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NOTATION
A, B
ATDC
BTDC
C, C, C@
CFR
CR
dc
m
MBT
ny
N
P
Sf
Sp
T
TDC
V
y
constants
after top dead centre
before top dead centre
constants
cooperative fuel research
compression ratio
effective ame propagation distance
mass
minimum timing for best torque
polytropic index
engine rotational speed (r/min)
cylinder pressure
ame speed
average piston speed
temperature (K)
top dead centre position
volume
fuel molar fraction
y
Dyc
Dyc,m
ye.c.
ye.i.
Dyig
s
f
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Subscripts
b
c
f
i
ig
l
m
max
min
o
r
st
burned
combustion, end of combustion
fuel
initial
ignition lag
lean mixture limit
mixture
maximum
minimum
initial or intake conditions
rich mixture limit
spark timing
INTRODUCTION
64
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Fig. 1
Typical experimentally derived variations of burned mass and the rate of change of burned mass in a
CFR engine for different spark timings [2]
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corresponding energy release rate diagram would represent the total effective energy released by combustion.
Throughout, the cylinder pressuretime variations were
obtained by using a piezoelectric pressure transducer
with a data acquisition system. The fuel was metered with
choked nozzles and introduced outside of the cylinder
head into the air stream so as to produce homogeneous
fuelair mixtures.
A variety of approaches have been developed for
evaluating the combustion duration and ignition lag from
the pressure temporal diagrams. These approaches can, in
principle, be used equally for compression ignition type
engines as well. The approach used to obtain the results
shown in this paper is based on evaluating the temporal
changes in the apparent polytropic index for the observed
pressure values and the corresponding volume [3], i.e.
ny
V dP
PdV
ANALYTICAL MODEL
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Fig. 2
Fig. 3
66
3.1
Combustion duration
2mo
s
Dyc
where
s
y ye:i:
ymax ye:i:
ye:c: y
s
ye:c: ymax
3
4
where ye.i., ye.c. and ymax are the crank angles at the end of
ignition lag, the end of the combustion period and the
location associated with maximum mass burning rate
respectively. The last of these varies slightly with
operating condition and engine but may be assumed to
be at around approximately two-thirds of the period
based on observations made in the CFR engine. Other
viable distributions, of course, can be easily used.
However, these tend to represent usually only moderately
small shifts that tend to change only very little the mode
of predicted pressuretime development.
The approach described for the combustion energy
release was incorporated with a relatively simple two-zone
quasi-dimensional model described by Bade Shrestha and
Karim [1] to calculate the key engine performance
parameters for a variety of operating conditions similar to
those found in the CFR spark ignition engine. The model
was shown to be capable of predicting key engine
performance parameters, such as the temporal variations
in cylinder pressure and the mean temperatures of the two
Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 215 Part A
f1 A1 Tst B1
!
fmin f
f fmin
B exp p
7
Dyc A exp p
f f1
fr f
3
2 q
fmin f1 =fr fmin
5
p
A Dyc;min 4
1 fmin f1 =fr fmin
Dyc;min
p
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Dyc;min C
Fig. 5
Typical variations of experimentally derived combustion duration versus equivalence ratio in a CFR spark
ignition engine with methane
10
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Vst
CR1=2
f Sf
11
12
dc
Sf ;max
1=3
Vst
CR1=2
P0:457 e764:8=T
13
68
be
1=3
Dyc;min C
Vst
CR1=2
P0:457 e764:8=T
14
15
Dyc;min C 0
Vst
1=2
CR
16
Fig. 6
3.2
Ignition lag
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!
fmin f
69
#
f min fl =fr fmin
p
18
Aig Dyig;min
1 fmin fl =fr fmin
Big
Dyig;min
p
19
Dyig;min C 00
Tst Sp
CR1=2
20
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
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f fmin
Big exp p
fr f
17
70
3.3
Dyc;m Dyc1 Dyc2 Dyc3
21
Fig. 9
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Fig. 10
71
3.4
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Fig. 11
72
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14 The indicated power output variations with equivalence ratios when operating on methanehydrogen
mixtures
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2
3
5
6
Fig. 15
7
8
9
CONCLUSIONS
10
11
12
13
14
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The nancial support of the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and
Province of Alberta Graduate Fellowship is acknowledged. The contribution of Drs Y. Al-Alousi, T. J. AlHimyary, J. Gao and A. A. Attar to this work is also
acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1 Bade Shrestha, S. O. and Karim, G. A. A predictive
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17
18
19
20
73
74
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