4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE 2015)

IGEE, Boumerdes, December 13th -15th, 2015

Regional Accents Recognition based on i-vectors

approach: The Case of the Algerian linguistic
environment
Mourad DJELLAB1 and
Abderrahmane AMROUCHE2
SCSPL, Faculty of Electronics and
Computer Science, USTHB
P.O Box 32, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers,
Algeria
1
mourad.djellab@northumbria.ac.uk

Noureddine MEHALLEGUE

Ahmed BOURIDANE

Research and Development Centre

(CRD-GN), Bouchaoui, Algeria
nmehallegue01@qub.ac.uk

Department of Computer Science

and Digital Technologies,
Northumbria University, Newcastle
Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
ahmed.bouridane@northumbria.ac.uk

AbstractRegional accents recognition is one of the most

important research topics in speech processing. However, the
development of such systems is time-consuming and an expensive
process since it requires collecting and processing a large amount
of training and evaluation data for each target accent. This work
presents some preliminary results about the Algerian regional
accents recognition using the i-vectors approach. The
experiments have been carried out using a dataset collected from
the east and the center of Algeria. The obtained results show the
benefits of using the i-vectors approach to recognize both
regional accents and to assess the impact of evaluation data
quality on the accuracy of the proposed recognition method.
However, it has been noted that the confusion rates obtained
between both accents may be related to the evaluation data
quality, the linguistic similarity existing between both accents
and some languages contact phenomenon such as the code
switching.
KeywordsRegional accents recognition; linguistic variation in
algeria, ivectors.

I. INTRODUCTION
Regional accent variation is an important aspect of speech
variability. It reflects a wealth of information related to the
geographical, the social and ethnic background of the speaker
[1][2]. That is why a lot of effort has been made to
automatically identify this kind of information from the speech
signal. Recently, one of the most important research topics in
the speech processing field is related to dialects and regional
accents recognition.
Investigating dialects and regional accents can provide
important benefits to speech technology beyond improving
speech recognition [3]. It can help in speaker recognition by
narrowing the search space at the front end once features used
in Automatic Speaker Recognition Systems (ASRS) are
adapted to regional origin [3]. Also, in the context of
immigration screening, for example, it may be helpful to verify
whether an applicants accent corresponds to accents spoken in
a region he claims he is from [4]. Moreover, it can be helpful
for forensic speaker profiling in judicial or military situation
[5]. Identifying the speakers accent, his/her nationality and/or
hometown, can often lead to important clues with regard to the

suspect [6]. The more realistic example for these forensic

applications is the American journalist case, when several
British and American newspapers have reported that the
identity of James Foley's killer is established by combining
intelligence services investigations with different forensic
techniques, like voice and accent recognition, video and images
analysis and Internet traces examination [7].
This paper presents some preliminary results on the
Algerian regional accents recognition. It shows the benefits of
using the i-vectors approach in the Algerian linguistic
environment. To this end, a normal life speech corpus has been
collected from different regions in Algeria.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows:
Section II presents some literature review about dialects and
regional accents recognition. In Section III, the Algerian
sociolinguistic situation is described. Section IV outlines the
implementation issues and presents the experimental setup and
the obtained results, prior to the final conclusion of this work in
section V.
II. RELATED WORKS
Human dialects and accents recognition has been reported
in many studies where different speech corpuses and
classification techniques have been used in this field. However,
it has been noted in the literature that there is confusion in
using the terms dialect and accent in many studies. Hence, if
we consider for example, a comparison between the French and
the Arabic as a first level of recognition complexity (languages
recognition), and between the Algerian Arabic and the
Egyptian as the second level of complexity which is generally
called dialects recognition, one question that needs to be asked,
however, is whether the comparison between the Arabic used
in two Algerian regions is another level of complexity. The
answer is yes, because it is clear that it is quite easy for an
Algerian listener to understand the other Algerian linguistic
variations rather than the Egyptian Arabic for example. That is
why, we consider in this study accent as the speech
properties that cover a small group of variations which could
occur in a certain language, unlike the dialects which refer to
significant variations in the same language [2]. This definition

