Welcome to Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by

the Ignition Method.

Throughout this module, you will be able to move to the next screen or review a
prior screen by selecting one of the small directional arrows in the control bar
located in the corner of your screen. You can also use the Back and Continue
buttons on the bottom of the screen.
A printer-friendly version of the course slides can be downloaded by selecting the
paperclip icon in the lower section of the control bar. Only the slides for the module
open are available. If the control bar is minimized, expand it in order to view the
paperclip icon.
You can expand or collapse this control bar by selecting the icon which looks like a
movie camera on the right below the directional arrows. When selected, the icon
opens a pane on the right side of the screen that contains tabs to access the course
outline, narration text, and a search function.
Select the designated tab to view the course outline or narration or to search on a
topic. Before moving into more of the training, you may take a moment to review the
navigation features of this module by selecting the Help link on your left.

Knowledge checks are provided throughout the training. Respond to the knowledge
check in order to verify your understanding of the material presented in the lesson.
Are you ready to get started?
a) Yes; or
b) No.
Choose an answer and select the Submit button.

Each knowledge check is followed by a debrief slide. On the debrief slide, you will
be presented with the correct answer and additional information or an explanation, if
applicable.
If you are ready to start the training, the correct answer is a) Yes.

This training explains how to perform all of the necessary set up procedures, complete the
steps in the test method, make all necessary calculations, and complete the documentation
required to determine the asphalt binder content of a given asphalt mixture by the ignition
method (AASHTO Designation: T 308).
This web-based training uses a course map to orient you to where you are in the course.
Throughout this training, use the course map to follow the sequence of topics logically
through the subject matter.
The topics you will cover in this training are:
Topic 1: Background and Purpose;
Topic 2: Test Procedure Summary;
Topic 3: Apparatus;
Topic 4: Correction Factors Determination;
Topic 5: Test Procedure;
Topic 6: Calculations; and
Topic 7: Wrap-up and Next Steps.
This training will take approximately 2 hours to complete.

This training uses five icons to direct your attention to important information. These icons
will appear in the lower left hand part of the screen when available. This additional
information will be invaluable to you as you learn how to determine the asphalt binder
content of an asphalt mixture. Please be sure to take the time to select and review the
information as it may appear on your end-of-course assessment.
The common error icon highlights important commonly observed errors that you should
avoid when performing the test method.
Selecting the video demonstration icon allows you to view a video showing an example of a
technician performing the information presented in that topic.
The interactive blackboard icon allows you to view an animated blackboard, like an
instructor writing on the board, and shows how calculations are made in different parts of
the test procedure.
The safety warning icon highlights important safety information or requirements during that
step in the test method.
Finally, the important information icon highlights important content information that should
be acknowledged and thoroughly understood.

Warning: This test method involves the use of an ignition furnace at very high
temperatures. Caution should be used when working with or near the ignition
furnace and samples.

Lets get started with Topic 1: Background and Purpose.

This topic explains why determining the asphalt binder content is important, the
major methods used to determine asphalt binder content, and the advantages and
limitations of using the ignition method.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Explain the impact that asphalt binder content can have on a pavement; and
Define the purpose of the ignition method, as well as the benefits and limitations of
the test procedure.

Asphalt mixtures are carefully engineered materials. It is important that the asproduced mixture on the road matches the Mix Design within tolerance. The asphalt
binder content in a mixture can affect the strength/stability and durability of the
pavement.

10

Too high of an asphalt binder content can result in bleeding, shoving, and rutting,
while too low of an asphalt binder content can result in raveling, segregation, or
insufficient compaction.
Select each result of incorrect asphalt binder content to view a picture and
explanation of the cause.

11

Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder fills the aggregate voids during hot weather
and then expands onto the pavement surface. Since bleeding is not reversible
during cold weather, asphalt binder will accumulate on the pavement surface over
time.
Bleeding can be caused by excessive asphalt binder in the asphalt mixture.

13

If there is too much asphalt binder and the aggregate structure is weak, during
compaction, the roller loads will simply displace, or shove the mat rather than
compact it. Shoving can also occur once the pavement has been placed, especially
in areas where vehicles stop and start suddenly, such as at intersections. In
general, the combination of asphalt binder and aggregate needs to be workable
enough to allow compaction at high temperatures but stiff enough to prevent
excessive shoving at service temperatures.

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Rutting is the occurrence of surface depression in the wheelpath. Ruts are

particularly evident after a rain when they are filled with water. Mix rutting occurs
when the subgrade does not rut yet the pavement surface exhibits wheelpath
depressions as a result of excessive asphalt binder in the mix.

15

Raveling is the progressive disintegration of an HMA layer from the surface

downward as a result of the dislodgement of aggregate particles. Raveling is
caused by a loss of bond between aggregate particles and the asphalt binder, and
can be a result of an inadequate amount of asphalt binder.

16

In general, segregation is a lack of homogeneity in the hot mix asphalt binder,

aggregates, and/or air voids of such a magnitude that there is a reasonable
expectation of accelerated pavement distress(es).
Low asphalt binder content mixes are particularly prone to segregation.

17

Asphalt binder content affects compaction. Asphalt binder lubricates

the aggregate during compaction and therefore, mixes with low asphalt content are
generally difficult to compact because of inadequate lubrication.

