jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDESifhzG@HjzdK;wkd;wufa&;qDokd@ OD;wnfaom

trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&; tqkdðycsuf
“trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; wnfaqmuf&ef tcsdefraESmif;ao;acs”
a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tif;pdeftusOf;axmif t&m&Sd{nfha*[m
20-5-2009
tzGifhpum;

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; t=uyftwnf;rsKd;pkHESifh &ifqkdifae&ay&m

‚if;t=uyftwnf;wkd@. t&if;cHta=umif;w&m;rsm;jzpfonfh 'Drkdua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;.
wef;wla&;ESifh ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhjy\emwkd@tm; tajz&SmEkdif&ef tcsdefraESmif;ao;acs? touf0ifjcif; r&Sdao;
aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onfvnf;aumif;/ 2010 twGif; usif;yrnfqdkaom taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJonf
vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Smvdkygu aqG;aEG;EdkifzG,f&Sd
aom vrf;prsm;yif jzpfonf?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tajccHpdwfapwemjzifh oufqkdif&m EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktoD;oD; 0kdif;0ef;

tajz&Smygu wkdif;jynf&ifqkdifae&aom jy\emt=uyftwnf;aygif;pkHukd ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnfhvrf;ptm; tv#if
tjrefawG@&Sdekdifayvdrfhrnf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; rdrdwkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH'Drkdua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;rS “2008
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'”tm; jyefvnfokH;oyf jyifqifygu ,ae@umv wkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;
t=uyftwnf;rsm;tm; ausmfv$m;I wkdif;jynfzHG@òzd; wkd;wufa&;vrf;a=umif;qDokd@ OD;wnfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unf
ayonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmhwyfrawmftaejzifhvnf; toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvY ta&;}uD;aom EkdifiHa&;
tcef;u¾tm; jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhtwl wdkif;jynftm; 'Drkdua&pDESifh
zGJ@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ cdkifcdkifrmrma&muf&Sd&ef yl;wGJwm0ef,l&rnf[k ,Hk=unfayonf? xdk@a=umifh
TjrefrmEkdifiH'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_qDokd@ OD;wnfaom trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tqkdðycsuftm;
EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpDokd@vnf;aumif;/ jrefrmhwyfrawmftygt0if wkdif;oljynfom;
wkd@tm;vnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;wkd@tm;vnf;aumif; wifjyEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@tiftm;pktm;vHk;twGif;
ta=utvnf!SdE_dif;I jyKpk&jcif;jzpfayonf?

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf nD!Gwfr_uif;rJhaeojzifh +idrf;csrf;r_uif;rJhae&+yD; ,ae@óuHawG@ae=u&aom

EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; tedÏm¶kHrsm;jzifh &ifqkdifae&jcif;jzpfayonf? Ttajctaersm;rS ausmfv$m;Ekdif&efrSm
wkdif;jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsKd;pkHjynfolwkd@. nD!Gwfr_onf tajccHta=umif;w&m;jzpfayonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; rdrdwkd@
EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh ,ae@umv wkdif;jynf.tajccH tusqkH;vkdtyfcsufonf trsKd;om;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&;yifjzpfonf[k cH,layonf? trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; wnfaqmufEkdifygu wkdif;jynf. nD!Gwf
r_ukdvnf; wnfaqmufEkdifayvdrfhrnf? TnD!Gwfr_pGrf;tm;jzifh 'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_qDokd@ rdrdwkd@.
wkdif;jynftm; tv#iftjref onfaqmifEkdifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,kH=unfayonf? xkd@a=umihf oufqkdifol EkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pk toD;oD;“olremukd,frem”tajctaejzifh jyefvnfoifhjrwfum wkdif;jynf. +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh zHG@òzd;
wkd;wufr_tm; aqmifusOf;Ekdifrnfh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wifjycsufjzpfaom “trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
csKyf. a&$*Hkwdkifa=unmcsufyg 2008 zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'tm; jyefvnfokH;oyfa&;” tqkdðycsuftm; axmufcH/
xif[yfonfh TtrsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tqkdðycsuftm; rdrdwkd@'Drkdua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;rS
ta=utvnf aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;um tiftm;pktm;vkH;. nD!Gwfaom tqkdðycsuf w&yf ay:ayguf&efvnf;
&nf&G,fcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif TnD!Gwfaom trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tqdkðycsufonf wkdif;jynfwGif;&Sd
t"du EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk}uD;rsm;jzpfaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;

1
'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyfwkd@. a&S;OD;rqGuyif oabmwlnD+yD;jzpfaom jynfaxmifpkrl/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.
vlrsKd;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& wef;wl a&;rl/ ygwDpHk'Drkdua&pDpepfwnfaqmufa&;rl/ tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
umuG,fjyXmef;a&;rlESifh jynfaxmifpkpepf azmfaqmif &mwGif trsKd;om;v$wfawmfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf [laom
v$wfawmf ESpf&yfxm;&Sda&;rl wkd@ESifhvnf; uif;vGwfjcif;r&Sdacs?

2008 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'jzifh wkdif;jynf. t&if;cHjy\emrsm;jzpfaom 'Drkdua&pDESifh trsKd;om;

rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifh ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhjy\emwkd@tm; ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef cufcJayvdrfhrnf? wpkHw&mðyjyif ajymif;vJ
EkdifrSomv#if ‚if;t&if;cH jy\emrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfhvrf;p yGifhayvdrfhrnf? okd@r[kwfygu wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
tiftm;pkrsm;tygt0if wkdif;jynf. t"duEkdifiHa&; tiftm;pk}uD;rsm;tm; wkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrS z,fxkwf
xm;ouJhokd@ jzpfayvdrfhrnf? trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tm;vnf; wnfaqmuf&m a&mufvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?
jynfwGif;ppfrD;vnf; qufvufawmufavmifae+yD; wnf+idrfr_/ +idrf;csrf;r_wkd@ESifh tvSrf;a0;aeayvdrfhrnf? xkdokd@
qkdv#if t"dy`m,fjynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pD0ef;usiftm;vnf; wnfaqmufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? wkdif;jynfonf a'o
wGif;ESifh EkdifiHwumtv,fwGifvnf; *k%foduQm&Sd&Sd qufvuf&yfwnf&ef tcuftcJ wkd@jzifh &ifqkdif&ayvdrfhrnf?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfr_ wnfaqmufEkdifrSomv#if wkdif;jynf.*k%foduQmtm; jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifEkdif

rnfh tajctae aumif;rsm; tm; qkyfukdifEkdifrnfjzpfayonf? xkd@a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfuJhokd@aom vlxk
acgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfv$wfay;v#uf ygoifhygxkdufaom tiftm;pk
tm;vkH;jzifh 2008 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'tm; jyefvnfrGrf;rHI tm;vkH;vufcHEkdifonfh tajctae
w&yftm; zefwD;&ef ta&;w}uD;vkdtyfv#uf&Sdayonf? xkdokd@aom EkdifiHa&;tajctaeatmufwGifom wkdif;jynf
. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tajctaersm;tm; wnf+idrf+yD; zGH@+zdK;vmap&ef aqmifusOf;Ekdif ayvdrfhrnf?

vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;atmufwGif oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jrefrmjynfolwkd@ qif;&Jr_ab;'%f

t&yf&yftm; cg;pnf;I cHae&ayonf? o,HZmwaygºuG,f0aomwkdif;jynfwGif pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ESifh *k%foduQm
&Sdonfh vlaer_tqifhtwef;tm; jrefrmjynfolwkd@cHpm;Ekdif&ef jiif;y,fcHae&ouJhokd@ jzpfaeayonf? wkdif;jynf.
OpPm"erSmvnf; vlenf;pkuom xde;f csKyfxm;Ekdifayonf? wkdif;jynf. t"dupD;yGm;a&;u¾jzpfaom v,f,m
pdkufysdK;a&;u¾rSm evefxlEkdifonfhtajctaer&SdbJ qeftygt0if v,f,mxGufypPnf;rsm;. umvaygufaps;
rsm;rSm xkwfvkyfr_p&dwftm; umrdonfhtajctaeyif r&Sdacs? em*pfrkefwdkif;a=umifhvnf; wkdif;jynf. yifrqef
xkwfvkyf&ma'orsm;ESihf ig;zrf;vkyfief;a'orsm; ysufpD;cJh&+yD; wkdif;jynf. yifrpD;yGm;a&;jzpfaom aus;vuf
pD;yGm;a&; òydvJcJh&onf? 2009-2010 ckESpfrsm;wGif qefpyg;xkwfvkyfr_t}uD;tus,fusqif;Ekdif+yD; qefvkyGJrsm;/
t"du±k%f;rsm;/ vlr_a&;r+idrfoufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmEkdifzG,f&Sdonf? urBmpD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;a=umifhvnf;
xkdtajctaersm;tm; ydkrkdqdk;0g;ap+yD; tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifae=u&aom a&$Œajymif; tvkyform;
rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@ tdk;tdrf&Sd&mwkdif;jynfokd@ axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI jyefvmae&ayonf? jynfwGif;Yvnf;
EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrsm; vma&mufI &if;ESD;jrKyfEHSEkdifonfh 0ef;usif tajctaer&Sdacs? vuf&SdEkdifiHwum
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@. jyefvnftpm;xkd;Ir&aom obm0&t&if;tjrpfrsm; (opfawm±kdif;rsm;ESihf
owWKrsm;)tm; wyGJxdk;xkwf,l toHk;csjcif;rsm;jzifhom oHo&mvnfvsuf&Sdonf? xkdtajctaersm;rS ausmfv$m;
Ekdifonfh 0ef;usiftajctaetm; tv#iftjrefwnfaqmuf&ef vkdtyfayonf? xkdtajctaerSm EkdifiHa&;
ajyvnfr_yifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;yifjzpfonf?

xkd@a=umifh rdrdwkd@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;!Gef@aygif;tpkd;&/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;om;

aumifpD/ wkdif;&if; om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpD/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf(jrefrmEkdifiH)/ jrefrmEkdifiH'Drkdu&ufwpftiftm;pk/
jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;vli,frsm; uGefu&uf/ wkdif;&if;om;vli,frsm;tiftm;pkESifh 'Drkdua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;a&;
ukd tajccHaom EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS (1) trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/ (2)
tm%mcsdefcGifv#mxdef;n‡da&;/ (3) vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;/ (4) wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;
. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd todtrSwfðya&;ESifh (5) wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vkH; wkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif

2
ckdifckdifrmrm yg0ifcGifh&&SdEkdifa&;ponfh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wpfcktaejzifh rjzpfraetajccH&rnfhrl/ tESpfom&wkd@
tay:wGif tajccHI 2008 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'tm; jyefvnfðyjyifEkdif&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;oifhonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif; rjzpfraeaqmif&Guf&rnfh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;
vkyfief;rsm;tm; tqkdjyKwifjyxm;ygonf? Todk@tqkdjyKwifjy&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiH'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qDodk@
OD;wnfaom trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tqkdðycsuftjzpf jyifqifðypkI wifjyxm;ygonf? tqkdðycsuftm;
jyifqifðy&mwGif

(1) ,Hk=unfr_ wnfaqmufa&; qkdif&mwifjycsuf/

(2) tajccHOya'.aemufcHorkdif;ESifhtajccHrrl sm;/a&G;aumufyGJ qkdif&mwifjycsuf
(3) vHk+cHKa&;taqmufttHk qkdif&mwifjycsuf/
(4) toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv vlr_a&; pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&mwifjycsuf rsm;[lI u¾ 4 &yfcGJjcm;I ðypkwifjyxm;
ygonf?