2015 IEEE

refers also, to accent as the speech properties that indicate

which part of a country the speaker originates from [6].
Based on this assumption, the examined literature has been
categorized in three main classes. The first class deals with the
identification of native and non-native speakers based on the
sound of their speech [6][4][8]. Developing an automatic
system to identify speakers as native or non-native, as well as
their native language, is an important aspect for the purpose of
reducing the impact of non-native speech on languages
recognition systems [8], to provide a critical piece of
information in making decisions for security purposes [9], or
also to be used by forensic scientists as part of their assessment
of the speakers identity[6].
The second class is about automatic dialect recognition in
which many studies have been carried out on English dialects
such as the British and American English [10][11], the African
American English and Standard American English [12]. Others
have been focusing on examining different varieties of spoken
Arabic [13], different varieties of spoken Persian [14], in
addition to the Indian [15][16] and the Chinese dialects [17],
[18]. The third class of studies is related to regional accents
recognition in which some studies have been reported
particularly about the French regional accents [2][19], the Farsi
regional accents [20], and the British English regional accents
recognition [1].
To the best of our knowledge, there is no large-scale corpus
suitable for automatic regional accents analysis, except some
like the Saudi Accented Arabic Voice Bank (SAAVB) and the
Accents of the British Isles (ABI-1) and the Voice across
Birmingham (VaB) corpuses, which have been used to study
regional accents and ethnic groups in the British English
[21][1][10]. The majority of the other evaluation corpuses used
in the literature for dialects and regional accents recognition are
constructed from standard databases like the National Institute
of Science and Technologies (NIST LRE07, 2011 LRE) corpus
[22], some speech resources such as those provided by the
European Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the
Linguistic Data Consortium LDC [5], from web resources like
StoryCorps [23], or even from different public and private
small-scale databases [24][6] [2].This situation makes the
development of such systems a challenging task in real
scenarios.
Regarding the classification approaches used for languages,
dialects and regional accents, it is important to note that
research in text-independent language recognition has started in
the early 1970s and a variety of techniques have been proposed
in different studies to explore the discriminative cues in spoken
languages [25]. However, it is still a challenging task regarding
the similarity of acoustic, phonetics, phonotactic and prosodic
cues across different languages and several variability sources
such as the environmental noise (speech quality) and the
channel characteristics [25], in addition to the complexity of
certain languages which are characterized by the coexistence of
a variety of dialects and regional accents.
Now, it is
techniques used
recognition can
approaches [1].

commonly assumed that the main recent

in languages, dialects and regional accents
be divided into phonotactic and acoustic
The acoustic features are captured directly