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The ignition furnace, used for the determination of the asphalt content of asphalt
mixtures, was developed by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) and
is commonly used for acceptance, quality control, and research testing of asphalt
mixtures. Popularity of the ignition furnace test (AASHTO T 308) has increased in
recent years due to elevated health and safety concerns associated with other test
methods, which use harmful chemicals.
The ignition furnace test procedure can reduce the time it takes to determine the
asphalt content of a test specimen by several hours as compared to other methods.

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The following are other asphalt content tests that could be conducted.
AASHTO T 164, Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA);
and
AASHTO T 287, Asphalt Content by Nuclear Method.
Lets review the benefits of AASHTO T 308 as compared to other methods. AASHTO T 308
does not require hazardous chemicals, such as trichloroethylene, which is used in AASHTO
T 164. Some of the chemicals are hazardous carcinogens. Chemicals are costly and
difficult to dispose of.
The ignition method does not contain a nuclear source, however AASHTO T 287 does.
Test results can be obtained in a few hours. Some chemical extraction methods can take
more than a day to complete.
Using the ignition method allows the recovered aggregate to be used for further testing, as
opposed to AASHTO T 287, where this is not possible.

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While the test procedure itself is straightforward, potential for errors still exist. Lets review
the limitations of AASHTO T 308.
One of the major contributors of error is the loss of fine aggregate particles in the ventilation
system during ignition, which can cause the calculated asphalt content to be greater than
the actual asphalt content.
Correction factors must be determined to account for both the difference in asphalt content
and the potential breakdown of aggregate particles. These correction factors must be
determined for each oven that is used and each mix design tested, which can be a time
consuming process.
In this method, the asphalt is burned off and cannot be recovered for further testing.
The required correction factors can be difficult to determine for mixtures that contain
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or recycled asphalt shingles (RAS).
Another concern is that the high temperature in the furnace sometimes causes breakdown
of aggregate particles. In many cases, this breakdown is significant enough to change the
aggregate gradation. The high temperatures are also hazardous to the users and
laboratory.

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Select all that apply. Which of the following pavement characteristics are affected by
the asphalt content?
a) Strength/Stability;
b) Durability; or
c) Ridges.

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The correct answers are a) Strength/Stability and b) Durability.

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Match each consequence with the asphalt content problem.

Issues include:
Raveling;
Shoving;
Bleeding;
Insufficient compaction;
Segregation; and
Rutting.
Asphalt content problems are:
a) Asphalt content too low; or
b) Asphalt content too high.

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The correct answers are:

Raveling; a) Asphalt content too low.
Shoving; b) Asphalt content too high.
Bleeding; b) Asphalt content too high.
Insufficient compaction; a) Asphalt content too low.
Segregation; a) Asphalt content too low.
Rutting; b) Asphalt content too high.

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Select all that apply. Which of the following are benefits of running AASHTO T 308
over other asphalt content determination methods?
a) Test results can be obtained within a few hours;
b) Does not use hazardous chemicals or a nuclear source;
c) Asphalt can be recovered for further testing; and
d) Aggregate can be recovered for further testing.

26

The correct answers are a, b, and d. a) Test results can be obtained within a few
hours; b) does not use hazardous chemicals or a nuclear source; and d) aggregate
can be recovered for further testing.

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Now that weve provided some background information on this test method and
explained its purpose, lets move on to Topic 2: Test Procedure Summary. This topic
briefly summarizes the ignition method test procedure to give you a frame of
reference for the rest of the course.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Understand the basic concepts behind the test procedure.

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The ignition method is a test that covers the determination of asphalt binder content
of asphalt mixtures by igniting and burning the asphalt in a furnace.
In this method, the asphalt content is calculated by subtracting the mass of
aggregate remaining after the asphalt binder is burned off from the initial mass of
the test sample.
The determined asphalt binder content is reported as a percentage of the initial
specimen mass.

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To complete the test method, you must first complete preparation activities which includes
preheating the oven and preparing the sample. Before the test results can be calculated,
you must determine correction factors. Remember, asphalt and aggregate correction
factors must be determined for each oven and each job-mix formula that is tested.
There are two methods described in AASHTO T 308 that can be used for performing the
test, Method A or Method B. For both methods, there are four basic steps to completing the
test.
Once you have completed the test method procedure, you will need to calculate the
corrected asphalt binder content percent and report the results.
If a gradation analysis of the sample is required to be performed in accordance with
AASHTO T 30, the remaining aggregate should be saved.
Now that you have an idea of what you must do to complete the ignition method, lets
review the specific test procedures in more detail. Select the Two Test Methods button to
learn about Test Method A and Test Method B, and select the Four Basic Steps button to
learn about the basic steps involved in the test method.

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Depending on your lab setup and apparatus, you will be using either Method A or
Method B. Method A is the most common and uses an ignition oven that contains an
internal balance for recording the mass of the sample continually as the test is
running.
In Method B, the ignition oven does not contain an internal balance. The sample is
weighed, burned, cooled, and weighed again successively until there is little to no
mass change between burnings.
In Topic 5: Test Procedure, you will select which Method (Method A or Method B)
you would like to review.

32

Lets review the test procedure.

First, the sample is evenly distributed into the sample baskets and then weighed.

33

Once the initial mass of the asphalt sample is determined, the sample is placed into
the furnace.

34

The asphalt binder in the asphalt mixture is ignited using the furnace equipment.
Asphalt is burned off of the sample until only the aggregate portion remains.