ed*HkcsKyftaejzifh rdrdwdk@jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDESifhwkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;

ta&;udk tajccHaom EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ,ckwifjyaom jrefrmjynf
'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH@ðzd;wkd;wufa&;qDodk@ OD;wnfaom trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tqkdðycsuftm; jrefrmjynf
'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ta&;/ v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; wckvHk;. trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifjrwfa&;/ pdwfapwemESifh
wkdif;jynfzGH@jzdK;wkd;wufa&;ESifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tjrifoabmxm;rsm;tm; xif[yfudk,fpm;ðyonfh
wckwnf;aom nD!Gwfonfh tqdkðycsuftjzpf jrefrmhwyfrawmftygt0if jrefrmjynfol taygif;tm;vnf;
aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om;,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpDtm;vnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHwumrdom;pkodk@ vnf;aumif;
wifjya=umif;azmfjyvkdayonf? EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om;,ma&;ESifh zGH@ðzd;a&; aumifpDtaejzifh rdrdwdk@. tqdkðy
csuftm; jiif;y,fvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k ,Hk=unfonf? xdk@tjyif urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfESifh
wuG EkdifiHwumrdom;pk taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdk@. tqkdjyKcsuftm; EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om;,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;
aumifpD/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;/ cGefxGef;OD;wkd@uJhodk@ yg0ifoifhyg0ifxkdufolrsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;
tiftm;pkrsm; vufwGJI 0dkif;0ef;taumiftxnfazmfap&ef vufawG@usus ulnD=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh
,Hk=unfayonf?

1 ? ,Hk=unfr_ wnfaqmufa&; qkdif&mwifjycsu/f

,ae@ jrefrmjynfawG@}uHKae&aom EkdifiHa&;/pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef

t"duusaom vwfwavm enf;vrf;rSm trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&; tajccHjzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;
yifjzpfonf? TtwGuf ,xmblwusaom ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOfudk awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jzpfpOf ay:ayguf
a&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;0ef;usifw&yf ay:aygufa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ toGif;ul;ajymif;a&; umvtwGif;
tem*wfykHazmfa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; taotcsmjyifqifoGm;=u&ef vkdtyfayrnf?

,ae@jrefrmjynf taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif t"du,kH=unfr_wnfaqmuf&rnfh aomhcsuf

jy\emrsm;rSm -
1) jynfolvlxkxHokd@tm%mjyefvnftyfESif;a&;
2) EkdifiHom;wkdif;. tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;
3) wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. qkH;&_H;aeaom tcGihfta&;rsm;
4) wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾
5) jynfolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&r_rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKa&;
6) 90 a&G;aumufyGJ. tcef;u¾ wkd@yifjzpfygonf?

3
 1) ,kH=unfr_&Sdonfh EkdifiHa&;0ef;usifw&yfazmfaqmifa&;
wOD;ESifwOD; tjyeftvSef,kH=unfr_&Sdonfh EkdifiHa&;0ef;usifw&yf ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf trsKd;om;
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk OD;wnfaom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_jzpfpOfw&yf tpjyKEkdif&ef vkdtyfrnf? 4if;twGuf
vufawG@usaom ueOD; tjyKtrlvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh cH,l&efoabmxm;rsm;vkdtyfygvdrfhrnf?

(u) vufawG@usaom tjyKtrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

• a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH;c|if;csufr&Sd
vGwfajrmufa&;
• wEkdifiHvkH; v$rf;jcKHonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;
• &efvkdonfh tjyKtrlrsm;&yfpJa&;
• tjyeftvSefvkHjcKHr_tmrcHa&;

(c) ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOfwav#mufvHk;twGuf cH,l&ef oabmxm;rsm;

trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmuf&mwGif yg0ifoufqkdifaeaom tiftm;pktm;vkH;
taejzifh pdwf"gwfa&;&m t& atmufygtajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk cH,lEdkifrSom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;tajz&Sma&;udk
atmifjrifEkdifrnf[k ,lqygonf?
• jynfolvlxk. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk t"duxm;a&;
• yGif;vif;&kd;om;r_ESihftjyeftvSefav;pm;vkdufema&;
• tjyeftvSeftodtrSwfðyr_&Sdonfh tjyKoabmaqmifonfh qufqHa&;w&yf xlaxmifa&;
• jidrf;csrf;acsmarG@aom enf;ukd tokH;csa&;
• tmCmwuif;pifaom taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfr_ukd a&S@&_a&;
• tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&&Sda&;

2 ) ,kH=unfr_wkd;wufwnfaqmufa&;
ueOD;awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;tqifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;tqifhrsm;qDokd@ OD;wnfvmonfESihftnD,kH=unfr_
tqifhrsm; ykdrdkwkd;jrSSifh ap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh EkdifiHa&;&ifhusufr_rsm;udk zefwD;&rnfjzpfonf? 4if;tajctaersm;
azmfaqmifEkdif&eftwGuf

• vlom;csif;pmer_qkdif&m/ zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufr_qkdif&m/ pD;yGm;a&;udpP&yfrsm;twGuf tvm;wl

awG@qkHaqG;aEG;tajz &Smr_rsm; wjydKifeufjyKvkyfoGm;&ef?
• jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;jzpfpOfatmifjrifr_wkd;wufr_rsm;ESihftnD EkdifiHwum. zdtm;ay;
ydwq f @kd r_rsm; tqifv
h udk f avsmch soGm;Edik af &;ESifhulnDyHhydk;r_rsm; ykdrdk&&Sdvma&;twGuf
twlwuG}udK;yrf;oGm;&ef?
• wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhukd tmrcHEkdifonfh tajccH
tkwfjrpfrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;ykHtajc cHOya'wGif jyXmef;Edkifa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;oGm;&ef?
• vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&r_rsm;/ qkH;&_H;epfemr_rsm;twGuf w&m;r#wI oifhawmfaom
tpDtpOfw&yf azmfxkwfoGm;&ef? rkef;wD;emusifr_rsm; yaysmufa&;ESifh qkH;&_H;epfemr_
rsm;twGuf ukpm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk tedrfhqkH;taejzihf xnfhoGif;&ef? (Healing
and Reparation Process)
• wkdif;jynfjyefvnfwnfaqmufr_jzpfpOfrsm;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. yg0ifqkH;jzwf
aqmif&GufcGifh&ap&ef/

4
 • acwfrDwkd;wufaom/ aygif;pyfzGJ@pnf;rnfh wyfrawmf. tem*wftcef;u¾udk
azmfxkwftodtrSwfjyK&ef
• jrefrmtygt0ifwkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;t=um;&if;ESD;r_/ tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_/ tod
trSwfjyKr_ wkd;jrSifha&; tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
• jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;r_wnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOfESifh wkdif;jynfjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOf
tpDtpOf tqifhqifh wGif trdsK;orD;rsm;. yg0ifr_wkd;jrSifha&;tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
• wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOfwGif vlenf;pktkyfpkrsm;. yg0ifr_wkd;jr‡ifh&ef tp&Sdonf
wk@d udk azmfaqmifomG ; &ayvdrrhf nf?

