:01

mind just beneath everyday rehab

0:03
he suppressed
0:05
where much of what we perceive about them
0:10
physicist best-selling author brian greene each one of journey that
0:15
of human exp
0:17
spot if we ever see events unfold in reverse course
0:20
forty two was a physics
0:22
with him
0:28
the most extreme rooms of the cosmos from black holes
0:36
of groups
0:37
i'm gonna hotkeys
0:39
here's empty space teams with ferocious activities the three-dimensional
0:44
group maybe justin
0:46
vishnu distinction between past
0:54
could this be
0:56
maybe sell wrong about something so familiar as unpopular as absolutely
1:01
there's no principle
1:03
built into the laws of nature
1:05
that say that
1:06
the rebel physicists have catholic beating deemed shindig perspective
1:10
that opens up
1:12
rooms of possibly
1:18
in this picture the big bang as well
1:21
unique event
1:23
which was one of new sparrow
1:26
somewhere
1:27
this if you put
1:30
everyone else are we inhuman
1:55
major funding for nova is provided by before
2:02
dvd trickle

2:08
discontinued
2:13
ages
2:18
and why
2:19
the corporation for public broadcasting
2:22
and by contributions to your p_b_s_ station
2:24
from viewers like you
2:32
major funding for the fabric of the cosmos is provided by
2:36
the national science foundation
2:38
new discoveries begin
2:47
p alfred p_ sloan foundation
2:50
supporting original
2:51
researchers public understand
2:53
decides
2:55
engineering
2:56
and method
2:59
additional funding is provided by
3:01
the only surviving davis foundations dedicated to strengthening america's
3:06
future through education
3:08
the u_s_ department of energy is office of science
3:13
that george d smith fight
3:38
new york city
3:40
they say there's nowhere else like it
3:43
homepage eight million people
3:46
countless structures
3:49
and landmarks
3:51
every one of the
3:54
so wheezing
3:58
uniqueness is an idea so familiar we've never even questioned
4:05
experience tells us people objects one of the time
4:11
white house will be visit museums and collect great masterpieces

4:17
a new picture of the cosmos is coming to light
4:21
in which means i think it's unique
4:24
that the world's great masterpieces six
4:28
instead i'm talking about something for more profound
4:32
and new picture of the cosmos that challenges in their email shannon
4:35
eclipsing
4:37
one
4:40
access any
4:42
there might be duplicates not just objects
4:45
one of you
4:47
and me
4:49
everyone else
4:51
if this new pictures right
4:54
arkin steve
4:57
why haven't we never seen them
5:02
answered nate line outside our universe
5:06
there was a time when the word universe meant
5:12
the notion of more than one universe more than one everything seemed
5:16
impossible
5:18
but perhaps
5:20
if we keep guilt beyond our solar system
5:24
beyond the milky way
5:26
even beyond other distant galaxies
5:30
but the observable universe
5:35
doctors more
5:37
a lot more
5:39
that our universe is not alone
5:43
there may be other universities
5:47
there might be new ones being born all the time
5:53
we may have traditionally

5:55
in expanding c of multiplying universes
5:59
almost uterus
6:03
if we could visit these other universes
6:07
we find that some might have
6:09
basic properties of nature self aria that matter as we know it
6:13
couldn't exist
6:20
others might have galaxies
6:22
stars
6:23
even a flat that looks familiar
6:26
well with some surprising differences
6:33
there are any infinite number of the universe is in the mall diverse
6:36
somewhere
6:38
there's a place for almost everything is identical to ours
6:42
except for the slightest detail
6:46
maybe there is another brian three
6:48
ends up in a different mind for
6:51
will
6:56
if the multiverse was the infinite
7:00
known as and have to confront the
7:02
possibilities that are very hard to imagine
7:05
they'll be other places will be albums are looking for again actives like many
7:09
men's roles many women with p_m_s_ and look at them
7:13
for most of the
7:17
receives science
7:19
december metaphysics
7:21
estas processing his religion
7:24
to suspend not ask those questions registry
7:29
walter rodgers
7:31
on the logic seems to rebuild
7:35
however unfamiliar

