Chapter 5 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

5.2

Let the symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s. Then by Eq. (5.8)
=

TC
Work
= 1
QH
TH

TC := 323.15 K

TH := 798.15 K

TC

Work := Q H 1

TH

Work = 148.78
or

QH := 250
kJ
s

Work = 148.78 kW which is the power. Ans.

QC := Q H Work

By Eq. (5.1),

kJ
s

QC = 101.22

kJ
s

Ans.

5.3 (a) Let symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s

TH := 750 K

TC := 300 K

By Eq. (5.8):

:= 1

But

Work
QH

Work := 95000 kW

TC

= 0.6

TH
QH :=

Whence

Work

QH = 1.583 10 kW Ans.
QC := Q H Work
(b) := 0.35

QH :=

4
QC = 6.333 10 kW Ans.

Work

QC := Q H Work

5.4 (a) TC := 303.15 K

Carnot := 1

TC
TH

Ans.

Ans.

QH = 2.714 10 kW
QC = 1.764 10 kW

TH := 623.15 K
:= 0.55 Carnot
97

= 0.282

Ans.

(b)

5.7

:= 0.35

Carnot :=

By Eq. (5.8),

TH :=

0.55

Carnot = 0.636

TC

TH = 833.66 K Ans.

1 Carnot

Let the symbols represent rates where appropriate. Calculate mass rate of
LNG evaporation:
3

m
V := 9000
s
molwt := 17

P := 1.0133 bar

gm
mol

mLNG :=

T := 298.15 K

P V
molwt
R T

mLNG = 6254

kg
s

Maximum power is generated by a Carnot engine, for which

Q H QC
QH
TH
Work
=
=
1=
1
QC
QC
QC
TC
TH := 303.15 K
QC := 512

TC := 113.7 K

kJ
mLNG
kg

TH

Work := Q C

TC

QC = 3.202 10 kW

Ans.

QH := Q C + Work

5.8

Work = 5.336 10 kW
QH = 8.538 10 kW

Ans.
kJ
kg K
kJ
Q = 418.4
kg

Take the heat capacity of water to be constant at the value CP := 4.184

(a) T1 := 273.15 K

T2 := 373.15 K

T2

T1

SH2O := CP ln
Sres :=

Q
T2

Q := C P ( T2 T1)

SH2O = 1.305

kJ
kg K

Sres = 1.121

kJ
kg K

98

Ans.

Stotal := SH2O + Sres

Stotal = 0.184

kJ
kg K

Ans.

(b) The entropy change of the water is the same as in (a), and the total
heat transfer is the same, but divided into two halves.
Sres :=

Q
1
1

2 323.15 K 373.15 K

Stotal := Sres + SH2O

Sres = 1.208

Stotal = 0.097

kJ
kg K

kJ
kg K

Ans.

(c) The reversible heating of the water requires an infinite number of heat
reservoirs covering the range of temperatures from 273.15 to 373.15 K,
each one exchanging an infinitesimal quantity of heat with the water
and raising its temperature by a differential increment.

5.9

P1 := 1 bar
n :=

P 1 V
R T1

(a) Const.-V heating;

Q
n CV

T2 := T1 +

P2
P1

T2
T1

V := 0.06 m

n = 1.443 mol

CV :=

5
R
2

Q := 15000 J

U = Q + W = Q = n CV ( T2 T1)
3

T2 = 1 10 K

T2
P2
R ln
T1
P1

S = n C P ln

By Eq. (5.18),

But

T1 := 500 K

Whence

T2

T1

S := n CV ln

S = 20.794

(b) The entropy change of the gas is the same as in (a). The entropy
change of the surroundings is zero. Whence
Stotal = 10.794

J
K

Ans.

The stirring process is irreversible.

99

J
K

Ans.

5.10 (a) The temperature drop of the second stream (B) in either
case is the same as the temperature rise of the first stream
(A), i.e., 120 degC. The exit temperature of the second
stream is therefore 200 degC. In both cases we therefore
have:

463.15

343.15

SB := C P ln

J
mol K

SB = 6.577

7
R
2

473.15

593.15

SA := C P ln
SA = 8.726

CP :=

J
mol K

Ans.

(b) For both cases:

Stotal := SA + SB

Stotal = 2.149

J
mol K

Ans.

(c) In this case the final temperature of steam B is 80 degC, i.e., there is
a 10-degC driving force for heat transfer throughout the exchanger.
Now

463.15

343.15

SB := C P ln

353.15

473.15

J
mol K

SB = 8.512

SA := C P ln
SA = 8.726

Stotal := SA + SB

5.16 By Eq. (5.8),

Since dQ/T = dS,

J
mol K

Stotal = 0.214

T
dW
= 1
dQ
T

Ans.

