Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
S.N.Mohapatra *
SOS in Earth Science
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Mohit Singh
SOS in Earth Science
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Abstract GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few
decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and
morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from
topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the
present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The
Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based
on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative
evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief
aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage
pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates
the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage
texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity
ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes
displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable
results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Keywords Drainage network, Morphometric parameters, Arc Hydro, GIS, ASTER DEM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earths surface, shape and
dimension of its landforms (Clarke 1996; Agarwal 1998; Obi Reddy et al. 2002). Morphometric studies were first
initiated in the field of hydrology and the main idea behind this work was to ascertain complete stream properties from
the quantification of various stream attributes (Horton 1940 and Strahler 1950). Hortons laws were later on modified and
developed by several geomorphologists. Most noteworthy among them are Strahler (1952, 1957, 1958, and 1964),
Schumm (1956), Scheidegger (1965), Shreve (1966), Gregory (1966), Gregory and Walling (1978).
The thematic layers required for the morphometric analysis can be prepared by using remote sensing and GIS. One of the
major advantage being the use of digital elevation data. However, the resolution of the satellite image varies with the
sensors, but the DEM provides the base for extracting the drainage network. Geographical information systems (GIS)
have been very popular for the last decades amongst the researchers to determine interprete and analyses the river basins
and related parameters. Delineation of drainage network and its parameter analysis generally emphasis the climate,
geology, geomorphology, and relief aspects of a basin. The morphometric analysis of a river basin thus provides the first
hand information to understand the geomorphology and watershed characteristics. Recently many researchers have
derived the drainage morphometric analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Some of the notable
recent researchers who have successfully utilized these tools to derive morphometric parameters are Ahmed et al. (2010),
Pareta and Pareta (2011), Hajam et al. (2013), Magesh et al. (2013), Mondal (2013), Rai et al. (2014) .In the present
work effort has been made to derive drainage network from ASTER DEM and evaluate the morphometric parameters
with the help of Arc hydro tool.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2015): 3.361 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
Index Copernicus 2014 = 6.57
2014- 16, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
Page -6
Fig.1
S. NO.
PARAMETERS
TABLE I
MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS WITH FORMULAS
SYMBOL FORMULA
REFERENCE
LINEAR ASPECTS
1.1
STREAM ORDER
HIERARCHICAL RANK
1.2
BIFURCATION RATIO
RB
RB = N/ N+1
WHERE, RB = BIFURCATION RATIO,
N=NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF A GIVEN ORDER AND
N+1= NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF NEXT HIGHER ORDER.
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
SCHUMN SA (1956)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2015): 3.361 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
Index Copernicus 2014 = 6.57
2014- 16, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
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MEAN BIFURCATION
RATIO
RBM
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
1.4
STREAM LENGTH
HORTON RE (1945)
1.5
MEAN STREAM
LENGTH
LSM
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
1.6
STREAM LENGTH
RATIO
RL
LSM= L/ N
WHERE, L= TOTAL STREAM LENGTH OF ORDER
N=TOTAL NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF ORDER
RL= LSM / LSM -1
WHERE, LSM =MEAN STREAM LENGTH OF A GIVEN ORDER
AND LSM -1= MEAN STREAM LENGTH OF NEXT LOWER
1.7
LG
1.8
LENGTH OF OVERLAND
FLOW
BASIN PERIMETER
1.9
BASIN LENGTH
LB
2.1
BASIN AREA
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
2.2
DRAINAGE DENSITY
DD
2.3
DRAINAGE FREQUENCY
FS
2.4
INFILTRATION NUMBER
IF
2.5
DRAINAGE TEXTURE
DT
2.6
RF
DD = L/A
WHERE, DD = DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM2)
L = TOTAL STREAM LENGTH OF ALL ORDERS AND
A = AREA OF THE BASIN (KM2).
FS = N/A
WHERE, FS = DRAINAGE FREQUENCY,
N = TOTAL NO. OF STREAMS OF ALL ORDERS AND
A = AREA OF THE BASIN (KM2).