7:36
and strains multiverse might seem
7:39
a growing number of scientists think it may be the final step
7:43
a long line of radical revisions to our pictured the cosmonauts
7:48
that is
7:49
there was a time
7:50
when we thought that deeper
7:55
is at the center of the cost
7:57
and that everything else
7:59
we're
8:01
bill
8:02
randomness
8:05
then along the inside it's like galloway interpreted and they showed us and that
8:09
it's this sunday
8:11
not the earth
8:12
that's at the center of our solar system
8:16
at our solar system
8:18
it's just uh... little neighborhood
8:20
outskirts
8:21
ganti galaxy
8:23
and our galaxy
8:25
it's one of hundreds of billions of gallons makeup unit
8:31
all of these ideas
8:32
sounded
8:33
outrageous when their first proposed but today we don't you can question them
8:39
c_i_d_ ethel multiverse may be similar
8:42
it's simply mean require
8:43
drastic change in our cosmic perspective
8:46
the other hand
8:48
some scientists think that the multipurpose is nothing but it did it
8:56
theory comfortable with multiverse

8:59
to become salt science
9:01
it's going on right up to
9:04
excessive
9:05
symbolism
9:07
campaign jules my six years
9:09
we have to make our best
9:11
and i think right now the multiverse is a pretty good bad
9:14
i think that's a good chance of the multiverse israel
9:17
and that i'm doing is now people might be convinced that real
9:22
cell where did this idea come from
9:25
and what's the evidence for it
9:28
well several surprising discovery suggest that
9:31
week really maybe part multiverse
9:35
the first of these discoveries
9:37
has to do with the generally accepted theory of the origin of our universe
9:42
that big big
9:46
according to this theory
9:47
our universe began some fourteen billion years ago
9:51
tensely violence
9:56
over billions of years
9:58
delivers cool
9:59
and coalesced
10:01
allowing the formation of stars
10:03
planets galaxies
10:08
as a result of that explosion
10:10
universes felix ending today
10:14
but if you could run the history of our universe in reverse
10:17
all the way back to the beginning
10:20
you'd find that the big bang theory tells us in
10:23
about what's said everything partly outward the first place

10:29
it's called the big bang theory
10:31
one thing that really says nothing about it all is the bank itself
10:36
but this is nothing about what the and white and what happened before testing
10:45
you'll ben file into explosive
10:47
what force could have driven everything apart
10:51
things western figure that out would bring scientists face to face with the
10:56
multigrace
10:59
one physicist whose work unexpectedly helped lay the foundation for the
11:03
multigrace idea is alan kooks
11:09
today he's a professor at m_i_t_ but back in nineteen seventy nine
11:14
gruesome ecology henry time
11:17
or pursuing a new idea about how particles might have for in early
11:21
universe
11:23
n_b_c_ just to make mission and to look at whether or not this new process that
11:26
we were thinking of
11:28
influence the special into the universe
11:34
whose entire hadn't set out to investigate the expansion rate of the
11:38
universe in the first moments after the big day
11:42
henry ties question closet tooth to review their calculations
11:49
i stayed up late late at night
11:51
and went over the calculations very carefully drawn
11:54
make sure he was cracked
11:57
as the nine were wrong
11:59
who's discovered something extraordinary nico asians describing her new particle
s
12:03
might afford her of the universe
12:07
and came to the tracking weekend
12:09
that is newfangled particle theories but have a tremendous success expansion int
o
12:13
the universe
12:18
under process henry and i were talking about

12:21
dr universe into a period of incredibly rapid exponential expansion
12:26
but it was found in the map was evidence that unique stream environment
12:31
very early universe
12:33
grabbing acting reverse
12:37
instead of
12:38
holding things together
12:40
gravity would repel everything around it
12:44
causing a huge expansion
12:47
i really became very excited about it
12:49
good without the calculation my notebook
12:51
and then at the end of a spectacular realization stubble marks around it
12:56
says realize that it was right it could be very important
13:02
fights covering this
13:03
pulse of gravity
13:04
alvin poussant unintentionally shed light
13:07
and the very beginning
13:09
of the big day
13:11
described mathematically
13:13
is forced to sell
13:15
it could take a bit of spaces tiny as a molecule
13:19
and blow it up to the size of the milky way galaxy enlistment billions
13:25
appointed an on
13:31
after this incredibly short outward burst
13:34
space but continued to expand
13:37
more slowly
13:39
eleven stores in galaxies to form
13:42
just as they do in the big bang theory
13:48
called the short burst of expansion inflation and he believed explain what's
13:53
at the university bending the first place
13:57
parable

13:58
pulse of the gravity of inflation
14:00
was the day
14:02
in the big day
14:04
but despite having made a momentous breakthroughs
14:07
allengooch headed
14:09
even more pressing concern
14:11
had no idea
14:12
worldwide
14:14
i was really looking for job
14:17
stationary hearst's area experience if i were actually pretty long trip
14:22
didn't talks about this
14:25
lesions on the
14:27
this idea caught on
14:29
talks about waiting room
14:31
packed with people from all
14:33
visits
14:36
ferris including me very enthusiastic
14:41
it was a very very exciting time
14:45
if you have a really good idea that allows other people too
14:49
field four at people are going to pay attention
14:53
recently when
14:55
suddenly i
14:56
across that gap birmingham al postdoc
14:59
you know one of the major players
15:02
for trap
15:05
very hard to absorb some chocolate
15:10
one reason inflation is so exciting
15:13
was that it made predictions that could be tested throughout servation
15:18
signed israel as a if the theory were correct
15:21
evidence for it should be found

