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Barham S. Mahmood
E-mail: barham.sabir@koyauniversity.org
Petroleum Engineering Department
Capillary pressure
Interfacial tension
Wettability
Capillary pressure
Application of capillary pressure
Average of capillary pressure
Surface tension
The molecules of any substance are held together by inter-molecular
science
surface tension.
and
is
called
to enlarge the surface area of the water, we need to pull the movable
side outwards. In doing so, a certain force, F, is required to overcome
equal to:
10
where B is the container width. The units of surface tension are thus
Joules/cm2; but since a Joule is equivalent to one dyne-cm, surface
tension is commonly expressed in dyne/cm
11
Interfacial tension
Suppose the experiment of the glass cylinder is repeated with water
covered by crude oil.
Tension would still exist at the oil-water interface, which would still be
concave but to a lesser degree as oil-water attractive force is
stronger than air-water.
Such tension is called interfacial tension
Units and direction of interfacial tension
are the same as surface tension
12
where :
12: interfacial tension between substances 1 and 2, dyne/cm
1: surface tension of substance 1, dyne/cm
2: surface tension of substance 2, dyne/cm
A typical value of water-oil interfacial tension, wo, at room temperature is
32 dyne/cm.
13
Wettability
All of us have observed how mercury drops tend to retain their
spherical shape when they are placed over a glass surface while
14
Wettability cont..
At point a three forces are acting
on the water surface:
1. gw (between glass and water)
2. g (between glass and air)
3. w (between water and air)
15
Wettability cont..
Since the drop is at static equilibrium, the resultant force acting on the
16
Wettability cont..
If the contact angle is less than 90, as in the case of w, At will be
positive, which makes glass pull the water drop to spread over. In other
words, the glass prefers to be in contact with water rather than with air,
which makes water the wetting phase to glass in the presence of air
If the contact angle is greater than
17
Wettability cont..
Wettability in an oil reservoir can be determined by a similar
experiment with reservoir water, crude oil and a crystal of the
predominant mineral in the reservoir rock.
In general, water is the wetting phase to quartz in the presence of oil,
while oil is the wetting phase to carbonate minerals in the presence
of water. Natural gas is always the non-wetting phase in the
presence of other liquids except mercury.
18
Wettability cont..
The composition of the surface also affects the interfacial tension. Figure
the water to wet the silica surface, but to be non-wetting on the calcite
surface.
19
Capillary pressure
Capillary pressure is another manifestation of fluid-solid interaction
To explain this phenomenon, we have to recall a familiar experiment
20
tube
Since this tension is a force per unit length of periphery, the adhesion
21
where h is the height, in cm, of the water column above the free water
surface. Equating the two forces yields
22
23
24
25
because
oil
density,
o,
is
26
27
28
29
This fact plays a crucial role in the distribution of fluids within the pore
space as will be illustrated shortly.
When two or more fluids share the pore space of a rock, the wetting
fluid will readily coat the walls of the pores whenever possible, and a
capillary pressure will exist at the interface between the wetting fluid
and the non-wetting fluid(s).
The magnitude of the capillary pressure will vary from pore to pore according
to pore geometry
30
the other.
31
32
to push through
33
34
35
pores by oil
36
37
38
originally water-wet grains that were coated with oil during drainage
become less water wet with time, causing them to display a
somewhat larger contact angle.
39
because of complex pore geometry, some pores may have two inlets with
different diameters. It may well happen that one such pore could not be invaded
by oil from one side during drainage because of its small pore throat. See figure
40
41
The depth interval over which Sw changes from Swi to 100% changes
is called the transition zone, and its characteristics must be analyzed
according to the drainage Pc curve.
42
144 PC
FWL=WOC +
(w o )
43
Above the free water table, pc increases with height according to this.
44
This equation, thus, provides the Pc profile within the transition zone.
Recall that every Pc corresponds to a water saturation. Hence, above
equation establishes the Sw profile in the transition zone too.
Example 12
Calculate the height of water saturation (Sw =0.35), if the capillary
, wo = 24 d/cm, wg = 72
45
Solution:
First of all we have to convert PC lab to Pc reservoir
PcL =
PcR =
2 wg cos wg
r
2 wo cos wo
r
PcL = PcR
PcL 18
PcR =
=
=6.0 psi
3
3
PcR wo 24 1
Thus,
=
=
=
PcL wg 72 3
From equation
h=
144 6
=58 ft
6858
Thus, the water saturation of 0.35 exists at a height of 58 ft above free water level.
46
47
(29)
The flow rate from a single tube of radius r is given by Poiseuilles law:
r 4 P
Q=
8L
(30)
(31)
48
Qt =
cos P
2 L2
i=n
i=1
Vi
Pc
(32)
A K P
L
(33)
49
Combining Eq. (32) and Eq. (33) a relation for permeability as a function
of pore volume and capillary pressure is obtained, Eq. (34):
2
cos P
K=
2L
i=n
i=1
Vi
Pc
(34)
Since A L is the bulk volume of the system and is the fractional porosity,
VT
=
AL
50
cos
K=
2
i=n
i=1
Si
Pc
(35)
To account for the deviation of the actual pore space from the simple
geometry used in the derivation, Purcell introduced a lithology factor
into the final equation. Introducing conversion factor and generalizing
Eq. (35) reduces to:
s=1
K = 10.24 ( cos
s=0
ds
Pc 2
(36)
51
Where:
K: permeability, millidarcy
: Fractional porosity
S: fraction of total pore space occupied by
liquid injected or forced out of sample
Pc: capillary pressure, psi
: Interfacial tension, dynes/cm
: Contact angle
Purcell assumed that the contact angle for mercury was 140 and that the
interfacial tension of mercury was 480 dynes/cm. therefore, using mercury
capillary pressure data, Eq. (35) further reduce to:
52
s=1
K = 14260
s=0
ds
Pc 2
(37)
53
54
55
For n tube
56
57
On the assumption that the reservoir rock has the same tortuosity
Or
Sometimes the J function is written
58
Example
A set of capillary pressure data from a set of 9 core plugs taken from
different depths in a well is shown in figure below and shows the wide
variation in shape of these curves reflecting the different pore
characteristics as given in the table below.
59
60
figure below and shows the impact of bringing together different rocks
under one curve
61