J
mol K

dW = dQ T

Ans.

dQ
T

dW = dQ T dS

Integration gives the required result.

T1 := 600 K

T2 := 400 K

Q := C P ( T2 T1)

Q = 5.82 10

T := 300 K
3 J

100

mol

 T2

T1

J
mol K

S := CP ln

S = 11.799

Work := Q T S

Work = 2280

Q := Q Work

Q = 3540

Sreservoir :=

S + Sreservoir = 0

J
mol K

Ans.

J
mol

Sreservoir = 11.8

5.17 TH1 := 600 K

J
mol

Ans.
J
mol K

Ans.

Process is reversible.

TC1 := 300 K

TH2 := 300 K

For the Carnot engine, use Eq. (5.8):

TC2 := 250 K

TH1 TC1
W
=
QH1
TH1

The Carnot refrigerator is a reverse Carnot engine. W

TH2 TC2
=
Combine Eqs. (5.8) & (5.7) to get:
QC2
TC2
Equate the two work quantities and solve for the required ratio of the heat
quantities:
TC2 TH1 TC1
r :=

r = 2.5 Ans.

TH1 TH2 TC2

5.18 (a) T1 := 300K

P1 := 1.2bar

T2 := 450K

H := C p ( T2 T1)

3 J

H = 4.365 10

T2
P2
R ln
T1
P1

S := Cp ln

(b)

P2 := 6bar

3 J

H = 5.82 10

mol

S = 1.582

S = 1.484

101

mol

J
mol K

J
mol K

Ans.

Ans.

Cp :=

7
R
2

(c)

(d)

(e)

3 J

H = 3.118 10

mol
3 J

H = 3.741 10

mol
3 J

H = 6.651 10

S = 4.953

J
mol K

S = 2.618

J
mol K

S = 3.607

mol

J
mol K

5.19 The cycle is the same as is shown by Fig. 8.10 on page 298. With the
identificaitons C=1; D=2; A=3; and B=4, the efficiency is given by Eq. (A) on
page 298:
= 1

C V T4 T1

C P T3 T2

For the given data:

:= 1

5 973.15 473.15

7 1973.15 773.15

5.21 CV := C P R
:=

CP

= 0.7024

P1 := 2 bar

P2 := 7 bar

Ans.
T1 := 298.15 K

= 1.4

CV

With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.33), we get for the actual W:
1

R T1 P2

Work := 1.35

1
1 P1

But Q = 0, and W = U = CV ( T2 T1)

3 J

Work = 3.6 10
Whence

mol

T2 := T1 +

Work
CV

T2 = 471.374 K

T2
P2
R ln
T1
P1

S := CP ln

S = 2.914

102

J
mol K

Ans.

5.25 P := 4

T := 800

Step 1-2: Volume decreases at constant P.

Heat flows out of the system. Work is done on the system.
W12 = P (V 2 V1) = R ( T2 T1)
Step 2-3: Isothermal compression. Work is done on the system. Heat flows
out of the system.

P3
P3
= R T2 ln
P2
P1

W23 = R T2 ln

Step 3-1: Expansion process that produces work. Heat flows into the
system. Since the PT product is constant,
dP
= dT
P

P dT + T dP = 0

P V = R T

P dV + V dP = R dT

P dV = R dT V dP = R dT R T

(A)

dP
P

In combination with (A) this becomes

P dV = R dT + R dT = 2 R dT
P 3 = P 1

Moreover,

T1
T3

= P 1

T1
T2

1
W31 = P dV = 2 R (T1 T3) = 2 R ( T1 T2)
V
3

Q31 = U31 W31 = C V (T1 T3) + 2 R ( T1 T3)

Q31 = (C V + 2 R) ( T1 T3) = ( CP + R ) ( T1 T2)
=
CP :=

Wnet
Q in
7
R
2

W12 + W23 + W31

Q31
T1 := 700 K

T2 := 350 K
103

P1 := 1.5 bar

T1

P3 := P1

W12 := R ( T2 T1)

T2
3 J

W12 = 2.91 10

P3

P1

mol
3 J

W23 := R T2 ln

W23 = 2.017 10

W31 := 2 R ( T1 T2)

W31 = 5.82 10

Q31 := ( CP + R ) ( T1 T2)

Q31 = 1.309 10

:=

mol
3 J

mol

4 J

W12 + W23 + W31

= 0.068

Q 31

5.26 T := 403.15 K

P1 := 2.5 bar

By Eq. (5.18),

S := R ln

Ans.