15:23
in the night sky
15:26
and matching that we could
15:28
shut off the side
15:29
and take away all-stars
15:32
if our eyes to detect the rest of the energy that's still there
15:37
we'd see a warm glow
15:38
everywhere in the cosmonauts
15:41
this sea of radiation
15:44
microwave background
15:46
it's alas remnants of heat from the big day itself
15:51
spheric predicted that the violent expansionist based during inflation
15:56
with leavin imprint on this radiation
16:00
these tell-tale fingerprints would form a precise pattern temperature variations
16:06
slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots
16:09
that would look something like this
16:13
but it would be about
16:15
with the technology was sensitive enough
16:17
to test this prediction
16:20
then in nineteen eighty eight e nine nasa launched the cosmic background
16:24
explorer satellite
16:26
followed by a second cell
16:28
w in two thousand one
16:30
that would put inflation to the test
16:34
the nation's measures to radiation with tremendous precision and the results
16:39
were stunning
16:42
the temperature variations found in the cosmos almost identical match with the
16:47
predictions of the theory of inflation
16:50
go it's just a few re mathematics on the page
16:54
into a makes predictions that are confirmed
16:59
w mapped and put the mask of inflation predicted

17:02
that is enormously convincing
17:05
so inflation has had number of chance that for you
17:09
the predictions detecting and and inflation's come through with flying
17:13
colors
17:15
his work on inflation
17:17
along with that of other physicists was hailed as a milestone toward
17:21
understanding the origin of the universe
17:23
process
17:25
gates expanse
17:27
but soon to russian businesses could discover that the cleans of inflation
17:32
held a shocking secrets
17:36
our universe
17:38
nominee alone
17:43
one of these physicist was andrei linde a
17:46
wouldn't already made pivotal contributions to inflationary theory
17:51
view other was alex the lincoln
17:54
who happened to attend one of the target calendars gave during his road trip
18:00
he gave a wonderful children
18:02
as i come from t_v_ forces
18:04
well not what it was a rather unexpected
18:07
carrie's in one size inflation
18:10
explains very well
18:12
many teachers so constantly bang and was quite remarkable blackbirds
18:18
yes
18:21
kye fund from greater impressed
18:25
that's
18:28
out so late in the selling price that for months afterwards he couldn't stop
18:32
thinking about inflation
18:36
here's a look at my age
18:37
source of the day

18:38
in the shower was changed and
18:44
the more polite he considered the process of inflation
18:48
the more you wondered about what would make it stop
18:52
calories in a space transition howls of inflation
18:57
what exactly would happen at the moment inflation
19:03
as a
19:04
for the budget
19:05
it turns out that and of inflation
19:08
doesn't happen everywhere at once
19:11
the lake and suddenly realized that
19:13
if inflation doesn't and every
19:15
once then this always some participates words still happening
19:21
so in this picture
19:23
the big band is not the unique event
19:28
the multi
19:29
bands that have twenty-four hours
19:31
and there will be
19:33
contest other bands that will happen in the future
19:37
it was a striking and unexpected new picture
19:41
in which inflation would stop in some regions
19:43
but always continue somewhere else
19:46
newbie gangs are always occurring and new universe is our always being boring
19:51
yielding an externally expanding
19:54
multiverse
19:56
linden to life in particular
19:58
question i'd be here
19:59
that inflation might never end
20:01
that this ballooning process that happens over and over again giving one
20:05
university after another after another
20:09
was this a revolution in science

20:13
theory that's full of holes
20:16
the idea became known as eternal inflation and you can picture it
20:21
something like this
20:22
and marriage and that is block of cheese is
20:25
almost space before the formation of starting galaxies
20:29
now forty-two inflation spaces
20:32
uniformly filled
20:34
with a huge
20:34
dramatic energy it
20:36
and that energy causes space to expand
20:40
an enormous fee
20:41
as it does here in their seats
20:44
energy discharge sort of like sparked a static electricity
20:49
but this is like static electricity on a cosmic scale
20:53
and wingate discharges
20:59
almost energies rapidly transformed into matters
21:03
in the form of tiny particle
21:07
that process is the birth of the new universe
21:11
what we have traditionally called
21:13
the big day
21:16
inside these new universes twitter mud holes in the cheese
21:21
space continues to expand
21:23
but much more slowly
21:25
and sometimes galaxies stars and planets form much as we see an our universe
21:32
today
21:35
meanwhile outside of these new universe is interested spaces still full of love
21:40
this charge energy
21:42
and still expanding an enormous speed
21:47
and more expanding space means more places really energy can discharge into
21:51
more big games

