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Ambient
Conditions

Engine
Actuators

Throttle
Position
Command

EGR,
spark,
injection

Plant

Crankshaft
Speed

Sensors

Controller

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Torque generation

Engine outputs

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Intake and engine dynamics

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HOST CPU

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TCP/IP COMMUNICATION

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REAL-TIME COMMUNICATION
A/D, D/A, etc.

Hardware
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Zoom in

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300
250
200

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frqjxudwlrq

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100
50

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RT-EVENTS

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-50

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-150

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6.065

6.07

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6.085

6.09

Time in seconds

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140

(in ft.lb)
Mean Torque
Torque (in ft.lb)

120

Fixed- and variablestep simulations


Ford-cl-slk at variable step
Ford0 -cl-cdtsm at fixed step
2CPUs at fixed step
3CPUs at fixed step

Mean

100

80

60

40

20

0.5

1.5

2
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3.5

Time (in sec)

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1400

1200

Engine Speed (in RPM)

Engine Speed (in RPM)

1600

Ford-cl-slk at variable step


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2 CPUs at fixed step
3CPUs at fixed step

1000

800

Fixed- and variablestep simulations

600

400

200

0.5

1.5

2
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2.5

Time (in sec)

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