2? tajccHOya'.aemufcHorkdif;ESifhtajccHrlrsm;/a&G;aumufyGJ qkdif&mwifjycsuf
aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;

vuf&SdjrefrmjynfwGif &ifqkdifae&aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'jy\em. tajzrSm wkdif;&if;om; jynfol

vlxktaygif; wnDwnGwfwnf; ,Hk=unfvufcHtwnfjyKay;Ekdifrnfh zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOay'w&yf ppfrSefpGm
ay:xGufvma&; jzpfonf?

tqkdyg tajccHOya'w&yfjzifh cdkifrmnDnGwfaom tpkd;&w&yfudk azmfaqmifEkdifrSomvSsif vuf&Sd &ifqkdif

ae&aom EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf? Tt=uyftwnf;rsm;tm; etz
tpkd;&u uruxjyKazmfaqmifxm;aom “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)”
t& ay:xGufvmaomtpkd;&w&yfu ajz&Sif;ekdifrnf r[kwf[k ±kd;om;pGm ,kH=unfonf? 1993 ckESpfwGif usif;y
cJhaom trdsK;om;nDvmcHY trsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tajccHOya'qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm;udk tqkdðycJh+yD;/
wkdif;&if;om; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. wyfaygif;pkjzpfaom jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyf/
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf ponfh wdkif;&if;om;tzG@J rsm;ESiv
hf nf; jynfaxmifpkrlrsm;udk oabm
wlnDr_ &,lEkdifcJhonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. jynfol@vGwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD

zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufydkif;wGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDa&; jynfaxmifpkta&;ESihf wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&m
pmwrf;rsm;/ oabmxm;rsm;/ a&;om;jyKpkEikd cf o hJ nf?

1993 ckESpfwGif pwifusif;ycJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHY typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom wdkif;&if;om;

vufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;uvnf; 4if;wdk@. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm; jynfaxmifpkESifhywfoufaom rl0g'oabmxm;rsm;
&oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk pmwrf;rsm;jyKpkI wifjycJh=uygonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk. z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkqikd &f m rl(8)csutf ay:tajccHI jrefrmjynf

'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJ@csKyfu z,f'&,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'w&yfudk yxrqHk;OD;aqmifa&;qGJcJhonf?
aemufydkif;wGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpDESifh trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tpDtpOfwdk@u
TtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; tpDtpOfudk qufvufazmfaqmif&mwGif jynfe,f§a'o tvdkut f ajccHOya' a&;qGJ
Edkif&ef zuf'&,ftajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDESihf jynfe,f§a'otajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDrsm; zGJ@pnf;
wnfaxmifcJhonf? zuf'&,f zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'twGuf tajccHrlrsm;udk 'Drkdua&pDESihf wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@
tpnf;tm;vkH;u wnDwnGwfwnf; axmufcHtwnfjyKcJh=uonf?

TuJhodk@ jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;t=um;wGif rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkif tajccH

Oya' qdkif&mrl0g'oabmxm;rsm;udk ta=utvnf nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;xm;+yD; rl=urf;tqihftxd a&;qGJðypk xm;cJh

5
jcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; vuf&Sd etzu uruxðy a&;qGJxm;aom “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH
Oya' (2008 ckESpf)” tm; jyefvnfjyifqifoGm;&ef wdkif;jynfESifhjynfolvlxk. a&&SnftusKd; pD;yGm;udk ar#mfudk;I
rdrdwdk@'Drdku a&pDESifh wdkif;&if;om;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u tqdkðy&jcif;jzpfygonf?

,if;odk@ jyefvnf jyifqif&mwGif OD;pm;ay; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tajccHoabmxm;rsm;rSm-

• trdsK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH. yifrtESpfom&tjzpf 'Drkdua&pDESifh wkdif;&if;om;wef;wlnDr#a&;udk tmrcHcsuf&Sd&ef
vkdtyfonf? wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾onf EdkifiHawmfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESihf toGiful;ajymif;a&; u¾wGif
yg0ifxrf;&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk todtrSwfjyKI a&G;aumufcHt&yfbufESifh wkdfif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
tcef;u¾udkvnf;/ wyfrawmfu tjyeftvSef vufcHtodtrSwfðy&efvdktyfonf?

• tm%mcsdefcGifv#mxdef;nSda&;
tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&; ESifhw&m;pD&ifa&; u¾rsm;t=um; tm%mcsdefcGifvSsmESifh wm0efrsm;udk xdef;nd‡
&rnf? vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tm; tajccHOya'jzifh tumtuG,fay;&rnf? Oya'jyKa&;onf jynfol
vlxktm; trSefwu,fudk,fpm;jyKaom v$wfawmf. vkyfief;jzpf&rnf? jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f§a'o}uD;
wdk@t=um; tm%mcGJa0r_udk oifhavsmfr#watmif aqmif&Gufoifhonf?

• vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;ESifhw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;
EkdifiHom;wkdif;. vl@tcGifhta&;;qkdif&m tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;jzpfaom vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/
vGwfvyf pGmpka0;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmoif;yif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ w&m;vufvGwfzrf;qD; ypPnf;odrf;rcH&cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm
udk;uG,fcGifh/ bmompum;vGwfvyfcGifh/ pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpdkufysKd;cGifh/ ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh/ Oya'
a&SŒarSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#cGifhESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;rsm;ponfwdk@udk tajccHOya't& tmrcH&ef vdktyf
onf? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;.tcGifhta&;/ usm;§r wef;wla&;ESifh vlenf;pktcGifhta&;rsm;udk tajccH Oya't&
tumtuG,fay;&rnf? TtcGihfta&;rsm;onf EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ jyXmef;
csufrsm;ESifh tnDjzpf&rnf? tajccHOya'wGif EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifw&yf wnfaxmifa&;yg&Sd
&rnf? tqdkygaumfr&Sifonf jynfo@l v$wfawmfudk tpD&ifcH&rnf?
w&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;tajccHrsm;jzpfaom vGwfawmf. Oya'ðyr_tm%m/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;/ rD'D
,mvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; tm;aumif;&ef tajccHOya't& tmrcH&rnf?