21:54
new universal's
21:57
and that means this process could go on forever
22:01
in other words when it comes to eternal inflation
22:04
factsheets
22:06
is more like swiss cheese
22:08
new universes
22:11
mostly for
22:14
multi-purpose
22:19
the multiverse
22:20
a profound implication
22:22
of eternal inflation
22:26
but as alex the link in with sooner
22:29
one that would not be easily accept
22:33
i thought i uh... realize something important about the universe
22:37
and they wanted to share they said with my fellow says assists
22:42
and uh...
22:43
one of the source of course have to be
22:45
on both
22:47
being alone
22:48
that quantum fluctuations in the scale of field different
22:51
in different regions in space
22:55
high social be excited about it
22:57
as a result
22:58
excitations specialists
23:00
encountered in goa splendid
23:02
inflation
23:03
the last few singing
23:06
of sp
23:09
mission as i was uh... discredited humes my
23:13
new picture of the universe

23:15
inflating regions and so forth
23:18
expansion
23:21
analogy is that alan
23:23
is begin to build self
23:29
actually uh... i was the first thing i think the about that
23:32
so uh... yeah im
23:34
i thought that
23:35
so i probably should go
23:43
one problem with the concept of a multiverse is that bears
23:47
into the no way to detect
23:51
always needs universe expanding
23:54
rights so was this basin between them
23:58
and that means that nothing
23:59
not even light
24:01
can travel from any of the other universities to reach us
24:05
physicists did not really respond very well too
24:09
this is an ideal eternal inflation
24:12
months i said that i'm going to tell them something about uh... things beyond
24:17
our fries on that cannot in principle the observed
24:21
most of them just close the interest of the letter and less
24:26
alex the lincoln thought he was onto something big
24:29
others were skeptical
24:31
civil lincoln reluctantly tried to put his work on internal inflation
24:35
out of his mind
24:38
who wants to talk about a universe and everything the scene
24:41
motorists can't make predictions the capital city
24:46
make the case of the salt we saw it
24:48
how can you ever
24:50
be confident of that when you can see the other parts of the multiverse
24:54
we can only see our little patch are little expanding cloud of galaxies

24:59
how would you ever going to know
25:01
proven multiverse exists
25:03
it's not warn you can't prove that it doesn't exist
25:06
so why should we believe it
25:10
outselling trying to stop the pentagon more divers
25:17
with no hard evidence to support it
25:19
the idea seemed to fit it in
25:24
many people for the stilts spoke about incidentals
25:29
so it didn't return to the subject for almost ten years
25:35
meanwhile
25:36
likens russian colleague andrei linde
25:38
kept the flame alive
25:40
he had independently come up with his own version of eternal inflation
25:45
unlike the lake in he would not be tutor
25:49
maybe only with more of them
25:51
when i got the dea produce motorists
25:54
understood that this may be the most important thing commercially ever do in
25:57
my life
25:59
and uh... if somebody doesn't want to be sure it's that's their problem
26:04
within the published more than a dozen papers
26:07
but his work with meeting equally chile perception
26:11
it seemed no-one wanted to hear about the idea multiverse
26:22
if the equations maternal inflation worthy
26:25
only clues pointing to the multiverse
26:28
that's where the story might have ended
26:32
but the multiverse idea would gain some unexpected support from to completely
26:36
unrelated areas of science
26:40
one was an idea pulled strings here
26:43
design to explain how the universe works at the tiniest scales
26:49
the other

26:50
with an astounding discovery made by astronomers exploring the universe on
26:54
the largest scale
26:55
i discover that's utterly missed periods there's only one universe
27:00
metaphor part of a motive errors
27:07
and has to do
27:08
with the expansion of the universe in its east to explain using a baseball
27:13
out of five
27:14
tossed this fall up in the air we all know what what happened
27:18
as arises
27:19
it slows down because of gravity
27:24
astronomers new at the universe is expanding
27:27
and they assume that the expansion with slowed
27:30
detracted from
27:31
for stars and galaxies
27:33
just as the ball slows down because of the gravitational pull
27:37
the earth
27:39
when the actually did the measure
27:42
they found
27:42
something
27:43
astonishing something that
27:45
the foundations of physics
27:48
picked out the expansion is not slowing down
27:52
it's feeding up
27:56
testifying
27:57
text-based when i throw it
28:02
instead of slowing down as a rushes away
28:06
speeds up
28:08
without if you saw a faulty back
28:11
petersen is something visible four sets contracting gravity
28:15
question on the ball forcing it to speedway ever more quickly