IF = DD FS
WHERE, DD = DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM2) AND
FS = DRAINAGE FREQUENCY.
DT = N /P
WHERE, N = NO. OF STREAMS IN A GIVEN ORDER AND P =
PERIMETER (KMS)
RF = A/LB 2
WHERE, A = AREA OF THE BASIN AND LB = (MAXIMUM)
2.7
ELONGATION RATIO
RE
RE= A / / LB
WHERE, A= AREA OF THE BASIN (KM2)
LB=(MAXIMUM) BASIN LENGTH (KM)
SCHUMN SA (1956)
2.8
CIRCULARITY RATIO
RC
SARMA ET AL.
(2013)
3
3.1
BASIN RELIEF
3.2
RELIEF RATIO
RR
3.3
DISSECTION INDEX
DI
RC = 4A/ P2
WHERE, A = BASIN AREA (KM2) AND P= PERIMETER OF
THE BASIN (KM)
RELIEF ASPECTS
H=ZZ
WHERE, Z = MAXIMUM ELEVATION OF THE BASIN (M) AND
Z = MINIMUM ELEVATION OF THE BASIN (M)
RR = H / LB
WHERE, H = BASIN RELIEF (M) AND LB = BASIN LENGTH
( M)
DI = H / RA
WHERE, H = BASIN RELIEF (M) AND
RA = ABSOLUTE RELIEF (M)
HORTON RE (1945)
ORDER
LG=1/2D KM
WHERE, D=DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM2)
P=OUTER BOUNDARY OF DRAINAGE BASIN MEASURED IN
KILOMETERS.
LB=1.312XA0.568
HORTON RE (1945)
SCHUMN SA (1956)
SCHUMN SA (1956)
AREAL ASPECTS
ZAVOIANCE I (1985)
HORTON RE (1945)
AND P ARETA K AND
PARETA U (2011)
SINGH S AND SINGH
MC (1997)
BASIN LENGTH
RUDRAIAH ET AL.
(2008)
SCHUMN SA (1956)
MAGESH ET AL.
(2012)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2015): 3.361 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
Index Copernicus 2014 = 6.57
2014- 16, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
Page -8
(S)
1st
STREAM BIFURCATION
NUMBER
RATIO
(N )
(RB)
177
STREAM
MEAN STREAM
STREAM
LENGTH
(L) (KMS)
LENGTH
(LSM) (KMS)
LENGTH
RATIO (R L)
586.86
3.32
299.57
8.56
105.20
9.56
78.89
26.30
89.62
1160.14
89.62
137.36
5.05
2nd
35
3rd
11
4th
03
5th
Total
01
227
LENGTH OF
OVERLAND
FLOW (LG)
BASIN
PERIMET
ER (P)
BASIN
LENGTH
(LB)
3.70
1.25 km
580.39
km
120.7
6 km
2.58
3.09
1.09
3.66
2.75
3.00
14.80
MEAN
BIFURCATION
RATIO (RBM)
3.41
9.83
PARAMETER
DRAINAGE AREA (A)
DRAINAGE DENSITY (DD)
DRAINAGE FREQUENCY (FS)
DRAINAGE TEXTURE (DT)
INFILTRATION NUMBER (IF)
FORM FACTOR RATIO (RF)
ELONGATION RATIO (RE)
CIRCULARITY RATIO (RC)
CALCULATED VALUE
2869.48 KM2
0.40 (KM/KM2)
0.08 /KM2
0.39
0.02
0.20
0.50
0.106
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2015): 3.361 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
Index Copernicus 2014 = 6.57
2014- 16, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
Page -11
PARAMETER
MAXIMUM BASIN HEIGHT (Z)
MINIMUM BASIN HEIGHT ( Z)
BASIN RELIEF (H)
RELIEF RATIO (RF)
DISSECTION INDEX (DI)
CALCULATED VALUE
260 M
135 M
125 M
1.04 M
0.48 M
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2015): 3.361 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
Index Copernicus 2014 = 6.57
2014- 16, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
Page -14