35

The sample is weighed again. The asphalt binder content is calculated as the
difference between the initial mass of the asphalt mixture and the mass of the
residual aggregate, with adjustments for the asphalt binder correction factor.

36

Match the statement with the asphalt determination method to which it applies.
Statements:
Sample goes through repeated cycles of ignition, cooling, and weighing;
Requires an asphalt correction factor for each job mix formula that is tested and
each oven that is used;
The ignition furnace contains an internal balance that is used to monitor the
specimen mass continually; and
Remaining aggregate may be used to perform a gradation analysis in accordance
with AASHTO T 30.
Methods:
Method A Only;
Method B Only; or
Both Method A and Method B.

37

The correct answers are as follows:

Sample goes through repeated cycles of ignition, cooling, and weighing is b)
Method B Only.
Requires an asphalt correction factor for each job mix formula that is tested and
each oven that is used is c) Both Method A and Method B.
The ignition furnace contains an internal balance that is used to monitor the
specimen mass continually is a) Method A Only.
Remaining aggregate may be used to perform a gradation analysis in accordance
with AASHTO T 30 is c) Both Method A and Method B.

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Now lets get started with Topic 3: Apparatus. This topic discusses the equipment
needed for the ignition test method and highlights specific safety equipment needed
to ensure the test is performed safely.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Identify the equipment needed to perform the test procedure for both Method A
and Method B.

39

Lets review the equipment required to perform the test method.

Select each piece of equipment for more information.

40

This test requires a forced-air ignition furnace that heats the specimen by either the
convection or direct infrared irradiation method. The convection-type furnace must
be capable of maintaining the temperature at 538C (1072F).
The furnace door should be equipped so that the door cannot be opened during the
ignition test.
The furnace should be vented into a hood or to the outside and, when set up
properly, shall have no noticeable odors escaping into the laboratory. The furnace
shall have a fan with the capability to pull air through the furnace to expedite the test
and reduce the escape of smoke into the laboratory. Most manufacturers
instructions will describe procedures for conducting a lift test (used in Method A) to
ensure the blower is operating properly.
Select the important information icon for additional information about the ignition
furnace.

42

Please note that for Method A the furnace shall also have an internal balance
thermally isolated from the furnace chamber and accurate to 0.1 g. The balance
shall be capable of weighing a 3500 g specimen in addition to the specimen
baskets.

44

The specimen basket assembly consists of the specimen basket, catch pan, and
assembly guard to secure the specimen basket, or baskets, to the catch pan.
Specimen baskets should be of an appropriate size that allows the specimens to be
thinly spread and allows air to flow through and around the specimen particles. Sets
with two or more baskets shall be nested. The specimen shall be completely
enclosed with screen mesh, perforated stainless steel plate, or other suitable
material.
The catch pan should be of sufficient size to hold the specimen basket or baskets
so that aggregate particles and melting asphalt binder falling through the screen are
caught.

45

A balance of sufficient capacity and conforming to the resolution requirement of 0.1

grams is required for obtaining the mass of the sample and of the basket assembly.

46

An oven that is capable of maintaining 110 + 5C (230 + 9F) is required to warm

the sample until it is workable.
Select the common error icon for important information.

47

One commonly seen error is that the temperature for warming the sample was not
maintained at the required temperature: 110 + 5C (230 + 9F). Ensure that the
oven is properly maintaining this temperature to avoid problems with warming the
sample.

49

Lets review the safety equipment required to perform the test method.
Select each piece of equipment for more information, and select the safety icon for
an important safety message.

50

Please note that whenever you see the safety icon in the lower left hand part of your
screen, you should select it to reveal an important safety message.
The safety icon is also used to highlight safety equipment in this topic. You will see
the safety icon next to photos of safety equipment.
More safety information can be found in the manufacturers operations manual.

52

This screen shows a face shield and gloves. A face shield, gloves, and long sleeves
are required to protect the operator from exposure to the high heat required to
perform the test.
The face shield is to protect your face from burns caused by the extreme heat and
possible flames when opening the furnace door. When opening the furnace door
after ignition, the specimen could reignite when the air goes into the furnace.
Long gloves and long sleeves will protect your arms from burns if you accidentally
touch the furnace door or side walls when placing or removing the specimen basket
assembly.
In addition to the radiant heat coming from the sample (which is very uncomfortable
on the skin), there is also the possibility that aggregate particles could pop and fly
out of the basket and contact the body, or, the sample basket could possibly get
dropped.

53

This screen shows an example of the door lock feature on the furnace. The door to
the ignition furnace must automatically lock when the ignition process is taking place
to prevent it from unintentionally opening during burn-off.
In addition, opening the chamber while the sample is burning could be quite
dangerous. This feature prevents technicians from opening the furnace while there
is a flame in the furnace. This is a vital feature to prevent fires in the laboratory.

54

A protective cage must be available to place over the sample once it has been
removed from the ignition furnace to protect people that may be working near the
sample while it cools from coming in contact with the hot surface. In addition the
countertop or surface that the sample is placed on to cool must be resistant to
damage at high temperatures.

55

Good ventilation is required, along with exhaust being properly vented to the
outside. The ignition oven must be located in an area with good ventilation and must
be provided with an exhaust that is vented into a hood or outside. This prevents
fumes from the burn-off from entering the laboratory work space during testing.
Breathing the fumes from the sample could be hazardous.
Ventilation is required to remove harmful combustion gasses from the oven, and to
protect the operator from exposure. Some manufacturers recommend a carbon
monoxide detector be installed.