28:20
strawberries tainted seating losing about the universe
28:24
that's some kind of energy in space must be pushing all the galaxies apart in
28:29
causing the expansion to speed up
28:33
because we don't see this energy
28:35
the astronomers golden dork energy
28:39
vidsand among them
28:40
most important experimental discoveries
28:44
in the history of science
28:45
it took most of us
28:46
completely by surprise and say we're still trying to come to grips with that
28:52
discovering that dark energy is pushing every galaxy in our universe away from
28:57
every other
28:58
at next seller rating rating
29:02
but even more surprising was the strain
29:05
that dark energy
29:06
for over a decade scientists have been unable to explain why such i think
29:11
you'll hear amounted exist
29:14
an empty space
29:16
but that mystery seems easier to resolve
29:20
if worked hard much larger multiverse
29:25
now the idea that's base
29:26
today's any energy it all sounds strange
29:29
but not if you really small flames like molecules and have
29:34
if you recall quantum mechanics
29:37
tells us that there's a lot of act
29:39
microscopic brown
29:41
activity that can contribute in energy to space
29:45
and according to the math
29:47
he mounted energy generated by that microscopic activity
29:51
is enormous

29:53
the problem is when astronomers measure the amount of energy that actually out
29:57
there
29:58
najib energy required to force the galaxies apartment accelerating raped
30:03
her
30:04
began a number
30:06
like this
30:07
decimal point
30:09
fault line along
30:10
underneath what is your statement that i want
30:13
and incredibly tiny amount very close to zero and nothing at all like with the
30:18
theory predicted
30:19
in fact
30:20
it's trillions and troy isn't trillions and trillions of times smaller
30:26
colossal waste net
30:29
we have tried everything
30:31
to explain why you have dark and jesus more sitters
30:35
and we've tried interesting and everything's their also
30:39
populace are one spot was the
30:42
the worst failure of an order and that's the industry insights
30:47
as a brother and snaps something
30:49
finding that the and mounted energy in space is
30:52
so much less interfered projects
30:55
not justin academic problems
30:58
the precise strain
30:59
that repulsive gravity
31:02
that has profound implications
31:03
kitchens for all of us
31:04
for example
31:05
if i were to increase the strength of the dark energy just a little bit
31:10
erasing

31:12
poverty zero
31:15
still have a tiny number
31:17
university radically different
31:21
that's because a slightly stronger growth energy with
31:24
push everything apart so fast
31:28
that stars planets and galaxies would never have four
31:33
and that means we simply would not exist
31:38
here we are
31:42
why is the amount of dark energy so much less center theory predicts
31:46
and also just right
31:48
allowed the formation of galaxies stars planets life
31:53
week just
31:54
don't know
31:55
mismatch between the theoretical predictions of dark energy and what
31:59
astronomers have observed
32:01
was one of the great mysteries in science faces today
32:06
but consider this if we do live in a multiverse than the mystery of dark
32:12
energy might not be so mysterious after all
32:17
in fact where part of a multipurpose the value of dark energy we've measured
32:22
might actually make total centers
32:30
reservation retreat
32:33
to see how the multipliers might stop the dark edgy puzzle matching your
32:37
checking into a hotel and
32:39
you can remember like this
32:43
ten million one
32:48
injuries that
32:52
ten million in one with seem like a
32:54
pretty strange remember and getting a room number like this would be surprised
33:00
much as the value of dark energy in our universe is a number that scientists
33:04
have found surprising

33:06
but here's the thing
33:08
if this hotel
33:09
huge number of rooms
33:16
saying billions and billions
33:18
beginning remember ten million one won't be so surprising
33:23
endeavored to help this big
33:26
you expect to find a room with that number her okay
33:33
similarly that were part of a multi purpose for the huge number of universes
33:38
each for the different valued the dark energy
33:41
you'd expect to find
33:43
at the time the smallest will be measure
33:46
if you think of each of these rooms as a unit of uh...
33:50
eight university different value for the dark energy
33:54
then most of these universes won't be hospitable to life as we know it
33:59
the reason is that the value of the torque energy wouldn't allow the
34:03
formation of galaxies stars and planets
34:07
universes with much less dark energy and ours would collapse in on themselves
34:14
and universes with much more dark energy than ours would expand so fast that
34:20
mattered would never have the chance to coalesce into plots
34:24
and four stars and planets
34:27
also
34:28
of course we find ourselves in the universe triggered by the dark energy
34:32
is hospitable to life
34:35
unwise
34:36
we wouldn't be here to talk about
34:44
cell if we're part of a multipurpose
34:46
the mystery of dark energy becomes not some mysterious
34:52
there's a piece of the puzzle missing
34:55
how do you know if there's enough diverse city within the multiple
34:59
every value for dark energy including the strange value we observe in our

