.
What form did this take in urban areas during the 1950s and
1960s?

26.

What problems arose with this type of housing (list both)?

27.
In what way does gentrification differ from urban
redevelopment?

28.
How can gentrification serve as a centralizing force in urban
areas?

29.
What groups typically participate in gentrification (List at
least 2)?

30.

List the pros and cons of gentrification?

31.

When does sprawl occur?

32.

What does it mean to urbanize land?

33.

What type of land use does sprawl often lead to?

34.

What forms does it typically take (list at least 2)?

35.

What are exurbs?

36.

What infrastructural costs are often associated with sprawl?

37.

How do city governments offset these costs?

38.

How has sprawl increased peoples dependence on automobiles?

39.
What environmental consequence (other than air pollution) has
resulted from this?

40.
What area of the U.S. was particularly impacted by sprawl in the
late 1990s and early 2000s (general region)?

41.
What impact has the recession of 2007-2008 and the subsequent
decline in the housing market had on sprawl in urban areas of the U.S.?

42.
What 4 conditions are associated with urban poverty (condense
as much as you can)?

43.
Until the year 2000, where was most urban poverty
concentrated?

44.

How has it changed since 2000?

45.
What 2 factors have contributed to this shift (condense as much
as possible)?

46.
Cities in what region of the country have seen the greatest
increase in the urban poor since 2000?

47.
How much did urban poverty nationwide increase between 20012011?

48.

What region of the world has the highest levels of urban poverty?

49.

What has made urban poverty highly visible in these countries?

50.
How many people globally are considered to be living in
slums?

51.
What region of the world has the highest percentage of its
population living in slums?

52.
What sector of the economy to many of the global urban poor
work in?

53.

What type of economic activities does this sector consist of?

54.
Why is it difficult to calculate how much is produced in this sector
of the economy?

55.

Why does this sector of the global economy even exist?

56.
Give at least 2 examples of jobs that are available in the
informal sector.

57.

Why are slums considered a type of informal settlement?

58.
What is a more accurate term for slums that are developed
illegally?

59.
What terms are used to describe such areas in Brazil, Turkey and
Malaysia?
60.
How much is it estimate it would cost to upgrade slum dwellings
of 100 million people?

61.
What approach often fails to alleviate the problem of slum
development?

62.

Why does this approach not work?

63.

What approach has shown a record of success in slum areas?

64.

How is microfinancing and example of this strategy?

65.
What is included in urban planning (you can bullet this if it is
easier)?

66.
What are the 3 broad categories for zoning that urban planners
use?

67.
Why did past zoning theory lead to complete separation of
residential, commercial and industrial areas?

68.

What has been a criticism of this type of exclusive zoning?

69.

What arguments do proponents of new urbanism make?

70.

What are new urbanisms 2 main goals?

71.

What strategy has been utilized to achieve these goals?

72.

How does mixed-use development work?