from acoustic signals and reflect low-level spectral

characteristics [26], while the phonotactic features represent
the phonological constraints that govern a spoken language and
are derived from the outputs of phone recognizers [27]. Both
features, which are considered carrying complimentary
information, have been shown to be effective in spoken
language recognition and recent classification methods usually
apply a combination of both through the fusion of their output
scores [28].
III. LINGUISTIC VARIATIONS IN ALGERIA
The sociolinguistic situation in Algeria is characterized by a
diversity and coexistence of different languages which are the
national languages represented in the Arabic language with its
varieties (the Modern Standard Arabic and the Modern
Colloquial Arabic), the Tamazight (Berber language) with its
different varieties, in addition to some foreign languages
mainly represented by the French which is used by highly
educated speakers, especially those who have fulfilled their
university-level studies and, in some cases post-graduate
students because their university studies are based on this
language [29].
Linguistic variations in Algeria is similar to many countries
in the world, most native listeners would be more or less aware
of the speaker's regional accent. Moreover, a listener from the
same region might also be aware of the speaker's social or
geographical `subgroup' within its region [1]. One of the most
important reasons of this diversity in Modern Colloquial
Arabic (MCA) is the fact that Algeria is much extended in the
area. It shares borders with all the North African Arabic
countries (Maghreb countries): Morocco, Mauritania, Libya
and Tunisia, which makes the accents of a large Algerian
population living in the regions across these borders more
closed to the accents used by our neighbors. The accents used
in some provinces in the extreme east of Algeria are too
identical to the Tunisian accent, which is easily distinguishable
by the Algerian native listeners from the accent used in the
extreme west, which is too close to the Moroccan accent.
The second linguistic particularity in Algeria is that the
daily spoken language used in many Berber localities
(KABYLE, CHAOUI, MOZABIT, TUAREG and CHLEUH)
is Tamazight and Arabic (MSA and MCA) which is considered
to be the second language that it is used generally at school or
to communicate with non-Berber speakers. In such situations, it
is known that the native language of these speakers affects their
Arabic pronunciation due to transferring the phonological rules
from their native language into their Arabic speech, thus,
creating innovative pronunciations for Arabic sounds which do
not exist in their mother tongue [30]. From this point of view,
we believe that the recognition of the MCA accent spoken by
the Algerian Berber speakers (particularly Kabyle) would be
more close to a non-native spoken language recognition rather
than regional accent recognition. In this study, we refer to
Tamazight as unique parent family tree language while dialects
such as KABYLE, CHAOUI, MOZABIT, TUAREG and
CHLEUH are represented as subclasses under this family [31].
In addition to the previous particularities, the impact of the
French language and its culture, particularly in the northern
central region of Algeria (Algiers, Boumerdes, Tizi-ouzou and

Bejaia etc.), was so powerful to the extennt that it began to

reflect in most Algerians daily speech innteractions, and it
resulted in a variety of linguistic phenomena such as the use of
bilingualism and consequent code-switching, code-mixing and
a
important
borrowing [32]. Moreover, education is another
element contributing to variation in moodern-day Arabic
language in Algeria. Previous studies that havve been carried out
with speakers who use French in their proffessional lives like
students, teachers, doctors and journalists [33] show that there
is a significant effect of speaker's eduucation levels on
pronunciation of the Arabic long vowels paarticularly in their
duration (the phonetic system of Arabic langguage has basically
3 short vowels, 3 long vowels and 28 consoonants). Beside the
importance of the French lexical borrowinng in the Algerian
Arabic dialect, a lot of Amazigh words accorrding to the Berber
dialect of the targeted region can be foundd (many CHAOUI
and KABYLE words have been integrateed to the Arabic
dialects used in the AURAS and DJUR
RDJURA regions,
respectively).
As a result of all these factors, there arre significant local
variations (in pronunciation, grammar, etc.) of spoken Arabic
in Algeria, and many of its varieties can be noticed across the
mpt to address this
country. However, since this is a first attem
issue in Algeria, a simplifying restriction has been imposed in
this preliminary study where the MCA Alggerian accents are
grouped in five Parent Family Tree Accennts (PFTA). These
PFTAs are distributed in the areas around Constantine
C
in the
east (Eastern PFTA), the area around Oran
O
in the west
(Western PFTA), the central region aroundd Algiers (Central
PFTA), the Kabyle region (Kabyle PFTA), and
a the Saharian in
the south (Southern PFTA).
This assumption is based on the fact thaat the most native
listeners in Algeria are aware of the speakker's region (east,
west, central, Kabyle or from the south) acccording to his/her
own way of speaking. In fact, when we hear, for example, a
person saying: |wa:h|, Yes, he is consideredd to be among the
western population of Algeria, since people in the center, east,
and the south say: |i:h|, |hi:h|, and |nam|, resppectively.
Although, this classification is a general simplification of a
much deeper dialectical situation in Algeriia, it seems to be
necessary for this preliminary study regardiing the difficulties
faced in collecting a proper dataset to represeent the entire set of
Algerian accents. However, an extension of this study is
planned to cover more MCA Algerian Acccents, since in real
scenarios, each family tree accent can be divided
d
into many
sub-varieties and each sub-variety has its ownn way of speaking.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSS
The purpose of the experimental sectionn is to evaluate the
ability of the i-vectors approach to detect the regional linguistic
variation in Algeria. To this end, a part of thee Algerian Modern
Colloquial Arabic Speech Database has been
b
used in this
evaluation.
A. Databases
The experiments have been carried out using
u
the Algerian
Modern Colloquial Arabic Speech Databbase (AMCASD)
which is a compilation of digital landline phone, GSM and
microphone recordings created using differrent recorders and