35:04
universe can be found somewhere
35:07
the answer would emerge from an entirely different area physics
35:13
i'm talking about groundbreaking fury that comes from investigating the
35:17
universe
35:18
on the funniest scale
35:22
we know that inside acts or even tinier bits of metal
35:26
protons neutrons
35:28
which are made of still smaller particles full force
35:32
but physicists realized that this might not be the end of the line
35:38
p subatomic bits might actually made a something even smaller
35:44
tiny migrating strands board
35:46
loops of energy pulled strings
35:50
this set of ideas fault string theory
35:54
everything that exists is made of this one kind of ingredients
36:03
just as a single string of a cello can produce many different notes depending
36:07
on how it vibrates
36:09
strings to take on different properties
36:12
depending on how the safe i agree
36:15
creating many kinds of part
36:19
from this theory came the promise of elegant simplicity
36:23
a single master equation evidence plane what we see in the world around us
36:30
string theory beautiful that would be elegant
36:33
and calculation from that very simple syria would produce the world as we know
36:37
it
36:39
for these beautiful
36:41
theory to work there was a catch
36:43
the math the string theory required something that defies common sense
36:49
a feature that would put in the door to the multiverse
36:53
extra dimensions space
36:59
brought into a week three dimensions in space

37:03
height with
37:05
and gas
37:08
but the math the string theory says these barring people need to mentions
37:13
the mathematics works only first reason moves and vibrant
37:18
doctors industry directions that we see
37:21
sandoz and say six more nine speaks to mentions it all
37:26
itself history theory is right
37:29
where are these extra dimensions
37:32
why can't we see them
37:34
think about the cable supporting a traffic light
37:38
from a distance it looks like a line
37:40
one-dimensional
37:43
but maybe you could shrink down tuesday the size and and
37:47
you'd find another dimension a circuit and connection etc rolls around the
37:51
cable
37:54
and string theory says that if we could treat and billions of times smaller than
37:58
that and
38:00
we'd find tiny extra dimensions like this
38:03
while kroll dot everywhere in space
38:07
every point of space
38:09
there's extra dimensions a space the crew up into little pretty much that you
38:14
can see because it was small
38:16
and the shape of those extra dimensions determines the fundamental features of
38:21
our universe
38:23
just the way the
38:24
airstream they're going through an instrument like a french warned
38:27
vibrational patterns that are determined by the shape of the instrument
38:32
the shape of the actually mentioned determines how to little strings vibrate
38:37
those vibrational patterns determined particle properties so all of the
38:41
fundamental features outward universe may be determined by the shape of the

38:46
extra
38:47
mentions
38:49
the wave those extra dimensions of space a put together
38:54
many respects like d_n_a_ of the universe
38:59
determines the way the universe to behave
39:03
just exactly the same way as d_n_a_ determined story animals can't talk
39:09
the problem was the more strained resembled more we think that extra
39:14
dimensions to be called up and then
39:17
at provided no clues as to which she ate was the right one corresponding to our
39:22
universe but i think the consensus right now that that number seems to be a
39:27
stroma
39:28
they're published paper suggesting upwards of ten of the five hundred
39:32
that's ten followed by five hundred uros of different possible shakespeare
39:39
tend to the following
39:40
hundred different possible shakespeare dimensions
39:44
each appearing equally valid
39:48
sexy preposterous
39:50
lol
39:52
especially for a theory that was looking for one
39:54
single master equation described our universe
40:06
but then it occurred to some strings here is that perhaps there is a
40:10
different way to look at the problem
40:13
and these different perspective would breathe new life into the idea
40:17
multiverse
40:19
tend to the five hundred different string theories
40:23
this sounded like a complete disaster in the
40:27
is it to have a theory that has spent over five hundred solutions
40:31
you can't find anything in there
40:34
well that's west string theorists are more unhappy somewhat depressed
40:40
my own reaction to it at the time is this is great this is fantastic missus