• wkdif;&if;om;wef;wla&;ESifhwkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm; tcGifhta&;
tajccHOya'wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ pmayESifh,Ofaus;r_ apmihfa&Smuf jr‡ifhwif
a&;udk tmrcH&rnf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;t=um; EkdifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwljzpfap&ef trsKd;om; v$wfawmfwGif
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tpkwdkif; wef;wludk,fpm;ðycGifh&Sda&;tm; tajccHOya'jzifhtmrcH&rnf? jynfaxmifpkESifh
jynfe,frsm;t=um; tm%mcGJa0r_pOf;pm;&mwGif yifvHkpdwf"gwfESifh yifvHkpmcsKyfygtESpo f m&rsm;udk tajccHoifh
onf? vlrsKd;tay:tajccHonfh cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sda&;udk tajccHOya'jzifh tumtuG,fay;&rnf?

• zGJ@pnf;ykHjyifqifcsuftm; ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,fjzpfatmif yk'frxm;&Sda&;

txufwGif azmfjycJhjyD;jzpfonfh/ jynfwGif;/jynfy 'Drkdua&pDESifhwkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;u zGJ@pnf;ykH

qkdif&m jyifqifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk=unfhv#if/ trsm;pk.qENrSm 'Drkdua&pDjynfh0aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vkH;.
wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom/ jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;jzpfonfudk txift&Sm;awG@&Sd&ayonf?
xdk@a=umifh zGJ@pnf;ykH a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfonf wdk;wufajymif;vJaeaomjzpfpOf(open ended process) wck
jzpfoifhonf[k cH,layonf? qufvufnSdEd_if;aqG;aEG;r_udkvnf; vrf;zGifhay;xm;oifhonf? 'Drkdua&pD toGif

6
ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;
t=um; EdkifiHa&;&ifhusufr_rsm; ykdkrdk&ifhoefvmum ,if;tajccHay:wGif / 'Drkdua&pDzGJ@pnf;ykHqkdif&m oabmwlnDr_
rsm; ykdrdk&&SdvmEkdifonf[k ,lqayonf? 'Drdkua&pDtajccHtkwfjrpfudk ydkrdkcdkifrmpGmcsrSwfEdkifvdrfhrnf?

,if;oabmwlnDr_rsm;ESifhtnD/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifjznfhpGufEkdifa&;twGuf/ zGJ@pnf;ykH

jyif qifr_qkdif&m/ yk'frudk ajymif;vG,f/ jyifvG,fjzpfatmifa&;qGJxm;oifhonf?

• EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif EkdifiHom;tm;vHk; Oya't&yg0ifcGifh

EkdifiHom;wOD;csif;pD.tcGifhta&;udk apmifha&SmufjrSiwfh ifa&;/ w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;.
EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhwkd@udk tajccHOya't& tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf? EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh rsufarSmufEkdifiHa&;
jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh tem*gwfEkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifcGifh &&Sda&;udk tajccHOya't& tmrcHcsuf&Sdap
&rnf? TEkdifiHa&; jzpfpOfrsm;wGifusm;r wef;wl yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifcGifhudkOya't&tmrcH&rnf?

etz. 2008 tajccHOya'yg awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Smoifhaom jyXmef;csufrsm;

1? etz tajccHOya'. twdtvif;a=unmxm;aom OD;wnfcsufwckrSm-wyfrawmftm; trsKd;om;ekdifiHa&;

OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾ay;a&;jzpfonf? ,if;tusKd;quftjzpf jynfe,fv$wfawmfwkdif;wGif4if;/ trsKd;om;
v$wfawmfESifhjynfol@v$wfawmfESpf&yfvkH;wGif4if; ppfwyfrSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 25 &mckdifE_ef; &,lxm;onfhtjyif
orw a&G;aumuf&ef orwavmif; okH;OD;teufrS wOD;udk vnf;ppfwyfrS a&G;cs,fcGifhay;xm;jcif;//

2? wyfrawmfonf wyfydkif;qkdif&m udpPtm;vkH;udk vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcef@cGJpD&ifaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;?

3? trdsK;om;umuG,fa&;ESifhvkHjcHKa&;aumifpDukd (11) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;&m 'k-orw/ umuG,fa&;OD;pDcsKyf/ 'k-

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;/ pkpkaygif; (6)OD;jzifh trsm;pkrJ
wygwnf; &,lxm;jcif;?

4? ta&;ay:tajctae a=unma&;ESifh oufqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;t& umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftm; ta&;ay:

tajctae wGif vkyfykdifcGifhtvGeftu|Hay;xm;jcif;?

5? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tcsKdŒaomta&;}uD;onhf jyXmef;csufrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk

v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;. (75) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfujyifqif&ef oabmwlvufcjH yD;aemuf jynfvkH;u|wf
qENcH,lyGJ usif;y&rnf[k jyXmef;vSsuf rnfokd@r#jyifqifcGifh r&Ekdifatmif owfrSwfxm;jcif;?

6? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf pyfvsOf;I jynfaxmifpkwkdif;a'o}uD; jynfe,f/jynfaxmifpke,fajrESifh udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;cGifh&

pD&ifpkwdk@wGifvnf; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfjcif;?

7? jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh 'k0ef}uD;rsm; cef@tyfwm0efay;jcif;ESifpyfvsOf;I umuG,fa&;/ jynfxJa&;ESifh e,fpyf

a&;&m0ef}uD; Xmersm;twGuf wyfrawmfom;trnfpm&if;udk EkdifiHawmforwrS &,l&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;jcif;
tjyif tqkdyg0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;(wyfrawmfom;) wkd@. &mxl;E_wfxGuf&rnfh ta&;ESifhywfoufvmv#if EkdifiHawmf
orwonf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Guf&ef jyXmef;xm;jcif;?