56

Additional equipment, including a pan larger than the specimen basket(s) for
transferring the specimen after ignition, spatulas, bowls, and wire brushes. These
are used to transfer the sample from the baskets to a pan after ignition.
Pans are used for holding the specimen if the sample needs to be heated to a
workable state prior to testing. The bowl is used after the test for the recovered
aggregate for gradation testing. Technicians use spatulas when transferring the
specimen from the pan into the specimen basket(s). Technicians use a wire brush to
remove all material from the specimen baskets after ignition.

57

Match each image with the equipment name.

Equipment:
Ignition furnace;
Oven;
Specimen basket; and
Protective Cage.

58

The correct answers are:

b) Ignition furnace;
c) Oven;
a) Specimen basket; and
d) Protective cage.

59

Lets explore Topic 4: Correction Factors Determination. This topic explains how to
determine the two different correction factors required for the ignition method test:
the asphalt binder correction factor and the aggregate correction factor.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Understand why correction factors must be determined;
Explain how to determine the asphalt binder correction factor; and
Explain how to determine the aggregate correction factor.

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Asphalt binder and aggregate correction factors must be established by testing a set
of correction specimens for each job mix formula.
Correction factors must be determined each time a change in the mix ingredients or
design occurs. Any changes greater than 5 percent in stockpiled aggregate
proportions require a new correction factor.
Historical data or scientific studies may be used to determine the correction factor(s)
in lieu of using this testing procedure if the testing agency provides reference to the
studies/data.
Select each correction factor to learn more.

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The asphalt binder correction factor is used to ensure that the calculated asphalt
binder content is not adversely impacted by the ignition furnace, and corrects the
final calculated asphalt binder content if necessary. Depending on the results found
during asphalt binder correction factor determination, the temperature of the ignition
furnace used in the test method may change as well.
Some mixtures may have an unusually high asphalt correction factor (greater than
1.0 percent). If a convection-type furnace is used, such mixes should be corrected
and tested at a lower temperature. Each ignition furnace will have its own unique
asphalt binder correction factor.
The reasons why the asphalt content determined by the ignition oven procedure can
differ from the true asphalt content are not entirely understood. One contributing
factor is that fine, dust-sized particles can be pulled into the exhaust system,
reducing the mass of the remaining aggregate. This results in a mass loss that is
not entirely accounted for by burning off the asphalt. However, in some cases
samples can have a negative correction factor. This may be due to the interaction
between the asphalt and aggregate components of the mixture, as well as a host of
other reasons.

63

Some types of aggregate exhibit breakdown at the high temperatures that they are
subjected to in the ignition process. In addition, fine dust-sized particles can be
pulled up into the exhaust system of the furnace. If a gradation is to be performed in
accordance with AASHTO T 30, the aggregate correction factor is used to correct
the gradation results to account for the aggregate breakdown.
An aggregate correction factor must be determined for each ignition furnace when
the aggregates are known for excessive breakdown, or if the aggregates are from
an unknown source.

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How is the asphalt binder correction factor determined?

Asphalt correction factors are determined by making two laboratory-mixed samples. The
aggregate is batched out in the same proportions that are used in the job-mix formula. The
aggregate and asphalt are heated to prepare for laboratory mixing.
Before mixing the correction factor samples, a butter mix is prepared first and discarded to
condition the mixing bowl.
Then, the aggregate is added to the conditioned mixing bowl. A crater is formed in the
aggregate, and the asphalt is poured into the crater. The amount of asphalt added should
be determined as the percent of asphalt called for in the job-mix formula. The materials are
mixed together until the aggregate is thoroughly coated with the asphalt. This process is
repeated to prepare the second correction factor sample.
Both samples are then tested in the ignition furnace. The asphalt content, as determined by
the ignition oven, of both samples is calculated, and the average of the two is compared to
the known asphalt content. A correction factor is determined from the difference between
the known asphalt content and the sample average.
Select the important information icon for an important reminder regarding the asphalt binder
correction factor.

65

The remaining aggregate left over from the asphalt correction factor determination
should be saved so that it can be used for the aggregate correction factor.

67

Now that you know more about how the asphalt binder correction factor is determined, lets
review the acceptance criteria for this correction factor.
The asphalt content of the two correction samples must be within 0.15% of each other. If it
is not, repeat the test with two more samples. Discard the highest and lowest results and
determine the correction factor from the remaining two results.
If using a convection-type furnace, and the correction factor exceeds 1%, repeat the test at
482 + 5C (900 + 8F).
For the direct IR irradiation-type furnaces, the DEFAULT burn profile should be used for
most materials. The operator may select burn-profile OPTION 1 or OPTION 2 to optimize
the burn cycle. Option 1 is designed for aggregate that require a large aggregate correction
factor (greater than 1 percent)--typically very soft aggregate (such as dolomite). Option 2 is
designed for samples that may not burn completely using the DEFAULT burn profile.
Select the common error icon to review a commonly observed error.

68

Make sure that you always average the results from the two samples to determine
the correction factor. One commonly observed error is that the correction factor was
not determined by averaging the results from the two samples.

70

Lets review an example. Two samples were created and tested in the oven, with a
known asphalt content of 5.00%. The asphalt content of the first sample is 4.98%
and the second sample is 4.96%.
The results are averaged and subtracted from the known asphalt content resulting
in a correction factor.
Select the board icon to watch an explanation of how the asphalt binder correction
factor is calculated.

