EXPERIMENT NO.

3
DATE:
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND
SOLUTION OF NETWORKS
AIM
To understand the formation of network matrices, the bus admittance matrix Y and the
bus impedance matrix Z of a power network, to effect certain required changes on these
matrices and to obtain network solution using these matrices.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
AU Powerlab, MATLAB
FORMULAE
(i) FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

Fig.1
Consider a three-bus power system and the equivalent power network for the system is shown
in Fig.1 in which the generator is replaced by Norton equivalent, the loads by equivalent
admittance and lines by equivalent circuits. In above figure, the admittances of the
generator, loads and transmission lines are given in per unit to system MVA base. The ground
is taken as reference node.

n
Yii Yij
j1

i=1,2,3,,n

Yij Yij Yji

i=1,2,3,.,n
j=1,2,3,.,n and ij

Where, n is the total no. of buses excluding the reference bus.

(ii) FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

Where, Zi is the ith

A building algorithm for bus impedance matrix can be developed by first studying the rules
required for modifying an existing Z matrix for addition of new elements. Let us start
with a given partial power network with r nodes whose bus impedance matrix Z is known.
It is proposed to add new elements, one at a time, to this network and get the modified matrix
Z m. Any one of the following four rules can be used depending upon the type of
modification.
Modification 1: Add an element with impedance z, connected between the reference node of
the partial network and a new node (r+1).
Rule 1

: The modified matrix Z m of dimension (r+1) x (r+1) is given by

Where, Z is the bus impedance matrix of the partial network.

Modification 2: Add an element with impedance z, connected between an existing node i and
a new node (r+1).
Rule 2

: The modified matrix Z m of dimension (r+1) x (r+1) is given by

column of Z
T

Zi is the transpose of Zi
th

Zii is the ii element of Z

Modification 3: Add an element with impedance z, connected between an existing node i and
the reference node of the partial network.
Rule 3

: The modified matrix Z m of dimension r x r is obtained through a two step

process. In the first step, assume that the added element is between the existing node i and a
fictitious node (r+1) (instead of the reference node) and obtain the modified matrix Z
of dimension (r+1)

x (r+1) by augmenting Z with an extra row and column as in (2.14).

The second step is to connect the fictitious node (r+1) by zero impedance link to the reference
node whose voltage is zero and to obtain the final matrix Z m of dimension r x r by applying

Krons -reduction to the last row and column to obtain

Modification 4: Add an element with impedance z, connected between existing nodes i and j.
Rule 4

: The modified matrix Z

Zm = Z c b b

Where,

of dimension r x r is given by

b = Zi - Zj
c= (z + Zii +Zjj2Zij) -1
th

th

Zi , Zj : i and j

columns of Z

Zii , Zjj , Zij : ii th , jj th and ij th elements of Z

Note

Building Algorithm for Z

The above rules are built into the following step wise procedure to build Z matrix:
Step 1: Start with a partial network composed only of those elements connected directly to
reference node. Let the number of these elements be r. The corresponding bus impedance
matrix Z (1) is of dimension r x r and is diagonal with the impedance values of the elements
appearing on the diagonal. This process is equivalent to the repeated use of rule 1.
Step 2: Add a new element which brings a new node and modify Z (1) using rule 2. Continue
until all the nodes of the complete network are brought in.
Step 3: Add a new element connected between existing nodes i and j using rule 4. Continue
until all the elements are connected.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Construct the Y bus and Z bus for

Fig. 2

Buses

: 6, numbered serially from 1 to 6

Lines

: 5, numbered serially from L1 to L5

Transformers : 2, numbered serially as T1 and T2

Shunt Load

: 2, numbered serially as S1 and S2

Base MVA

: 100

Transmission Line Data

Half Line
Line ID.
No

Sending

Receiving

end Bus
No.

1
1
2
1
3
4
4
5
5
2
Transformer Data

Resistance

Reactance

charging

Rating

end
Bus No.

P.U

P.U.