7
8? EkdifiHawmforRwESifh 'k-orRw. t&nftcsif;rsm;wGif ppfa&;tjrif&Sd&rnf[laomtcsuf tygt0iforwESifh
'k-orRw&mxl;twGuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;t&nftcsif; uef@owfcsufrsm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if
vlt ajrmuftjrm;udk a&G;aumufyGJr0ifEdkifatmif wm;qD;xm;jcif;?

9? etztajccHOya'u EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m,Ofaus;r_w&yfudkom tcGifhtm%may;xm;+yD; jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;.

±_yfaxG;r_udk rsufuG,fjyKxm;onf? EdkifiHtrsKd;tpm;/ udk,fydkiftrSwfvuQ%m/ bmompum;/ EdkifiHa&;pepf/
pD;yGm;a&;pepfponfwdk@ESifhywfoufI ,SOf+ydKift,ltqrsmudk vspfvsL±_xm;onf? tajccHOya'onf Oya'ðy
v$wfawmfrsm;twGif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. vkyfief;wm0efESifhtm%mudk owfrSwfe,fy,f tenf;i,fwGif
om uef@owfxm;+yD; jynfe,ftajccHOya' odk@r[kwf a'otvdkuf tajccHOya'rsm;vnf; qGJcGifhay;rxm;ay?
xdk@jyif “oifhawmfonfh vlOD;a&yrm%” &Sdaomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;om a'ov$wfawmf/ jynfe,fv$wfawmfrsm;wGif
yg0ifEdkifonf? ajr,mESifh ajray:/ajratmufo,HZmwypPnf;rsm; ydkifqdkifr_/ toHk;csr_qdkif&m jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifh
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&t=um; oifhjrwfavsmfuefonfh jyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifoifhjcif;?

10? tm%mydkif;jcm;a&;udk“jzpfEdkifonfhtwdkif;twmtxd”vkyfaqmifxm;jcif;? TowfrSwfcsufonf Oya't&

a0a00g;0g;Edkif+yD; (ppfwyfv$rf;rdk;xm;onfh) tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾u w&m;a&;u¾udkausmfvGefEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;
xm;jcif;?

11? vkyfief;wm0efudk ausyGefpGmrxrf;aqmifEdkifaom wdkif;a'o}uD; odk@r[kwf jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyf odk@r[kwf

0ef}uD; tm;&mxl;rS E_wfxGuf&ef n¸e=f um;Edkifonf? n¸ef=um;onfhtwdkif; vdkuef mjcif;rðyv#if wm0efrS &yfpJ
&rnf[k jyXmef; xm;jcif;?

12? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ 0ef}uD;rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;&mxl;rsm; cef@tyfcH&onfh wyfrSL;rsm;onf

rdrdwdk@.ppfbuf &mxl;rsm; qufvufcH,lxm;vsuf rdcifXmersm;odk@ jyefoGm;Edkifaomfvnf; t&yfom;0efxrf;
tm;vHk;rSmrl v$wfawmfxJr0ifrD odk@r[kwf orwaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tpdk;&Xmersm;uaomfvnf;aumif;
wm0efray;rD rdrdwdk@&mxl;rsm;rS EkwfxGuf&ef vdktyfjcif;?

wkdif;&if;om; jynfolvlxktaygif; wnDwnGwfwnf; ,Hk=unfvufcHEdkifaom zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOay'w&yf

tay:oabmwlnDcsuf&&Sda&;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. trdsK;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;jzpfpOfwGif t"du
usonfhtcsufjzpfonf? Ttcsufonf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlxkrSa&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufxm;aom
'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;/ &if=um;apha&; wnfaqmufekdif&ef/ ta&;
ygonfh yxrajcvSrf;jzpfonf[k ,kH=unfonf?

EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§90 tydk'f (20)t& jynfol@

v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ&efwm0ef&Sdolrsm;jzpf=uygonf// “jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)”onf ,ae@txd tm%mrwnfao;yg?

vuf&Sdtaetxm;t& zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI v$wfawmftm%mpufjzifh w&m;enf;vrf;

wus aqmif&GufEkdif&efeSifh ay:aygufvmrnfh tajccHOya't=uyftwnf; jy\emrsm;tm;/ a&Smifv$JEkdif&eftwGuf
trdsK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu oufqkdifolrsm;tm;vkH;yg0ifaom zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' jyefvnfokH;oyfa&;
aumfrwD w&yf zGJ@pnf;v#uf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufoGm;&ef wifjyxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?

odk@jzpfygI awG@qkHaqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;jcif;jzifhom vuf&dS“jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'(2008)”

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tm;vkH;tm; tajz&SmEkdifrnf[k cdkifrmpGm,kH=unfygonf?

8
3? vkHòcHa&;qkdif&mu¾

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wm0eftyfESif;oifhonf?

9
 trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tpDtpOfatmufwGif ay:xGufvmrnfh tpkd;&taejzifh trsKd;om;
vkòH cHa&;rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif vlom;vkHjcKHrl (Huan Security) t,ltqudkyg xnfhoGif;tajccHI
us,fus,fjyef@jyefpOf;pm;a&;qGJoihfonf?

4 ? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv vlr_a&; pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&mwifjycsuf

u ? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mwifjycsuf
Agriculture and services dominate the economy, contributing 44% and 36% of GDP
respectively. Industry, including natural-gas exports, makes up about 20% of GDP (ADB
2009).

The country’s fiscal deficit currently exceeds 11% of GDP (IMF 2007). According to the
ADB (2009), official statistics state growth has been over 10% since 2000; however, this
figure is not consistent with other reported variables, such as energy use, which are closely
linked with GDP. Non-official estimates place GDP growth at less than half what has
officially been reported. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2009) quotes Burma’s real GDP
growth in 2008 as 0.9%. This performance has been mitigated to some extent by increased
revenue from natural gas exports, which now represent 40% of Burma’s exports and have
permitted Burma to convert chronic deficits in its balance of payments to surpluses.
However, the full potential of Burma’s natural resources for the growth and development of
the economy across all sectors and for the benefit and welfare of all the peoples of Burma can
be realized.

An open economy and free trade, with an emphasis on trade with our neighbors in the Asia-
Pacific region could be beneficial for all. For Burma to prosper, a transitional government
will need, in the short term, to take firm measures to stabilize the economy and then, in the
medium to long term, to implement measures of fundamental structural reform in the
principal sectors of the economy. A National Development Commission designing both long
term and short term national development plans and seeking input from the people through a
series of forums.