71

Recall that the known asphalt content is 5.00%, and the two samples had an
asphalt content of 4.98% and 4.96% respectively. To determine the correction factor,
first find the average of the two samples. To find the average, first add 4.98 + 4.96
to get 9.94. Then, divide 9.94 by 2, because there are two samples, and get the
average asphalt content of 4.97.
To determine the correction factor, take 4.97 5.00, which equals -0.03.
The correction factor is -0.03.
The negative correction factor could be due to the interaction between the asphalt
and the aggregate components of the mixture, as well as a host of other reasons.

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Lets review another example. Two samples were created and tested in the oven,
with a known asphalt content of 5.00%. The asphalt content of the first sample is
5.02% and the second sample is 5.06%.
The results are averaged and subtracted from the known asphalt content resulting
in a correction factor.
Select the board icon to watch an explanation of how the asphalt binder correction
factor is calculated.

74

Recall that the known asphalt content is 5.00%, and the two samples had an
asphalt content of 5.02% and 5.06% respectively. To determine the correction factor,
first find the average of the two samples. To find the average, first add 5.02 + 5.06
to get 10.08. Then, divide 10.08 by 2, because there are two samples, and get the
average asphalt content of 5.04.
To determine the correction factor, take 5.04 5.00, which equals 0.04.
The correction factor is 0.04.

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Please note that the aggregate correction factor is only needed if a gradation
analysis is to be performed.
So how is the aggregate correction factor determined?
To determine the aggregate correction factor, a blank aggregate specimen is
batched. Then, a gradation analysis is performed on the blank specimens and on
the asphalt content correction factor specimens. The gradation analysis is
performed in accordance with AASHTO T 30.
Finally, the difference between the percent passing of the blank and burned
specimen is compared. Subtract the percent passing for each sieve from the burned
sample from the percent passing for the blank. Determine the average difference for
the two values.
Select the Common Error icon to review a commonly observed error.

77

One common error is that records are not kept to indicate that a check was
performed to determine if aggregate correction factors should be applied. Records
should be kept of this determination, even if the results indicate that corrections do
not need to be applied to the gradation results.

79

Recall that the last step in determining the aggregate correction factor is to compare
the difference between the percent passing of blank and burned specimens.
If the average difference is greater than what is shown in the table, then an
aggregate correction factor must be applied to the test results.

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Lets go through an example of how aggregate gradation correction factors are

applied to the results of AASHTO T 30. This table shows the average difference
between the gradation of the blank specimen and the burned specimens for each
aggregate size. The highlighted sieve designation, the Number 200 sieve, is the
only sieve size that will require a correction to be applied. This is because the
percent difference is greater than the maximum allowable difference of 0.5% from
Table A2.1 in the test method.

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This table shows an uncorrected aggregate gradation performed in accordance with

AASHTO T 30. To apply the correction factor, subtract 0.6% from the percent
passing for the Number 200 sieve, 9.03%. The corrected percent passing for the
Number 200 sieve is 8.43 percent.

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Select the best answer. Mix known asphalt content was 5.00%. The average
asphalt content determined from the two correction factor samples was 4.96%.
What is the asphalt binder correction factor?
a) 0.04%;
b) -0.04%;
c) 0.03%; or
d) 0.06%.

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The correct answer is b) -0.04%.

84

Given the data below for the asphalt content determined for the two correction
factor samples, select the appropriate action.
Sample 1 6.49%
Sample 2 6.32%
a) Run two more samples and average the results of all four samples;
b) Run two more samples, discard the two lowest numbers, then average the
remaining two;
c) Run two more samples and discard the two highest numbers, then average the
remaining two;
d) Run two more samples and discard the highest and lowest numbers, then
average the remaining two.

85

The correct answer is d) Run two more samples and discard the highest and lowest
numbers, then average the remaining two.
In this case the difference between the two determinations is 0.17%, which is over
the 0.15% percent limit. If the difference between the two determinations is greater
than 0.15%, two more samples should be tested and the highest and lowest number
discarded.

86

Select the best answer. If using a convection-type furnace and the asphalt binder
correction factor exceeds 1.0%, then ___________________ .
a) Run two more asphalt binder correction factor determinations and, from the four
results, discard the high and low result; use the remaining two results to determine
the asphalt binder correction factor;
b) Lower the test temperature to 482 5C (900 8F), run two more asphalt binder
correction factors, and use these two results to determine the asphalt binder
correction factor; or
c) Raise the test temperature to 578C (1072F), run two more asphalt binder
correction factors, and use these two results to determine the asphalt binder
correction factor.

87

The correct answer is b) Lower the test temperature to 482 5C (900 8F), run
two more asphalt binder correction factors, and use these two results to determine
the asphalt binder correction factor.

88

Lets delve into the test procedure itself in Topic 5: Test Procedure. This topic
provides a detailed explanation of how to perform the ignition method test
procedure.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Describe how the ignition test is performed for either Method A, Internal Balance
Method or Method B, External Balance Method;

89

Before you get started with the test procedure, you need to prepare your sample.
The sample has been obtained in accordance with T 168 and R 47.
If the specimen is not sufficiently soft to separate with a spatula or trowel, place it in
a large, flat pan in an oven at 110 5C (230 9F) until it is workable. Do not leave
the specimen in the oven for an extended period of time. Excessive heating may
cause detrimental effects such as asphalt drain-down or oxidation.
Select the common error icon to reveal a commonly seen error related to sampling,
then select the important information icon to reveal important information about the
size of the test specimen. Select the video icon to watch a technician prepare and
quarter a sample.