different handsets, consistingg of about 7040 utterances

collected from 691 male and 444 female speakers recruited from
more than 20 Algerian citties. For collecting telephone
conversations, we made use off a professional recording station
to survey some lines within an internal telephone network.
Recordings are digitised and saved as 16 bits PCM at a
sampling frequency of 8 KHz.
It should be noted that thiss preliminary study focuses only
on the two Algerian PFTAs as shown
s
in Fig.1.

Fig.1. Native regions of participants in the AMCASD

To satisfy the requiremennts of the evaluation protocol
generally used in language and dialects/accents recognition, the
evaluation dataset of the AMCA
ASD has been divided into three
parts: training, test and backgroound development datasets. The
data collected from participantts without any indication about
their native region (not indiccated in the AMCASD corpus
answer key) has been used for background development
t
Total variability sub-space
(training of the UBM and the
matrix). However, the data coollected from participants with
known native region has been divided
d
in two parts: training and
test (all the files of the same speeaker are used either for training
or for test).
B. Features
The most commonly used spectral features in languages,
dialects and accents recognitioon systems are the Shifted-Delta
Cepstral (SDC) features. Theese features have been chosen
because it is commonly believved that the long-time temporal
information plays an importaant role in capturing languagespecific spectral properties. Thhe use of Delta and Shifted-delta
coefficients in languages recoggnition is motivated by the fact
that Delta coefficients generallyy refer to the time derivatives of
static coefficients of successsive frames and Shifted-delta
coefficients are the delta coeffficients computed over several
consecutive blocks of frames, which
w
involve a relatively longer
time span [34].
C. Recognition approach
The basic idea of the totaal variability space approach (ivectors) consists of adapting thhe Universal Background Model
(UBM) to a set of a given speech frames based on the
eigenvoice adaptation techniqque in order to estimate the
utterance dependent GMM [35].
[
In this approach, every
utterance for a given languagee/accent class is considered as a
different language/accent classs in order to train a low rank
rectangular matrix namedd the Total variability sub-space
matrix with the assumption thaat all the pertinent variability is
captured by this matrix [35].

This compact representation provides a way for reducing

large-dimensional input data to a low-dimensional space while
retaining most of the language/accent relevant information
[36]. It assumes that the GMM mean supervector
that best
represents a set of feature vectors can be decomposed as [35]:
1

Where
is the Universal Background Model mean
supervector, is a low rank matrix that defines the lowdimensional space, and
is a standard-normally distributed
latent variable representing the i-vector.
In the experimental part, the same steps used in [35] have
been applied in our experiment. The background development
dataset has been used to train the UBM (2048) and the total
variability
subspace
matrix
400 , two
channel
compensation methods, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
and Within Class Covariance Normalization (WCCN), are
applied for dimensionality (100) and variability reduction and
an identity vector is estimated of each Algerian PFTA (LDA
attempts to transform the axes to maximize the between classes
variability and minimizing the intra-class variability while
WCCN uses the inverse of the within-class covariance to
normalize the cosine kernel).
During testing, the approach applied in the training phase is
used to extract a vector from the test utterance of unknown
accent. The projection matrices of LDA and WCCN are
applied to transform the obtained vector to a low-dimensional
space. Finally, the cosine kernel between two i-vectors and
is computed according to the following equation [35]:
,

||

.
|| ||

||

The experimental results are evaluated using the percentage

of correctly classified utterances (E ) computed as follows
[22]:

Where
and
denote the number of correctly classified
and the total number of utterances in the test dataset,
respectively.
D. Results and discussion
The results of comparing the two Algerian PFTA using the
i-vectors approach are reported in Table I.
TABLE I.