In short order, there is a need to deliver reforms of a systematic, macro-economic nature and
not limit itself to piece-meal, superficial steps: genuine and sustainable reform will not be
possible unless there is political and economic reform.

Stabilization

To allow medium to long term structural reforms to be developed in a stable economic

environment, the severest distortions(to check usage) could be addressed.

ƒ Reduce, through short-term subsidies, the prices of fuel and basic commodities.
ƒ Freeze the printing of money.( Review instead of freeze)
ƒ Permit the Burmese currency to float.
ƒ Reaffirm current resource exploration/extraction contracts with international
companies while serving notice of the government’s intention to seek review of those
contracts through negotiation or legal avenues.( possibility of China, India, Thailand
disagree)

10
Honour business contracts made between foreign enterprises and the SPDC, but undertake a
negotiated review of some with regard to profit-sharing and environmental sustainability.
(pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGudk jyefar;&ef reaffirm and honour tykd'f ESpfckonf economic stability udpPESifh
oifhawmfovm; )

Structural Reform

Once the economy has been stabilized, a transitional government will need to turn its
attention to fundamental structural reforms in the following key sectors:

(i) Financial Sector

Formal finance is very difficult to access in Burma. According to UNDP surveys, more than
90% of Burma’s population is without access to formal finance of any kind.

Currently Burma now suffers from hyperinflation. The following could be done to reform
the financial sector.

ƒ Reduce the money supply - mainly the volume of paper currency, as credit is a
negligible amount.
ƒ Create a floating exchange rate that is set by market forces of demand and supply.
This step will automatically unify the country’s multiple exchange rates.
ƒ Abolish foreign-exchange monopolies and/ also authorize private banks to hold
foreign exchange.
ƒ Encourage domestic saving and foreign investment by setting up / developing the
standards within the Special Economic Zones and creating business estates.
ƒ Reduce import duties and other unnecessary restrictions and to create conditions to
promote competitiveness /
ƒ Enact anti-monopoly and anti- trust laws.
ƒ Ensure transparency in public accounting.
ƒ Seek the assistance of international financial institutions in reform.

Specifically as to banking, Burma should establish criteria by which qualified national

applicants can establish private commercial banks and open its market to responsible foreign
banks.

Burma is a signatory to the Basel Accords, which set out international best-practice banking
regulations. The government could assist in revitalizing the private financial sector by
providing capital to financial institutions, which would then provide credit based on a normal
commercial practice.

Economic Policies on Monetary and Financial

(The banking and financial institution sectors)

Awareness has increased that – Monetary policy & Fiscal policy is only one among many
policy tools which must be coordinated for maximum effectiveness in the effort to achieve
the national goals.

Monetary

Monetary Policy:

11
 • Central bank must be independent and guided by the policies of the monetary policy
committee.
• An independent monetary policy committee is essential.

Fiscal Policy

Recommendations on fiscal and monetary policy:

1) The central bank to make sure that the national currency is moving in line with other
countries in the region to compete with them in exports.

2) Interest rate, inflation rate, growth rate and wages of labors are correlated and then, the
central bank should always try to update its country economic growth forecast and to maintain
a forecast.

3) Exporters shall be allowed to look for new markets. They should appropriately choose
financial instruments to manage with possible risks of currency fluctuation.

4) Manufacturers should be allowed to apply for tax incentives under the free-trade
agreements, including the ASEAN and Pacific Region - Economic Partnership Agreements
(Like AFTA or so many FTAs). Exporters will benefit from the FTAs and the deals could
help boost exports.

5) (Taxation reform for promotion of internal revenue)

But the spending has risen too. The fiscal deficit is up to 4 per cent of GDP, the
highest in Asia, with the printing of money to cover that fuelling inflation. Agriculture, which
accounts for 40 per cent of GDP, remains constrained by the restrictions on the transport and
sale of rice, and other market interventions that the IMF say “reduces farmers’ production
incentives”.

(ii) Agricultural Sector

Burma’s economy remains predominantly based on agriculture – the agricultural sector alone
provides for a majority of the country’s income and labour force. The following key areas
need urgent reform:

ƒ Equipment and Infrastructure

ƒ Credit and Investment
ƒ Land ownership
ƒ Arbitrary taxes on crops
ƒ Forced labour practices

The following reforms would be practical in the agricultural sector:

ƒ Introduce long-term leases.
ƒ Encourage an increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) especially in the area of
agricultural technology.
ƒ Provide incentives to increase paddy acreage, as well as the production of edible oils
and exportable agricultural products.
ƒ Remove the current ban on commercial bank lending for agricultural purposes.
ƒ Provide micro-financing for small, rural producers.

12
 ƒ Create transparent legislation for new, land tenure arrangements.
ƒ Complement land title reform with other reforms, such as independent dispute
resolution mechanisms.
ƒ Cease arbitrary confiscations of land.
ƒ Remove restrictions on crop choice.

(iii) Industrial Sector

In spite of Burma’s relatively rich agricultural potential, industrial development will be an
essential component of the economic development strategy. At only 13% of GDP, we should
strive to make Burma’s underdeveloped industry a predominant sector of the economy. We
envision a broad-based industrial structure, comprising resource-based industries, a
modernized manufacturing industry, and some innovative-intensive industries.( to rephrase)
In view of this, there is need to address the following
ƒ Reform or promote ?????(to ask the author) existing non-state enterprises in the
manufacturing sector.
ƒ Remove unnecessary restrictions on private investment.
ƒ Privatize state-owned enterprises that are not competitive in a market economy.
ƒ Develop physical, social and administrative infrastructures to attract large-scale
foreign investments in more productive and sustainable sectors beyond natural
resource extraction.
ƒ Encourage the development of local entrepreneurship through industrial education,
technological training, greater support for acquiring new technology and industrial-
related services.
ƒ Try to able to nurture infant sectors for export promotion and import substitution.
ƒ Encourage local equity participation in foreign enterprises, making investment
conditional upon the establishment of research centers, the appointment of locals to
responsible positions, and a certain amount of technological transfer through training
programs.