90

Commonly observed errors during sampling include the following.

When quartering the sample, it is important that two opposite sections of the
quartered sample are used for the test specimen. One commonly observed error is
that only one section of the quartered sample is used for the test specimen.
While it is important to meet the minimum mass requirements for testing, it is also
important that the sample is not too large. Another commonly observed error is that
the mass of the test specimen is more than 500 grams greater than the minimum
required specimen mass.

92

Lets review some important information about sampling.

The size of the test specimen is based on the nominal-maximum aggregate size of
the asphalt mixture and shall meet the mass requirement shown in Table 1 of the
standard. Specimen sizes shall not be more than 500g greater than the minimum
recommended specimen mass. The nominal-maximum aggregate size is one size
larger than the first sieve to retain more than 10%.

93

Depending on the apparatus in your lab, you will either use Method A or Method B
to determine the asphalt binder content of an asphalt mixture.
Select either Method A or Method B to review the test procedure for the method that
applies to you.

94

Lets get started with Method A Internal Balance. Please note that we are about to
provide 14 quick steps that are also available in the AASHTO T 308 test method
documentation.
Step 1: Preheat the furnace.
For the convection-type furnace, preheat the ignition furnace to 538C (1000F).
Record the furnace temperature prior to the initiation of the test (if the furnace does
not record the test temperature automatically.)
For the direct infrared irradiation-type furnace, use the same burn profile as was
used during the correction factor determination.

96

Step 2: Oven dry the asphalt mixture specimen to a constant mass at a temperature
of 110 5C (230 9F) to remove any moisture from the sample before an initial
mass is determined.
Select the important information icon to learn more about this step.

97

As an alternative to drying the sample to constant mass, the moisture content of a

companion sample can be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 329. The
asphalt content can then be corrected for moisture content at the end of the test.

99

Step 3: Enter the asphalt binder correction factor into the ignition furnace for the
specific mix to be tested.
Select the important information icon to learn more about this step.

100

Rather than entering the asphalt binder correction factor in to the ignition furnace,
the correction factor may be manually recorded. If manually recorded, the correction
factor will have to be manually subtracted for the determined asphalt content at the
end of the test. If the correction factor is entered into the ignition furnace, the
corrected asphalt content will be calculated automatically.

102

Step 4: Determine and record the mass of the specimen basket assembly to the
nearest 0.1 g.

103

Step 5: The technician retrieves the specimen from the oven where it was being
warmed at 110 5C (230 9F) to become workable. Technician has the first
specimen basket on the catch pan and then places half the specimen in the basket,
making sure all material is away from the edges. She then places the second
specimen basket on top and puts the remaining specimen in the basket, again
making sure it is away from the edges. She scraps the pan and spatula, making
sure all material goes in the baskets. The technician then puts the basket lid and
assembly guard on the specimen basket assembly and allows it to cool to room
temperature.
Select the common error icon to learn about a commonly observed error in this step
of the test method.

104

One commonly observed error in this step is that care was not taken to keep
material away from the edges of the basket.

106

Step 6: Determine and record the total mass of the specimen and specimen basket
assembly at room temperature to the nearest 0.1 g.

107

Step 7: Input the initial mass of the specimen, in whole grams into the ignition
furnace controller. Verify that the correct mass has been entered.

108

Step 8: Open the chamber door, and place the specimen basket assembly in the
furnace, carefully positioning the specimen basket assembly so it is not in contact
with the furnace walls.
Select the safety icon for important safety information related to this step in the test
procedure.

109

Due to the extreme heat of the furnace, the operator should wear safety equipment
when opening the door to load or unload the specimen.
Ensure that the ignition furnace is properly vented outside or into a fume hood.

111

Step 9: Close the chamber door, and verify that the specimen mass displayed on
the furnace scale equals the total mass recorded within 5 g.
Select the common error icon to learn about a commonly seen error during this step
in the test procedure.

112

Differences greater than 5 g or failure of the furnace scale to stabilize may indicate
that the specimen basket assembly is contacting the furnace wall. If the mass
difference is greater than 5 grams and cannot be corrected, the test cannot be
continued.
The total mass of the sample, baskets, catch pans, and basket guards was not
compared to the displayed mass on the furnace balance.

114

Step 10: Initiate the test by pressing the start/stop button. This operation will lock
the specimen chamber and start the combustion blower.

115

Step 11: Allow the test to continue until the stable light and audible stable indicator
indicate the test is complete. The ignition furnace will continue to monitor the
change in mass and will record the mass on the printed ticket once every minute.
The stable light and audible indicator will sound when the change in mass does not
exceed 0.01 percent for 3 consecutive minutes.

116

Step 12: Press the start/stop button. This operation will unlock the specimen
chamber and cause the printer to print out the test results.
Select the common error icon to learn about a commonly seen error during this step
in the test procedure.

117

One commonly observed error during this step is that the ticket was unable to be
printed from the furnace.
If this occurs, consult the manufacturers instructions to troubleshoot the problem.

119

Step 13: Open the chamber door, remove the specimen basket assembly, and place
it on a cooling plate or block.