Susceptance
P.U

MVA

6
4
6
2
3

0.123
0.08
0.087
0.282
0.723

0.518
0.37
0.407
0.64
1.05

0
0
0
0
0

55
65
30
55
40

Sending Receiving
Transformer
end (*)
end
Resistance Reactance
Tap
ID No.
Bus No.
Bus No.
P.U
P.U.
Ratio
1
6(*)
5
0
0.3
1
2
4(*)
3
0
0.133
1
(*) Note: The sending end bus of a transformer should be the tap side.

Rating
MVA
30
55

FLOWCHART
Y BUS

Start

Read the number of buses,

number of lines and line
data

Initialize Y bus
matrix

Line number =1

Form the Y bus matrix

using the relevant
algorithm.
Increment the line
number.
Is this
the last
line?

Print Y bus matrix.

Stop

ZBUS

START

READ NO. OF BUSES AND LINE

DATA

INITIALIZE Y-BUS MATRIX =

COMPLEX (0,0)

CALCUATE DIAGNOL &OFF

DIAGNOL ELEMENTS OF Y-BUS

MODIFY Y-BUS MATRIX BY

ADDING GENERATOR AND
TRANSFORMER ADMITTANCES

INCREMENT
LINE NO.

CALCULATE Z-BUS BY
INVERTING Y-BUS MATRIX

CHECK ZBUS*YBUS=UNITY
MATRIX
NO
IS LAST LINE
NO.?

YES
PRINT THE
Z-BUS MATRIX

STOP

VERIFICATION:

RESULT
Thus the network matrices, the bus admittance matrix Y and the bus impedance
matrix Z of a power network are constructed and verified with the software.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DATE:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS - I: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND RELATED
PROBLEMS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
AIM
To solve the load flow and related problems of small sized power system using GaussSeidel iterative algorithm.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
AU Powerlab, MATLAB
FORMULA
GSLF Algorithm
The algorithm for GSLF is given in the flow chart (Fig. 1).
Convergence Check
Referring to flow chart of Fig. 1 during every iteration h, the maximum change in bus
voltage that has occurred is stored in VMAX as given below.

The convergence is checked by comparing VMAX with the specified tolerance .

Additional Computation for P-V Bus
The flow chart in Fig.3.3 does not have provision for voltage controlled buses. However, if
the link between X and Y in Fig 1 is removed and the P-V bus module in Fig.2 is introduced,
then P-V buses can be handled.
th

Referring to Fig.1 and Fig.2, for each P-V bus during the h iteration, before updating bus
voltage, the following computations are made:
Step 1: Adjusting the complex voltage
magnitude to the scheduled value, |V k | sch as follows:

to correct the voltage

Fig. 1 Flow chart for GSLF Algorithm

Fig. 2 Flow chart for GSLF Algorithm

Step 2: Compute the reactive power generation using the

as

If the inequality

then go to step 3. If

is satisfied,
then set

If

then set

go to step 3.
go to step 3.

Acceleration Factor
Experience has shown that the number of iterations required for convergence can be
considerably reduced if the correction in bus voltage computed at each iteration is

multiplied by a factor greater than unity (termed as acceleration factor) to bring the voltage
closer to the value to which it is converging.
For example, during the h

th

iteration the accelerated value of the voltage at k

th

bus is

calculated using

Where, = acceleration factor

= accelerated value obtained in the (h-1) th iteration
= value computed during h th iteration
Then set
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Draw the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generators at buses 1
and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 p u. Voltage magnitude at bus
3 is fixed at1.04 p u with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400MW
and 250 MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100
MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow
solution by the Gauss-Seidel method including line flows and line losses.
Line data
From Bus