40:44
exactly what that does not want to some looking forward and warmest adversity of
40:48
possibilities won't be unhappy about this
40:52
this says the string theory fits extremely well
40:56
with cosmology and wally interesting ideas about mostly persons
41:01
turning what seemed like a bus into a virtue some street theorist became
41:07
convinced at the multiple solutions a string theory
41:11
might each represent a real something very different universe
41:16
in other words train theory was describing a multipurpose
41:20
and an extremely diverse one at that
41:24
share everyone's surprise
41:26
string theory was actually
41:27
quite readily describing
41:30
huge numbers of
41:31
different kinds of solutions which each of which
41:34
corresponds to possible universe
41:37
so we just go to
41:38
this motorist for free
41:42
from spain in from passing the hat
41:45
you this is an update
41:47
i think you know this is the board
41:49
he can
41:51
amounts in talking to them
41:54
in fact according to the man
41:57
the amount of dark energy withstand such a wide range of values
42:00
from university universe
42:03
strange in that we've measured which shortly turnout
42:07
string theory
42:09
without even trying solved that problem
42:13
cell all over again
42:14
inadvertently named lincoln had come up with their ideas about eternal inflation

42:19
the multiverse was revived
42:23
three lines of reasoning
42:26
all pointing
42:27
to the same conclusion
42:30
internal inflation
42:32
dark energy
42:34
and string theory
42:37
just the way it takes relates to support its dual these three ideas taken
42:42
together
42:43
support the argument that we made live in a multiverse
42:47
when different lines of research
42:50
all converge on one of our idea
42:53
that doesn't mean he's right that went altfest folks at the wheel appointee at
42:56
one idea
42:58
that idea becomes pretty convincing
43:02
today the multiverse is hotly debated
43:06
eunice
43:07
many critics remain
43:10
baby cries is going to tell us mam mam mam
43:14
but multiverse advocates like alex linkin
43:19
and andrei linde a
43:21
are no longer alone
43:24
certified's appears to be tuning
43:26
now these ideas accepted time was legendary
43:30
the ingenious all of the world
43:33
you don't know who did that
43:38
cell what would it be like
43:41
if we could travel some of these other universities
43:44
why would we see
43:47
some might be basket different from our own

43:51
properties unlike anything we've ever seen
44:00
some universes multiverse
44:03
might not have light
44:04
or matter or anything recognizable at all
44:13
and their mikey other universities features not unlike the familiar ones we
44:17
know
44:19
but where life takes a completely different form
44:22
perhaps communicating in ways we'd find
44:25
utterly bizarre
44:28
cannon mac shows that if we were able to visit and now for these universities
44:33
we might eventually find ones like ours
44:36
with the milky way galaxy
44:38
a solar system
44:40
and encourage
44:42
except with some slight differences
44:45
in one maybe the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs sixty five million
44:50
years ago
44:52
missed
44:55
evolution charted a new course
45:04
in another
45:06
there might be encouraged with people similar to us
45:11
better at multitask
45:15
but there's something even stranger
45:18
some work out there we should find exact copies of our universe with duplicates
45:24
of everything
45:26
and everyone
45:31
the how could this be
45:33
the b_b_c_ active duty to virus salesman
45:36
out there in the multiverse
45:39
dizzy hal

45:40
take this
45:41
deck of cards
45:44
it's made up
45:45
a fifty two
45:46
different cards
45:47
and if ideal them
45:49
everyone will get different here
45:52
but over the course of many many realms
45:56
eventually
45:57
some of the combinations will start to repeat
46:03
that's because with fifty two cards there's a limited number of different
46:06
hands you can deal
46:08
if you delete cartoon infinite number of times and repeating answering them
46:14
and the multiverse
46:15
similar principle applies
46:20
that's because according to the laws of nature
46:23
fundamentally gradients of matter or particles
46:26
are kind of like a deck of cards
46:29
any reason to space
46:31
they can only be arranged in a fine eight number of different ways
46:36
cell if space is infinite if they're aren't infinite number of universes
46:40
and those arrangements are bound to hate
46:44
and since each one of us is just a particular range into particles
46:48
somewhere
46:50
is duplicative u
46:52
and me
46:53
and everyone else
46:57
handy
46:59
it could be added another universe i was a rock star in my life
47:03
workforce care opinion approx dot that means all those things