120

Step 14: Place the protective cage over the specimen basket assembly, and allow it
to cool to room temperature (approximately 30 min). After the specimen has cooled
to room temperature, determine and record the total mass of the specimen basket
assembly after ignition. Calculate and record the final mass of the specimen.
Select the safety icon to learn about an important safety consideration for this step
in the test procedure.

121

A protective cage must be used while the sample is cooling. This is done to protect
laboratory personnel from the extreme heat given off by the sample and sample
baskets while they are cooling.

123

Lets get started with Method B External Balance. Please note that we are about
to provide 11 quick steps.
Step 1: Preheat the furnace.
For the convection-type furnace, preheat the ignition furnace to 538C (1000F).
Record the furnace temperature prior to the initiation of the test.
For the direct infrared irradiation-type furnace, use the same burn profile as used
during the correction factor determination.

124

Step 2: Oven dry the asphalt mixture specimen to a constant mass at a temperature
of 110 5C (230 9F) to remove any moisture from the sample before an initial
mass is determined.
Select the important information icon to learn more about this step.

125

As an alternative to drying the sample to constant mass, the moisture content of a

companion sample can be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 329. The
asphalt content can then be corrected for moisture content at the end of the test.

127

Step 3: Record the asphalt binder correction factor for the specific mix to be tested.
This correction factor will be used in the calculations that are performed at the end
of the test.

128

Step 4: Determine and record the mass of the specimen basket assembly to the
nearest 0.1 g.

129

Step 5: Prepare the specimen by evenly distributing the specimen in the baskets,
taking care to keep the material away from the edges of the basket.
Select the common error icon to learn about a commonly observed error in this step
of the test method.

130

One commonly observed error in this step is that care was not taken to keep
material away from the edges of the basket.

132

Step 6: First, determine and record the total mass of the specimen and specimen
basket assembly at room temperature to the nearest 0.1 g. Calculate the initial
specimen mass as the total mass minus the mass of the specimen basket
assembly. Record the initial mass of the specimen before placing it in the furnace.

133

Step 7: Open the furnace chamber door and place the specimen basket assembly
in the furnace. Burn sample for a minimum of 45 minutes.
Select the safety icon to learn about an important safety consideration for this step
in the test procedure.

134

Due to the extreme heat of the furnace, the operator should wear safety equipment
when opening the door to load or unload the specimen.
Ignition furnace must be properly vented outside or into a fume hood.

136

Step 8: Open the chamber door and remove the specimen basket assembly. Place
it on a cooling plate or block. Place the protective cage over the assembly and allow
to cool to room temperature (approximately 30 minutes).

137

Step 9: Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1g on external balance and record the
mass.

138

Step 10: Place the sample back in furnace for at least another 15 minutes.

139

Step 11: Repeat the burning, weighing, and cooling cycle (steps 9 and 10) until the
change in mass does not exceed 0.01 percent between successive weighings.
Calculate the final mass of the specimen by subtracting the mass of the basket
assembly.

140

Lets go through an example of how to verify that the mass of the specimen and
basket assembly displayed by the internal balance on the ignition furnace matches
the mass recorded with the external balance to within +/- 5 grams.
The mass of the empty basket assembly and the mass of the specimen with the
basket assembly should be recorded.

141

The mass of the specimen and the basket assembly is the value that you will
compare to what is displayed by the ignition furnace. In this example, the mass of
the specimen and the basket assembly were recorded as 2057.5 grams.
This means that in order to meet the +/-5 gram requirement, the ignition oven
balance display must be within 2052.5 to 2062.5 grams. In this example, the mass
displayed by the ignition furnace is not within the allowable limits.

142

In the example, the specimen basket assembly may be touching the side of the
furnace wall. To correct the problem, adjust the sample basket to ensure that it is
not touching the sides of the furnace.
Check the mass again, and if the mass displayed by the furnace balance still does
not agree with the mass of the specimen and the basket assembly determined from
the balance, discontinue the test. Perform maintenance on the ignition furnace
balance in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

143

Select the best answer. For Method A, when placing the specimen basket assembly
in the furnace:
a) Quickly place in the furnace and close the door before too much heat escape;
b) Carefully position the specimen basket assembly so it is not in contact with the
furnace walls;
c) Place the basket in the furnace touching the walls; or
d) None of the above.

144

The correct answer is b) Carefully position the specimen basket assembly so it is

not in contact with the furnace walls.

145

Select the best answer. When preparing the specimen _____ the specimen in the
baskets, taking care to keep the material ______.
a) Evenly distribute; Evenly spread across the whole basket;
b) Unevenly distribute; Evenly spread across the whole basket;
c) Evenly distribute; Away from the edges of the basket; or
d) Unevenly distribute; Away from the edges of the basket.

146

The correct answer is c) Evenly distribute; Away from the edges of the basket.

147

Select the best answer. What is the minimum specimen mass required for T 308
based on the aggregate percent retained on each sieve in the sieve stack pictured
below.
a) 1200 grams;
b) 1500 grams;
c) 2000 grams; or
d) 3000 grams.

148

The correct answer is b) 1500 grams.

149

Select the best answer. Which picture best represents the way the sample should
be placed in the sample basket:
a) Sample placement 1;
b) Sample placement 2; or
c) Sample placement 3.

150

The correct answer is a) Sample placement 1.

151

Select the best answer. When should you remove the specimen from the furnace?
a) When the specimen measured mass does not exceed 0.01% of the initial
specimen mass;
b) When the specimen measured mass does not exceed 0.05% of the initial
specimen mass;
c) When the stable light and audible stable indicator indicates the test is complete;
or
d) Both a and c.