P2 := 6.5 bar

P2

P1

mol

S = 7.944

Tres := 298.15 K
J
mol K

Ans.

With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.26), we get for the actual W:

P2
3 J
(Isothermal compresion) Work = 4.163 10
mol
P1

Work := 1.3 R T ln
Q := Work

Q here is with respect to the system.

So for the heat reservoir, we have

Q
Tres

Sres = 13.96

J
mol K

Ans.

Stotal := S + Sres

Stotal = 6.02

J
mol K

Ans.

Sres :=

5.27 (a) ICPS 473.15 , 1373.15 , 5.699 , 0.640 10 3 , 0.0 , 1.015 105 = 6.448223
ICPS := 6.448223
104

By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy
change of 10 moles
J
Ans.
n := 10 mol
S := n R ICPS
S = 536.1
K

(b) ICPS 523.15 , 1473.15 , 1.213 , 28.785 10 3 , 8.824 10 6 , 0.0 = 20.234265

ICPS := 20.234265
By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy
change of 12 moles
n := 12 mol

S := n R ICPS

S = 2018.7

J
K

Ans.

5.28 (a) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2a to be 1374.5 K.
The entropy change for 10 moles is then found as follows

ICPS 473.15 , 1374.5 , 1.424 , 14.394 10

ICPS := 10.835459

n := 10 mol

S := n R ICPS

S = 900.86

, 4.392 10

J
K

, 0.0 = 10.835459

Ans.

(b) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2b to be 1413.8 K.
The entropy change for 15 moles is then found as follows:

ICPS 533.15 , 1413.8 , 1.967 , 31.630 10

ICPS := 21.309212

n := 15 mol

S := n R ICPS

S = 2657.5

, 9.873 10

J
K

, 0.0 = 21.309212

Ans.

(c) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2c to be 1202.9 K.
The entropy change for 18.14 kg moles is then found as follows

ICPS 533.15 , 1202.9 , 1.424 , 14.394 10

, 4.392 10

ICPS := 8.245741

n := 18140 mol

S := n R ICPS

S = 1.2436 10

6 J

105

Ans.

, 0.0 = 8.245741

5.29 The relative amounts of the two streams are determined by an energy
balance. Since Q = W = 0, the enthalpy changes of the two streams must
cancel. Take a basis of 1 mole of air entering, and let x = moles of chilled air.
Then 1 - x = the moles of warm air.
T0 := 298.15 K

Temperature of entering air

T1 := 248.15 K

Temperature of chilled air

T2 := 348.15 K

Temperature of warm air

x C P ( T1 T0) + ( 1 x) CP (T2 T0) = 0

x := 0.3

(guess)

Given

T 2 T0
x
=

1x
T 1 T0

x := Find ( x)

x = 0.5

Thus x = 0.5, and the process produces equal amounts of chilled and warmed
air. The only remaining question is whether the process violates the second
law. On the basis of 1 mole of entering air, the total entropy change is as
follows.
CP :=

7
R
2

P0 := 5 bar

P := 1 bar

T1
T2
P
+ ( 1 x) CP ln R ln
T0
T0
P0

Stotal := x CP ln

Stotal = 12.97

J
mol K

Ans.

Since this is positive, there is no violation of the second law.

5.30

T1 := 523.15 K

T2 := 353.15 K

Tres := 303.15 K

Work := 1800

CV := C P R

Q = U Work
106

P1 := 3 bar
J
mol

CP :=

P2 := 1 bar

7
R
2

Q := C V ( T2 T1) Work

Sres :=

Q
Tres

Sres = 5.718

J
mol K

3 J

Q = 1.733 10

T2
P2
R ln
T1
P1

S := CP ln

Stotal := S + Sres

S = 2.301

Stotal = 3.42

mdot := 20

T1 = 298.15 K

T2 := ( 273.15 15) K

T2 = 258.15 K

T := ( 273.15 + 30) K

T = 303.15 K

H := C P T

H = 140

T2

T1

S := CP ln

S = 0.504

By Eq. (5.28):

Wdot :=

Wdotideal
t
i := 9.7 amp
Wdotelect := i E

Wdotideal = 256.938 kW
Wdot = 951.6 kW Ans.