To Bus

Impedance

Bus 1
Bus 1
Bus 2

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 3

0.02 + j0.04
0.01 + j0.03
0.0125 + j0.025

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Assume a flat voltage profile 1+0j for all the buses (nodes) except the slack bus. The
voltage of the slack bus is specified voltage and is not modified in any iteration.
Step 3: Assume a suitable value of called convergence criterion, here is a specified change
in the bus voltage that is used to compare the actual change in bus voltage between k th
iteration and (k+1)th iteration.
Step 4: Set iteration counts k=0 and assumed voltage profiles of the buses are denoted as V10,
V20, V30 Vn0 except slack bus.
Step 5: Set the bus count p=1.
Step 6: Check the slack bus, if so then go to step 13 else go to next step.
Step 7: Check for generator bus, if so go to next step otherwise (ie., if it is load bus) go to
step 10.
Step 8: Temporarily set |Vpk | = | Vp |spec and phase of Vpk as the kth iteration value if the bus p
is a generator bus where | Vp |spec is the specified magnitude of voltage for bus p then
calculate the reactive power of the generator bus by using the f following equation.
Qp,calk+1 = (-1)*Im ((Vpk)n-1 * [ q=1 Ypq Vqk+1 + nq=p Ypq Vqk ])
Here, Im stands for imaginary part.
If calculated reactive power is within specified limits then consider this bus as
generator bus and set Qp = Qp,cal for this iteration and go to step 9. If the calculated
power violates the specified limits of the reactive power then treat this bus as load
bus. The magnitude of reactive power at this bus will correspond to the limits it has
violated.
Qp,calk+1 < Qp,min then Qp = Qp,min
(or)
Qp,calk+1 > Qp,max then Qp = Qp,max
Since the bus is treated as load bus take the actual value of V pk for (k+1)th iteration.
i.e., |Vpk| need not be replaced by | Vp |spec. When generator bus is treated as load bus.
Step 9: For generator bus magnitude of voltage does not change and so for all iteration the
magnitude of bus voltage is specified. The phase of bus voltage can be calculated as
below.
Vp,TEMPk+1 =( 1/ Ypp) (((Pp-jQp) / (Vpk)*) - [ p-1q=1 Ypq Vq - nq=p+1 Ypq Vqk])
pk+1 = tan-1 ( Im part of Vp,temp k+1 / real part of Vp,temp k+1)
Now, the (k+1)th iteration voltage of the generator bus is given by
Vpk+1 = |Vp |spec L pk+1
Where | Vp |spec = magnitude of specified bus voltage
After Vpk+1 for generator for generator bus go to step 12.

Step 10: For the load bus the (k+1)th iteration value of load bus-p voltage, Vpk+1
Can be calculated using the following equation
Vpk+1 =( 1/ Ypp) (((Pp-jQp) / (Vpk)*) - [ p-1q=1 Ypq Vq - nq=p+1 Ypq Vqk])
Step 11: An acceleration factor, can be used for faster convergence. If acceleration is
specified then modify the (k+1)th iteration value of the bus p using following
equation.
Vp,acck+1 = Vpk + (Vpk+1 - Vpk )
Then set,
Vpk+1 = Vp,acck+1
Step 12: Calculate the change in bus p voltage, using the relation,
Vpk = Vpk+1 - Vpk
Step 13: Repeat the steps 6 to 12 until all the bus voltages have been calculated for this
increment the bus counts by 1 go to step 6 until bus count is n.
Step 14: Find out the largest of the absolute value of the change in voltage check
whether this largest change is less than pre specified tolerance . If it is less than
go to next step otherwise increment the iteration count and go to step 5.
Step 15: Calculate line flow power and bus slack power using bus voltage.

VERIFICATION

THORETICAL RESULT

SIMULATED RESULT
AU POWERLAB

MATLAB

RESULT
Thus the load flow and related problems of small sized power system are solved
using Gauss-Seidel method and verified with the software.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

DATE:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS II: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND RELATED
PROBLEMS USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
AIM
To solve the load flow and related problems using the Newton-Raphson method.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
AU Powerlab, MATLAB
FORMULAE
Newton-Raphson Load Flow (NRLF) Algorithm

This equation can be written as,

The voltage correction scheme for NRLF method can be obtained by expanding the above
equation as

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Draw the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generators at buses 1 and
3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 p u. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed
at1.04 p u with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400MW and 250
MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base, and
the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the NewtonRaphson method including line flows and line losses.
Line data
From Bus