Natural Gas and Mining

Burma has a rich supply of natural gas deposits and minerals, predominately in the Yetagun
and Yadana projects, and in Arakan State’s offshore gas project. However, income from
natural gas exports should benefit all citizens as a whole.

Macro-economic policies need to be considered in the context of taking the best possible
advantage of Burma’s natural resource wealth. A transitional government would:

ƒ Reaffirm commercial exploration/extraction contracts.

ƒ Establish an Oil and Gas Management Commission to provide for accountable and
transparent accounting of oil revenues. The commission shall take into account the
participation and benefit of the local communities.

ƒ Review the state’s monopoly over energy and resource management sectors,
encouraging private sector participation.
ƒ Review the energy policy, aiming at efficiency and the development of alternative
sources of energy. Gradually phase out energy subsidies and allocative quota
systems.

International Trade and Investment

13
Presently there are restrictions on trade, repatriation of profits, and access to foreign
exchange. The economy should be liberalized and investor confidence restored by ensuring
political stability, maintaining policy predictability and removing bureaucratic obstructions.
It will also:

ƒ Practice the principles of open international trade, removing barriers to the free flow
of trade.
ƒ Accede to the trade liberalization programs of the World Trade Organization, taking
steps to fully integrate with the regional and the international economy.
ƒ Impose moderate and uniform export taxes and import tariffs to acquire the revenue
needed for macroeconomic stability.
ƒ Promote linkages between local and foreign enterprises.
ƒ Establish institutions to promote trade and investment with the outside world and
facilitate the flow of commercial information to potential local producers.

Environment

There is currently no national or state coordinated planning to ensure the protection of

Burma’s environment.

ƒ Create a high-level national environmental Commission with an independent panel of

experts and a mandate to adopt recommendations and guidelines for priority actions
while facilitating public hearing and submission of disputes and problems.
ƒ Improve the enforcement of existing environmental codes.
ƒ Actively participate in the international debate on climate change and biodiversity
preservation and develop a national action plan to fulfill the country’s obligations
under relevant international covenants /conventions/treaties.
The commission should:

ƒ Set a Maximum Sustainable Yield for renewable resources in order to

maintain existing ecosystems.
ƒ Set an Optimum Rate of Depletion and manage revenues from non-renewable
natural resources in order to maximize the social welfare of present and future
generations.
ƒ Review the national reforestation program and mobilize grassroots
participation, for example, through the development of community forests,
family reforestation, and forest occupancy management.
ƒ Introduce environmental education into the school system.
ƒ Prevent and regulate pollution.

c ? ynma&;qkdif&mwifjycsuf

* ? usef;rma&;qkdif&mwifjycsuf

C ? e,fpyf'kuQonfrsm;/ jynfwGif;a&$Œajymif;vSnfhvnfae&aom 'kuQonfrsm; rl&if;Xmae jyefEkdifa&;ESifh vl@tzJG@

tpnf;twGif; pepfwus ae&mcsxm;a&;

(Return, Rehabilitation and Reintegration)

14
There are estimated to be over 700,000 refugees and displaced persons, of whom about
200,000 are refugees living mainly in Thailand and Bangladesh. Another 500,000 displaced
persons are estimated to be in eastern Burma. Thousands of other refugees are also taking
refuge in countries such as India, China, Malaysia, etc.

Well-organized voluntary return in group and reintegration is likely to be the best and most
durable solution for the refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) population. Conditions
need to be in place for a safe and dignified return, with assurances provided to IDPs as to
their physical safety upon return. There must be no forced return. Additional requirements
include:

• Before the return of refugees, nationwide ceasefire should be declared and National
Reconciliation Process has been taken place in irreversible mode.
• A commission must be set up with relevant stakeholders including refugee
communities and community leaders.
• The refugee groups and communities leaders must involve in every step of
resettlement planning from initiative steps through planning stage and implementing
stage.
• The decision of resettlement must reflect the desire of the refugees.
• An information campaign on resettlement on both sides of the border: " Go and See
and " Come and Tell" visits in order the educate the refugee about resettlement.
• Security at their homeland :
ƒ Personal security
ƒ Community security: to prepared for the protection of possible conflict
between returnee refugee and local people

• There should be a certain place to keep them before they actually go back to their
places.
• The refugee, IDPs who live close to their village will be the first group to go back and
other groups will follow later.
• Technical and other material assistance for the resettlement process including
reinforcement of human resources, necessary infrastructure, logistics and
communication.
• Assurance of Livelihood
• Support for Vulnerable population: children, elderly, disabled, chronically ill,
pregnant women.
• Assistance towards successful reintegration of the refugees and displaced persons,
mobilizing donors and coordination with umbrella organizations where they already
exist.
• Resolution of legal issues, including returning land and other property to rightful
owners using the United Nations High Commission for Refugees' (UNHCR)
experience in land and property disputes for people returning to their communities.
• Monitoring mechanism of the entire process of return and reintegration

ed*Hk;csKyfwifjycsuf

We, the movement for democracy and rights of ethnic nationalities in Burma, agree on the
common platform outlined in this proposal as our commitment for genuine national
reconciliation, democracy and development in Burma.

15
We seek in unity a system of government for the Burmese people that enshrines respect for
human rights and the rule of law, recognition of its ethnic communities, and a programme of
sustained economic growth that will benefit all segments of the population. Thus far, there
has not been a clear route forward: now such a route exists, embodied in this proposal.

We recognize the challenge the Burmese people face in achieving these goals. But the
breadth of groups, associations, and interests that have coalesced around this initiative
reflect a broad consensus and a firm basis to work with the current military leaders in a
process of dialogue towards democracy and development in Burma.

We sincerely believe that recommendations in this proposal will be helpful for any leaders,
governments and institutions who are ardently seeking to find the best political solution in
Burma. In that spirit, we call upon all sectors of Burmese society to endorse this proposal and
to join us in seeking genuine national reconciliation, a transition to a truly democratic state.
We call upon the current Tatmadaw’s leaders to engage in good faith negotiations to the ends
we have outlined. And we call upon the international community especially the United
Nations and Burma’s neighbors to lend us active and unwavering support.

16