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Description of Baptism
Initiation rite
Baptism is the ritual used in most Christian denominations to signify the person's initiation into the beliefs and practices of the Christian community. For
most Christian denominations it also has significance as a statement of a person's beliefs in the Christian tradition and as a necessary element for salvation.
Baptism also allows Christians to share in the death and resurrection of Christ and cleanses people from their sins. The Salvation Army and the Society of
Friends (Quakers) are examples of Christian groups which do not practice baptism.
Infant baptism
For the majority of Christians today Baptism would have been carried out when they were infants. This is the common practice in the Anglican, Catholic
and Orthodox branches of Christianity. In this context the parents and God parents make commitments on behalf of the child and agree to nurture the child
in the Christian faith. In other Christian groups such as the Baptist and Pentecostal Churches the baptism of infants is not accepted and members would
be expected to choose to be baptised as adults having made their own decision to repent and be born again.
Immersion
The idea of baptism stems from the sense of being immersed in water, which, among other things, symbolises the idea of being surrounded by and
imbued with the beliefs and practices of the Christian community. Some theologians liken the symbolism of immersion to that of being completely
saturated with something as with a sponge immersed in water.
Sprinkling or pouring of water
The ritual itself is usually carried out in the Church and is often contained within or celebrated adjacent to the main form of Sunday worship. The majority of
baptisms celebrated in the Anglican and Catholic branches of Christianity involve the sprinkling or pouring of water on the head of the child. In Orthodox
Churches the child is immersed briefly in water on three occasions while adults who are baptised in Churches such as Baptist and Pentecostal Churches
are often fully immersed in water.
Various aspects
Across the different denominations of Christianity there are a variety of aspects included in the ritual of baptism. The core elements, shared across the
spectrum of Christian practice are the baptism with water and the profession of faith by or on behalf of the person being baptised.
The following outlines of a number of rites of baptism from Christian denominations shows some of the other features which are often included in the rite.
Anglican Sacrament of Baptism
The following elements are included in the most simple rite of baptism. Other rites of baptism in the Anglican Church incorporate the rite of Confirmation
and/or the rite of Holy Communion.
Rite outlined
The rite begins with a gathering hymn, psalm or anthem. The Priest or Minister then greets and welcomes the congregation. The Collect of the Day is then
prayed, followed by the lessons from the Scriptures. A sermon is preached which is then followed by the presentation and examination of the candidates.
After this the Baptismal Covenant is prayed and prayers are offered for the candidates. Prayers of thanksgiving and blessing are then prayed over the water
and prayers of consecration are prayed over the oils of Chrism. These prayers are followed by the Baptism, the Lord's prayer and a concluding prayer.
Catholic Sacrament of Baptism
The following outline is the most simple form of baptism used in the Catholic Church. Baptism is often incorporated into the celebration of the Eucharist and
in particular the celebration of the Easter Vigil.
Rite outlined
The rite begins with a welcome and greeting from the Priest or Deacon. This is followed by a questioning of the parents and God parents to confirm their
wish for baptism. After this the Priest or Deacon and the parents and God parents trace the sign of the cross on the child's forehead.
The liturgy of the word follows. This includes readings from the bible and a homily from the Priest or Deacon. The homily is followed by the rite of exorcism
and the anointing with oil. The waters of the baptismal font are then blessed and those present make a profession of faith, including a renunciation of sin.
The Baptism follows, usually involving a pouring of water on the baby's head. The child is then clothed in a white baptismal garment and the parents and
God parents receive a baptismal candle.
The reception of the candle is followed by the ancient prayer of Ephphatha where the Priest or Deacon prays that the child's ears will be open to receive the
word of God and that their mouth will be open to proclaim the Gospel. The Our Father is then prayed followed by a final blessing.
Orthodox Sacrament of Baptism
Orthodox initiation rite
The Orthodox Churches celebrate the sacrament of Baptism within a wider rite of initiation which also includes Chrismation (anointing) and Eucharist. The
baptism involves immersing the child three times in the baptismal font. Full immersion is used rather than sprinkling or pouring of water. The triple immersion
parallels the belief in the Trinity and the prayers coinciding with the immersion invoke the Father, Son and Spirit.
The baptism is followed immediately by the anointing of the body with oils and the proclamation of the seal of the Holy Spirit. This is known as Chrismation.
The child then receives Eucharist immediately after through a small piece of the bread and a few drops of the wine.
Firstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian communities and indeed with Jesus' life and ministry itself. Secondly,
it can be regarded as significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly, it has enormous significance in
the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally, it has all the significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the
individual and the community.
Ancient Rite
Baptism is an ancient ritual. It has belonged in the life of the Christian community since its inception and indeed predates the Christian movement in the
context of Judaism. It seems apparent that some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. Indeed, John the Baptist, who is
presented in the Gospels as a forerunner to the ministry of Jesus, had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 1:4).
Jesus' baptism
Jesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) and gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 28:19). Obviously
the practice of baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition and indeed it relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs.
Links to early Christian Church
For the earliest Christians baptism was a profoundly significant event and for Christians today, the possibility of sharing in an event of such ancient
significance is rich and rewarding. It is significant for the individual because they walk the same path and share the same rite that has been practiced
among Christians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in celebrating each rite of
baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the intention of Jesus and the early disciples.
Theological reflection
The rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. There are images of death and new life which call to mind the death and resurrection of
Jesus. There are also images of creation and renewal which convey an understanding about the great saving actions of the God of Israel. Further aspects
of the rite of baptism allow reflection on the struggle between good and evil in the images of light and darkness. Other images call for reflection on the idea
of repentance and forgiveness as well as cleansing and renewal. Indeed it is difficult to find significant aspects of Christian theology which are not
captured in the tradition, the symbols and the ritual actions associated with the practice of baptism.
Preparation for Baptism
The richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. Whether it be for the candidate preparing for their own baptism or a parent or God parent
preparing for a child's baptism, there are abundant opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. Many Churches
invite candidates to prepare for baptism or to prepare for their role as parents or God parents through engaging in a preparation course which helps them
make connections between theological themes and their own experience.
Reflection and renewal
For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal. Many Christian communities invite congregations to
renew their own baptismal promises on the occasion of baptisms in the local Church community. These occasions challenge the members of the
community to constantly reflect on their vocation as Christians and the significance of their own baptism. The involvement of the community in assisting
candidates prepare for their baptism and praying for those involved is yet another dimension of the significance for the community.
Theological dimension
Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation. The early Church
community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38). It was a sign of their repentance,
proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies
repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice
of baptism.
Gift of the Holy Spirit
This is significant for the individual who, through their baptism, receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of
the Holy Spirit. Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It
marks both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others.
Rite of passage
Baptism is also an authentic rite of passage. It marks the transition of the individual from one stage or state in life onto the next. In terms of the Christian
community it marks the transition of a person from being outside of this community to becoming a fully initiated.
Thus for the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. For the
community, the process of supporting a person through their preparation and welcoming them into the community through baptism is also highly significant.
The community is invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community.