To Bus

Impedance

Bus 1
Bus 1
Bus 2

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 3

0.02 + j0.04
0.01 + j0.03
0.0125 + j0.025

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read load flow data and form Ybus.
STEP 3: Assume bus voltages for n bus of the zeroth iteration and specify the slack bus voltage.
STEP 4: Set iteration count r=0, bus count I=1.
STEP 5: Check whether the bus is slack bus or not. If this is slack bus check whether it is last
node and advance bus count. If not go to same step.
STEP 6: If the bus is slack bus, calculate bus current.
STEP 7: Check the current node is PV bus or PQ bus.
STEP 8: If PV bus, calculate Pi r, (Vi r)2 otherwise compute Pi r, Qi r.
STEP 9: Check Qi r <= Qi max.
STEP 10: If step 9 not satisfied, calculate Qi r .Go to step 14.
STEP 11: If step 9 not satisfied, check Qi r >= Qi min
STEP 12: If step 11 not satisfied, calculate Qi r. Go to step 14.
STEP 13: If step 11 satisfied, calculate 1Vi r12.
STEP 14: Check whether the current is the last node. If no, advance bus count and goto step 5.
STEP 15: If that is last node, then determine max P r , Q r , 1Vi r12.
STEP 16: Check whether all max are within tolerance.
STEP 17: If condition satisfied, compute and print line flows, power loss, and voltages.
Stop the program.
STEP 18: If not satisfied, assemble Jacobian J. Determine J-1, compute ci r and fi r.
STEP 19: Compute ei r+1, fi r+1.Advance iteration count. Goto step 4.

VERIFICATION

THORETICAL RESULT

SIMULATED RESULT
AU POWERLAB

MATLAB

RESULT
Thus the load flow and related problems are solved using the Newton-Raphson method
and the results are verified with the software.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
DATE:
FAULT ANALYSIS
AIM
To compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of
faults, both symmetrical and un symmetrical.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
AU Power lab, MATLAB
FORMULAE
(i) Single Line- to Ground Fault
Ia0=Ia1= Ia2= Ia/3;
Ea

Ia1= Z 1 Z

2Z

Fault Current IF = Ia = Ia0+Ia1+ Ia2=3 Ia1;

Single Line- to-Ground Fault with Zf
Ia0=Ia1= Ia2= Ia/3;

I
a1

Ea
Z1 Z2 (Z go 3Zn ) 3Z f

Fault Current IF= Ia =3Ia1

(ii) Line- to-Line Fault
Ia0=0; Ia1= - Ia2
Ia1=

Ea

Z1 Z 2
Fault Current IF= Ib = - Ic
Line- to-Line Fault with Zf
Ia1=-Ia2; Ia0=0;

I
a1

Ea
Z1 (Z2 Z f )

(iii) Double Line- to-Ground Fault

Ia = 0; Va0=Va1= Va2=Va/3; Ia0=Ia1= Ia2= 0;

I
a1

Z1

Ea
Z

Z2

Z
0

Ia0 = -Va0 / Z0 or -Va1 / Z0 and Va1 = Ea Ia1Z1

Fault Current IF= In = Ib + Ic = 3 Ia0
Double Line- to-Ground Fault with Zf
Ia = 0;

E I Z

I a0

a1 1

a1

Z g 0 3Zn 3Z f

Ea
Z Z 2 (Z0 3Z f )
1
Z 2 Z0 3Z f

Where, Z0 = Zg0 + 3Zn

Fault Current IF= 3 Ia0
(iv) Three Phase Fault
Va0=Va1= Va2=0;

Ia0=Ia2= 0

Fault Current If = Ia = Ia1 = Ea / Z1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Conduct fault analysis for a single line to ground fault, line to line fault, double line to ground
fault and three phase fault at bus 4; determine the fault current and MVA at the faulted bus and
post fault voltages.

VERIFICATION

THORETICAL RESULT

SIMULATED RESULT
AU POWERLAB

MATLAB

RESULT
Thus the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both
symmetrical and un symmetrical are computed and verified with the software.