LITERATURE REVIEW

WORK-LIFE BALANCE
According to Clark (2000) work-life balance is a phenomenon that hitting of
balancing of ideal between professional life of an individual and their personal
life with all respective associations. Veehoven (1991) in his research paper state
that an effective work-life balance makes a person happier and more content.
Farah Mukhtar (2012) claimed that happy and content person are able to
maintain the level of hard work they put in their works and remain satisfied with
their life. Since it is a very wide domain of study, therefore, researchers have
tried investigating it under different scopes, including information systems
(Frolick et al., 1993), gender-based study paradigms (Nelson et al., 1990; Wayne
& Cordeiro, 2003), business management (Konrad & Mangel, 2000), psychology
(Hegtvadt, et al. 2002), sociology (Glass & Estes, 1997) and most notably in
human resource management area (Hill et al., 1989; De Cieri et al., 2005).
Moreover, Clark (2000) has defined work-life balance as a level satisfaction and
smooth function at work and home without any role conflict. Warren (2004) state
that work-life balance is defined as a measure of proper control of how, when
and where people work. An achievement of an individual being able to fulfil all
his or her needs in respect of family, work and society is a proper work-life
balance. There is much contemporary concern regarding on work-life balance
within the social science.
In our context, students are often overburdened and stress could not balance
their life due to their academic workload, personal commitments, part-time jobs
and family responsibilities. Some researchers shows some evidences that
students experiencing high levels of stress (Brown et al., 1999; Bush et al. 1985)
and also results in mental health problems (Andrews et al., 2004).
In study of Adeeba Irfan et al. (2014) about work life balance among students,
the objectives of study are, identify the dimensions of work-life balance among
students, asses the differences between male and female students on
dimensions of work-life balance and asses the differences between students of
various courses on dimensions of work-life balance. This study has been
conducted by distributing questionnaires to 150 students of different professional
and non-professional courses at the post-graduate level from a private and
government institute. Findings show that, there is no significance differences
between males and females on work-life balance. Samples were taken by almost

same age respondents who are share similarities in their perceptions. The
respondents also studying in the same university therefore have same settings of
surrounding environmental. In this study, found that there is a significant
differences among students from differ courses on dimensions of Health &
Leisure and Academic Performance. This is because difference in workload,
training requirement and nature of course.
While in Striving to Obtain a School-Work-Life Balance: The Full-Time Doctoral
Student study by Martinez et al. (2013), the objectives of study are to explore
the doctoral student experience in relation to their school-work-lives and on how,
and to what extent, do full-time doctoral students strive to obtain school-worklife balance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and
participant observations with five full-time doctoral education students who held
one or more graduate assistantships on campus. Based on the findings,
programs can be facilitated the degree of attainment for students by continuing
in providing financial support, flexibility in school and work schedules, and
support services tailored to specifically address doctoral student needs.
In Tayfun (2014) empirical study about An Empirical Study into the Relationship
between Work/Life Balance and Organizational Commitment, study on examine
the relationship between employees work-life balance and the level of
organizational commitment. The objective of this study to determine whether
there is a significant difference between the perception of work/life balance, level
of organizational commitment and employees age, education, the duration of
service in the job, the duration of service in the hospital. Data were collected by
distributing 391 questionnaires to nurses and the results and analysed
statistically. Findings show that, positive directed relation between work-life
balance and affective and normative commitment has been found, but there are
also a negative directed relation between work-life balance and continuance
commitment. Work-life balance is very important in increase the affective and
normative commitment of workers.
Therefore, stress have a positive result and then an individual can respond
successfully in an emergency (Schafer 1996). While Whitman et al. (1985) stated
that stress is a necessary apart of university and universities do put forward
students on potential to experience eustress or functional stress (Brown et al.
1999). However, when functional stress translated into dysfunctional stress or

distress affected to work-life imbalance thus leads to psychological, emotional

and physical deterioration.