THE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION RECOGNITION RATES

Classification and test

Accent
Num of test file
CPFTA
223
EPFTA
3768

CPFTA (%)

EPFTA (%)

78.48
15.73

21.52
84.27

Table I shows that 84.27% (E of the EPFTA test

utterances have been correctly classified compared to only
78.48% of the CPFTA. This result reflects the capacity of the ivector approach to distinguish between the central and eastern
linguistic varieties in Algeria.
For a better interpretation of the obtained results, the
quality of the testing data has been carefully evaluated using

commercial software. Then, the whole test data have been

divided into two main classes according to the SNR level (low
and satisfactory quality). Each class has been divided into two
subclasses according to the utterance length (short and
acceptable utterance length). The recognition rate for each
subclass is computed as the ratio between the correctly
classified and all the test files of the subclass and the obtained
results are reported in Table II.
TABLE II.

RECOGNITION RATES ACCORDING TO THE TEST FILES

QUALITY

SNR
Corr- classified
Miss-classified
Total N. Files
Ecc (%)

Len 10s
18
11
29
62.07

15 dB
Len >10s
223
103
326
68.40

SNR > 15 dB
Len 10s
1296
235
1531
84.65

Len >10s
1812
293
2105
86.08

Table II shows the impact of the evaluation data quality on

the accuracy of automatic regional accents recognition systems
and how this quality is reflected through the recognition rates
obtained for each PFTA. However, focusing only on the
technical evaluation of the test data may be not enough to
explain the confusion rates obtained between the PFTAs in this
experiment. The complexity of the Algerian sociolinguistic
environment is another parameter which may affects the
accuracy of automatic recognition systems. In this context, we
expect that the linguistic attitude of the Algerian speakers and
the use of code-switching between the Arabic and the French
language as a principal component of the verbal repertoire of
the Algerian speakers, particularly in big cities where another
perturbation source which may contribute to the high confusion
rates between the investigated Parent Family Tree Accents.
Therefore, we expect that in addition to the quality settings
diversity (channels, SNR, utterance length, clipping)
characterizing our evaluation data, the use of code switching
between the Arabic and the French is another factor which may
lead to speech utterances being compared that differs greatly
from one case to another. In this context, we intend to enlarge
this study in the future to investigate the impact of this
languages contact phenomena on the accuracy of automatic
regional accents recognition systems. It is important to mention
that most of automatic dialects and regional accents recognition
studies in the literature are based on evaluation corpuses
collected from monolingual speakers. In fact, half of the
world's speakers are bilingual and many of them have the
attitude to switch, with different degrees, at least between two
languages in the same utterance. Furthermore, it is still
unknown whether the state-of-the-art acoustic recognition
approaches used for automatic monolingual accents recognition
are able to deal with this phenomenon since it does not exist in
monolingual linguistic environments.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effectiveness of the i-vector utterance
representation approaches has been investigated for accent
recognition on a spontaneous and real life speech database
collected during the last three years from different geographic
regions in Algeria. The obtained results show the benefits of
using the i-vector approach to distinguish between the Algerian

linguistic varieties investigated in this paper and the impact of

the evaluation data quality on the accuracy of the i-vector
based automatic regional accents recognition system. However,
it has been concluded that the data quality and the linguistic
similarities existing between the targeted accents may be not
the only perturbation source which should be considered in this
kind of evaluation. The presence of some language contact
phenomena in the evaluation data may also affect the
performances in regional accents recognition systems.
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