T := 300 K

Qdot
d t
+ SdotG = S = 0
T
dt

Wdotelect = 1.067 10 W

At steady state: Qdot + Wdotelect + Wdotmech = d U t = 0

dt

107

t := 0.27

kJ
kg K

Wdotideal := mdot H T S

Wdotmech := 1.25 hp

kg
sec

kJ
kg

Eq. (5.26):

5.34 E := 110 volt

J
mol K

J
PROCESS IS POSSIBLE.
mol K

5.33 For the process of cooling the brine:

kJ
CP := 3.5
T := 40 K
kg K
T1 := ( 273.15 + 25) K

mol

Qdot := Wdotelect Wdotmech

Qdot = 134.875 W

Qdot
T

SdotG :=

5.35 := 25 ohm

SdotG = 0.45

i := 10 amp
2

W
K

Ans.

T := 300 K
3

Wdotelect := i

Wdotelect = 2.5 10 W
Qdot + Wdotelect =

At steady state:

d t
U = 0
dt

Qdot := Wdotelect

Qdot
d t
+ SdotG = S = 0
T
dt
3

Qdot = 2.5 10 watt

5.38 mdot := 10
Cp :=

kmol
hr

7
R
2

SdotG = 8.333

T2

Cp 1
P2
dT ln
R T
P1

Cp

Cv

T2 := T1

Qdot
T

Ans.

P1 := 10bar

:=

(a) Assuming an isenthalpic process:

S
(b)
=

R
T

watt
K

T1 := ( 25 + 273.15)K
Cv := Cp R

SdotG :=

P2 := 1.2bar
7
5

T2 = 298.15 K

Ans.

Eq. (5.14)

S :=

T2
P2
7
R ln R ln
2
T1
P1

S = 17.628

(c) SdotG := mdot S

SdotG = 48.966

(d) T := ( 20 + 273.15)K

Wlost := T S
108

W
K

J
mol K

Ans.

Ans.
3 J

Wlost = 5.168 10

mol

Ans.

5.39 (a) T1 := 500K

T := 300K

P1 := 6bar

T2 := 371K

Basis: 1 mol

n := 1mol

H := n Cp ( T2 T1)

Ws := H

T2
P2
R ln
T1
P1

Eq. (5.27)

Wideal := H T S

Eq. (5.30)

Wlost := Wideal Ws

Eq. (5.39)

SG :=

Ws

Wlost
T
Wlost

(a) 3753.8J

5163J

1409.3J

(b) 2460.9J

2953.9J

493J

3063.7J

4193.7J

1130J

(d) 3853.5J

4952.4J

1098.8J

3055.4J

4119.2J

1063.8J

(e)

P1 := 2500kPa

P2

P1

S := R ln

SdotG := mdot S
Wdotlost := T SdotG

P2 := 150kPa

J
K
Ans.

Wlost = 1409.3J

Ans.

J
K

Ans.

SG
J
K
J
1.643
K
J
3.767
K
4.698

J
K
J
3.546
K
3.663

T := 300K

kJ
mol K
kJ
SdotG = 0.468
sec K
S = 0.023

Wdotlost = 140.344 kW
109

Ans.

Wideal = 5163 J

SG = 4.698

Wideal

(c)

5.41

S = 4.698

7
R
2

Cp :=

Ws = 3753.8 J

S := n Cp ln

P2 := 1.2bar

Ans.
Ans.

mdot := 20

mol
sec

5.42

QH := 1kJ

W := 0.45kJ

W
QH

actual :=

max := 1

TH := ( 250 + 273.15)K

TH = 523.15 K

TC := ( 25 + 273.15)K

TC = 298.15 K

actual = 0.45

TC

max = 0.43

TH

Since actual>max, the process is impossible.

5.43 QH := 150 kJ
TH := 550 K

5.44

QH

Q2 := 100 kJ

T1 := 350 K

T2 := 250 K

Q1

(a)

SG :=

(b)

Wlost := T SG

TH

Q1 := 50 kJ

T1

Wdot := 750 MW

(a) max := 1
QdotH :=

TC
TH

Wdot
max

Q2

SG = 0.27

T2

kJ
K

:= 0.6 max

Ans.

Wlost = 81.039 kJ

TC := ( 20 + 273.15) K

TH = 588.15 K

TC = 293.15 K

max = 0.502

Ans.

Qdot C := Qdot H Wdot

Qdot H :=

QdotC := QdotH Wdot

Wdot

(minimum value)
9

Qdot H = 2.492 10 W
3

Qdot C = 1.742 10 MW
3

m
River temperature rise: Vdot := 165
s
Cp := 1

cal
gm K

Ans.

TH := ( 315 + 273.15) K

Qdot C = 745.297 MW
(b)

T := 300 K

T :=

Qdot C
Vdot Cp
110

:= 1

(actual value)
gm
3

cm

T = 2.522 K

Ans.