152

The correct answer is c) When the stable light and audible stable indicator indicates
the test is complete.

153

Select the best answer. During an ignition oven test, what do you do if the mix is not
soft enough to separate?
a) Chisel with a hammer to separate the mix enough to place in baskets;
b) Place in a drying oven for extended amount of time at 300F 5F (150C
5C);
c) Place in a drying oven at 230F 9F (110C 9C); or
d) None of the above.

154

The correct answer is c) Place in drying oven at 230F 9F (110C 9C).

Please note that the material should be left in the oven only long enough to soften it
to a workable condition. If left in the oven too long, loss of volatiles or asphalt draindown may occur.

155

Once youve performed the test method, its time to calculate the percent asphalt
binder content in the asphalt mixture. Well walk through how to obtain this value in
Topic 6: Calculations.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Calculate the measured (corrected) asphalt binder content percent for both
Method A and Method B;

156

Now its time to calculate the final mass of the specimen.

Using the final mass of the specimen, we will calculate the corrected asphalt binder
content (percent). There are two different ways to obtain this value, using the
printed ticket from the ignition furnace (Option 1, Method A only) or by performing
the calculations by hand (Option 2, Method A or Method B).
Select either Option 1 or Option 2 to calculate the corrected asphalt binder content
(percent).

157

Lets review Option 1, which uses the corrected asphalt binder content (percent)
from the printed ticket.
If the value from the printed ticket is not corrected, subtract the asphalt binder
correction factor. If a moisture content has been determined per T 329, subtract the
percent moisture from the asphalt binder content on the printed ticket.
Report the resultant value as the corrected asphalt binder content.

159

Lets review Option 2.

Now that the test is complete, the asphalt binder content (Pb%) is determined as follows,
using the equation from Section 8.16:
Pb% = [((Mi-Mf)/Mi)x100] CFMC
where:
Pb = the measured (corrected) asphalt binder content, percent;
Mi = the total mass of the HMA specimen prior to ignition, g;
Mf = the total mass of aggregate remaining after the ignition, g;
CF = the asphalt binder correction factor, percent by mass of HMA specimen, and;
MC = the moisture content of a companion HMA specimen, percent, as determined by
AASHTO T 329. (If the test specimen was oven dried prior to the ignition test, assume MC
= 0.)
Select the board icon to watch an explanation of how the asphalt binder content percent is
calculated.

161

Lets work through an example.

If the mass of the specimen basket assembly = 2,868.2 g, and the mass of the specimen
and specimen basket assembly before test = 4,610.4 g, then:
Mi = 4,610.4 2,868.2 = 1,742.2 g.
If the mass of the specimen and specimen basket assembly after test = 4,536.7 g, then:
Mf = 4,536.7 2,868.2 = 1,668.5 g.
Assume the asphalt binder correction factor was determined to be 0.14%.
CF = 0.14%.
We will assume that we dried the HMA test specimen to constant mass before we ran the
test, so:
MC = 0%.
Lets plug these numbers into the equation to determine the asphalt binder content.

162

Select the best answer. Given that:

Mass of the specimen basket assembly = 2868.2 g
Mass of the specimen and specimen basket assembly before test = 4610.4 g
Mass of the specimen and specimen basket assembly after test = 4536.7 g
Correction factor = -0.23 %; and
Moisture content = 0%
Determine the measured (corrected) asphalt binder content.
a) 1.83%;
b) 4.00%;
c) 4.46%; or
d) 4.65%.

163

The correct answer is c) 4.46%.

164

Now lets review testing closeout procedures in Topic 7: Wrap-up and Next Steps.
This topic explains how to conclude the test method by completing the required
documentation.
By the end of this topic, you will be able to:
Understand the final steps in completing the test procedure:
Reporting the test results; and
Preparing sample for a gradation analysis according to AASHTO T 30.

165

To complete the test procedure, you must fill out the required documentation. You
will report the following:
Test Method used, either A or B;
Corrected asphalt binder content;
Correction factor;
Temperature compensation factor (if applicable);
Specimen mass;
Moisture content (if determined, per T 329); and
Test Temperature.
If Method A is performed, attach the original printed ticket (long version) to the
report.

166

The gradation analysis is often performed in conjunction with this test, but is not
required to be performed. It is important that you save the contents of the specimen
baskets to use in performing the gradation analysis.
Allow the contents of the specimen baskets to cool to room temperature. Empty the
contents of the baskets into a flat pan, being careful to capture all material. Use a
small wire sieve brush to ensure that any residual fines are removed from the
baskets and catch pan.
Perform the gradation analysis according to AASHTO T 30.

167

Select all that apply. Which of the following are documented on the final report?
a) Calculations used to find the asphalt binder content (corrected);
b) Corrected asphalt binder content;
c) Asphalt binder correction factor; or
d) Ignition furnace maintenance schedule.

168

The correct answers are b) Corrected asphalt binder content and c) Asphalt binder
correction factor.

169

Congratulations. You have completed Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by the Ignition Method.
You are now able to explain how to perform all of the necessary set up, completion
of the test method, calculations, and documentation required to determine the
asphalt binder content of a given asphalt mixture by the ignition method (AASHTO
Designation: T 308-10).
Close this training window and the training curriculum and return to your My Training
page. You may need to log in to the National Highway Institute website to access
your My Training page.
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