47:07
that i've never found time to do
47:09
emilie being done bison copy of me somewhere else
47:12
i was rather depressed excel
47:14
this bits are also some low uniqueness it is a consequence of the ideas and the
47:19
ideas seen very well motivated
47:24
yet critics argue them all to persist
47:26
just to convene
47:28
an explanation for things we don't understand
47:31
why didn't i need valued or energy in our universe
47:34
and the huge number of possible shapes for the extra dimensions in string
47:38
theory
47:40
problem with that kind of reasoning is it doesn't explain why dark energy base
47:44
read his it just says just random chance
47:48
had a fun tractors
47:50
you trim
47:51
apply this kind of reason anytime you don't
47:54
have a better explanation
47:57
on the other hand supporters of the mold tourist point out that sometimes and
48:01
better word deeper explanation for the way things are
48:04
simply does not exist
48:08
take for example the worst orbit around the sun
48:12
we find ourselves at a distance of ninety three million miles
48:16
perfect for life
48:19
if we were much closer to the sun
48:21
our plan it would be too high
48:22
for life as we know it to exist
48:28
and if we were much farther from the sun
48:31
it would be too cold for life
48:35
seldom why are weak in the sweet spot
48:40
starting in the late fifteen hundreds

48:42
famous astronomer johannes kepler ask
48:45
that very question
48:47
and he spent years trying to find physical reasons
48:50
some law of nature that requires the earth to be ninety three million miles
48:56
from the side
48:59
kepler never found it
49:01
doesn't exist
49:03
their isn't any visible or requiring gave birth to be ninety three million
49:08
miles from the side
49:10
it simply one possibility of the many you expect to find
49:14
universe we know is full of solar systems
49:19
you might think it was an extraordinary accident
49:23
process that there are a lot of comets are clear
49:27
similarly
49:28
some suggested true explanation for many of the fundamental features of our worl
d
49:33
will lewd us
49:35
if we don't consider the possibility
49:38
that we live in a multiverse
49:42
clearly if we had a good physical reasons
49:45
when we understand it much happier
49:47
we may have to live with that
49:49
uh... there's no principle
49:51
built into the laws of nature
49:54
that say that
49:55
theoretical physicists have to be happening
49:58
doctors
50:00
it's only the hypothesis because nobody
50:03
has navajo processes which makes as much sense
50:09
them multiverse while can't allies in possibility
50:13

but with no experimental evidence jenny will lead

50:18
we can weaken anything to lose occupational works pyramid to support
50:24
but what we have found at the last few centuries desert mathematics provides
50:29
ashore but he got it
50:31
the nature of these that we haven't yet been able to see answer works very
50:35
mentally
50:38
nasa predicted things like black holes and certain subatomic particles
50:42
long before we ever observed them
50:46
and nafta suggesting that there may be these other universes
50:50
that doesn't mean it's right
50:53
but often is leading you to a deeper understanding of reality
50:57
if you choose not to believe that that's perfectly fine because we have not give
n
51:01
you any evidence yet
51:03
and
51:04
one of the wonderful things about science as it is about evidence is not
51:08
about me
51:12
and some scientists now think we'd might just the able to find that evidence
51:18
they propose that if our universe and another before you close together
51:22
the two might have collided
51:27
that collision could have left its own fingerprints ripples nick cosmic
51:32
background radiation
51:35
the heat left over from the big bang
51:40
my guess is yes that was a hundred years we will know one way or another worries
51:44
argues a rat
51:46
contributors from now
51:47
it may be an amusing historical episode
51:50
we don't know
51:52
but if you only work on the things that are already well-established
51:57
nothing can be part of the next big excitement
52:02
do they reflect multi-purpose

52:04
it would change our perspective not just to protect his did five hundred years
52:08
ago he showed that the verse is not the center of the cosmonauts
52:13
and some might say and our universe is just one of many our dissent from the
52:18
center
52:19
would be complete
52:22
mccandless
52:23
think it's more important is being was silent
52:26
became understanding in this accuse reruns
52:30
i think it's really good for physics legal distinction
52:33
when we remember
52:40
what does this
52:44
duplicates
52:45
you might need
52:47
everything existing right now
52:49
and infinite number
52:50
upon the universities
52:55
is the multi person extracurricular evolution
53:00
don't know
53:01
at least not yet
53:02
if the idea that we live in a multigrace proved true
53:06
we'd be witnessing one of the most exciting antrim
53:09
matic upheavals
53:11
to our understanding
53:12
of the fabric
53:14
about the cause of
53:26
major funding for nova is provided by david each color
53:34
discontinued
53:38
eighties
53:43
and buying
53:44
the corporation for public broadcasting

53:47
and by contributions to your p_b_s_ station
53:49
from viewers like you
53:57
major funding for the fabric of the cosmos is provided by
54:01
the national science foundation were discovery speaking
54:13
the alfred p_ sloan foundation
54:15
supporting original research in public understand sounds
54:20
engineering
54:21
and mathematics
54:24
additional funding is provided by the only surviving davis foundations
54:29
dedicated to strengthening america's future through education
54:33
the u_s_ department of energy is office of science
54:38
that george d smith fon